history midterm review sheet (2)

8/13/2019 History Midterm Review Sheet (2)

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HISTORY MIDTERM REVIEW SHEET/GUIDE

China Unit: 18 terms

1.)Confucianism:i. A philosophy started by a scholar named Confucius

ii. Confucianism is a philosophyiii. Ethical system based on accepted principles of right/wrong

b. Confucius Bio:i. Born in 551 B.C, time during Zhou dynasty decline

ii. Led scholarly lifeiii. Stressed that children should practice Filial piety

Definition: Respect to ones parents and ancestorsiv. Confucius wanted rulers to govern wisely

Duke of Lu was impressed of his teachings appointedhim minister of justicev. Mencius, disciple of Confu, spread Confucius ideas

vi. Started bureaucracy. Definition: Trained civil service/those who run the

government

vii. Confucianism spread and influenced throughout East Asiac. Mandate Of Heaven:

i. Definition: In Chinese history, the divine approval thoughtto be the basis of royal authority

ii. The Zhou dynasty used the Mandate of Heaven to justifythemselves as leaders

Also the reason why they overthrew the previousrulers, the Shang.

iii. Also described as the divine approvaliv. Natural calamities meant the ruler was displeasing

ancestral spirits

Lost powerv. The Dynastic Cycle describes patterns of rise, decline,

replacement of dynasties

d. Confucian relationships:i. Confucius believed harmony would be attained if societyorganized itself around five basic relationships

ii. In order, from most important to the least important: Parent to child Ruler and ruled Husband and wife Elder sibling to younger sibling Friend to friend

2.)Daoism:i. Chinese religion


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ii. Goal for Daoists is to understand the way, resulting ininner peace and power and personal freedom from

concerns

iii. Believe nature is above everything elseb. Dao

i. Known as the way The source of all creation Force that keeps world in motion, etc.

c. Qii. The breath, or energy of the universe

ii. Divided into yin and yangd. Yin

i. Represents all that is cold, dark, soft, and mysteriouse. Yang

i. Represents all that is warm, bright, hard, and clearf.

Wu-Weii. The idea that people shouldnt engage in useless efforts orgo against nature

g. Menciusi. Chinese philosopher/Disciple of Confucius

ii. (All that I know of him my bad)h. Daodejing

i. Laozis book of teachingsii. (Book of the way and its power) or (The Way of Virtue)

i. Laozii. Legendary fonder of Daoism

Not sure if he even existedii. Rumors state he lived to the age of 160

iii. Rumors state his mother carried him in her womb for 62years, then born with white hair and wrinkled skin

iv. Believed the government should do little, and leave thepeople alone

v. Believed that people could do little to influence theoutcome of events

3.)Han Emperor: Wudii. Liu-Bangs great-grandson

ii.

Reigned from 141-87 B.Ciii. Called Martial Emperor Because he adopted the policy of expanding the

Chinese empire through war

b. Shi Huangdii. Qin ruler

ii. Adopted the name Shi Huangdi Means First Emperor

iii. Defeated invaders, doubled Chinas sizeiv. Uprooted 120,000 noble families to prevent political

opposition

v. Ordered the murder of hundreds of Confucian scholars toprevent criticism


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vi. Developed autocracy Definition: a government that has unlimited power

and uses it in an arbitrary manner

vii. Ordered the construction of the Great Wall of Chinac. Han Dynasty

i. Liu Bang founded the Han dynastyii. Han ruled more than 400 years

iii. Liu Bang followed centralized government Definition: in which a central authority controls the

running of a state

iv. Empire replaced rival kingdomsv. Centralized, bureaucratic government

vi. Conquered diverse peoplesvii. Chinese was the common written language

viii. Ongoing conflict with nomadsix.

Empire collapsed and the Tang took its place in 618 A.Dd. Tang Dynasty

i. An emperor named Wendi: founder of the Sui Dynastyii. Overthrown, Tang Taizong founded the Tang Dynasty

The Tang ruled for 300 years (618-907) Tang Taizong ruled from 626-649

iii. Wu Zhao is the next emperor of the Tang (625-705) The first female emperor of China

iv. Tang weakens due to harsh taxes in the mid-700s Muslim armies defeated the Chinese (Battle of Talas)

v. Tang collapses in 907 by Chinese rebels Murdered the last emperor, who was a teenager at

the time

e. Song Dynastyi. General Taizu reunited China, and founded the Song

dynasty

Ruled 300 years (960-1279)ii. Fairly smaller in size compared to the Tang Dynasty

iii. Manchurian people called the Jurchen conquered northernChina

Song emperors only ruled the southern part of China (I left out the agriculture, art, and society)

Buddhism Unit: 14 terms

0.)Buddhism:i. Began in India around sixth century B.C.E

ii. Spread throughout East, SE, and Central Asiab. Shakyamuni

i. Founder of Buddhismii. Name means Sage of the Shakya Clan

iii. Born 490 B.C.E to a royal family Born from his mothers hip who remained standing

in a grove of trees


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iv. Shakyamunis father prevented his son to see beyond thepalace walls

Shakyamunis curiosity could not be stopped by hisfather

He then saw four sights that changed his perceptionof life

c. Four Sightsi. Old Age

ii. Sicknessiii. Deathiv. Seeker of religious truthv. These sights inspired Shakyamuni to leave the palace and

home behind to understand the suffering of humans so he

could help relieve it

d. Four Noble Truthsi.

Part of the Dharma Life is suffering Suffering is caused by craving Suffering can have an end There is a path which leads to the end of suffering

e. Eightfold Pathi. Consists of three categories: Moral Conduct, Concentration,

and Wisdom

Moral Conduct: Right speech (refraining from falsehood,

malicious talk, and abusive language)

Right Action (refraining from stealing, killing,and unchastity)

Right livelihood (earning a living throughproper means, not killing living beings,

making astrological forecasts, or practicing

fortune-telling)

Concentration: Right effort (energetic will to prevent or get

rid evil and promote goodness)

Right mindfulness (to be diligently aware,mindful, and attentive) Right concentration (to rid oneself of

unwholesome thoughts and achieve pure

equanimity and awareness)

Wisdom consists of: Right thought (selflessness and detachment,

universal thoughts of love and nonviolence)

Right understanding (understanding of thingsas they are, a full understanding of the Four

Noble Truthsf. Asceticism


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i. Describes a lifestyle characterized by abstinence fromvarious worldly pleasures, often with the aim of pursuing

religious and spiritual goals.

g. Reincarnationi. The endless cycle of rebirth

Reflects the impermanent nature of human existenceh. Nirvana

i. Ultimate goal of Buddhism Its to end the cycle of suffering (or reincarnation) One needs to be enlightened to reach Nirvana

i. Karmai. The idea of ones moral choices in life have consequences

ii. How one is reborn depends on ones deeds and intentionsbehind the deeds in ones former life

j. Dharmai.

The Buddhas lectures and teachingsk. Middle Wayi. The term Siddhartha Gautama used to describe the

character of the path he discovered that leads to liberation

l. Bodhisattvai. A being who has attained enlightenment, but vows not to

enter into final nirvana

ii. Basically,until the whole world has achievedenlightenment, the Bodhisattva will reincarnate forever and

ever.

m. Guanyini. Bodhisattva of compassion

Worshipped, very popular in East Asia Desires to be reborn to help others achieve

enlightenment

(Rest of) East Asia Unit: 28 terms

1. Silk Roadii. A system of ancient caravan routes across Central Asia,

along which traders carried silk and other trade goods

iii. Silk Production Silk was made from silkworms (Bombyx Mori).

Had to boil the cocoons of the silkwormswhich eventually turns into silk

Empress Luiv. She was the real ruler after Liu Bang (her husband)

passed away

Originally, her son became emperor only by name She outlived her son She remained in control until her death in 180 B.C

People who remained loyal to Empress Luexecuted her deceased husbands family (Liu

Bang Family)


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COMMONALITIES OF HAN AND ROMAN EMPIRE

~~~~~~~~HAN DYNASTY~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~ROMAN EMPIRE~~~~~~~

1.) Empire replaced rival kingdoms 1.) Empire replaced republic

2.) Centralized, bureaucratic government 2.) Centralized, bureaucratic government

3.) Built roads and defensive walls 3.) Built roads and defensive walls

4.) Conquered many diverse peoples in

regions bordering China

4.) Conquered many diverse peoples in

regions of three continents

5.) At its height- area of 1.5 million squaremiles and a population of 60 million

5.) At its height- area of 3.4 million squaremiles and a population of 55 million

6.) Chinese became common written

language throughout the empire

6.) Latin did not replace other written

languages in empire

7.) Ongoing conflict with nomads 7.) Ongoing conflict with nomads

8.) Empire fell apart; restored by Tang

Dynasty in 618

8.) Empire fell apart; never restored

1. Tang Taizonga. Founder of the Tang Dynasty

i. This dynasty ruled for 300 yearsb. His reign lasted from 626 to 649 A.D

2. Wu Zhaoa. The first empress of China

i. Held the real power during her time3. End of Han Dynasty

a. The Han collapsed in A.D 220b. A main problem was economic imbalance

i. Caused by customs that allowed the rich to gain morewealth at the expense of the poor

4. End of Tang Dynastya. The Tang collapsed in A.D 907b. Mainly due to meet the rising costs of the government

i. The government imposed crushing taxes during the mid700s

c. Rebellion and invaders gradually weakened the governmentd. When the capital collapsed by Chinese rebels, they murdered the

last Tang emperor, a child

5. Angkor Wata. A temple complex built in the Khmer empire and dedicated to the

Hindu god Vishnu6. Korea


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a. Located on a peninsula that sticks off the Asian mainlandb. A mountainous area

7. Invaders of Koreaa. Over the last 2.000 years, there have been 8 major invasions and

countless smaller wars (All I have on invasions)

b. Conquered by China many years ago, and by Japan during WW18. Korean foundation myth

a. The first Korean state was founded by Tanguni. Father was a god, his mother was a bear

ii. This myth shows that Koreans were a distinct people whodeveloped their own native traditions

b. Another legend states that a royal descendant of the Chinese ShangDynasty founded Korea

i. This legend would tell that Koreas culture was shaped byChinese influences from early dynastic times

9. Shilla, Koguryo, and Paekchea. Three major kingdoms of Korea

i. Each developed their own hierarchy systemii. Power was passed from father to firstborn

iii. Only members of certain families could be part of rulingcouncils and positions

10.Three Kingdoms period (Incomplete, cant find info on it yet)a. Refers to the interval between the founding of the state of Cao Wei

(220265) in 220 and the conquest of the state of Eastern Wu

(229280) by the Western Jin Dynasty (265316) in 28011.Sokkuram Grotto Shrine

a. A hermitage and part of the Bulguksa temple complex.b. A temple dedicated to Buddha

12.Won Kona. ???? I dont know him, and cant find him sorry

13.Koryo Dynastya. Lasted four and a half centuries, A.D 935 to A.D 1392b. Modeled its central government after Chinasc. Established a civil service systemd. Attacked by the Mongol Empire and was occupied until the 1360se. Was overthrown in 1392 by a scholar-official group and military

leaders

i. Established the Choson (Yi) Dynasty14.Celadon

a. Pottery known for its milky green glazeb. Inspired by Song porcelain artists

15.Choson Dynastya. Ruled for 518 yearsb. Founded by Taejo Yi Seong-gye

16.King Sejonga. The fourth king of Chosonb. The founder of Hangul, the language used by Korean people today

i. Before Hangul, the Korean people used Chinese charactersas their writing system


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ii. 28 lettersiii. Published in 1446, and people who studied the written

language learned it in a couple of days

17.Colonialization of Korea in the 20thcenturya. Korea was colonized by Japan from 1910 to 1945b. Mainly to gather more land, and its agricultural abundancec. Everything was censored relating to Korean history/culture

18.Korean Wara. Started in 1950 when North Korea crossed the 38thparallel for a

surprise attack

b. Korea remained divided after the wari. The demilitarized zone still exists

19.Juchea. A political thesis of Kim-Il Sung which states that the Korean

masses are the masters of the countrys development

20.Kim Il Sunga. North Koreas communist dictator until 1994

21.Kim Jong Ila. Son of Kim Il Sung, N. Koreas second dictator

i. Made nuclear weapons under his rule but had seriouseconomic problems

ii. Died in 201122.Kim Jong Eun

a. Son of Kim Jong Il, N. Koreas current dictator23.North Korean Politics

a. Based on a Single party systemi. Also on centralization

24.North Korean Constitutiona. Basically praises their founder (of N. Korea) and his greatness

Ancient Civilizations Unit: 5 terms

1. Fertile Crescenta. A curved-shape region with rich landb. Located between the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea in

Southwest Asia

c. Provides the best source for farming2. Pharaoh

a. A king of ancient Egypt, considered a god as well as a political andmilitary leader

3. Shang Dynastya. Arose around 1700 B.C to 1027 B.C

i. Capital is Anyang Was built mainly of wood

ii. Higher classes lived in timber-framed houses, and peasantslived in huts

iii. Family was the central to Chinese societyiv. Society was divided between nobles and peasants


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v. Believed in the spirits of ancestors who could bring goodfortune or even disaster to living members of the family

vi. Developed a writing system where each character generallystands for one syllable

4. Hammurabia. Reigned the Babylonian empire from 1792 B.C to 1750 B.C

i. Hammurabis most enduring legacy is the code of laws heput together

5. Harappan Civilizationa. A civilization of the Indus River Valley

i. Evidence dates back to 7000 B.C with domesticated goatsand sheep

ii. Evidence also dates back to 3200 B.C with farmers living invillages

iii. Indias first cities built around 2500 B.Civ. The Indus Valley people were known for their sophisticated

city planning

Basically they laid out their cities on a precise gridsystem

v. Had irrigation systems as wellAncient Greece Unit: 10 terms

1. Greecea. People from the plains along the Black Sea and Anatolia migrated

and settled in mainland Greece

i.

At the same time, Minoans started settlement in 3000 B.C2. Peloponnesian wara. Lasted from 431-404 B.Cb. Athens was defeated by Sparta and its allies

i. Sparta had the strongest armyii. Athens had the strongest navy

3. Geography of Greecea. Mountainous Peninsula sticking off the Mediterranean Seab. Includes 2,000 islands in the Aegean and Ionian Sea


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ATHENS VS. SPARTA:

4. Roman Republic:

Executive Two consuls, elected by the assembly

for one year- chief executives of the

government and commanders in-chief


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of the army

Legislative Senate of 300 members, chosen from

aristocracy for life- controls foreign

and financial policies, advises consulsJudicial Praetors, eight judges chosen for one

year by Centuriate Assembly- two

oversee civil and criminal courts (the

others govern provinces)

Legal Code Twelve tables- a list of rules that was

the basis of Roman legal system

Citizenship All adult male landowners

4. Consulsa. Rome had two officials

i. Commanded the army and directed the governmentii. Power was limited however

iii. One year termiv. Same person could not be elected until after 10 yearsv. One consul could always overrule, or veto, the others

decision

5. Rome in the 1stCentury B.C: refer to page 160-165 (too much info)6. Twelve Tables

a. Considered to be the plebeians most important victoryb. Its because patricians officials often would interpret the laws to

suit themselves

c. 10 officials began writing down Romes laws in 451 B.Cd. They were carved on 12 tablets/tables

i. Established the idea that all free citizens had the right to theprotection of the law

7. Christianity in Romea. Started from the teachings of a man named Jesus

i. Born sometime between 6 to 4 B.C


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ii. He grew up to be a public ministeriii. Christianity spread after his death

b. Many Christians were persecuted mainly due to their refusal tobelieve in Roman gods

i. Referred to as martyrs, people who were willing to die for acause

India Unit: 12 terms

1. Mauryan Empirea. Begun in 321 B.C

i. After the overthrowing of the Nanda kingii. First king was Chandragupta Maurya

2. Gupta Empirea. Indias second empireb. Presented a rise in both the Indian civilization and in Hindu

culture

c. Chandra Gupta was the first emperor of the Gupta empire3. Chandragupta Maurya

a. First emperor/king of the Mauryan Empireb. Followed Kautilyas book called the Arthasastra

i. It was a rulers handbook It included spying, tough-minded policies, and

employing political assassination

c. By 303 B.C, the Mauryan Empire stretched more than 2,000 miles4. Chandra Gupta I

a. First emperor of the Gupta Empireb. Took the title Great King of Kings in A.D 320c. His empire included Magadha and the area north of it and with his

main base along the Ganges River

5. Asokaa. Chandraguptas grandsonb. Became king in 269 B.Cc. A war against Kalinga brought a devastating amount of casualties


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i. This saddened Asoka, who always once a king who broughtbloodshed

ii. Studied Buddhism and decided to rule by Buddhasteachings

iii. He cared for his subjects well being One example, he made rest houses and wells every

nine miles along constructed roads

This was part of Asokas edicts, to treat his subjectshumanely and fairly

iv. Erected huge stone pillars inscribed with his new policiesthroughout the empire

6. East Pakistan/Bangladesha. ???

7. Jawaharlal Nehrua. Born in 1889, born and raised in Englandb. Indias first prime ministerc. Devoted his life to improving conditions in his country

8.

Mohandas Gandhia. Became the leader of the independence movement for India after

the Amritsar Massacre

i. This massacre killed 400 and left 1200 woundedii. A British commander commanded his soldiers to open fire

onto the crowd

iii. Teachings blended ideas from all world religions includingHinduism, Islam, and Christianity

iv. People called him Mahatma, meaning great soul9. Muhammad Ali Jinnah

a. Lawyer, politician, and statesman and the founder of Pakistan10.Indira Gandhi

a. Nehrus daughterb. Next prime minister of Indiac. Faced problems against the Sikh extremists who wanted an

independent state


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d. Indira Gandhi was assassinated by two of her bodyguards (whowere Sikh) in retaliation on an attack she ordered on a Sikh temple

11.Sri Lankan Civil Wara.

Formerly known as Ceylon

b. Gained independence in Feb 1948c. Three quarters of the population are Sinhalese, who are Buddhists

i. A fifth are Tamils, a Hindu people of southern India andnorthern Sri Lanka

d. Indian troops entered Sri Lanka to help disarm Tamil rebelsi. Efforts failed

ii. Indian troops left in 1990iii. This civil war between Tamils and other Sri Lankans

continues today

12.Kashmira. Small region, lies north of Indiab. Hindu leader, Muslim-dominated populationc. India and Pakistan fought over Kashmird. A ceasefire was ordered in 1949

i. Ceasefire left a third of Kashmir under Pakistani controlii. India and Pakistan continue to fight over Kashmir

history midterm review sheet (2)

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