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Submitted To

Miss Roopa N BDepartment of Computer ScienceSericulture College, Chintamani-563125

Submitted By ,

Abhisheka L SI BSc(Agri)Sericulture College, Chintamani-563125

History of the development of computers and Generations of Computer

Topic

CONTENTSHistory of development of Computers.

Generation of Computers.

History of the development of ComputersAbacusThis is the first recorded computer.It was invented before 2500 B.C.It was made up of rectangular wooden frame with beads

stung on parallel wires.It was invented in China.

Napier’s BonesIn 1614, John Napier introduced the concept

of Logarithms.He used a set of bones to perform

multiplication.He used 11 bones having 4 faces each to

perform multiplication.

Slide RuleIn 1630, William Oughtred, developed the

slide rule.It was designed on the basis of logarithms.It consists of two scales, whenever one scale

slides over the other, the alignment of one on the other gave the result of basic arithmetic operations.

Pascaleino In 1642, Blaise Pascal invented this machine.o It was made up of counter wheels.o This was capable of performing addition,

subtraction, multiplication and division.o The era of mechanical calculating machines

started with the invention of the Pascalien.

Rotating Wheel Calculator• In 1671, Gottfried Von Leibnitz invented an

electro-mechanical computer.

• It was designed based on the principles of counter wheels, that were used in Pascalien.

Jacquard’s LoomIn 1802, Joseph Marie Jaquard invented a

machine which was used to automatically control the weaving loom.

He was regarded as the first person to make use of punched cards.

Jaquard employed punched cards to control the pattern of woven cloth.

Differential EngineIn 1822, Charles Babbage invented the

Differential Engine.It was a hand operated machine.It was built with wheels, levers, and

mechanical linkages.It was used to perform various mathematical

functions.

Analytical Engine

In 1833, Charles Babbage developed the Analytical Engine.

Charles Babbage is called the father of computers.

This machine consists of 5 functional units such as Input unit, Memory unit, Arithmetic unit, Control unit and Output unit.

Mark-1 In 1943, Howard H. Aiken built an electro-

mechanical computer named Mark-1. it consists of 72 adding accumulators,60 sets

of switches, buttons, punched tape, etc. It capable of performing a sequence of

arithmetic operations. The time needed to perform multiplication

and division was considerably reduced in this machine.

ENIACIn 1964, John Mauchly and Presper Eckert

developed this machine.It was the first electronic computer.

ENIAC- Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator.

It consisted of 18000 valves and consumed 150 to 180K Watts of power.

It had a short memory.

EDVAC It was developed by the Ballistic Research

Laboratory of the U.S. army and Moore School Personnel during 1946-1952.

EDVAC- Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer.

EDVAC it was developed on the principle of stored program concept proposed by JohnVon Neumann.

UNIVAC-IIn 1951, Census Bureau developed a machine

called UNIVAC-I.

UNIVAC- UNIversal Automatic Computer-I.

It had a compiler to translate programs to machine code.

Generations of Computers Computers developed after electronic computer ENIAC

are classified into 5 generations. This generation is based on the technology used in architectural development of computers.

The generations of computers are broadly classified into

2 types: 1. Non- electronic generation. 2. Electronic generation.

Non-electronic GenerationThese are also referred to as the Zero

Generation computers.

They were developed before the semiconductor revolution took place in 1946.

Examples: Abacus, Napier’s bones, Differential Engine etc.

Electronic GenerationComputers developed after 1946 are

categorized into 5 generations.

They are mainly built with electronic circuits, they are called the electronic generation computers.

First Generation ComputersThey are developed during 1964-59, and

were built with Vacuum tubes.Their speed was 10⁻³ sec.They had limited primary memory and used

magnetic drums as secondary storage devices.

The machine language programming was adapted in these machines.

Examples: ENIAC, UNIVAC-I, EDVAC, etc.

Second Generation ComputersThese were developed during 1957-64, and

were built with diodes and transistors.Their speed was 10⁻⁶ sec.They had more primary memory.High level programming language like

FORTRAN, Pascal, ALGOL etc. were used in these machine.

Examples: BURROUGHS 5000, IBM 1401, GE635, etc.

Third generationThese were developed during 1965-70 and

were built with Integrated circuits. Their speed was 10⁻⁹ sec. They were used in weather forecasting,

airline reservation, banking services.

Examples: IBM System/360, UNIVAC 1108/9000 etc.

Fourth generationThese were developed during 1970-90 and

were built with Large Scale Integration and Very Large Scale Integration.

Their speed is 10⁻⁹ to 10⁻¹² sec.The concept of networking was introduced in

this generation.Example: IBM3033, HP-3000, etc.

Fifth generationSuper Computers was the key motivation of

this generation.Super Computers were developed with Super

Large Scale Integration.CD-ROM and WORM are introduced in this

generation.Examples: CRAY machines, PARAM-1000.

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