history and philosophy of science at leeds

History and Philosophy of Science at LeedsAuthor(s): Graeme GoodaySource: Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 60, No. 2 (May 22, 2006), pp.183-192Published by: The Royal SocietyStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20462574 .

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NOTES & RECORDS Notes Rec. R. Soc. (2006) 60, 183-192

-OF

THE ROYAL doi: 10. 1098/rsnr.2005.0093 SOCIETY Published online 21 April 2006

REPORT

History and philosophy of science at Leeds

Graeme Gooday*, Division of History and Philosophy of Science, School of Philosophy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK

In 2006-07 the Division of History and Philosophy of Science (HPS) at the University

of Leeds celebrates its first half-century. Whereas the city might claim Joseph Priestley

as its first historian of science' and Nonnan Campbell as its first philosopher of science,2

the founders of HPS as an academic discipline at the university were associated with the

postwar Department of Philosophy. The key figure was philosopher of science Stephen

Toulmin, who was appointed as Professor of Philosophy in 1954. He became head of

department in 1956, when the Leeds campus had an intellectual and institutional climate

strongly sympathetic to links between the humanities and the sciences.3 Indeed, well

before Thomas Kuhn's Structure of scientific revolutions appeared, Toulmin cultivated the then somewhat radical view that philosophy of science was blind unless informed by

history of science.4 Although Toulmin's stay in Leeds was very short, his legacy was

substantial. Over the next five decades, the Philosophy Department's HPS group nurtured

several generations of historians of science in this congenial environment, more recently

hiring specialist philosophers of science, to enhance the close connections between HPS

and philosophy.

THE EARLY HISTORY OF HPS AT LEEDS

Soon after becoming head of the Philosophy Department, Toulmin secured Leverhulme

research fellowships with high-level university assistance5 to hire two young scholars: Jerry

Ravetz and June Goodfield. These two became the nucleus of the nascent HPS group in 1957.

A year later, the career of physicist-turned-historian Donald Cardwell was boosted by a

similar injection of Leverhulme funding to become first a research fellow in HPS and then a

lecturer. Just as his first great work Steam power in the eighteenth century: a case study in the

application of science appeared in 1963, Cardwell departed to Manchester to launch a new

department of history of science and technology at UMIST, maintaining links thereafter with

the universities of Leeds, Bradford and Lancaster via 'the Northern seminar' in the history of

science that flourished for several decades under the direction of Jack Morrell at the

University of Bradford.6

With the departure of Toulmin and then Goodfield to the USA in 1959,7 Ravetz led the

Leeds HPS group into a period of vigorous growth in the 1960s-described by many as a

'golden age'. Strongly supported by the Vice-Chancellor, Charles Morris, Ravetz was able to

obtain the support of the Leverhulme Trust to bring promising young scholars to Leeds,

*[email protected]

183 ? 2006 The Royal Society



184 G. Gooday

notably Piyo Rattansi and Charles Webster. All this happened within the context of the rapid

planned expansion of the University of Leeds as a whole and with the stimuli of such local

influences as the rising philosophical star Alasdair Macintyre and Asa Briggs in the

Department of History. The first HPS acquisition of the post-Toulmin era was Piyo Rattansi, whose seven

years in Leeds (1960-67) generated the classic revisionist collaboration with colleague

Ted McGuire (1963-71) 'Newton and the "Pipes of Pan"', published in Notes and

Records in 1966.8 Cardwell's replacement by Maurice Crosland (1963-74) brought new

strengths in the history of chemistry and a new focus on the linguistic and institutional:

Historical studies in the language of chemistry (1962) and The Society of Arcueil

(1967).9 A contemporary appointment was Charles Webster, whose work at Leeds (1963-69)

was later embodied in some of the canonical works of early modem science and

medicine, notably The Great Instauration: science, medicine, and reform, 1626-1660

(1975).1o Similarly concerned to reappraise conventional notions of the rise of early

modem science was the ex-chemical engineer Charles Schmitt, who came to Leeds as a

research fellow (1966-72), his classic early work being Cicero scepticus: a study of the

influence of the Academica in the Renaissance (1972).11 The intellectual ferment created

by this conjunction of scholars drew some now famous names as visiting postgraduate

students: Margaret Jacob and Robert Fox both spent time in Leeds working with

McGuire and Ravetz, respectively, Jacob's studies being supported by the local Leeds

philanthropist Bernard Gillinson. 12 The HPS research culture was indeed highly

inclusive, the termly 'Topics' classes being given by a member of staff on their own

research to a mixed audience of undergraduates, postgraduates and academics who thus

were sometimes the first to hear the most original work of Rattansi, Webster and

McGuire before it reached a wider scholarly audience.13

By the time that Ravetz's own magnum opus had appeared, Scientific knowledge and its

social problems (197 1),14 the Division was in a major transitional phase. Not only was Ravetz

moving to an increasingly part-time role, being Director of the Council for Science and

Society in London from 1973 to 1976, but Maurice Crosland and Alex Dolby (Rattansi's replacement) departed in 1974 to start up the Unit for History of Science at the University of

Kent at Canterbury. In this context, the historian of genetics Robert Olby (1969-92), who had

replaced Charles Webster a few years earlier, took a leading role in the Division's research

and management.15 Olby's name came to prominence as a result of his celebrated Path to the

double helix in 1974; this work showed how the 1953 discoveries of Crick and Watson were rooted in the work of two University of Leeds scientists: the creator of molecular biology,

William Astbury, and the Nobel prizewinning inventor of X-ray crystallography, William

Bragg. 16

The appointments of Olby, research fellow John Christie (1973 to present) and lecturers

Geoffrey Cantor (1973 to present) and Jonathan Hodge (1974 to present) brought longer-term

stability to Divisional membership. Certainly short-term appointments such as those of John

Schuster (1974-76) and Silvio Funtowicz (1980-84) brought fresh approaches to the Division. Indeed, in their collaboration at Leeds Funtowicz and Ravetz presented a new

system for the management of uncertainty, 'NUSAP', in their foundational joint work Uncertainty and quality in science for policy (1990).17

However, Government financial strictures during the years 1979-90 effectively inhibited the replacement or creation of new posts in HPS. In contrast to the turbulence of



History and philosophy of science at Leeds 185

the 1960s, the steady vigour of the Division in the 1980s was maintained by a steady flow of

high-quality undergraduate and postgraduate students.'8 And in contrast to the previous focus on early modern science and medicine, staff research now collectively focused on more recent aspects of history of science.

COMPANIONABLE RESEARCH ON EIGHTEENTH AND NINETEENTH CENTURY SCIENCE

The first holder of a Professorship in the HPS Division was Geoffrey Cantor, awarded a

personal chair in recognition of two decades of internationally recognized research. His first

phase of investigation focused on the history of physics, especially of light, leading to Optics after Newton: theories of light in Britain and Ireland, 1704-1840 (1983),19 which is still the

standard work on the subject. Committed to exploring the theological dimensions of physics,

he developed an expertise in Michael Faraday's distinctive religious affiliation epitomized in his bicentennial biography Michael Faraday: scientist and Sandemanian (1991)-and long

manifested in the endearing collection of Faraday iconography that adorned his office walls.

Among his research Geoffrey has played a substantial role in national bodies, acting as

Secretary and later President of the British Society for the History of Science, and

establishing the UK's Forum of the History of Science, Technology and Medicine in 1997.

Research in science and religion led to a collaboration with John Hedley Brooke in the

University of Glasgow's Gifford Lectures for 1995-96. Their jointly written Reconstructing nature: the engagement of science and religion (1998)20 has become a benchmark work in the

field. Geoffrey's scholarly enthusiasm for nurturing the historical study of science and religion at Leeds was honoured by a Templeton Teaching Award in 1999 and a Leverhulme

Trust Major Research Fellowship 2000-03 that has enabled him to produced much valuable

new research on Quaker and Jewish responses to science; his monograph Quakers, Jews, and

science: religious responses to modernity and the sciences in Britain, 1650-1900 was

published in 2005 by Oxford University Press. In addition, between 1999 and 2004 he

played a major role in co-directing the Arts and Humanities Research Board (AHRB) and

Leverhulme Trust funded project 'Science in the nineteenth century periodical' (discussed further below), co-editing one of the three volumes Science serialized: representations of the

sciences in nineteenth-century periodicals with fellow project director Sally Shuttleworth.2'

The breadth of Geoffrey Cantor's scholarly interests is reflected in the wide range of thesis

topics pursued by his PhD students. Notable among these are Paul Wood, whose 1984 PhD

thesis, 'Thomas Reid, natural philosopher: a study of science and philosophy in the scottish

enlightenment', became the foundation of his specialist research thereafter at the University of Victoria in British Columbia, Canada.22 Another Canadian, Sean Johnston, undertook his

PhD thesis on the history of optical measurement with Professor Cantor while working at the

University of Leeds Physics Department. After completing his thesis, 'A notion or a measure:

the quantification of light to 1939', in 1994, Dr Johnston took up a position at Glasgow

University (Crichton Campus) and published his PhD as A history of light and colour

measurement: science in the shadows.23 After a highly successful undergraduate career in

theology and history of science, Chris Kenny undertook a study of the Boyle lectures with

particular reference to Richard Bentley, John Harris and Samuel Clarke. The PhD thesis he

completed under Cantor's supervision was entitled 'Theology and natural philosophy in late

seventeenth and early eighteenth-century Britain' (1996); Dr Kenny has since become a

teaching fellow in the Division and a vigorous contributor to research seminars.



186 G. Gooday

Jonathan Hodge collaborated with Geoffrey Cantor on the classic co-edited study

Conceptions of ether: studies in the history of ether theories, 1740-1900 (1981).24 However, Dr Hodge's main research interest lies in the history of theories of creation and evolution

derived from the work in his Harvard PhD dissertation published as Origins and species: a study

of the historical sources of Darwinism and the contexts of some other accounts of organic

diversity from Plato and Aristotle on.25 In this context he has written historical articles on the

theories of Buffon and R. A. Fisher, and philosophical pieces on evolutionary biology. In

chronological terms, Hodge's historical focus has been on the period 1770-1850, especially

in France and Britain, working on Lamarck, Lyell and Darwin. Monographs are under

preparation on the last two, following on from the Cambridge companion to Darwin (2003)

co-edited with recently arrived colleague Gregory Radick.26

Most recently, Hodge has been developing links between new revisionist interpretations of

the social and economic history of Britain, especially linking Lyellian and Darwinian science

to gentlemanly landed capitalism rather than bourgeois capitalism. He has supervised several

PhD students, most recently co-supervising the thesis of Samuel Alberti jointly with Graeme

Gooday and Sally Shuttleworth at the University of Sheffield. Dr Alberti's thesis was entitled

'Field, lab and museum: the practice and place of life science in Yorkshire, 1870-1904' and

he now works as a Research Fellow and Lecturer in Art Gallery and Museum Studies at the

University of Manchester.

John Christie has a broad range of expertise in enlightenment science, especially the

history of chemistry. A significant proportion of his articles focus on the characters of

William Cullen and Joseph Black in Edinburgh and on Joseph Priestley in Leeds. He too has

collaborated with Geoffrey Cantor, their shared interests in linguistic aspects of science

leading to the co-edited volume The figural and the literal: problems of language in the

history of science and philosophy, 1630-1800 (1987).27 Cantor and Christie jointly supervised the thesis of Canadian student John Friesen, 'The reading of Newton in the early

eighteenth century: Tories and Newtonianism' (2004), who was recently a postdoctoral

fellow at the Department of History of Science and Technology, Johns Hopkins University,

Baltimore, MD, USA.

In collaboration with his spouse Sally Shuttleworth (formerly at the University of Leeds,

now Professor at the University of Oxford), John Christie co-edited Nature transfigured:

science and literature, 1 7001900.28 This interest in the linguistic and literary has been taken

further in a PhD thesis by Christie's student Jan Golinski, who completed his PhD thesis,

'Language, method and theory in British chemical discourse, c.1660-1760', in 1984 and has

gone on to produce several key works in the history and historiography of science as a

Professor of History and Humanities at the University of New Hampshire.29 As postgraduate

students in the early 1980s, Golinski and Wood collaborated to produce an invaluable survey

of the library and archive resources for history of science and medicine at the University of

Leeds.30 Coming to Leeds from a medical career, Mark Jackson's 1991 PhD thesis under

Christie's supervision was 'New-born child murder: a study of suspicion, evidence, and proof

in eighteenth-century England'. After pursuing research on the social history of infanticide

and the history of 'feeble-mindedness' at the Universities of Leeds and Manchester, Professor Jackson is now Professor of the History of Medicine and Director of the Centre for Medical

History at the University of Exeter.

The collective endeavours of the second phase of Divisional life were epitomized in the

much-cited multi-authored Companion to the history of modern science (1990), co-edited by

Olby, Cantor, Christie and Hodge.31 Although now supplemented by competitor volumes,




articles from the Companion still reside on many a reading list for history of science courses

throughout the world. The Leeds Companion, as it is known locally, epitomizes the

Division's long-term commitment to maintaining high standards of historiographical debate

and a benign pluralism of approach.

DIVERSIFICATION AND EXPANSION IN THE 1990S

After the departures of Jerry Ravetz (ca. 1987) and Bob Olby (1992), and the lessening of

financial restrictions, the development of HPS at Leeds took a new turn in the expanding

world of 1990s higher education. From 1993 several new specialist appointments were made

in the philosophy of science, the history of medicine and the history of technology, bringing

new strength in diversity.

Professor Steven French came to Leeds in 1993, having previously worked in Brazil and the

USA. He teaches the philosophy of science, especially the philosophy of physics, and he has

supervised numerous PhD students in both areas. His research covers several areas: in the

philosophy of science it is focused on a structuralist approach to models and theories, which can

be extended to cover issues of explanation and representation in science and also provides the

formal basis for a form of structural realism. This was developed by French's PhD student

James Ladyman, now a senior lecturer at the University of Bristol in his PhD thesis, 'Structural

realism and the model-theoretic approach to scientific theories'. With his Brazilian

collaborator, Newton da Costa, French has also explored the realism-antirealism debate in

their joint book, Science and partial truth: a unitary approach to models and scientific

reasoning (2003).32 Issues of realism are explored from a highly distinctive perspective in the

PhD thesis produced by French's distinguished student Otavio Bueno, 'Philosophy of

mathematics: a structural empiricist view' (1999); Bueno is now an Associate Professor in

Philosophy at University of South Carolina working on the philosophy of nanotechnology.

Professor French's programme on structural realism is also supported by his work in

philosophy of physics, where he has argued that the metaphysical notion of an 'object' is

problematic in the quantum context. In response to these problems he has worked with Decio

Krause to develop an appropriate formal framework, and their joint work Identity in physics:

a historical, philosophical and formal account is due to be published by Oxford University

Press in 2006-7. These issues have also led French into the history of twentieth-century

physics, where he has written on quantum mechanics and Husserlian phenomenology,

Eddington's structuralist view of quantum theory and the intertwined relationship between

the history of physics and the history of structuralism in general.33 Two of Professor French's

recent PhD students, Dean Rickles (now at Calgary University) and Juha Saatsi (University of

Manchester), have joined him in co-editing The structural foundations of quantum gravity, a

collection featuring physicists, mathematicians and philosophers, that will be published by

Oxford University Press in 2006-7. In 2004 the School of Philosophy made a second

appointment in philosophy of science: Christopher Timpson, who had read physics and

philosophy at the Queen's College, University of Oxford. He joined the HPS Division in

August 2004 soon after being awarded his DPhil degree. His doctoral research focused on the

burgeoning field of quantum information theory, investigating the concept of information and

the question of the implications of quantum information theory for the foundations of

quantum mechanics. His main research is in the philosophy of physics and the philosophy of

science, but he also has strong interests in the philosophy of mind and language, often from a



188 G. Gooday

Wittgensteinian perspective. His teaching has included courses in philosophy of physics,

philosophy of science and philosophy of language.

In the same year that Steven French was appointed, Adrian Wilson, Lecturer in History of

Medicine, came to the Division under a Wellcome University Award. With help from

colleagues, he has built up History of Medicine teaching both as part of the HPS degree

programmes (BA and MA) and within the medical curriculum; and Leeds now offers an

Intercalated Degree in History of Medicine (only the fourth such degree in Britain). His

research falls into three main areas. The first is seventeenth- and eighteenth-century

midwifery/childbirth, particularly with reference to male and female roles in delivery. This

longstanding project has led to the monograph The making of man-midwifery (1995)34 and

will be completed with two further books, both approaching completion: A safe deliverance

and Midwives and the church. The second area of his research is English provincial voluntary

hospitals in the eighteenth century; this study has both national and local dimensions, with

Birmingham as its main local focus. The third main area of his research is the history of

pathology, including the history of disease concepts, and especially the work of Morgagni.

This interest, which has emerged from his teaching at Leeds, will be the major focus of his

work in the next few years. Alongside these substantive topics Dr Wilson has pursued an

interest in historical epistemology, which in recent years has led him into the further area of

literary theory. Graeme Gooday was appointed in 1994 to teach courses on the history and philosophy

(especially the ethics) of technology, his research lying in the intersections of late nineteenth

century physics, technology, instrumentation and gender. His studies on the history of

laboratories, the multifaceted roles of measurement and on the spatial issues of scientific

practice have recently been brought together in two volumes. Published by Oxford University

Press in 2005 was an editorial collaboration with Robert Fox on pre-World War II physics at

the University of Oxford: Oxford physics, 1839-1939: laboratories, learning and college life. Applying these themes to the context of electrical technology Gooday's first monograph was

The morals of measurement: accuracy, irony and trust in late Victorian electrical practice

(2004).35 This work explores how measurement instruments developed for electric lighting

required ever greater trust in technology, industrializing the practice of measurement from

being a highly skilled activity to the mere glancing at dials on mechanized instruments.

Related themes in the history of brewing are explored in James Sumner's (2004) Leeds PhD

thesis, 'The metric tun: standardisation, quantification and industrialisation in the British

brewing industry, 1760-1830'; Dr Sumner is now a Lecturer in History of Technology at the

Centre for the History of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Manchester.

Current research undertaken by Dr Gooday focuses more generally on historiographical issues in technology-specifically of technical 'failure', risk and expertise. He is also

developing a revisionist cultural history of electrification, looking particularly at the role of

women in promoting or resisting electrical lighting to show that the process of electrifying

Britain was much more complex than previously believed. Gooday seeks to link the advent of

electrification to romantic rather than modernising trends in his next book, provisionally

entitled Domesticating electricity: historical cultures of risk, gender and expertise. In the context of studying risk, expertise and technological failure, he is also developing an interest

in the history of medical instrumentation, both electrical and microscopical varieties, building

up collaborative research partnerships with the Thackray medical museum in Leeds.36

After completing his postgraduate studies at Cambridge, Dr Gregory Radick was appointed as lecturer in the HPS Division in 2000 during Professor Cantor's sabbatical, becoming a




permanent member of staff in 2003. His research and teaching specialties are in the history of

the life sciences and the human sciences, with special emphasis on questions of Darwinism and

genetics. He has published and contributed to two co-edited volumes, including, with

Divisional colleague Jonathan Hodge, The Cambridge companion to Darwin (2003).37 Radick's research work has concentrated on three themes in particular: scientific studies of

animal mind and animal language; the role of social context and historical contingency in the

development of modem biology; and the new genetic technologies in historical and

philosophical perspective, concentrating especially on patenting and genetic testing. An

interest in the relations between changing technology and changing knowledge runs

throughout his work. Although primarily a historian, he seeks to integrate historical and

philosophical approaches as fully as possible. Currently he is completing a book on studies of

primate communication and the origin of language since Darwin due to be published by

Chicago University Press in 2007. He currently serves on the Council of the British Society for

the History of Science and as Book Reviews Editor for the British Journalfor the History of

Science. Jonathan Topham arrived in Leeds in 1999 as an AHRB Institutional Fellow for the

Science in the nineteenth-century periodical (SciPer) Project, having previously worked

on the Darwin Correspondence Project and at the University of Cambridge. The SciPer

Project was funded by the AHRB and the Leverhulme Trust, and was directed by

Geoffrey Cantor and Professor Sally Shuttleworth of the University of Sheffield, with

two other postdoctoral researchers, Gowan Dawson (1999-2002; now a lecturer at the

University of Leicester) and Richard Noakes (1999-2002, currently a postdoctoral

research fellow at the University of Cambridge). Topham systematically indexed

references to science in 15 000 articles in a dozen non-technical journals, including for

example Punch, for a database that is now available on the World Wide Web.38 Along

with Cantor and Gooday, Topham has been closely involved with the production of three

books from the SciPer project. He is co-author of Science in the nineteenth-century

periodical: reading the magazine of nature (2004), and co-editor of Culture and science

in the nineteenth-century media (Ashgate, 2004).39 The work of the SciPer Project reflects Dr Topham's wide interest in the production and

reading of scientific publications in nineteenth-century Britain, a subject on which he has

published a number of widely cited articles. In 2002 he was awarded an AHRB Innovation

Award for a project entitled 'Scientific publishing and the readership for science in early

nineteenth-century Britain' (SPuRS). In sampling the output of scientific, medical and

technical publications in this period he was assisted by Dr Suzanne Paylor (2002-03; now a

research fellow at Birkbeck College, London) to further research on a book of the same name.

As a lecturer in history and philosophy of science since January 2005 Topham is developing a

new Masters programme in science communication in collaboration with the University of

Leeds's Institute of Communication Studies. Topham's other main research focus is on

science and religion, and he has published valuable articles on natural theology and

theologies of nature in nineteenth-century Britain. Several of these relate to his doctoral

research on the Bridgewater Treatises, and he currently has a book on this subject under

preparation.40 - Finally, no discussion of HPS at Leeds could possibly be complete without mention of

Jack Morrell's association with all three phases of the Division's existence. He has been

informally involved since 1967, and an honorary lecturer even before his departure from the

University of Bradford in 1994. Recently a major contributor to the Gooday and Fox volume



190 G. Gooday

Oxford physics,41 Morrell has long been a vital presence at the Leeds HPS

seminar-maintaining his reputation in the north as the 'grandfather of British history of

science'. What he declares to be his final 'symphonic' output John Phillips and the business

of Victorian science was published by Ashgate in 2005.42 He is now delving into newly

discovered veins of rich promise in the history of geology.

The HPS Division at Leeds looks forward to maintaining its vigorous and inclusive life of

interdisciplinary research and teaching when celebrating its 50th anniversary in 2007 and its centenary in 2057.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to thank all my colleagues in the Leeds HPS Division who supplied me with

valuable information in the writing of this article, and especially Jerry Ravetz, who gave me

invaluable assistance in understanding the early years of the Division's life.

Notes

1 Joseph Priestley, The history and present state of electricity, with original experiments (Dodsley,

Johnson, Davenport and Cadell, London, 1767). Born six miles southwest of the city in 1733,

Priestley moved back to Leeds in 1767 to preach at the city's Mill Hill Chapel. 2 Norman R. Campbell, Physics: the elements (Cambridge University Press, 1920); What is

science? (Methuen, London, 1921). After working in the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge

University, Campbell was an honorary researcher in the physics department at the University of

Leeds from 1910 to 1917. 3 Mary Hesse is widely credited with nurturing interest in philosophy of science while a lecturer in

the Mathematics Department at the University of Leeds, leaving for University College London

in 1954. Jerry Ravetz indicates that similarly sympathetic were the physicist Edmund Stoner, Ted

Caldin in the Department of Chemistry and Peter Alexander in Philosophy. 4 Stephen Toulmin, The philosophy of science: an introduction (Hutchinson's University Library,

London, 1953); The uses of argument (Cambridge University Press, 1958). Thomas Kuhn, The

structure of scientific revolutions (Chicago University Press, 1962). 5 The supportive patronage of Charles Richard Morris (1898-1990) as Vice-Chancellor of the

University of Leeds (1948-63) was crucial because he was closely associated with the

Leverhulme Trust.

6 Donald. S. L. Cardwell, Steam power in the eighteenth century: a case study in the application of science (Sheed and Ward, London, 1963). See John Pickstone, 'Obituary: Professor Donald

Cardwell (4 August 1919-8 May 1998)', Br. J. Hist. Sei. 32, 485^88 (1999). 7 Stephen Toulmin and June Goodfield, The fabric of the heavens (Hutchinson, London, 1961); The

discovery of time (Chicago University Press, 1965). 8 J. E. McGuire and P. M. Rattansi, 'Newton and the "Pipes of Pan'", Notes Rec. R. Soc. 21,

108-143 (1966). 9 Maurice Crosland, Historical studies in the language of chemistry (Heinemann, London, 1962);

The Society ofArcueil: a view of French science at the time of Napoleon I (Heinemann, London,

1967). 10 Charles Webster, The Great Instauration: science, medicine, and reform, 1626-1660

(Duckworth, London, 1975).

11 Charles B. Schmitt, Cicero scepticus: a study of the influence of the Acad?mica in the

Renaissance (Nijhoff, The Hague, 1972).




12 Bernard Gillinson endowed the HPS Division with its own library and room; Gillinson and wife Rose were both friends of Toulmin and Ravetz, and ran a salon in Roundhay that attracted a broad

cross-section of the cultural life of Leeds including Dennis Healey and several Leeds artists. 13 One such undergraduate was John Henry, who in 1971 took a BA in Philosophy and History of

Scientific Thought; Dr Henry is now a Reader at the Science Studies Unit, University of Edinburgh.

14 Jerome R. Ravetz, Scientific knowledge and its social problems (Clarendon, Oxford, 1971). See

also Ivor Grattan-Guinness in collaboration with J. R. Ravetz, Joseph Fourier, 1768-1830: a survey of his life and work, based on a critical edition of his monograph on the propagation of heat presented to the Institut de France in 1807 (MIT Press, 1972).

15 Robert Olby, Origins of Mendelism (Constable, London, 1966). 16 Robert Olby, The path to the double helix (Macmillan, London, 1974). 17 Silvio Funtowicz and Jerry Ravetz, Uncertainty and quality in science for policy (Kluwer,

Dordrecht, 1990). 18 Leeds undergraduate students in the 1980s who went on to careers in history of science include

Robert Iliffe at Imperial College, London, and Timothy Boon at the Science Museum in London. MA students in History and Philosophy of Science include Geoff Bunn (Liverpool Hope University) and Cassie Watson (Oxford Brookes University).

19 Geoffrey Cantor, Optics after Newton: theories of light in Britain and Ireland, 1704-1840

(Manchester University Press, 1983).

20 John Brooke and Geoffrey Cantor, Reconstructing nature: the engagement of science and religion (T. & T. Clark, Edinburgh, 1998).

21 Geoffrey Cantor and Sally Shuttleworth (eds), Science serialized: representations of the sciences in nineteenth-century periodicals (MIT Press, 1994). -

22 Paul Wood (ed.), Science and dissent in England, 1688-1945 (Ashgate, Burlington, VT, 2004); The correspondence of Thomas Reid (Edinburgh University Press, 2003); co-editor with Charlie

Withers, Science and medicine in the Scottish enlightenment (Tuckwell Press, East Linton, 2002). 23 Sean Johnston, A history of light and colour measurement: science in the shadows (Institute of

Physics Publishing, Bristol, 2001). 24 G. N. Cantor and M. J. S. Hodge (eds), Conceptions of ether: studies in the history of ether

theories, 1740-1900 (Cambridge University Press, 1981). 25 M. Jonathan Hodge, Origins and species: a study of the historical sources of Darwinism and the

contexts of some other accounts of organic diversity from Plato and Aristotle on (Garland, New York, 1991).

26 Jonathan Hodge and Gregory Radick (eds), The Cambridge companion to Darwin (Cambridge University Press, 2003).

27 Andrew E. Benjamin, Geoffrey N. Cantor and John R. R. Christie (eds), The figural and the literal: problems of language in the history of science and philosophy, 1630-1800 (Manchester

University Press, 1987). 28 John Christie and Sally Shuttleworth (eds), Nature transfigured: science and literature,

1700-1900 (Manchester University Press, 1989). 29 Jan Golinski, Science as public culture: chemistry and enlightenment in Britain, 1760-1820

(Cambridge University Press, 1992); Making natural knowledge: constructivism and the history of science (Cambridge University Press, 1998).

30 J. V. Golinski and P. B. Wood, 'Collections VIII: library and archive resources for the history of

science and medicine at the University of Leeds,' Br. J. Hist. Sci. 14, 263-281 (1981). Republished as a pamphlet: P. B. Wood and J. V. Golinski, Library and archive resources in the

history of science and medicine at the University of Leeds (British Society for the History of

Science, Chalfont St Giles, Bucks, 1981). 31 Robert Olby, Geoffrey Cantor, John Christie and Jonathan Hodge (eds), Companion to the history

of modem science (Routledge, London, 1990).



192 G. Gooday

32 Newton C. A. da Costa and Steven French, Science and partial truth: a unitary approach to

models and scientific reasoning (Oxford University Press, 2003).

33 From 1993 to 1998, Anna Maidens played an important Divisional role in teaching and

researching the philosophy of modern physics, especially relativity theory.

34 Adrian Wilson, The making of man-midwifery (UCL Press, 1995). 35 Graeme Gooday, The morals of measurement: accuracy, irony and trust in late Victorian

electrical practice (Cambridge University Press, 2004).

36 Gooday also works with Yorkshire museums supporting the field of heritage research, as can be

seen at www.leeds.ac.uk/heritage

37 Hodge and Radick, op. cit. (note 26).

38 Science in the nineteenth-century periodical: an electronic index HRI online (2005) available

on-line at www.sciper.org

39 Geoffrey Cantor, Gowan Dawson, Graeme Gooday, Richard Noakes, Sally Shuttleworth and

Jonathan Topham, Science in the nineteenth-century periodical: reading the magazine of nature

(Cambridge University Press, 2004) and co-editor with Louise Henson et al. of Culture and science in the nineteenth-century media (Ashgate, Aldershot, 2004).

40 Jonathan Topham, 'The Wesleyan-Methodist Magazine and religious monthlies in early

nineteenth-century Britain', in Cantor et al. op. cit. (note 39) pp. 67-90, and 'Science, natural

theology, and the practice of Christian piety in early nineteenth-century religious magazines', in

Cantor and Sally Shuttleworth op. cit. (note 21), pp. 37-66.

41 Jack Morrell, Science at Oxford, 1914-1939: transforming an arts university (Clarendon Press,

Oxford, 1997). 42 Jack Morrell, John Phillips and the business of Victorian science (Ashgate, Aldershot, 2005).



history and philosophy of science at leeds

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