HISTORICALLYIMPORTANT

PEOPLEBy

Haslinda Midy

History is important and I think it is the way of learning for the future. The great people of the past were thinkers, problem solvers and doers. They read books and they relied on their own resources. We need the past to measure ourselves. I rely on past experiences, not only of myself, but of others, gone before, to guide me on my way. History holds the keys to a prosperous future, as it brings learning to life. A view of the history "that has gone before" helps explain the history "that is now" and, if we are listening, may help us find the better choices to guide our future. Gandhi quotes “We need to be the change we wish to see in the world”.

~ Haslinda Midy

NAME: Abraham Lincoln OCCUPATION: Civil Rights

Activist, Lawyer,U.S. President, U.S. Representative

BIRTH DATE: February 12, 1809

DEATH DATE: April 15, 1865

PLACE OF BIRTH: Hodgenville, Kentucky

"I walk slowly, but I never walk backward."

Abraham Lincoln is regarded as one of America's greatest heroes due to both his incredible impact on the nation and his unique appeal. His is a remarkable story of the rise from humble beginnings to achieve the highest office in the land; then, a sudden and tragic death at a time when his country needed him most to complete the great task remaining before the nation. Lincoln's distinctively human and humane personality and historical role as saviour of the Union and emancipator of the slaves creates a legacy that endures. His eloquence of democracy and his insistence that the Union was worth saving embody the ideals of self-government that all nations strive to achieve.Abraham Lincoln was the 16th president of the United States. He preserved the Union during the U.S. Civil War and brought about the emancipation of slaves.

"Nearly all men can handle adversity, if you want to test a man's character, give him power."

NAME: Alexander the Great

OCCUPATION: King of Macedonia

BIRTH DATE: c. 356 BCE DEATH DATE: c. 323 BCE EDUCATION: Temple of

the Nymphs at Meiza (was tutored by Aristotle there)

During his leadership he united Greece, re-established the Corinthian League and conquered the Persian Empire.

"Remember upon the conduct of each depends the fate of all.” Alexander the Great was born in the Pella

region of Macedonia on September 20, 356 B.C. to parents King Philip II of Macedonia and Queen Olympia, daughter of King Neoptolemus.  During his leadership, he united the Greek city-states and led the Corinthian League. He also became the king of Persia, Babylon and Asia, and created Macedonian colonies in Iran. While considering the conquests of Carthage and Rome, Alexander died of malaria in Babylon on June 13, 323 B.C.Alexander the Great was the King of Macedonia. During his leadership he united Greece, re-established the Corinthian League and conquered the Persian Empire. After capturing Prince Oxyartes, Alexander married the prince’s daughter, Rhoxana.

"I am not afraid of an army of lions led by a sheep; I am afraid of an army of sheep led by a lion.""I had rather excel others in the knowledge of what is excellent, than in the extent of my power and dominion.""There is nothing impossible to him who will try."

Full Name: Mr. Archimedes  Date of Birth: 287 BC  Place of Birth: Syracuse,

Sicily, Italy Died: 212 BC  Place of Death: Syracuse,

Sicily, Italy Classification: Scientists &

Thinkers, Mathemation

Give me a lever long enough and a fulcrum on which to place it, and I shall move the world. 

Archimedes was born in the city of Syracuse on the island of Sicily in 287 BC. He was the son of an astronomer and mathematician named Phidias.  Archimedes is said to be a relative of Hiero II, the then king of Syracuse and spent most of his life in Syracuse except for the time he went to Alexandria, Egypt to receive his education. He was a great mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor and astronomer. His outstanding contributions in the field of science brought about significant changes to the scientific world. Some of his notable contributions to the field of math and science include the finding and development of the laws and principles of mechanics, buoyancy, hydrostatics, specific gravity, the lever, and the pulley; in addition, he discovered ways to measure a circle and the volume of a solid.

Eureka! - I have found it! 

NAME: Aristotle OCCUPATION: Philosopher BIRTH DATE: c. 384 BCE DEATH DATE: c. 322 BCE EDUCATION: Plato's

Academy, Lyceum PLACE OF BIRTH: Stagira,

Chalcidice, Greece PLACE OF DEATH: Chalcis,

Euboea, Greece

"Knowing yourself is the beginning of all wisdom."

Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle was born circa 384 B.C. in Stagira, Greece. When he turned 17, he enrolled in Plato’s Academy. In 338, he began tutoring Alexander the Great. In 335, Aristotle founded his own school, the Lyceum, in Athens, where he spent most of the rest of his life studying, teaching and writing. Aristotle died in 322 B.C., after he left Athens and fled to Chalcis. Aristotle’s father, Nicomachus, was court physician to the Macedonian king Amyntas II. His mother, Phaestis, believed to have died when Aristotle was young. Aristotle’s friend Hermias, king of Atarneus and Assos in Mysia, invited Aristotle to court. During his three-year stay in Mysia, Aristotle met and married his first wife, Pythias, Hermias’ niece, and had a daughter, Pythias, named after her mother.

"A friend to all is a friend to none."

"All men by nature desire knowledge."

Reign: 268–232 BCE Coronation: 268 BCE Born: 304 BCE Birth of place: Pataliputra, Patna Died: 232 BCE (aged 72) Place of death: Pataliputra, Patna Buried: Ashes immersed in

the Ganges River Predecessor: Bindusara Successor: Dasaratha Wives: Kaurwaki, Devi, Padmavati

Tishyaraksha Father: Bindusara Mother: Dharma Children:Mahendra, Sanghamitra, Ti

vala, Kunala, Jaluka, Charumati Religious beliefs: Buddhism

One of the greatest emperors of all times, Emperor Asoka was a Mauryan ruler whose empire spread across the Indian subcontinent, stretching from the present day Pakistan and Afghanistan to Bangladesh and the Indian state of Assam to Kerala and Andhra in south India, thus covering a vast area. He is known as Asoka the Great since he was one of the most able rulers who ruled India. Under his rule, the entire India was united as one single entity with smooth administration. His life is an inspiration to many as he excelled in everything he did. The name Ashoka means "without any sorrow" in Sanskrit.

Father: Pepin the Short Mother: Bertrada of Laon Born: 2 April 742

Liège, Frankish Kingdom Died: 28

January814 (aged 71)Aachen, Carolingian Empire

Burial: Aachen Cathedral Religion: Christian

Charlemagne (c.742-814), also known as Karl and Charles the Great, was a medieval emperor who ruled much of Western Europe from 768 to 814. In 771, Charlemagne became king of the Franks, a Germanic tribe in present-day Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and western Germany. He embarked on a mission to unite all Germanic peoples into one kingdom, and convert his subjects to Christianity. A skilled military strategist, he spent much of his reign engaged in warfare in order to accomplish his goals. In 800, Pope Leo III (750-816) crowned Charlemagne emperor of the Romans. In this role, he encouraged the Carolingian Renaissance, a cultural and intellectual revival in Europe. When he died in 814, Charlemagne’s empire encompassed much of Western Europe, and he had also ensured the survival of Christianity in the West. Today, Charlemagne is referred to by some as the father of Europe.

Born: 31 October 1451Genoa, Republic of Genoa (Italy)

Died: 20 May 1506 (aged c. 54)Valladolid, Crown of Castile (Spain)

Nationality: Genoese (Italy) Occupation: Maritime explorer Title: Admiral of the Ocean

Sea;Viceroy and Governor of the Indies

Religion: Roman Catholic Spouse(s): Filipa Moniz

Perestrelo Partner(s): Beatriz Enríquez de

Arana Children: Diego, Fernando

After five centuries, Columbus remains a mysterious and controversial figure who has been variously described as one of the greatest mariners in history, a visionary genius, a mystic, a national hero, a failed administrator, a naive entrepreneur, and a ruthless and greedy imperialist. Columbus's enterprise to find a westward route to Asia grew out of the practical experience of a long and varied maritime career, as well as out of his considerable reading in geographical and theological literature. He settled for a time in Portugal, where he tried unsuccessfully to enlist support for his project, before moving to Spain. After many difficulties, through a combination of good luck and persuasiveness, he gained the support of the Catholic monarchs, Isabel and Fernando.The widely published report of his voyage of 1492 made Columbus famous throughout Europe and secured for him the title of Admiral of the Ocean Sea and further royal patronage. Columbus, who never abandoned the belief that he had reached Asia, led three more expeditions to the Caribbean. But intrigue and his own administrative failings brought disappointment and political obscurity to his final years.

Born: 551 BCEZou, Lu state

Died: 479 BCE (aged 71-72)Lu State

Nationality: Chinese Era: Ancient philosophy Region: Chinese philosophy

School Founder of Confucianism Main interests: Moral

philosophy, Social philosophy, Ethics

Notable ideas: Confucianism

Kong Qui, better known as Confucius, was born in 551 B.C. in the Lu state of China. His teachings, preserved in the Analects, focused on creating ethical models of family and public interaction, and setting educational standards. He died in 479 B.C. Confucianism later became the official imperial philosophy of China, and was extremely influential during the Han, Tang and Song dynasties.Confucius was an influential Chinese philosopher, teacher and political figure known for his popular aphorisms and for his models of social interaction.

Be not ashamed of mistakes and thus make them crimes.

Everything has its beauty but not everyone sees it.

I hear and I forget. I see and I remember. I do and I understand.It does not matter how slowly you go so long as you do not stop.Our greatest glory is not in never falling, but in getting up every time we do.Respect yourself and others will respect you.

Hold faithfulness and sincerity as first principles.

NAME: Flavius Valerius Constantinus

OCCUPATION: General, Political Leader, Religious Leader, Emperor

BIRTH DATE: c. February 27, 280

DEATH DATE: March 22, 337 PLACE OF BIRTH: Niš, Serbia PLACE OF DEATH: Ancyrona,

Turkey AKA: Constantine the Great

Constantine I was born on February 27, c280 in modern day Serbia to army officer, Flavius Valerius Constantius. In 305 he was passed over in imperial succession, so Constantine fought a series of civil wars, finally becoming the sole Roman emperor. He ascribed his success to his conversion to Christianity. He renamed Byzantium as Constantinople and made it his capital. He died in 337.Constantine I was the first Christian Roman Emperor. He ruled at the beginning of the 4th century and began the evolution of the empire into a Christian state.

NAME: Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci

OCCUPATION: Mathematician, Artist, Inventor, Musician, Writer

BIRTH DATE: April 15, 1452 DEATH DATE: May 02, 1519 PLACE OF BIRTH: Vinci, Italy PLACE OF DEATH: Amboise,

France AKA: Leonardo da Vinci

Leonardo da Vinci was an Italian painter and a genius in many realms of science. He is best known for two paintings: the "Mona Lisa" and "The Last Supper.“Born on April 15, 1452, in Vinci, Italy, Leonardo da Vinci was concerned with the laws of science and nature, which greatly informed his work as a painter, sculptor, inventor and draftsmen. His ideas and body of work -- which includes Virgin of the Rocks,The Last Supper, Leda and the Swan and Mona Lisa -- have influenced countless artists and made da Vinci a leading light of the Italian Renaissance.

“Simplicity is the ultimate sophistication.”"Nothing strengthens authority so much as silence."

NAME: Genghis Khan OCCUPATION: Warrior BIRTH DATE: c. 1155 DEATH DATE: c. 1227 PLACE OF BIRTH: Mongolia PLACE OF

DEATH: Mongolia ORIGINALLY: Temujin AKA: Chingis Khan AKA: Jingis

Mongolian warrior and ruler Genghis Khan created the largest empire in the world, the Mongol Empire, by destroying individual tribes in Northeast Asia.Genghis Khan was born in Mongolia around the 1155. He married at age 16, but had many wives during his lifetime. At 20, he began building a large army with the intent to destroy individual tribes in Northeast Asia and unite them under his rule. He was successful – the Mongol Empire was the largest empire in the world before the British Empire and lasted well after his own death.

"The Greatest happiness is to scatter your enemy, to drive him before you, to see his cities reduced to ashes, to see those who live him shrouded in tears, and to gather into your bosom his wives and daughters."

NAME: Plato OCCUPATION: Philosopher,

Writer BIRTH DATE: c. 424 BCE DEATH DATE: c. 347 BCE PLACE OF BIRTH: Athens,

Greece PLACE OF DEATH: Athens,

Greece AKA: Aristocles AKA: Platon

Ancient Greek philosopher Plato founded the Academy and is the author of philosophical works of unparalleled influence in Western thought.Ancient Greek philosopher Plato was the student of Socratesand the teacher of Aristotle. His writings explored justice, beauty and equality, and also contained discussions in aesthetics, political philosophy, theology, cosmology, epistemology and the philosophy of language. Plato was the founder of the Academy in Athens, one of the first institutions of higher learning in the Western world.

"All the gold which is under or upon the earth is not enough to give in exchange for virtue.""Attention to health is life's greatest hindrance."

"Courage is knowing what not to fear."

"Dictatorship naturally arises out of democracy, and the most aggravated form of tyranny and slavery out of the most extreme liberty."

NAME: Marco Polo OCCUPATION: Explorer, Jou

rnalist BIRTH DATE: c. 1254 DEATH DATE: January 08,

1324 PLACE OF BIRTH: Venice,

Italy PLACE OF DEATH: Venice,

Italy

Venetian merchant and adventurer Marco Polo travelled from Europe to Asia from 1271 to 1295. He wrote Il Milione, known in English as The Travels of Marco Polo.Marco Polo was born in 1254, in Venice, Italy. He travelled extensively with his family, journeying from Europe to Asia from 1271 to 1295. He remained in China for 17 of those years. Around 1292, he left China, acting as consort along the way to a Mongol princess who was being sent to Persia. His book Il Milione describes his travels and experiences and influenced later adventurers and merchants.

"I have not told half of what I saw."

Name : Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb

Born : Muslim year 532:Between 19 Sept. 1137and 8 September 1138

Birthplace : Tikrit, Iraq Died : March 4, 1193

(aged 55) Damascus, SyriaBuriedUmayyad Mosque, Damascus,SyriaPredecessorNur ad-Din Zangi

Religious beliefs : Islam

 1169 – Succeeded the defeated faction and his uncle as vizier in this year.1170 - He retreated from an invasion of the Kingdom of Jerusalem on this year.1171 – He had the imams pronounce the name of Al-Mustadi, the Sunni and, more importantly, Abbassid caliph in Baghdad, at sermon before Friday prayers; authority simply deposed the old line in the month of September on this year.1174 – He assumed the title of sultan in Egypt on this year with Nur ad-Din’s death.1176 – He managed to impose his influence and authority on them in this year. And on the same year the elite shadowy assassin group attempted to murder him.1177 - He was defeated by the combined forces of Baldwin IV of Jerusalem on the 25th day of November on this year, Raynald of Chatillon and the Knights Templar. Only one tenth of his army made it back to Egypt.1179 – He spent the subsequent year recovering from his defeat and rebuilding his army, renewing his attacks in this year. He also captured the castle at Bait al-Ahazon and approximately 700 prisoners were taken and executed on the 29th day of August of this year.1183 – He besieged Kerak, Raynald's fortress in Oultrejordain, in this year until 1184.1187 - He conquered most of the Kingdom of Jerusalem on this year and on the 4th day of July on the same year, he faced at the Battle of Hattin the combined forces Guy of Lusignan, King consort of Jerusalem, and Raymond III of Tripoli.1188 – He released Guy of Lusignan and returned him to his wife, Queen Sibylla of Jerusalem on this year.1189 – He sought to reclaim Tire for their kingdom on this year. However, Conrad who did not recognize Guy as King refused him admission.1191 – His army met King Richard I of England at the Battle of Arsuf on the 7th day of September of this year at which he was defeated.

NAME: Thomas Jefferson OCCUPATION: Diplomat, U.S.

President, U.S. Vice President, U.S. Governor, Government Official

BIRTH DATE: April 13, 1743 DEATH DATE: July 04, 1826 EDUCATION: College of William

and Mary PLACE OF

BIRTH: Shadwell, Virginia PLACE OF DEATH: Monticello

(near Charlottesville), Virginia NICKNAME: "Sage of Monticello" NICKNAME: "Apostle of the

Constitution" NICKNAME: "Long Tom"

Thomas Jefferson was born on April 13, 1743, in Shadwell, Virginia. He was a draftsman of the U.S. Declaration of Independence; the nation's first secretary of state (1789-94); second vice president (1797-1801); and, as the third president (1801-09), the statesman responsible for the Louisiana Purchase. Jefferson died in bed at Monticello (located near Charlottesville, Virginia) on July 4, 1826.Thomas Jefferson was a draftsman of the Declaration of Independence and the third U.S. president (1801-09). He was also responsible for the Louisiana Purchase.

"We have the wolf by the ears, and we can neither hold him nor safely let him go. Justice is in one scale, and self-preservation in the other."

"All tyranny needs to gain a foothold is for people of good conscience to remain silent."

" ...How little do my countrymen know what precious blessings they are in possession of, and which no other people on earth enjoy."

NAME: Sir Isaac Newton OCCUPATION: Philosopher, Ma

thematician,Astronomer, Physicist

BIRTH DATE: January 04, 1643 DEATH DATE: March 31, 1727 EDUCATION: The King's

School, University of Cambridge, Trinity College

PLACE OF BIRTH: Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, England, United Kingdom

PLACE OF DEATH: London, England, United Kingdom

AKA: Isaac Newton

Born on January 4, 1643, in Woolsthorpe, England, Isaac Newton was an established physicist and mathematician, and is credited as one of the great minds of the 17th century Scientific Revolution. With discoveries in optics, motion and mathematics, Newton developed the principles of modern physics. In 1687, he published his most acclaimed work, Philosophiae, Natrualis, Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), which has been called the single-most influential book on physics. Newton died in London on March 31, 1727.

"I do not know what I may appear to the world; but to myself I seem to have been only like a boy playing on the seashore, and diverting myself now and then in finding a smoother pebble or prettier shell than ordinary, while the great ocean of truth lay all undiscovered before me."

"Plato is my friend, Aristotle is my friend, but my greatest friend is truth."

NAME: Madam Marie Curie OCCUPATION: Scientist BIRTH DATE: 7 November 1867 DEATH DATE: 4 July 1934 (66

years) EDUCATION: Poland, Paris,

France PLACE OF BIRTH: Warsaw,

Poland FATHER: Wladislaw Sklodowski MOTHER : Bronislava

Sklodowska HUSBAND : Pierre Curie DAUGHTERS : Irene, Eve ACHIEVEMENTS: Noble Prize in

Physics (1903), Chemistry (1911)

Marie Curie distinguished herself as one of the leading scientists of all time during an era when few women attended college and fewer still became scientists. With the help of her husband Pierre Curie, she discovered two new elements: polonium and radium. The Curies' study of radioactivity led to advances in the treatment of cancer as well as the development of nuclear power. Marie Curie was the first female recipient of a Nobel Prize and the first individual to win it twice.Marie Curie died on July 4, 1934 at the age of 66. The official cause of death was listed as a plastic pernicious anemia, caused by long-term exposure to radiation. Marie did not live to see her daughter Iréne win a Nobel Prize in Chemistry a year later.

“Life is not easy for any of us. But what of that? We must have perseverance and above all confidence in ourselves. We must believe that we are gifted for something and that this thing must be attained.”

“Be less curious about people and more curious about ideas.”

NAME: Albert Einstein OCCUPATION: Scientist, Writer,

Teacher, Professor BIRTH DATE: 14 March 1879 DEATH DATE: 18 April 1955 (76

years) EDUCATION: Germany, Italy,

Switzerland PLACE OF BIRTH: Ulm,

Germany FATHER: Hermann Einstein MOTHER : Pauline Einstein WIVES : Mileva Maric, Elsa SONS: Hans Albert, Eduard ACHIEVEMENTS: Noble Prize in

Physics (1921)

Albert Einstein, the most famous scientist of the 20th century, revolutionized scientific thought. Having developed the Theory of Relativity in 1917, Einstein opened the door for the creation of the atomic bomb. In 1905, Einstein wrote five scientific papers, which were all published in the Annalen der Physik (Annals of Physics, a major physics journal). Three of these were published together in September 1905. Einstein worked at the University of Zurich (Switzerland), then the German University in Prague (Czech Republic), and then back to Zurich for the Polytechnic Institute. On April 12, 1955, Einstein collapsed at his home. Just six days later, on April 18, 1955, Einstein died when the aneurysm that he had been living with for several years had finally burst. He was 76 years old.

“Anyone who has never made a mistake has never tried anything new.”

“Strive not to be a success, but rather to be of value.”“The value of a man should be seen in what he gives and not in what he is able to receive.”“Imagination is more important than knowledge. Knowledge is limited. Imagination encircles the world.”

NAME: Diana Frances Spencer OCCUPATION: Consort, charity

worker, celebrity, (Princess of Wales) BIRTH DATE: 1 July 1961 DEATH DATE: 31 August 1997 (36

years) EDUCATION: Kent, Switzerland PLACE OF BIRTH: Ulm, Germany FATHER: Viscount Edward John

Spencer MOTHER : Hon. Frances Shand-Kydd HUSBAND: Prince Charles SONS: Prince William, Prince Harry ACHIEVEMENTS: The UCP

Humanitarian Award (1995)

Diana Frances Spencer is Lady Diana Spencer; Her Royal Highness, the Princess of Wales; Princess Di; Diana, Princess of Wales. Diana was born in 1961 as the third daughter of Edward John Spencer and his wife Frances Ruth Burke Roche. Diana grew up in a very privileged family that had a long history of close ties with the royal family. When Diana's paternal grandfather passed away in 1975, Diana's father became the 8th Earl of Spencer and Diana gained the title of "Lady.“ In 1981, she engaged to Prince Charles and later married on July 29, 1981 at St. Paul's Cathedral. Diana gave birth to William Arthur Philip Louis on June 21, 1982 and to Henry ("Harry") Charles Albert David on September 15, 1984. In December 1992, a formal separation was announced between Diana and Charles and in 1996, a divorce was agreed to which was finalized on August 28. In the settlement, Diana was given $28 million, plus $600,000 per year but she was to give up the title, "Her Royal Highness.“On August 31, 1997, Diana was riding in a Mercedes with her boyfriend (Dodi Al Fayed), bodyguard, and chauffer when the car crashed into a pillar of the tunnel under the Pont de l'Alma bridge in Paris while fleeing from paparazzi. Diana, age 36, died on the operating table at the hospital. Her tragic death shocked the world.

“Life is just a journey.”

NAME: Thomas Alva Edison OCCUPATION: Telegrapher, Inventor BIRTH DATE: 11 February 1847 DEATH DATE: 18 October 1931 EDUCATION: Port Huron, Michigan PLACE OF BIRTH: Milan, Ohio FATHER: Samuel Edison MOTHER : Nancy Elliott WIVES: Mary Stilwell, Mina Miller CHILDREN: Marion, Thomas Jr.,

William Leslie, Madeleine, Charles, Theodore

INVENTION: “Universal Stock Printer” (1869), the tin foil phonograph (1878), electric light (1879), disc (1929)

ACHIEVEMENTS : Medal of Honor (1928)

Thomas Alva Edison was born on February 11, 1847 in Milan, Ohio; the seventh and last child of Samuel and Nancy Edison. When Edison was seven his family moved to Port Huron, Michigan. Edison lived here until he struck out on his own at the age of sixteen. Edison had very little formal education as a child, attending school only for a few months. He was taught reading, writing, and arithmetic by his mother, but was always a very curious child and taught himself much by reading on his own. This belief in self-improvement remained throughout his life. The success of his electric light brought Edison to new heights of fame and wealth, as electricity spread around the world. Edison's role in life began to change from inventor and industrialist to cultural icon, a symbol of American ingenuity, and a real life Horatio Alger story. The last experimental work of Edison's life was done at the request of Edison's good friends Henry Ford, and Harvey Firestone in the late 1920s. A series of ailments caused his health to decline even more until he lapsed into a coma on October 14, 1931. He died on October 18, 1931, at his estate, Glenmont, in West Orange, New Jersey.

NAME: Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj ibni Almarhum Sultan Abdul Hamid Halim Shah

OCCUPATION: Prime Minister BIRTH DATE: February 08, 1903 DEATH DATE: December 06, 1990

(87 years) PLACE OF BIRTH: Alor Setar,

Malaysia PLACE OF DEATH: Kuala Lumpur,

Malaysia WIVES : Meriam Ching, Violet

Coulson, Sharifah Rodziah Syed Alwi Barakbah, Bibi Chong

ACHIEVEMENTS : Founding Father of independent 'Malaysia'

Malayan governmental figure since graduating from college, Tunku Abdul Rahman became his country’s first prime minister and foreign minister after it gained its independence, continuing in that post when the federation of Malaysia was formed in 1963.In 1913, he went to study at Debsurin School in Bangkok, and in 1919, he was awarded a scholarship to further his studies at Cambridge University. After a lengthy trip from Singapore aboard a cargo ship, during which he contracted malaria, Tunku disembarked in the village of Little Stukeley, England. He graduated from Cambridge in 1925 and returned in 1926 for an honors degree in law.Tunku Abdul Rahman was chief minister of the Federation of Malaya (1955–1957), the first prime minister of an independent Malaya (1957–1963), and the prime minister of Malaysia (1963–1970). Before attaining independence of the country, Abdul Rahman was also a member of the United Malays National Organization, an organization struggling against Britain's Malayan Union. Also known as Bapa Kemerdekaan, he became the first Prime Minister of the country after Sarawak, Sabah and Singapore merged to form Malaysia in 1963. He played a key role when the Organization of Islamic Conference was established in 1969 and served as its first Secretary-General.

NAME: Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill (aka Winston Churchill)

OCCUPATION: Prime Minister, Journalist BIRTH DATE: November 30, 1874 DEATH DATE: January 24, 1965 EDUCATION: St. George's School,

Brunswick School, Harrow School, Royal Military College (Academy) at Sandhurst

PLACE OF BIRTH: Blenheim Palace, Woodstock, England

PLACE OF DEATH: Hyde Park Gate, London, England

FATHER : Lord Randolph Churchill MOTHER : Jeannie Jerome BOOKS : The Story of the Malakand

Field Force (1898), The River War (1899)

Winston Churchill's life was a trajectory of events leading to his stand against Adolph Hitler's threat to control Europe. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour, Churchill helped lead a successful Allied strategy with President Franklin D. Roosevelt and General Secretary Joseph Stalin during WWII to defeat the Axis powers and craft post-war peace. After the breakdown of the alliance, he alerted the West to the expansionist threat of Soviet Communism. On September 3, 1939, the day that Britain declared war on Germany, Churchill was appointed First Lord of the Admiralty and a member of the War Cabinet, and by April, 1940, he became chairman of the Military Coordinating Committee. He was appointed Minister of Defense between October 1951 and January 1952, and became prime minister in October 1951. He introduced various reforms such as the Mines and Quarries Act of 1954, improving working conditions in mines, and the Housing Repairs and Rent Act of 1955, establishing standards for housing. Despite his poor health, Churchill was able to remain active in public life, albeit mostly from the comfort of his homes in Kent and Hyde Park Gate, in London. On January 15, 1965, Churchill suffered a severe stroke that left him gravely ill. He died at his London home nine days later, at age 90, on January 24, 1965.

FAMOUS AS: 1st President of the Palestinian National Authority

BORN ON: 24 August 1929 BORN IN: Cairo, Egypt DIED ON: 11 November 2004 NATIONALITY: Palestinian

Territories WIFE: Suha Arafat CHILDREN : Zahwa Arafat PROFESSION: Civil Engineer WORKS & ACHIEVEMENTS: PLO

Leader and Nobel Peace Prize winner

Yasser Arafat was a leader of the state of Palestine and 1st President of the Palestinian National Authority. The leader is also known as the Chairman of the Palestine liberation Organization who founded the secular political party Fatah in 1959, stepping in as its leader. Mainly known for his anti-Israeli stance, Arafat pushed the country in to a long war with Israel in the name of self-determination. While he is portrayed as a martyr in his own country Palestine, Arafat is also condemned for his attacks on Israeli civilians. The tension between these countries finally began subsiding with the acceptation of UN Security Council resolution 242 in 1988, and he eventually succeeded in managing the uneasy balance between militancy and diplomacy in the Middle East. Arafat made the mistake of supporting Saddam Hussein during the Kuwait crisis of 1990 and paid the price of political isolation in the Gulf. In 1994, Yasser Arafat was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize along with Shimon Peres and Yitzhak Rabin.

NAME: Adolf Hitler OCCUPATION: Military

Leader, Dictator BIRTH DATE: c. April 20, 1889 DEATH DATE: April 30, 1945 PLACE OF BIRTH: Braunau am

Inn, Austria PLACE OF DEATH: Berlin,

Germany NICKNAME: Der Führer FATHER : Alois Hitler MOTHER : Klara Polzl

Adolf Hitler was the leader of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. He initiated World War II and oversaw fascist policies that resulted in millions of deaths. Adolf Hitler was born in Branau am Inn, Austria, on April 20, 1889. He rose to power in German politics as leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party, also known as the Nazi Party. Hitler was chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and dictator from 1934 to 1945. As a leader of the Nazi party, Hitler promoted nationalism, anti-Semitism, anti-communism by establishing a Fascist dictatorship in Germany and espoused a foreign policy of world conquest. His interpretation of racial subjugation and anti-Jewish policies caused death of an estimated 6 million Jews and several other groups of people, including his political opponents. Atrocities committed by him during the war including 'genocide' of Jews, widely known as The Holocaust' put him against the peace and unity in world and eventually led to his downfall after his defeat in the Second World War. Hitler committed suicide on April 30, 1945, in his Berlin bunker.

"Those who want to live, let them fight, and those who do not want to fight in this world of eternal struggle do not deserve to live."

"If you want to shine like sun first you have to burn like it."

NAME: Henry Ford OCCUPATION: Entrepreneur BIRTH DATE: July 30, 1863 DEATH DATE: April 07, 1947 EDUCATION: Goldsmith, Bryant &

Stratton Business College in Detroit PLACE OF BIRTH: Greenfield

Township,Michigan PLACE OF DEATH: Dearborn,

Michigan WIFE : Clara Ala Bryant HONORS & ACHIEVEMENTS:

Franklin Institute's Elliott Cresson Medal (1928), Grand Cross of the German Eagle (1938), Gallup's List of Widely Admired People of the 20th Century (1999), Prominent Americans series (1965 – 1978)

One of America's foremost industrialists, Henry Ford revolutionized assembly-line modes of production for the automobile. Henry Ford created the Ford Model T car in 1908 and went on to develop the assembly line mode of production, which revolutionized the industry. As a result, Ford sold millions of cars and became a world-famous company head. Henry Ford was the founder of the Ford Motor Company. He also sponsored the development of the assembly line technique of mass production. Ford's launching of the Model T refashioned transportation and American automobile industry simultaneously. He was highly deemed for his concept 'Fordism' - which involved huge production of cheap goods paired with higher pay to workers. Ford had a universal perception with consumerism as the root to peace. His earnest commitment to orderly decreasing costs came out in numerous innovations related to technical and business. In 1920s, Ford was recognized globally for a "Fordism System" that was looked to guarantee modernity, high salaries and inexpensive consumer goods but Ford's "Anti-Semitism" led to controversy in the same time period.

"The only history that is worth a tinker's damn is the history we make today."

"If you think you can do a thing or think you can't do a thing, you're right."

FAMOUS AS: Biologist, Pharmacologist

BORN ON: 06 August 1881 BORN IN: Lochfield, Scotland DIED ON: 11 March 1955 NATIONALITY: United Kingdom WORKS &

ACHIEVEMENTS: Discovered enzyme lysozyme and antibiotic penicillin (1929), Won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945

MARRIED TO : Sarah Marion McElroy, Dr. Amalia Koutsouri-Vourekas

ARTICLES: The Lancet (WW1)

Alexander Fleming was a great Scottish biologist and pharmacologist who made way for antibiotic medicines with his discovery of penicillin from the mould "Penicillium notatum". Fleming's discoveries brought new hope to mankind in battling certain diseases and treating bacterial infections. Fleming's various works are recorded in his articles on bacteriology, immunology, and chemotherapy. He won his Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his outstanding contributions and path breaking discoveries in medicines. Such is the impact of the great man that his name had even featured in the list of 100 Most Important People of the 20th Century as recently as in 1999. Present day penicillin upgrades carried put by the medicine world stand on one man's quest and that is none other than Fleming. By discovering synthetic penicillin Fleming paved the way for preventing and fighting serious illnesses like syphilis, gangrene and tuberculosis which were never imagined of being treated before Fleming's discoveries.

NAME: Galileo Galilei OCCUPATION: Astronomer BIRTH DATE: February 15, 1564 DEATH DATE: January 08, 1642 EDUCATION: Monastery school at

Vallombrosa, near Florence, University of Pisa

PLACE OF BIRTH: Pisa, Tuscany, Italy PLACE OF DEATH: Arcetri, Italy FAMOUS AS: Astronomer,

Mathematician, Philosopher, Rebel Scientist, Physicist

WORKS & ACHIEVEMENTS: Founded Galilean Telescope, Stated the Heliocentric Cosmology, Discovered Jupiter's 4 moons

If the world knows any name as the father of science then Galileo Galilei is surely the one. Galilei is a name that starts and ends modern day Science and its revelations. Galilei was the one who opposed all existing ideas that all planets and object in the universe revolved around the earth. It was Galileo who became controversial for affirming that Sun was at the centre and everything else in the universe revolved around it. Galileo was an Italian scientist who led the Scientific Revolution, proposing the then controversial idea of Copernicanism, the idea that earth orbits the sun. Galilei is a historically renowned scientist who changed the way the world viewed science with his astronomical observation theories, modern science and modern physics. Galilei struggled his way against the religious bodies to uphold his science and technological methods and theories. Galilei discovered the 4 largest satellites present in the planet Jupiter and these were called Galilean moons. Galilei's scientific efforts include major inventions such as improvement in military compass and other instruments. The genius in Galileo never got recognition during his lifetime. All his inventions and theories were supported and referred to after his death.

"All truths are easy to understand once they are discovered; the point is to discover them."

NAME: Louis Pasteur OCCUPATION: Inventor,

Doctor, Chemist BIRTH DATE: December 27, 1822 DEATH DATE: September 28, 1895 PLACE OF BIRTH: Dole, France PLACE OF DEATH: Marnes-la-

Coquette, France FAMOUS AS: Chemist,

Microbiologist WORKS &

ACHIEVEMENTS: Created vaccine for rabies and anthrax for the first time, invented Pasteurization for milk, Made several discoveries in medicines

Dr. Louis Pasteur discovered that microbes were responsible for souring alcohol and came up with the process of pasteurization, where bacteria is destroyed by heating beverages and then allowing them to cool. His work in germ theory also led him and his team to create vaccinations for anthrax and rabies.Pasteurization (a process of toning and treating milk free of damage causing microbes) is the most common reference to the great chemist and biologist who ever lived on this earth, Louis Pasteur. He is a well known name in the medical world as well as for millions of people around the world. The French chemist was also a brilliant microbiologist known for his outstanding breakthroughs in medicines and invention of vaccines for diseases that were never known to be treated. Pasteur was the first man on earth to have discovered cure for dangerous puerperal fever and created the first type of vaccine for rabies and anthrax. Louis Pasteur made great discoveries in chemistry besides striking gold in microbiology. Chemical discoveries by Pasteur include the very famous molecular basis for the asymmetry of certain crystals. Pasteur will always be remembered even by future generations for his notable disease prevention theories and medicines.

"The universe is asymmetric and I am persuaded that life, as it is known to us, is a direct result of the asymmetry of the universe or of its indirect consequences."

NAME: Ernest Rutherford OCCUPATION: Physicist BIRTH DATE: August 30, 1871 DEATH DATE: October 19, 1937 EDUCATION: Nelson Collegiate

School, Canterbury College PLACE OF BIRTH: Spring Grove,

New Zealand PLACE OF DEATH: Cambridge,

United Kingdom AKA: 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson FAMOUS AS: Physicist, Chemist WORKS & ACHIEVEMENTS: Nobel

Prize in Chemistry (1908), Discovered radioactive half life, named alpha and beta radiation differently

Ernest Rutherford is a prominent figure in the field of nuclear physics. He is known for his discoveries of chemical relations between radioactive substances. Rutherford is known for his scattering of atom which is popularly known as Rutherford model which he achieved through his brilliant Rutherford scattering and gold foil experiment. Rutherford attained great heights while researching on radioactivity and discovering and coining the terms alpha, gamma and beta which are different types of radiation. Rutherford received his knighthood, Order of Merit and was made the Baron Rutherford of Nelson, of Cambridge in the County of Cambridge for his outstanding atomic and nuclear findings. Such was the brilliance of Rutherford that most of the researching students working under him achieved great heights and were awarded Nobel Prizes. Rutherford's experiments were regarded as the finest and most controlled ones for which he will always be remembered as one of the greatest scientists ever after Sir Isaac Newton. Rutherford's tomb lies next to Newton's which says how much he is respected and how greatly he is remembered.He is remembered as “Father of the Nuclear Age” .