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THE WAGHELA & THE SOLANKISThe Vaghelas were an Indian dynasty of Gujarat. The Vaghelas were based in the town of Dholka, and were feudatories of the Solanki dynasty, who ruled Gujarat from the 10th to the 13th centuries. The Solanki went into decline in the thirteenth century, and by 1243 the Vaghelas were firmly in control of Gujarat. They restored stability to Gujarat for the latter half of the 13th century, and the Vaghela kings and officials were dedicated patrons of the arts and temple-building.

Virdhaval was the first Vaghela king, and two of his Jain minister brothers, Vastupal and Tejpal, built the exquisite Dilwara Temples on Mount Abu in Rajasthan, and temples at the Girnar and Shetrunjay hills. His successor Vishaldev built temples at Dabhoi and founded Vishalnagar. Karandev was the last Vaghela king, who died in the 1304 conquest of Gujarat by Ala-ud-din Khilji, Sultan of Delhi.

List of Vaghela kings

Virdhaval (Visala) (c. 1243 - c. 1262) Arjuna (Vishaldev) (c. 1262 - c. 1275) Sarangadev (c. 1275 - c. 1297) Karandev (II) (c. 1297-1304)

Vaghela is a Kshatriya name. (Hindi: क्षत्रि�य, kṣatriya from Sanskrit: क्ष�, kṣatra) It is one of the four varnas (Social Orders) in Hinduism. It constitutes the military and noble order of the traditional Vedic-Hindu social system as outlined by the Vedas and the Laws of Manu. Lord Rama, Lord Krishna, Lord Buddha and Lord Mahavira all belonged to this social order.

Initially in ancient Vedic society, this positions was achieved on the merits of a person's aptitude (guna), conduct (karma), and nature (swabhava). Over the years it became hereditary

GLIMPSES OF THE WAGHELA-SOLANKI DYNESTY

The Sun Temple, Modhera (Gujarat) was built in 1026 AD by King Bhimdev of the Solanki dynasty and is dedicated to Lord Surya, the Sun God of Hinduism. It is akin to the Konark Temple of Orissa. One more sun temple is at Martand in Jammu and Kashmir.

The Modhera sun temple is situated on the bank of the river Pushpavati, 25 km from Mehsana and 102 km from Ahmedabad.

History

According to the Skanda Purana and Brahma Purana, the areas near Modhera were known during ancient days as Dharmaranya (literally meaning the forest of righteousness). According to these Puranas, Lord Rama ,after defeating Ravana, asked sage Vasistha to show him a place of pilgrimage where he could go and purify himself from the sin of Brahma-hatya (the sin of killing a Brahmin, because ravan was a Brahmin by birth). Sage Vasistha showed him Dharmaranya, which was near the modern town of Modhera. In the Dharmaranya, he settled at a village Modherak and performed a yagna there. Thereafter he established a village and named it Sitapur. This village is about 8 km from Becharaji Modherak village and it subsequently came to be known as Modhera.

Sun Temple at Modhera.Sun TempleDate Built: 1026 AD

Primary Deity: SunArchitecture: Solanki

Location: Modhera

The Sun Temple was built by Raja Bhimdev I of Solanki Dynasty in AD 1026. This was the time when Somnath and the adjoining area was plundered by Mahmud Ghazni and reeled under the effects of his invasion. The Solankis, however, regained much of their lost power and splendour. Anahilvad Patan, the Solanki capital, was restored to glory. Royalty and traders jointly contributed to build grand temples.

Solankis were considered to be Suryavanshis, or descendants of Sun god. The temple was so designed that the first rays of the sun fell on the image of Surya, the Sun God, at the time equinoxes.

The temple is partially in ruins after it was also finally destroyed by the Allauddin Khilji.

However, enough has remained of the temple to convey its grandeur.

  ?ModheraGujarat • India

 Modhera 

Coordinates: 23°25′N 72°22′E 23.42 ,

72.37

Time zone IST (UTC+5:30)

District(s) Mehsana

Codes

• Telephone • +0273484

Coordinates: 23°25′N 72°22′E 23.42 , 72.37

Architecture

The Sun temple is of a unique architecture of its own kind.

The temple comprises three separate but axially-aligned and integrated elements.

1. Surya Kund, which is an intricately carved, stepped tank named after Sun god Surya.

2. Sabha Mandap, which is a hall used for religious gatherings and conferences. 3. Guda Mandap, i.e. sanctum sanctorum, which once housed the idol of Sun God.

The Massive Tank In Front of The Temple

Surya Kund

This is a massive rectangular stepped tank. A 100 sq meter rectangular pond believed to be used to store pure water. Devotees were required to perform ceremonial ablutions here before worshiping the Sun God.

108 miniature shrines are carved in between the steps inside the tank. 108 is a number considered to be auspicious by Hindus.

Huge ornamental arch called Toran leads one to Sabha Mandap literally meaning assembly hall.

The Sabha Mandap with Ornately Carved Pillors and Ceiling

Sabha Mandap

This hall of religious gatherings is a magnificent pillared hall. It is open from all sides and has 52 intricately carved pillars. The carvings depict various scenes from the Hindu epics of Ramayan, Mahabharat and Krishna Lila (i.e. story of lord Krishna).

Between the Sabha Mandapa and the sanctum sanctorum is a beautiful hall with pillars and arches, whose facade has been renovated and partially redone, and the walls have 12 niches showing the different aspects of the Sun God in each month.

Sanctum Sanctorum

This is also called the main temple or the sanctum sanctorum of the temple. It is based on a lotus-base plinth. It was designed such that the rays of the rising and setting sun on the day of equinox, fell on the bejeweled idol built by the Solanki Rajputs in honour of their ancestral God. It was plundered by Mahmud Gazni.

Rani ki vav

Rani ki vav is a famous stepwell situated in Patan town in Gujarat in India.

During the period of the Solanki or Chalukya , the stepwell called the Rani ki vav, or Ran-ki vav (Queen’s step well) was constructed. It is a richly sculptured monument.

It is generally assumed that it was built in the memory of Bhimdev I (A.D. 1022 to 1063) son of Mularaja, the founder of the Solanki dynasty of Anahilwada Pattan in about 1050 A.D. by his widowed queen Udayamati.

Rani-Ki Vav.

It was probably completed by Udayamati and Karandev I after his death. A reference to Udayamati building the monument is in the 'Prabandha Chintamani' composed by Merunga Suri in 1304 AD.

It was one of the largest and the most sumptuous structures of its type. It became silted up and much of it is not visible now, except for some rows of sculptured panels in the circular part of the well. Among its ruins one pillar still stands which is the proof not only

of the elegance of its design, but also excellent example of this period. A part only of the west well is extant from which it appears that the wall had been built of brick and faced with stone. From this wall project vertical bracket in pairs, this supported the different galleries of the well shaft proper. This bracketing is arranged in tires and is richly carved. There is also a small Gate below the last step of the step well which is having a 30 kilometer tunnel built (Now its has been blocked by stones and mud) which leads to the town of sidhpur near patan. It was used as an escape gateway for king who built the step well in the times of defeat.

Most of the sculpture is in devotion to Vishnu, in the forms of his Avataras (Krishna, Rama and others), representing their return to the world.

Around 50-60 years back there used to be ayurvedic plants around this areas which causes the water accumulated in Rani ni vav helpful for viral disease, fever etc.

Dilwara Temples

The Jain Dilwara temples of India are located about 2½ kilometers from Mount Abu, Rajasthan's only hill station. These temples built between the 11th and 13th centuries AD are world famous for their stunning use of marble. The five legendary marble temples of Dilwara are a sacred pilgrimage place of the Jains. Some consider them to be one of the most beautiful Jain pilgrimage sites in the world. The marble temples have an opulent entranceway. The simplicity in architecture may remind one that Jainism has always encouraged honesty and frugality. The temples are in the midst of a range of forested hills. A high wall shrouds the temple complex.

Dilwara Temples

Although the Jains built some beautiful temples at other places in Rajasthan, some believe that none come close to these in terms of architectural perfection. The ornamental

detail spreading over the minutely carved ceilings, doorways, pillars and panels is simply marvellous.

For the people who come to perform puja here, there are facilities to bathe and get ready. The facilities use passive solar power to heat up the water for bathing and other things. Guided tour hours for tourists are posted outside the temple. You might see occasional monkeys looking for food outside the temple area.

Five Unique Temples of Dilwara

Doorway detail

Domed ceiling detail

There are 5 temples in all, each with its own unique identity. Each is named after the small village in which it is located. These are:

Vimal Vasahi (Shri Adi Nathji temple) dedicated to the first Jain Tirthankar lord Rishabh.

Luna Vasahi (Shri Neminathji temple) dedicated to the 22nd Jain Tirthankar lord Neminatha.

Pithalhar (Shri Rishabha Devji temple) dedicated to the first Jain Tirthankar lord Rishabh.

Khartar Vasahi (Shri Parshva Nathji temple) dedicated to the 23rd Jain Tirthankar lord Parshva.

Mahavir Swami (Shri Mahavir Swamiji temple) dedicated to the last Jain Tirthankar lord Mahavir.

The most famous of these are the Vimal Vasahi and Luna Vasahi temples.

Vimal Vasahi Temple

This temple carved entirely out of white marble was built in 1021 by Vimal Shah, a minister of Bhimidev I, the Solanki Maharaja of Gujarat. The temple is dedicated to the first Jain Tirthankara (teacher or guide), Adinath. The temple stands in an open courtyard surrounded by a corridor, which has numerous cells containing smaller idols of the Tirthankaras. The richly carved corridors, pillars, arches, and 'mandaps' or porticoes of the temple are simply amazing. The ceilings feature engraved designs of lotus-buds, petals, flowers and scenes from Jain and Hindu mythology.

The Rang mandap is a grand hall supported by 12 decorated pillars and nicely carved out arches with a breathtaking central dome. On the pillars are carved female figurines playing musical instruments and 16 Vidhyadevis, or the goddesses of knowledge, each one holding her own symbol.

The Navchowki is a collection of nine rectangular ceilings, each one containing beautiful carvings of different designs supported on ornate pillars. The Gudh mandap is a simple hall once you step inside its heavily decorated doorway. Installed here is the idol of Adi Nath or Lord Rishabdev, as he is also known. The mandap is meant for 'Arti' to the deity. The Hastishala (Elephant Cell) was constructed by Prithvipal, a descendant of Vimal Shah in 1147-49 and features a row of elephants in sculpture.

Luna Vasahi (Shri Nemi Nathji temple)

The Luna Vashi temple is dedicated to the 22nd Jain Tirthankara Shri Neminathji. This magnificent temple was built in 1230 by two Porwad brothers - Vastupal and Tejpal - both ministers of a Virdhaval, the Vaghela ruler of Gujarat. The temple built in memory of their late brother Luna was designed after the Vimal Vashi temple. The main hall or

Rang mandap features a central dome from which hangs a big ornamental pendent featuring elaborate carving. Arranged in a circular band are 72 figures of Tirthankars in sitting posture and just below this band are 360 small figures of Jain monks in another circular band. The Hathishala or elephant cell features 10 beautiful marble elephants neatly polished and realistically modelled.

The Navchowki features some of the most magnificent and delicate marble stone cutting work of the temple. Each of the nine ceilings here seems to exceed the others in beauty and grace. The Gudh mandap features a black marble idol of the 22nd Jain Tirthankar Neminatha. The Kirthi Stambha is a big black stone pillar that stands on the left side of the temple. The pillar was constructed by Maharana Kumbha of Mewar. The remaining three temples of Dilwara are smaller but just as elegant as the other two.

Pittalhar Temple

This temple was built by Bhima Shah, a minister of Sultan Begada of Ahmedabad. A massive metal statue of first Jain Tirthankara Rishabha Dev (Adinath), cast in five metals, is installed in the temple. The main metal used in this statue is 'Pital' (brass), hence the name 'Pittalhar'. The Shrine consists of a main Garbhagriha, Gudh mandap and Navchowki. It seems that the construction of Rangmandap and the corridor was left unfinished. The old mutilated idol was replaced and installed in 1468-69 AD weighing 108 maunds (about 40 quintals or four metric tons) according to the inscription on it. The image was cast by an artist 'Deta' which is 8 ft (2.4 m). high, 5.5 ft (1.7 m). broad and the figure is 41 inches (1,000 mm) in height. In Gudh Mandap on one side, a big marble Panch-Tirthi sculpture of Adinath is installed.

Parshvanatha Temple

This temple, dedicated to 23rd Jain Tirthankar Lord Parshvanath was built by Mandlik and his family in 1458-59 It consists of a three storied building, the tallest of all the shrines at Dilwara. On all the four faces of the sanctum on the ground floor are four big mandaps. The outer walls of the sanctum comprise of beautiful sculptures in gray sandstone, depicting Dikpals, Vidhyadevis, Yakshinis, Shalabhanjikas and other decorative sculptures comparable to the ones in Khajuraho and Konarak.

Mahavir Swami Temple

This is a small structure constructed in 1582 and dedicated to the 24th Jain Tirthankara, Lord Mahaveer. There are pictures on the upper walls of the porch painted in 1764 by the artists of Sirohi

Gurjar Clans ( THE WAGHELA & THE SOLANKI )

The Solanki clan of Gurjars ruled Gujarat from c. 960 to 1243. Gujarat was a major center of Indian Ocean trade, and their capital at Anhilwara (Patan) was one of the largest cities in India, with population estimated at 100,000 in the year 1000. In 1026, the famous Somnath temple in Gujarat was destroyed by Mahmud of Ghazni. After 1243, the Solkanis lost control of Gujarat to their feudatories, of whom the Vaghela chiefs of Dholka came to dominate Gujarat. In 1292 the Vaghelas became tributaries of the Yadava dynasty of Devagiri in the Deccan.

Dadda, the founder of Pratihara dynasty, established the Gurjar rule at Nandipur (Nandol). Dadda III wrested Broach from the Maitraks whose citadel had started shaking. In fact, there were three powerful dynasties which were ruling different parts of Gujarat: the Gurjars had their sway over the north, the Chalukyas ruled the south and the Maitraks were saddled in Saurashtra. The vacuum created by the fall of the Maitrak dynasty was filled up by the Pratiharas from the north and Rashtrakutas from the south.

As vassals of the Valabhis, Chavadas held their sway over parts of north Gujarat. They assumed independent control after the fall of Valabhi. Vanraj,. the most prominent of the eight Chavada kings, founded a new capital at Anhilpur Patan. he reconquered his father's lost territories and founded the Chavada dynasty which lasted a shade under a century.

Samantsinh, the last Chavada ruler, did not have an issue and he adopted Mulraj who overthrew him in 942 AD and set up what came to be known as the Solanki dynasty. Ambitious as he was, he started expanding his frontiers and established his complete and total hold over Saurashtra and Kachchh by defeating Grahripu of Junagadh (Saurashtra) and Lakho Fulani of Kachchh. Mulraj Solanki's reign marked the start of the most glorious period in the history of Gujarat during which Gujarati culture flowered as manifested in art, architecture, language and script. It is described as the golden period in Gujarat chequered history. Mulraj himself adopted the title of Gurharesh ( King of Gurjardesh). The territoporieds under the sway of the Solanki dynasty same to be known by different variations of the word Gurjar like Gurjardesh, Gurjararastra, Gurjaratta and finally Gujarat.

Two names stand out in the Solanki dynasty. The first is that of Sidhraj Jayasinh who ruled for 47 years from 1094 A.D. and the second prominent Solanki king Kumarpala's reign lasted for 31 years from 1143 to 1174 AD. Apart from Saurashtra and Kachchh, Sidhraj Jaysinh also conquered Malwa. One of the favourite legends with the Gujarat bards is woven around the siege of Junagadh by Sidhraj Jaysinh. The fort was ultimately captured by him along with Ranakdevi, the Queen of the ruler Rakhengar. However, in the true tradition of the Rajputs, Ranakdevi preferred to become a 'sati' rather than marry Sidharaj Jaysinh. Sidharaj was persuaded to allow Ranakdevi to commit 'Sati' by burning herself on a pyre at Wadhavan. A temple was built on the hallowed place where she became 'Sati'. The temple still stands in Wadhavan, Saurashtra, as a mute testimony to the woman who preferred death to marriage with the person who had humbled her husband. The temple is called Ranakdevi's temple.

The guardian family deity of the Solanki's was Somnath at Prabhas. Ironically, it was during the Solanki's rule that the scared shrine was sacked by Mahmud Ghazni who defiled and despoiled the fabulously rich shrine and put 50,000 Hindus to sword. The temple was destroyed with its Linga during the regime of Bhimdev I Bhimdev's successor Karandev defeated a Bhil chieftain and founded Karnavati. Karandev married Minaldevi by whom he begot Sidhraj who ushered in Gujarat's golden period. Sidhraj's successor Kumarpala encouraged Jainism. Bal Mulraj successfully repelled the incursions of Mahmud of Ghor who had the ambition of repeating the act performed by Mahmud Ghazni.

After the fall of Solanki rule, Vaghelas who were in the service of the Solanki's established a rather shortlived (76 years) but powerful dynasty. The two rulers of this dynasty, Virdhaval and Vishaldev, were responsible for consolidating the stabilising the prosperity of Gujarat after the fall of the Solankis. While Vishaldev built the famous temples of Dabhoi and founded Vishalnagar, the credit for building magnificent temples at Abu, Girnar and Shetrunjay goes to two distinguished Dewans (chief ministers) - Vastupal and Tejpar - of Virdhaval. After the sack of the Somnath by Mahmud Ghazni, Kinlock Forbes, a British historian, had this to say "Mahmood of Ghuznee had hardly accomplished his disastrous homeward retreat, leaving behind him Unhilwara despoiled and Somnath a heap of ruins, when the sound of the hammer and the chisel was heard upon Arasoor and Aboo, and the stately fanes began to arise at Koobharea and Delwara, in which an elaboration almost incredible and a finish worthy of the hand of a Cellini, seemed to express the founder's steadfast refusal to believe in mlechh invaders, or iconoclastic destroyers, as other than the horrid phantom of a disturbing dream."

Karandev of the Vaghela dynasty was the last Hindu ruler of Gujarat. He was defeated and overthrown by the superior forces of Allauddin Khilji from Delhi in 1297. With his defeat Gujarat not only became part of the Muslim empire but the Rajput hold over Gujarat lost for ever

Solanki

The Solanki (from Chalukya, an ancient Indian dynasty) are a Hindu clan who ruled parts of western and central India between the 10th and 13th centuries AD. The Solanki are a branch of the Chalukya dynasty of whose oldest known area of residence was in present-day Karnataka.[1] The Solanki clan-name is found within the Rajput and Gurjar communities.

In Gujarat, Anhilwara (modern Siddhpur Patan) served as their capital. Gujarat was a major center of Indian Ocean trade, and Anhilwara was one of the largest cities in India, with population estimated at 100,000 in the year 1000. The Solankis were patrons of the great seaside temple of Shiva at Somnath Patan in Kathiawar; Bhima Dev helped rebuild the temple after it was sacked by Mahmud of Ghazni in 1026. His son Karandev

conquered the Bhil king Ashapall or Ashaval, and after his victory established a city named Karnavati on the banks of the Sabarmati River, at the site of modern Ahmedabad.

Establishment of the dynasty

MULRAJ

Mulraj (942-996) Solanki overthrew Samantsinh Chavda in 942 and set up what came to be known as the Solanki dynasty. Mulraj chalukya's father was Raji who probably ruled in Gurjaratra region around Jodhpur. Raji's marriage with Samantsinh chavda's daughter does not have any bearing for invitation to Mulraj to take over Anhilvad pattan. Raji was a suba of king Mahipal Parihar of Kanyakubja. Raji seems to have related with king Mahipal by marrying his daughter. Losing his kingdom in attacks by Rashtrakut king Krishna III in 940 A.D., Mulraj moved southward from gurjaratra region and took over Anhilvad pattan from Chavda rulers in 942 A.D. Mulraj was from bhardwaj gotra and agnivanshi kula. Mulraj married to Madhavi, a daughter of king chauhan Bhoj. Initially, Mulraj's territory was around Siddhpur Patan. His son Chamund started taking responsibility during his ruling (977 A.D.) He defeated Abhir king Grahripu of Saurashtra and Laxraj (Lakha Fulani) of Kutchh. He snatched Lat for some period from Barapp in one war. Shakambhari king Vigrahraj Chauhan defeated Mulraj. He got defeat from Malav King Munj Parmar (Vakpati II). After death of Munj in 995 A.D., Mulraj adorned self as “Param bhattarak maharajadhiraj parmeshawara”. His administration pattern was similar to Gupta's. He invited many learned Brahmins and other castes to settle in Saraswat mandal. He constructed several temples. He initiated construction of Rudra mahalaya in Siddhpur. He was kind hearted, brave, smart and shred in ruling his kingdom. Considering need of situation, he was accepting defeat to save his kingdom. He died in 996 A.D. At the time of his death, his kingdom included saraswat and satyapur mandals, kutchh and some territories of Saurashtra. Mulraj Solanki's reign marked the start of a period during which Gujarati culture flowered as manifested in art, architecture, language and script. It is described as the golden period of Gujarat's chequered history. Mulraj himself adopted the title of Gurjaresh (King of Gurjardesh) an aristocratic title. The territory under the sway of the Solankis came to be known by different variations of the words like Gurjardesh, Gurjara-Rastra, Gurjaratra and finally Gujarat.

CHAMUND

Chamund (996-1009) could not extend his kingdom territory further. He tried to be independent from Malav king Sindhuraj (successor of Munj) but could not succeed. In the later years of his life he lost his character(womanizer). His sister Chachinidevi dethroned him and gave it to his son Vallabhraj in 1009 A.D. Chamund ended his life by immersing in narmada river near Shuklatirth.

VALLABHRAJ

Vallabhraj (1009 for six months) attacked King Sindhuraj's territory as soon as he became king. He died due to small pox in the war only.

DURLABHRAJ

Durlabhraj (1009-1022) (brother of Vallabhraj) could not extend father's kingdom much. He married the sister of Chauhan Baliraj's son Mahendra of Naddul. He was of good character. He invited Jain saints in his kingdom. He continued as Samant of Malav king Bhoj. After his death his nephew Bhimdev (son of Nagraj) became king in 1022A.D.

BHIMDEV I

Bhimdev I (1022-1063) was son of Durlabhraj's brother Nagraj . Bhimdev's mother was Laxmidevi, a princess of Chauhan of Naddul. Bhimdev was a mandlik of Malav king Bhoj. Sultan Mehmud of Gazani invaded Anhilpur pattan in December 1025. Bhimdev had to flee and take shelter in Kanthkot fort in Kutchh. In January 1026 Sultan Mehmud of Gazani attacked Somnath temple, demolished it completely. United army of all kings under leadership of King Bhoj chased Sultan Mehmud thereafter. He had to flee from the place to Gazani. Bhimdev was one of the foremost participant of the united army. Bhimdev and Bhoj jointly reconstructed Somnath temple. Bhimdev added Saurashtra , Kutchh, Abu and some parts of Khetak mandal and Mahimandals with his kingdom. Bhimdev became independent from Bhoj on his death in 1054 A.D. Bhimdev had married to Udaymati, a pricess of Saurastra Narvahan Khengar. He had also married to Bauladevi(also called Chauladevi) who was not a princess. Bhimdev had a son named Karndev from Udaymati and sons named Xemraj and Mulraj from Bauladevi. Mulraj died in very early age. Shantacharya and Suracharya were two Jain saints during his reign. Apart from reconstruction of Somnath, Delwada temples by Vimalshah, Modhera's Sun temple and Stepwell of Udaymati (Raniki vav) goes to Bhimdev's cedit. Bhimdev died in 1064A.D. Karndev ( Bhimdev's son by Udaymati) came on the throne after Bhimdev's death.

KARNDEV

Karndev (1064-1094)( Bhimdev's son by Udaymati) came on the throne after Bhimdev's death. He is descrives as a very handsome king. As soon as he came to the throne, he made friendship with King Someshwar of Kalyani. Up to 1075, he added entire Lat in his kingdom. His territories were touching Konkan in south and Naddul in north. He married to Karnataka's king Tribhuvanmalla's friend Jaykeshi's daughter Mayanalladevi(Minaldevi). Jaykeshi was Konkan's suba. Karn had built many temples, lakes and cities like Karnavati. Shakambhari's king Dushshal chauhan defeated and killed Karn in a war. Malavking Laxmdev and Naddul king Joggal helped in defeating Karndev. Patan's condition was worse in the last days of Karandev. His son Jaysinh became Karandev's successor for the throne.

SIDDHRAJ JAISINH

The one name stand out in the Solanki dynasty is Siddhraj Jaysinh (1094-1143) also known as Siddhraj Solanki who was considered as the most prominent Solanki king. Siddhraj is said to have ascended the throne of Patan after the death of his Father Karandev. Patan's condition was worse in the last days of Karandev. The successors from his grand father Bhimdev's first wife Bauladevi tried their best to acquire the throne from child Jaysinh. His mother Minaldevi , Maha Mantri Santu and Munjal Mehta initially played a great part to deter the internal revolt and in establishing his rule and stability to Patan in Gujarat. Jaysinh came on throne in 1096A.D. So the years between his father's death and his actual takeover might have been guarded by his mother and his mantris. In those initial days his mother along with child Jaysinh took shelter in Saurashtra in the guise of yatra to Somnath leaving administration of Patan to Mantri Shantu. Malav king Narvarma attacked Patan in those days. Mantri accepted Narvarma's Kingship for Jaysinh as Samant of Malva. Jaysinh afterwards strengthened himself getting rid of unwanted involvement of grandma's maternal side relatives, useless samants as well as mantris. He also weakened the successors from his grand father Bhimdev's first wife Bauladevi. He was after the life of Kumarpal, then successor of queen Bauladevi and probable candidate for patan's throne. Kumarpal hid himself from Jaysinh for more than 30 years. Apart from Saurashtra and Kachchh, Siddhraj Jaysinh had also conquered the Malwa defeating king Yashovarma and south Gujarat. The popular conception of Siddhraj mixes greatness and medieval callousness. One of the most prominent legends of the Gujarat bards is woven round the siege of Junagadh by Siddhraj' Jaysinh. Siddhraj wanted to marry the princess Ranakdevi, but his vassal, Ra Khengar, the Chief of Junagadh, married her before he could do so. An enraged Siddharaj attacked the mountain-fortress of Junagadh. It fell after Ra Khengar's nephews betrayed him. Ranakdevi refused Siddharaj's advances for marriage after he had killed her husband and two sons. She was forcibly brought to Wadhwan where she committed the ritual of Sati at this place to protect her honour. It is believed that her curse made Bhogavo, a local river, waterless, forever. Some historians doubt the authenticity of the story. He adorned the title of “Barbarak Jishnu” and also “Siddhraj” after controlling Bhil king Barbarak. He became Chakravarti after acquiring total control of the region under old Gurjar Chakravarti kings. He renovated and widened the lake constructed by Durlabhraj and named it as Sahastraling Lake. He constructed two lakes in the memory of his mother. He also renovated Rudramahal. He also features in the legend of Jasma Odan, a beautiful woman of the tank diggers' community-oudes, who were digging a new tank in Patan. Already married, she refused Siddhraj's advances and committed sati to protect her honour. It is believed that her curse made this tank waterless and the king without an heir to the kingdom of Gujarat. During Patan flourished in education, religion and commerce. He gave shelter to many scholars of different religion and castes. Other notable figures of his time included his, Prime Minister Munjal Mehta, Kak and leading Courtier Udayan Mehta. Siddhraj Jaysinh died in 1143A.D. The throne remained without King for 18 days. Thereafter Kumarpal was suddenly declared King of Patan.

KUMARPAL

Siddhraj Jaysinh did not have any son. His daughter's son Someshwar was brought up by him in Patan. But many Mantris like Dadak, Madhav, Sajjan and Udayan were of the opinion that decedent of Mulraj and Bhimdev should be made King of Patan. Siddhraj Jaysinh hated this proposal. Kumarpal (1144-1174) was the probable candidate being decedent of Bhimdev by his second wife Chauladevi(Xemraj->Devprasad->Tribhuvanpal->Kumarpal). Hence Kumarpal was under direct wrath of Siddhraj. Kumarpal had to flee and hide from Siddhraj for 30 years to save his life. Udayan Mehta and Hemchandracharya helped him during his exile. There were many internal fights for Patan's throne. After Siddhraj Jaysinh's death, Kumarpal was ultimately given throne of Patan in 1144 A.D. Kumarpal had to face much resistance. He along with his able mantries took harsh steps to subside the resistance. Many mantries opposing him were given death sentence. Krishnakumar was beaten and made blind. He suppressed revolts of many samants. Kumarpal adopted Jain religion in 1160A.D. along with Shiv religion. He became vegetarian and stopped animal slaughter. He built 1440 Jain Vihars. He renovated Somnath temple. In his old age he reduced interest in administration and left it to his faithful samants and mantries. Again internal conflicts for throne have surfaced. One of the group wanted Kumarpal's nephew Ajaypal ( Mahipal's son) as a king. Ajaypal came on throne after a revolt in 1173A.D. Perhaps Kumarpal died in early 1174A.D. due to poison given to him.

AJAYPAL

Kumarpal's nephew Ajaypal (1173-1176) ( Mahipal's son) came on throne after a revolt in 1173A.D. Ajaypal was very shrewd and merciless. Group associated with Hemchandracharya under leadership of Amrabhatt opposed Ajaypal. He got rid off all people connected to Kumarpal. Under his kingship Patan's rule remained from Gwaliar to Narmada river. He discouraged Jain saints and leaders. A pratihar named Vayjaldev injured Ajaypal with a dragger. Ajaypal died in 1176A.D. due to this injury suffering a lot. His child son Mulraj was given Patan's throne on his death.

MULRAJ II

Mulraj (1176-1178) was on the throne for two years. His mother Naikdevi along with child Mulraj pushed back Islamic army of Shahbuddin Ghori near Gadrar ghat war. Mulraj died in 1178A.D. His brother Bhimdev II came on throne after him.

BHIMDEV II

When Bhimdev (1178-1241) came to throne India was passing through a great turmoil. Gahadwal of Kanoj, Chandelas of Jejabhukti, Yadavs of Devgiri and Kalyani's Chalukyas were Bhimdev's (Patan's) stern enemies. Bhimdev remained in top of an allied royal army to fight Muijuddin Ghori and defeated him in 1178A.D. Kutubuddin Aibak defeated Gujarat army near Abu in 1197A.D. Bhimdev hid in an unknown place. But in 1199A.D. he defeated Aibak and pushed him away from Patan. He adorned himself as “Abhinav

Siddharaj” thereafter. Malav king Subhat varma invaded Gujarat in 1209A.D. Bhimdev fled to either Saurashtra or Kutchh. Between 1209A.D. to 1226A.D. a brave Chalukya named Jaisinh/ Jayansinh took over the kingdom of Gujarat(Patan), probably to save Patan in absence of Bhimdev. In 1226A.D. Bhimdev again came on the throne of Patan. Mantri Vastupal , Maha mandleshwar Lavanprasad and his son Virdhaval played an important role in bringing Bhimdev to throne. They virtually ruled Patan even though Bhimdev was a king. In the old age of Bhimdev, Virdhaval's son Visaldev and Vastupal's brother Tejpal took the charge to rule Patan. Bhimdev died in 1241A.D. His son Tribhuvan pal was made king after him.

TRIBHUVAN PAL

Tribhuvan pal (1241-1244) was a king for namesake(Bhimdev II`s son). In fact, Visaldev and Tejpal ruled Patan. During this period, Tejpal persuaded ambitious Visaldev from dethroning Tribhuvan pal and continue ruling in his name. Tribhuvan pal died in 1244A.D. Visaldev took over the throne as a king. Thus the Solanki dynesty came to an end. Visaldev being a decedent from Arnoraj Vaghela's son Lavanprasad, Vaghela dynesty ruled Patan there after.

Later generations

After 1243, the Solankis lost control of Gujarat to their feudatories, of whom the Vaghela chiefs of Dholka came to dominate Gujarat. In 1297 Gujarat was conquered by the Delhi Sultanate.

Descendants of King Tribhuvanpal settled in Rajasthan under King Ranakdeo. His descendant settled in Lach village in Sirohi. Rao Lakha of Sirohi attacked King Bhoja 16 times and failed on every occasion. At last, Rao having assistance from Idar attacked Solankis and King Bhoja was killed in the 17th battle. His descendant Raimal Solanki went to Mewar where he was rewarded with Roopnagar(Desuri) Jagir for ridding out the district from troublesome Madrecha Chauhans. His descendants fought several times against Mughals with Maharanas of Mewar. From Roopnagar, Solankis spread throughout the Mewar and Marwar.

Descendants of the Anhilwara Solankis ruled the state of Rewa, in the Bagelkhand region, the eastern part of present-day Madhya Pradesh. Vyaghra Deo, brother of the King of Gujarat, moved to Bagelkhand in the middle of the twelfth century, and obtained the fortress of Marpha, 18 miles northeast of Kalinjar. His son Karandeo married a Kalchuri (Haihaya) princess of Mandla, and received the fortress of Bandogarh as her dowry. Bandogarh served as the seat of the Solankis of Bagelkhand until its destruction by the Mughal emperor Akbar in 1597. After the destruction of Bandogargh, the Solankis moved their capital to Rewa. From 1812 to 1947 the Solanki rajas of Rewa ruled the princely state of that name, within British India. In 1947, the last Raja of Rewa acceded to newly-independent India.

Solanki rulers of Gujarat Mulraj I (942/960-995/997). Chamundaraj (c.995 -c.1010) Vallabharaj (c.1010) Durlabhraj (1009-1021). Bhimdev I (1021-1063). Son of Naagraj and Nephew of Durlabhraj. Karnadev I (1063-1093). Son of Bhimdev I. "Siddhraj" Jaysinh I (1093-1143) Kumarpal (1143-1173). Descendant of Karandev I. Ajavapal. Nephew of Kumarpal. (c.1171-c.1176) Mulraj II (c.1176-c.1178) Bhimdev II (c.1178-1242). Jaysinh II (c. 1223) -co-ruler of Bhimdev II Tribuvanpal (1242-1244)

Dabhoi in the state of Gujarat, India. It was originally known as Darbhavati.

History

It was established in the early 6th century AD. Its foundation and fortification is ascribed to the great King of Gujarat, Siddhraj Jaisinh (1093-1143 AD), who made this his frontier fortress. The architectural style and the exquisite stone carving and iconography on the fort walls and gates suggests that it was conceived and constructed in the same period as Rudra Mahalaya and Zinzuwada Fort. It is mentioned as an important city in the Jain inscriptions of Girnar (VS 1288).

It came under the control of Muslim rulers in 1300 AD after the fall of Patan. The fort of Dabhoi is one of the rare surviving examples of Hindu military architecture, based on the shastri traditions described in various Vaastu scriptures. There are four gates in the town, one in each cardinal direction, having indirect entry, located in the middle of each side of the fort wall. It was altered during the time of Visaldev and the Muslim rule. Hira Bhagol (named after the architect, Hiradhar), the most exquisitely carved gate, is in the east, with Vadodara Gate in the west, Champaner Gate in the north and Nandod Gate in the south. Dabhoi has many Jain and Hindu temples, devoted to different gods and goddesses.

Dabhoi is the birth place of the great Gujarati poet, Raskavi Dayaram, composer of many garbas (devotional songs) and a devotee of Ranchhodraiji of Dakor. Many Jain scholars also stayed here in the past and enriched the Jain Granth Bhandar, which has a collection of ancient Jain manuscript Shree Indubhai Sheth is also very popular personality in Dabhoi. He is known as Bhamasha of Dabhoi. He was the generous donator.He built a temple for untouchable. He passed away in June 2006, his sons are running many

charitable organizations after his sad demise. Dabhoi municipal corporation is building a giant gate in Dabhoi after his name.

Geography

Dabhoi is located at 22°11′N 73°26′E 22.18 , 73.43 .[1] It has an average elevation of 99 metres (324 feet).

PANDIT JASRAJ

Career

PANDIT JASRAJ was initiated into vocal music by his father Pandit Motiramji. He received training from his elder brother, Pandit Maniramji, and later Maharaja Jaywant Singhji Waghela took him under his tutelage. He was also greatly influenced by the voice of the famous ghazal singer Begum Akhtar, after whom he decided to train in singing.

Adalaj Vav Description

There are about 120 vavs or step-wells spread across the Indian state of Gujarat. The oldest vav is the Rani vav or Queen's vav, which is located in Patan and dates back to the 11th century AD. However, the vav situated in the small village of Adlaj is the most popular one. The Adlaj vav is in fact a na vav, literally meaning an upside down architecture of a step-well.

Built entirely of sandstone, one can enter into this step-well from three sides, which consist of octagonal landings with huge carved colonnades and intricately carved niches. The architecture of this well also shows the influence of the earlier Solanki rulers of Gujarat. Carvings of leafy creepers-typical adornment of Islamic architecture-co-exist with Hindu symbolism. Among the other carvings on the panels are a king sitting on a stool with two bearers, a scene depicting women churning buttermilk, musicians accompanying dancing women apart from abstract representations of various Hindu Gods and Goddesses. One can also see a few Buddhist and Jain influences on some of the pillars and walls.

This stupendous structure with its elaborate and heavily ornamented temple-like finish and surrounding structures is a synthesis of various elements-earth, rock and water. On one story is a little Hindu shrine secretly hidden in an obscure corner. The step-well served both ritualistic as well as utilitarian needs. People from the nearby villages used to take water from the well and considered it holy. In the semi arid climate of Gujarat, the

cool water from the vav provided a welcome break, particularly in the harsh summer months. Water from the vav was also used for irrigation.

Openings in the ceilings above the landing enable light and air to enter the well. However, direct sunlight never reaches the flight of steps or landings except for a brief period at noon as the inner ceilings are arranged to receive the sunlight through these openings. According to a research, there was a total difference of six degrees between the outside and inside of the well, thus making it a veritable air-conditioner.

Innumerable strong and exquisitely carved pillars support each story of the vav and each available stone surface is profusely covered with carvings. Each landing has wide space suggesting that people, especially travelers, rested there while on journey. The main attraction of this step-well is the pool of water at the lowest level. Besides this, there is a niche here that houses an ami khumb or a pot that contains the water of life and a kalpa vriksha or a tree of life made out of a single stone slab. These sites attract the villagers on religious and auspicious occasions like marriages, sacred thread ceremonies (a ritual performed by Hindus) etc.

In the vicinity of the well are graves of the six masons who were instrumental in erecting it. It is believed when Mohammed Begda asked them if another vav was possible, they replied in the affirmative. This proved to be their undoing and they were instantly put to death. Perhaps that is why the Adlaj step-well stands unrivalled till today.

Legend of Adalaj Vav

The legend behind the origin of this step-well is as interesting as its architecture and is shrouded in beauty, romance and tragedy. In AD 1499, the area around Adlaj was known as Dandai Desh and was ruled by Rana Veer Singh of the Vaghela dynasty. Around this time, Mohammed Begda, a Muslim ruler of a neighboring state attacked Dandai Desh and killed Rana Veer Singh. The beauty of the slain king's widow, Rani Roopba, enamored Mohammed Begda who sent her a proposal of marriage. The heartbroken but determined queen agreed to the proposal on the condition that he complete a five-storied step-well (vav) for her. The Muslim ruler, enticed by the charm of the queen, readily agreed.

The construction of this well had begun years ago under Rana Veer Singh but had to be stopped later. Begda resumed this project with great enthusiasm and got the well completed in record time. When this five-storied edifice was completed but for the dome, Begda renewed his proposal. The next day, Roopba took a round of the well and saying a final prayer, flung herself into the water and drowned.

Mohammed Begda immediately stopped further construction but did not get the monument demolished probably because Roopba had employed Muslim masons who had decorated it with Islamic motifs. The incidents, which led to the erection of this unique well, are detailed on the walls and pillars of the vav in Sanskrit and Pali (an ancient language).

Patan, Gujarat  ?Patan

Gujarat • India

 Patan 

Coordinates: 23°50′N 72°07′E 23.83 ,

72.12

Time zoneIST

(UTC+5:30)

Area

• Elevation • 76 m (249 ft)

District(s) Patan

Population 112,038 (2001)

Coordinates: 23°50′N 72°07′E 23.83 , 72.12 Patan pronunciation (help·info) City was capital of Gujrat in Medieval Times. It is the administrative seat of Patan District in the Indian state of Gujarat and administered by municipality. The City contains many Hindu and Jain temples as well as few mosques, dargahs and rojas. The city has many historical places also.

The modern city

Presently, Patan is home to the Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University [1] previously known as North Gujarat University. Patan is a prominent medical centre in the North Gujarat with almost 200 practicing medical professionals. Patan serves as a central market place for local farmers.

The patola saree is one of the finest hand-woven sarees produced today. This is a specialty of Patan, and is famous for extremely delicate patterns woven with great precision and clarity. A patola sari takes 4 to 6 months to make, depending on how complicated the designs is and if the length is 5 or 6 metres.

Patan is also a tourist destination with a rich religious and cultural history and landmarks. Patan has numerous Hindu and Jain temples as well as Muslim mosques.

Tourist Attractions

There are many Toursist Attractions including Forts, Vavs (Step Wells), Talavs(Lakes) and places of worships.

The Only Remain of Old City of Patan in the form of a very small portion of Old Fort near Kalka on the outskiets of the New City is of historical and archeological importance. So is the case with the remains of the walls of new fort and the Darwajas (Gates) of the new fort which are fast disappearing. Unfortunately Administration as well as a Majority of local People show little interest in preserving these heritage places which are shrinking at a rapid pace. Fortunately the inner fort of Bhadra with its Darwajas (Gates) is preserved well. However, with the transfer of all Government and Administrative machinery from Bhadra how long it will be preserved is unclear.

Step wells include Rani-ki-Vav and Trikam Barot ni Vav. Lakes include historically and acrheologically important Sahstraling Sarovar, Anand Sarovar (Khan Sarovar) and now revamped Gungadi Sarovar. There are many a Religious places of significance on religious, historical or architerctural grounds. These include Old Kalka Mandir, Panchmukhi Hanuman, Jasma Odan ni Deri, Old Mahalaxmi Mandir, Hingaraj Mandir, Panchasar Derasar and Sheikh Farid no Rojo.

Salvivad, a Place where Patolas are woven along with places where traditional Clay Toys are made are also worth visiting. Many annual religious fairs also act as tourist destination.

Geography

Patan is located at 23°50′N 72°07′E 23.83 , 72.12 . Patan Railway Station is 108 km away from Ahemdabad Railway Station. It can be reached by a bus or private taxi from Ahmedabad via Chansama or Unjha.[1]. It has an average elevation of 76 metres (249 feet).

Baghel

Baghel or Vaghela is the name of a Kshatry Clan. They are a branch of the Solanki clan, which in turn belongs to the Agnivanshi lineage.

The Baghelkhand region in India, part of the present-day state of Madhya Pradesh, takes its name from that of this clan. The region was ruled in past centuries by dynasties belonging to the clan. Rewa was the premier princely state ruled by the Baghel clan. they are also known as PAL Kshatriya in western part of country. Their gotras are : 1 Tomar 2 Sagar 3 Sisodia 4 Becholia 5 Katrya 6 Kachwaha 7 Ahir 8 Bhindwar 9 Chandel

Editing: !! photos

 

STONE INSCRIPTION, DHOLKA, DISTRICT AHMADABAD

This inscription, engraved on a marble stone fixed in a pillared mandapa is in Sanskrit language and Nagari script. It is dated in Vikrama 1466 (1410 A.D.). It belongs to the reign of Muzaffar Shah of Ahmedabad and records the construction of a beautiful well by Sahadeva Prabhu and his wife Sadhu for the merit of their deceased son Asachandra. The genealogy of Sahadeva Prabhu is given and the well is described at length in this record.

 

HERO-STONE INSCRIPTION, SANAND, DISTRICT AHMADABAD

This inscription, engraved on a hero-stone standing under a chhatri within the Gayatri temple complex, is written in a mixture of Sanskrit and local dialect. It is dated in Vikrama 1728 (1671 A.D.) and Vikrama 1765 (1708 A.D.). It records the death of Maharana Sri Jagamalaji on the first date and probably the erection of the hero-stone by Vaghela Asogi, son on Vaghela Samantaji on the second date. 

 

 

STEP-WELL INSCRIPTION, GAMGAD, DISTRICT AHMADABAD

This inscription, engraved on a marble stone in side the step-well called Bahu-ka-vav, is written in Sanskrit and Gujarati languages and Nagari characters. It is dated in Vikrama 1763 (1706 A.D.) It belongs to the reign of Maharana Sesamalaji of the Vaghela family.

The first part of this record consisting lines 1 to 15 in Sanskrit language gives the genealogy of the ruler and records that his mother Gauramji erected the step-well at Gamgapura (i.e. Gamgad) for her own merit. The second part in Gujarati language (lines 16 to 26) contains the same details as in the Sanskrit version.

Main article: History of Ahmedabad

Map of Ahmedabad, depicted in a miniature style painting on a cloth, circa 19th century

Archaeological evidence suggests that the area around Ahmedabad has been inhabited since the 11th century, when it was known as Ashapalli or Ashaval.[6] At that time, Karandev I, the Solanki ruler of Anhilwara (modern Patan), waged a successful war against the Bhil king of Ashaval,[7] and established a city called Karnavati located at the present time area of Maninagar close to the river Sabarmati. Solanki rule lasted until the 13th century, when Gujarat came under the control of the Vaghela dynasty of Dholka and Karnavati was conquered by the Sultanate of Delhi. In 1411, the rule of the Muzaffarid dynasty was established in Gujarat. According to legend, Sultan Ahmed Shah, while camping on the banks of the River Sabarmati, saw a hare chasing a dog. Impressed by this act of bravery, the Sultan, who had been looking for a place to build his new capital, decided to locate the capital at this forest area close by to Karnavati right on the river bank and christened it Ahmedabad.[8]

In 1487, Mahmud Begada, the grandson of Ahmed Shah, fortified the city with an outer wall 10 km (6 miles) in circumference and consisting of twelve gates, 189 bastions and

Title: The Master of Gujarat-A historical novel Author: K. M. Munshi No of Pages: 501 Hard Bound Price: Rs. 195 /- I.S.B.N: 81-7276-059-0

About the book:The Master Of Gujarat is the English rendering of K.M. Munshi’s enormously successful historical novel Gujarat no nath. More details: King Jayasinghdev Solanki, Queen Mother Meenaldevi, Prime Minister Munjal Mehta, as well as King Navghan and the dashing Prince Khengar of Saurashtra, are well-known figures in the medieval history of Gujarat. Based on certain historical incidents of that period, some folklore of Saurashtra, and his own intimate knowledge of the culture and history of Gujarat, Munshi wrote this immensely entertaining novel, which is being made available to book-lovers for the first time in an English rendering

Title: Jaya Somnath Author: K. M. Munshi No of Pages: 321

About the book:Jaya Somnath is the story and heroism of Bheemdev and the love of the temple dancer Chaula for him. The story tells of the mortal crisis which Gujarat

passed through when Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni attacked and destroyed the sacred temple of Somnath. It is a moving and fascinating story of Gujarat’s fight to save its honour. More details: Jaya Somnath is a historical romance written in Gujarati and translated into English. The shrine of Lord Somanath at Prabhas is a very holy place and people flock here for darshan and prayers. Chaula is a very young temple dancer when the story begins. She is just eighteen and has the honour of dancing in front of the Lord on an auspicious day. She is applauded by everyone. She comes across Bheemdev and falls in love with him. The temple is destroyed by Mahmud of Ghazni and this book deals with the historical facts woven interestingly with a story.