history of art and architecture reviewer

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History of Art and Architecture (Reviewer) What is History? A Branch of Knowledge Past Human Events Facts Chronological Recorded/Documented What is Art? Form of expression Emotion: Translated into different mediums Sound – Music Movement – Dance Words – Literature (prose or poetry) Texture/Value/Colour/Line/Shape – Design Scale/Form/Proportion – Architecture Architecture Is an art and a science Is the profession of designing and erecting structures for the purpose of human habitation PRINCIPLES: Structural Functional Spatial Aesthetic Types of Support for Roofs and Ceilings Post and Lintel Truss Arch Vault Dome Cantilevered Chronological Order Period and Styles Before written records: Archaeology – science that deals with old things

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Page 1: History of Art and Architecture Reviewer

History of Art and Architecture (Reviewer) What is History?

A Branch of Knowledge  Past   Human Events  Facts  Chronological  Recorded/Documented 

 What is Art?

Form of expression  Emotion: Translated into different mediums  Sound – Music  Movement – Dance  Words – Literature (prose or poetry) Texture/Value/Colour/Line/Shape – Design Scale/Form/Proportion – Architecture

 Architecture

Is an art and a science Is the profession of designing and erecting structures for the purpose of human habitation

 PRINCIPLES:

Structural Functional Spatial Aesthetic

 Types of Supportfor Roofs and Ceilings  Post and Lintel  Truss  Arch  Vault  Dome  Cantilevered Chronological OrderPeriod and Styles Before written records:Archaeology – science that deals with old things

Page 2: History of Art and Architecture Reviewer

Artifacts Fossils

*Most of the facts are based on carbon dating, drawings and symbols Palaeolithic Period:Old Stone Age Painting:Three Sub Periods

1. Mousterian Period2. Aurignacian Period3. Magdalenian Period

 Theory of Magic

1. Fertility Magic2. Death Magic3. Propitiation Magic

 Palaeolithic Age: (Types of houses)

Lean – To

        Made of dried twigs, leaves sometimes animal skin and bone

One Room House Dry wall construction Flat top construction Mud Hut Wet wall construction With a hole on top

 Neolithic Age: (Types of houses)New Stone Age

Mud Hut with a Second Floor Mud Hut with a Rectangular Room Stone Towers Square Temples Megalithic Structures Menhirs (stone hedge, moai in Easter island) Cromlechs (Obelisks)

 Bronze Age:*The architectural examples were still that of the Neolithic Period 

Page 3: History of Art and Architecture Reviewer

Significant Contributions of the Bronze Age: The discovery of metals:

Copper Tin

FishingTrade and Barter: MoneyJewelry Factors That Helped ShapeMesopotamian Civilization Geography:

The Tigris River The Euphrates River

*Fertile Crescent / Land between two rivers Religion:Polytheism –  the belief in many gods

Ur Ishtar

 History:Cuneiform (First known way of writing) The Three Regions of Mesopotamia:  Sumeria  Assyria  Babylon Sumeria:  Pre-Proto Sumerian Period:  Reed Houses  Proto-Sumerian Period:  Brick Buildings  Podiums  Pillared Temples  Sumerian Proper:  Introverted Type of Houses  Ziggurat  The Ziggurat of UrAssyria:Capital city is the city of Nineveh Palaces:

Page 4: History of Art and Architecture Reviewer

Amassed and looted Sumerian temples and used their treasures for external decorations

 Babylon:Provided a balance between politics and religionKing Nebuchadnezzar: One of the greatest builders in history Engineering Contributions:

Straight roads Right Angles and Crossings - Intersections

Architectural Contributions:

The Gate of Ishtar The Hanging Gardens of Babylon

 Persia: *Persian civilization utilized Mesopotamian blueprints in their architectureUtilized for the very first time the concept of a city 

Developed Persepolis: Literally the City of the Persians

The second oldest city in the world, second only to Jericho in JordanA city of scholars; mathematicians, astrologers and alchemists Factors That Helped ShapeEgyptian Civilization Geography:

The Nile River

Religion:Polytheism –  the belief in many gods

Ra Isis

History:

Hieroglyphics

Geology:

Main building material was Limestone

Page 5: History of Art and Architecture Reviewer

               Forms of Egyptian Architecture: Mastaba:

Funerary tombs for commoners Made of limestone mounds  where jars and chests inside the mastaba contain the personal belongings of the

dead person The real burial happens six feet under .

Necropolis:

Literally a city of the dead A group of mastabas together in one location

Pyramids

Funerary tombs for the king or the pharaoh and sometimes for the favorite queens It takes about 10-15 years to build and complete a pyramid Each limestone blocks weighs about 50 tons hauled from the quarries and laid out on the pyramid 1/50th of

an inch of each other

 Rock-hewn Tombs:

A series of channels and chambers that are carved out from the sides of limestone cliffs

 The Egyptian Temple: Two Kinds of Temple:

Cult Temple – Dedicated to the worship of an Egyptian god Mortuary Temple – Dedicated to the worship of a Pharaoh as a god

 Capitals:

Palmiform Lotiform Papyrus Bundle Papyriform Campaniform

 Parts:

Obelisk –  Marks the entrance to an Egyptian temple; is a monolithic piece of stone with a pyramidal top Pylon –  The monumental entrance to an Egyptian temple Peristyle –  The open courtyard in an Egyptian temple

Page 6: History of Art and Architecture Reviewer

Hypostyle –  The only pillared hall in an Egyptian temple; contains the shrine illuminated by clerestory windows

Sanctuary –  The treasury of an Egyptian temple; where sacred objects are stored and kept

 The Egyptian Sphynx:

Grotesque Egyptian sculpture with the head of a man and the body of a lion

*Grotesque – fusion of human and animal characteristics**The head is believed to be that of the Pharaoh Chephren***Supposedly guards the entrance to the Pyramids of Giza and protects its secrets. Functions of Egyptian Art:  Decoration  Veneration  Documentation The Law of Frontality:

In Sculpture:

States that the body of a figure in the round (free standing sculpture) must not be twisted in any way Kinds of Egyptian Sculpture:

Incised Carving Bas-Relief/Embossed

 The Law of Frontality:

In Painting:

States that even if the picture or the image is seen in profile; the eyes, the shoulders and the torso are always seen in frontal position Social Hierarchy in Egyptian Painting

MALESàREDàLARGE SCALE WOMEN   àYELLOWàMEDIUM SCALE SLAVESàBLACKàSMALLEST SCALE PHARAOH/GODàBLUEàLARGEST SCALE

*scarab beetle- symbolizes rebirth**Egyptian ankh- symbolizes immortality Aegean Civilization Architectural Contributions:   The Palace of Knossos  The Cretan Column

Page 7: History of Art and Architecture Reviewer

  Bun Capital  The only column in architectural history that is entirely made out of wood – cedar wood  The only column in architectural history that tapers from top to bottom  The Labyrinth at Crete  Built by Daedalus by order of King Minos  Houses the Minotaur – Minoan grotesque with the body of a bull and the head of a man or vice versa Mycenaean Civilization Architectural Contributions:

The Megaron

Defined as the ruling quarters of men in Trojan palacesWhere heads of states meet to discuss affairs of a political nature

The Walls of Troy

The most fortified means of defense in historyVirtually impregnable Factors That Helped ShapeGreek Civilization: Geography

Surrounded by three sides by:

Aegean Sea, Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean Sea*Because of this, the Greeks had the first armada, they became great ship buildersReligion

Polytheism – the belief in many gods Zeus Aphrodite

Geology

Main building material was marble

 Greek Contributions:  The Greek Orders of Architecture:  An order is a systematic and organized way of identifying and classifying temples and other buildings through the sum of their parts  The Three Requisites to an Order:  Horizontal Entablature  Upright Column  Base  The Three Orders:  Doric  Ionic

Page 8: History of Art and Architecture Reviewer

  Corinthian The Propylaea:The monumental entrance to the city of AcropolisAcropolisa city on a hill, a high city, a fortressThe Agora:An open space that is multi-functionalPublic speakingReligious processionsExtension of the market placeStoaA colonnaded porch divided into several stalls or shopsColonnadeA series of columns The Greek Temple: 

The Parthenon

Doric OrderRaised on level groundDedicated to the Greek Goddess of Wisdom – AthenaContained a collection of marble sculptures by the Greek sculptor  Phidias – The Elgin Marbles 

The Erectheion

Ionic OrderRaised on three different levelsDedicated to Athena and the Greek God of the Sea – PoseidonContained the porch of the caryatids – female sculptures  used as columns Glossary of Greek Sculptural Forms 

Telamones: General term to denote human figures used as columns Caryatids: Female Sculptures used as columns Atlantes: Male sculptures used as columns Canephora: Female sculptures carrying a basket on their  heads used as columns Busts: Human sculptures carved from the chest up Term/Torso: Human Sculptures carved from the waist up

 The Greek Theater: 

Built in homage to Apollo, the Greek God of the Arts and the muses – the goddesses that inspire men to create works of art

Usually carved out from a hillside; open air performances

Page 9: History of Art and Architecture Reviewer

 Four Types:

Auditorium – Greek theater with a semi-circular orchestra Odeon – Greek smaller theater for more intimate gatherings like poetry readings, usually covered Stadium – Oval shaped theater for foot races Hippodrome – Oval shaped theater for horse and chariot racing

 Other Buildings Contributed by the Greeks:

Prytaneion: Greek senate house Bouleterion: Greek council house Palestra: Academic institution that specializes in wrestling

 Greek Sculpture: Archaic Sculpture:

Patterned after the Law of Frontality of Egyptian sculpture The Daedalic Stule: decrees that the body of a figure in the round must not be twisted in any way Stiff No movement The only sign of life is the archaic smile Kinds: Kouros – Male form or “youth” Kore – Female form or “maiden”

 Classic Sculpture:

Typified by the “S” curve Produced when the weight of the body rests only on one leg There is implied movement There is more space between the legs and more space between the arms and the torso

 Greek Pottery: 

Red Figure Ware:

Red figures on black background

Black Figure Ware:

Black figures on red background

White Ground Ware:

Page 10: History of Art and Architecture Reviewer

Red or black figures on white background Factors That Helped ShapeThe Roman Empire: Geography:

Rome started nowhere near a body of water, on the contrary they were situated on barren land; it was the quest for suitable farm land that drove them to feats of conquest

Genealogy:

The Romans were descended from the Etruscans who were descended from the Barbarians

Religion:

Polytheism Jupiter Venus

Lifestyle:

Hedonism – the pursuit of pleasure in any form

 Roman Contributions: The Roman Orders of Architecture:

Tuscan Composite

 

Interior Design: the principle that interior space should be just as important as exterior space Concrete: the first man-made material

 The Round Arch:

Vaults Domes

 Aqueducts:

Plumbing

 Bridges: to link bodies of land together 

Page 11: History of Art and Architecture Reviewer

The Forum:Functions like the Greek agora; an open space for several functionsContains:

Triumphal Arches Pillars of Victory

 The Roman Temple:Not as important as that of the GreeksThe Pantheon:

Built as a temple to honor the 12 major Olympians Built by order of Agrippa

The Pantheon’s Characteristics:

Dome – the first dome ever built and also the world’s most perfect dome; not only is it a perfect circle in plan but also in section and elevation

Impressive colonnade Coffers- coffered ceiling balances evenly the weight of the dome Oculus – admits light into the temple

 The Roman Theater:

Built on level ground Is not as popular as the Greek theater

Kinds of Roman Theaters:

Arena/Amphitheater:

Usually  not carved out from the ground but a built-up structure made up of several levelsExample: The Colosseum or The Flavian Amphitheater

Circus:

Patterned after the Greek hippodrome; is for horse or chariot racing – Roman styleExample: The Circus Maximus The Thermae:

The thermae is the Roman Bath Are social spaces; for banquets and other social functions Predominantly used by the men

Parts:

Frigidarium: A room with a pool containing cold water Tepidarium: A room with a pool containing warm or tepid water

Page 12: History of Art and Architecture Reviewer

Caldarium: A room with a pool containing hot water Laconicum/Sudatorium: A dry sweating room Unctuaria: A room for oiling and shampooing the hair Apodyteria: Dressing rooms Palestra: Gymnasium Example: The Thermae of Caracalla

 The Roman House: Classification of Roman houses:

Atrium: A Roman house in the city; usually owned by the rich citizens of Rome Insula: Tenement housing in the city; housing for the poor; rises four to six stories Domus: An atrium in the city Villa: An atrium in the country

 Roman Painting: 

Trompe l’oeil

Usually painted on Roman walls in three dimensional formsLiterally to deceive the eyeAn optical illusion

Mosaic

Makes use of small tiles that fuse together in the viewers’ eye

Tesserae

The small tiles that make up mosaic painting

Fresco

Painting on wet plasterDone section by section of Roman walls *additional notes:Chryselephantine- Statue made out of ivory and goldRanceaux- Roman Meander band has the design of plant and vines (done vertically)Arabesque- Roman Meander band same as the ranceaux, done horizontallyGriffin- Roman Grotesque figure, has a body of a lion, wings of an eagle, and head of a ram. Factors That Helped ShapeThe Early Christian Empire: 

The Fall of Rome The Death of Marcus Aurelius

Page 13: History of Art and Architecture Reviewer

The Burning of Rome Neropolis The Eradication of the Christians (the early Christians lived under the catacombs, they do their

fellowship inside the catacombs

*catacombs- sewers

The Establishment of Constantinople as the capital of the Early Christian Empire

The Holy Roman Empire was established in Constantinople/Asia Minor (present day: Istanbul Turkey)*noteThe Christians used the symbol of a fish in their worshipThe church became their worship place Byzantine Contributions:

Pendentives- Supports a dome (4 pendentives) Squinch Arches- Supports a dome (4 squinches)

A series of Corbel type arches 

Concrete + Brick + Rubble

 Capitals:

Bird and Basket Wind Blown Acanthus Cubical/Geometric Double Capital Twin Capital

 The Church:

Greek Cross Plan: The Hagia Sophia:

The Church of the Holy WisdomBuilt by order of Emperor Justinian and Empress TheodoraArchitects:Anthemus of ThrallesIsidore of Milletus 

Latin Cross Plan Basilica

Baptistry:

Page 14: History of Art and Architecture Reviewer

A circular or octagonal building that is separate from the main church for the sole purpose of performing baptisms

Mausoleum:

Contains the repository of a dead Christian

Sanctuary:

Contains the relic of a Saint or Martyr of the church

 Iconography:Any art form; be it painting or sculpture, that depicts or portrays anything religious or Christian in nature, that is – the Virgin Mary, Christ, the Apostles, angels, etc.

Ivory – became a popular sculpture medium

 Iconoclastic Age:Period in Byzantine history when Emperor Leo III decreed that all icons be destroyed and burnedFactors That Helped ShapeThe Romanesque Period 

The Conflict Between the Church and the State The Granting of Fiefs – Land Titles

 Romanesque Contributions:  The Round Arch:  The Tympanum:  Vaults:  The Barrel Vault  The Groin Vault  The Ribbed Vault  Quadripartite – A vault with four compartments  Sexpartite – A vault with six compartments  Gutters that ended in Downspouts and Gargoyles  The Chevron Meander Band  Exposed Nail heads  Capitals:  Cushion Capital  Scalloped Capital The Romanesque CathedralThe Romanesque Monastery:

Cloister – Open courtyard Church Infirmary- Hospital/Clinic Library

Page 15: History of Art and Architecture Reviewer

Dormitory Almonry – Treasurer’s house Abbot’s Lodging –Head monk’s area

CastlesFortresses Factors That Helped Shapethe Gothic Period 

The Black Plague Bubonic Plague caused by rats and lice

People were basically un-enlightened; literally they were in the dark

The inquisition

 Gothic Contributions: 

The Pointed Arch Spires – Can be found on the top of the castle Pinnacles – Can be found on the flying buttress Flying Buttresses Stained Glass Rose Windows Tracery Patterns Trefoil Quatrefoil Cinquefoil Multifoil Piers:

Cluster of columns

Fan Vaults- Lierne Ribs Capital: Fleur De Lis