THE TWENTIES CEN-TURYWWⅠ& Modernism

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01 HISTORY

02

MODERNIST WRITERS03

MODERNISM

04 LITERARY WORKS

CONNTENTS

05 WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS

01HISTORY

01 CONTENTS

World War 1

August 1, 1914

Allied Power

Vs. Central Power

38 million casualties

01 CONTENTS

Technological Advances

First successful airplane

Dec. 17. 1903. Wright Brothers.

Automobiles

Large scale of production Started.

greater mo bility and choices.

01 CONTENTS

The Great Depression (fSeptember 4 1929)

Originated in US. Stock market crashed.

Severe worldwide  economic depression

Britain economy was immediately devastated

- 2.5 million unempolyment

- exports 50%

02MODERNISM

02 CONTENTS

What is Modernism?(1900-1930)

Rather than an artistic style, mod-ernism was a rebellious state of mind that questioned all artistic, scientific,

social, and moral conventions

02 CONTENTS

Characteristics: Challenging Conven-tions

1. by embracing nihilism 2. by rejecting every system of belief 3. by believing in the self-sufficiency of each

individual work of art 4. by adopting primitivism 5. by exploring perversity 6. by focusing on the city rather than nature

02 CONTENTS

Nihilism: The Belief in Nothing

•Modernists viewed the world, and es-pecially human existence, as being meaningless.

•Modernists rejected the belief that morality and organized religion pro-vided the means for social evolution and/or the betterment of man.

02 CONTENTS

Rejection of all Systems of Belief

• Modernists questioned all accepted systems:

• –the sciences • –political/social/economic paradigms • –the arts, especially the Academy

02 CONTENTS

Self-sufficiency of a Work of Art

• Art was not to be judged on the old standard of mimesis, the literal represen-tation of reality.

• Art needed to be judged on an individual basis.

• Art should be judged on the basis of how well an artist is able to communicate the purpose of the work as well as the rela-tionship between meaning and form.

02 CONTENTS

What Was Acceptable?

• Goal of the artist was to achieve perfection through the following:

1. a highly polished style 2. use of historical or mythological subject matter 3. a moralistic tone

Gustav Klimt. Idylle (1884). Oil on canvas.

02 CONTENTS

The Modernist Artist• systematically and de-

liberately developed an art that testifies to all that is strange, un-known, and unlabeled in the self

• created a new language of images that described the inexpressible

• expected the viewer/reader to interact with the work

Pablo Picasso. Les Demoi-selles d’Avignon

(1907). Oil on canvas.

02 CONTENTS

Primitivism

• Modernists rejected technology and the rigidity of society and its institutions.

• Modernists embraced the natural primal roots of primitive man.

• Modernists embodied the pursuit of personal and artistic freedom.

Pablo Picasso. The Dryad (1908). Oil on canvas.

02 CONTENTS

Perversity

• Modernists ex-plored the uncivi-lized nature of man.

• Modernists sug-gested that being “civilized” was merely a veneer that quickly van-ishes.

Emile Nolde. Saint Mary of Egypt : Among Sinners (1912). Oil on canvas.

02 CONTENTS

Focus on the City

• Modernists shifted away from nature. • •Modernists explored the city as a place of

lonely crowds and marginalized individuals

Ernst Ludwig Kirchner. Street in Dresden (1907). Oil on canvas

02 CONTENTS

Forces that Shaped Modernism

• technology and the new science • the new philosophical paradigms

F.H. Bradley Alfred Whitehead Albert Einstein

• the new psychological paradigms Sigmund Freud Carl Jung Henri Bergson

• the new geo-political paradigms

02 CONTENTS

Technology and the New Sciences

• generated optimism • created dynamic in-

dustrial and urban growth

• accelerated the way life is experienced

• shrank distances through new com-munication and transportation sys-tems

Switchboard operators

02 CONTENTS

Relativity: Space, Time and Light

• Modern thinkers broke with the belief in classical mechanics.

- Newton had asserted that space and time were absolute.

- Modernists, on the other hand, ques-tioned objective reality.

• Instead, the modernists embraced subjec-tivity.

- Observations about reality are observer-dependent.

02 CONTENTS

The New Global Economy

• industrialization • social and psychological fragmentation • alienation • class warfare • economic interdependence • colonialism • cultural cross-fertilization • nationalism • war

03MODERNIST WRITERS

03 MODERNIST WRITERS

Who are Modernist writers?

• The late 19th – the early 20th , mainly in Europe and North America: Disillusion after the WWI (1918) (pick time)

• Challenge to the ideas of Realism in 19th century

• Unreliable narrators, exposing "irrationality at the roots of a supposedly rational world“

03 MODERNIST WRITERS

Who are Modernist writers?

• Innovative literary techniques:

1) stream-of-consciousness

2) interior monologue

3) multiple points-of-view

03 MODERNIST WRITERS

Who are Modernist writers?

• Focused on subjective experiences and per-sonal feeling

∴ Doubts about the philosophical basis of real-ism,

or the need for greater psychological realism

03 MODERNIST WRITERS

Joseph Conrad (1857-1924)

• Born in Russian territory and wrote in English after settling in England from 1886

• Often with a *nautical setting,

depicted trials of human spirit

in the midst of an indifferent

universe

03 MODERNIST WRITERS

Joseph Conrad (1857-1924)

• Modernism was stirring with his works such as Heart of Darkness

• His narrative style and anti-heroic characters have influenced many other modernist authors

03 MODERNIST WRITERS

Style of Joseph Conrad

• His own memories as literary material /Many of characters and names were inspired by actual persons he had met ↔ He could rely on his own observation

• Skepticism and melancholy → Gives to char-acters lethal fates.

03 MODERNIST WRITERS

Style of Joseph Conrad

• Keenly conscious of tragedy in the world and in his works"What makes mankind tragic is not that they are the victims of nature, it is that they are conscious of it. As soon as you know of your slavery, the pain, the anger, the strife – the tragedy begins."

03 MODERNIST WRITERS

Ideas of Modernism in Literature Coming

• Importance of individual emotions and ex-perience

• Skeptical attitudes and new perspectives on how things were established before

• A literature for a literature: Independence of the literature

03 MODERNIST WRITERS

D. H. Lawrence (1885 – 1930)

• English novelist, poet, playwright, essayist, literary critic and painter

• His works represent an reflection on the dehumanizing effects ofmodernity and industrialization

03 MODERNIST WRITERS

D. H. Lawrence (1885 – 1930)

• His opinions earned him enemies and he endured official persecution, and misrep-resentation

• Now valued as a visionary thinker of modernism

03 MODERNIST WRITERS

Works of D. H. Lawrence

(1928)

(1913)

(1923)

04LITERARY WORKS

04 LITERARY WORKS

Thomas Stearns Eliot

• 26 September 1888 – 04 January 1965

• An essayist, publisher, playwright, lit-erary and social critic

• American-British Poet

• Awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1948

04 LITERARY WORKS

The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock

• Commonly known as "Prufrock“

• He began writing it in February 1910

• paradigmatic cultural shift from late 19th century to Modernism

• The poem's structure influenced by his ex-tensive reading of Dante Alighieri

04 LITERARY WORKS

The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock

• A dramatic interior monologue of an urban man, stricken with feelings of isolation and an incapability for decisive

• Prufrock laments his physical and intellec-tual inertia, the lost opportunities in his life and lack of spiritual progress

• He is haunted by reminders of unattained carnal love

04 LITERARY WORKS

Virginia Woolf• 25 January 1882 –

28 March 1941

• An English writer

• During the interwar period, she was a significant figure in London literary soci-ety

04 LITERARY WORKS

Virginia Woolf• She was a central

figure in the influen-tial Bloomsbury Group of intellectuals

• She suffered from se-vere bouts of mental illness → committed suicide at the age of 59

04 LITERARY WORKS

Modern Fiction (essay)• It was written in 1919 but

published in 1921

• It is a criticism of writers and literature from the pre-vious generation

• It acts as a guide for writers of modern fiction to write what they feel

04 LITERARY WORKS

James Joyce• 2 February 1882 – 13

January 1941

• He was an Irish novelist and poet

• In his early twenties he emigrated permanently to continental Europe

04 LITERARY WORKS

Dubliners• The stories were written when Irish na-

tionalism was at its peak

• It is a collection of 15 short stories

• They form a naturalistic depiction of Irish middle class life in and around Dublin

04 LITERARY WORKS

Dubliners• Many of the characters in

Dubliners later appear in minor roles in Joyce's novel Ulysses

• They centre on Joyce's idea of an epiphany: a moment where a character experiences self-understanding or illumination

04 LITERARY WORKS

Dubliners• The initial stories in the

collection are narrated by child protagonists

• They deal with the lives and concerns of pro-gressively older people

04 LITERARY WORKS

The Dead• It is the final short story of

Dubliners

• It develops toward a moment of painful self-awareness– Joyce described this as an

epiphany

• It centres on Gabriel Conroy on the night of the Morkan sisters' annual dance and dinner in the first week of January 1904

04 LITERARY WORKS

The Dead• The narrative generally con-

centrates on Gabriel's insecuri-ties, his social awkwardness, and the defensive way he copes with his discomfort

• The story culminates at the point when Gabriel discovers that, through years of mar-riage, there was much he never knew of his wife's past.

05WILLIAM BUTLER

YEATS

04 WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS

William Butler Yeats• 1865- 1939• 1865 : W.B Yeats was born in Sandymount,

Dublin. • 1891 : Organization of the Rhymers’ Club• 1899 : Launching of the Irish National

Theatre.• 1914 : Responsibilities• 1923 : Nobel Prize• 1925 : A vision• 1928 : The Tower

04 WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS

Major works

• The wild swans art coole (1917)

• Easter 1916 – Political poetry/ monody

• The Lake Isle of Innisfree – 유년시절을 보낸 아일랜드의 슬라이고 (Sligo) 를 그리워하며 지은 시이다 .

• Sailing to Byzantium

• The second coming

• First Love – for Maud Gonne

04 WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS

Two women• Lady Gregory– Yeats became involved in

the founding of the Irish National Theatre in 1899 with lady Gregory

– Active participation in problems of play produc-tion

04 WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS

Two women• Maud Gonne

– “ the great trouble of my life” – Many of Yeats's poems are inspired by her, or

mention her, such as "This, This Rude Knocking– Few poets have celebrated a woman's beauty

to the extent Yeats did in his lyric verse about Gonne. From his second book to Last Poems, she became the Rose, Helen of Troy (in No sec-ond Troy), the Ledaean Body (Leda and the Swan and Among School Children), Cathleen Ní Houlihan, Pallas Athene and Deirdre

04 WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS

Two women• Maud Gonne

– Yeats describe the current historical moment (the poem appeared in 1921) in terms of these gyres. Yeats believed that the world was on the threshold of an apocalyptic revelation, as his-tory reached the end of the outer gyre (to speak roughly) and began moving along the inner gyre

– magnificent statement about the contrary forces at work in history, and about the conflict between the modern world and the ancient world

00REFERENCES

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Love_Son

g_of_J._Alfred_Prufrock• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Woolf• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Fiction

_(essay)• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dead_(sho

rt_story)#Plot_summary• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubliners

THANK YOU