historical timeline of tourism

7/31/2019 Historical Timeline of Tourism

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Historical Timeline ofTourism

BSHRM-I Section B4

Group 3


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920 A.D.

Height of the Empire ofGhana


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Origins and rise of the ancient WestAfrican Empire of Ghana, situated in

the far western savannah, are obscure.It may have existed as early as the 5thcentury AD or even before. However,by the 8th century AD Ghana hadbecome important enough for its fameas "The Land of Gold" to reachBaghdad.


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By 1068 it was reported in a book bya learned Arab scholar of Cordoba by

the name of Al-Bakri that Ghana wasthe largest, wealthiest and mostpowerful state in West Africa. Theempire was situated in the vast

Savannah area between the Senegaland Niger Rivers, its authorityextending from the frontiers of Futa

Toro to the western banks of theNiger, and from the Mandinka area inthe south to beyond the fringes of

the desert in the north.


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960 A.D. 1275

Sung Dynasty of China


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The first part of the

Sung dynasty iscalled the Northern

Sung. In 960 AD,one of the generals

of thedeclining T'ang


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The second part of the Sung dynastyis called the Southern Sung. Another

son of the Sung emperor ran away tosouthern China and in 1126 hestarted a new Sung Dynasty with its

capital at Hangzhou. He took thename Kao Tsung. Kao Tsung and hissuccessors were not very strongmilitarily, and could not take back

northern China from the Juchen. Butthey did develop thriving trade.Because the Juchen had cut off their

traditional route along the Silk Road,


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962 A.D.

Holy Roman Empireestablished by King Otto I


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Otto I the Great , son of Henry Ithe Fowler and Matilda of

Ringelheim, was Duke ofSaxony,King of Germany, King ofItaly, and "the first of the Germans to

be called the emperor of Italy"according to Arnulf ofMilan. While Charlemagne hadbeen crowned Emperor in 800, hisempire had been divided amongsthis grandsons, and following theassassination of Berengar of Friuli in

924, the Imperial title had lain vacant


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The Holy Roman Empire thatexisted from 962 to 1806 is

in Central Europe. It was ruled bythe Holy Roman Emperor. Itscharacter changed during the Middle

Ages and the Early Modern period,when the power of the emperorgradually weakened in favour of theprinces. In its last centuries, its

character became quite close to aunion of territories.


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1002

Leif Ericson explored theNorth American coast


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Leif Ericson was a Norse explorerregarded as the first European to

land in NorthAmerica (excluding Greenland),nearly 500 years before Christopher

Columbus. According to the Sagasof Icelanders, he established a Norsesettlement at Vinland, tentativelyidentified with the Norse L'Anse aux

Meadows on the northern tipof Newfoundland in modern-dayCanada.


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1076

Fall of the Empire ofGhana and Rise of MaliEmpire


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Given the scattered nature of theArabic sources and the ambiguityof the existing archaeologicalrecord, it is difficult to determinewhen and how Ghana declinedand fell. The earliest descriptionsof the Empire are vague as to itsmaximum extent, thoughaccording to al-Bakri, Ghana hadforced Awdaghast in the desert toaccept its rule sometime between

970 and 1054.


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A tradition in historiographymaintains that Ghana fell when itwas sacked bythe Almoravid movement in1076, but this interpretation hasbeen questioned. Furthermore,the archaeology of ancient Ghanasimply does not show the signs ofrapid change and destruction thatwould be associated with anyAlmoravid-era military conquests.


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The Mali Empire or MandingoEmpire or Manden Kurufa was

a West African empire ofthe Mandinka from c. 1230 to c.1600. The empire was founded

by Sundiata Keita and becamerenowned for the wealth of itsrulers, especially Mansa Musa I. TheMali Empire had many profoundcultural influences on West Africa,allowing the spread of its language,laws and customs along the Niger

River. It extended over a large area


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1096 1270

Crusades


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The Crusades were a series ofHoly Wars launched by the

Christian states of Europeagainst the Saracens. Theterm 'Saracen' was the word

used to describe a Moslemduring the time of theCrusades. The Crusades

started in 1095 when PopeClaremont preached the FirstCrusade at the Council of

Claremont.


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The Pope's preaching led tothousands immediately affixing

the cross to their garments - thename Crusade given to the HolyWars came from old French word'crois' meaning 'cross'. The

Crusades were great militaryexpeditions undertaken by theChristian nations of Europe for

the purpose of rescuing the holyplaces of Palestine from thehands of the Mohammedans.They were eight in number, thefirst four bein sometimes called


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1100 1300

Period of Cathedral buildingin Europe


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The word cathedral is derived fromthe Latin word cathedra ("seat" or

"chair"), and refers to the presenceof the bishop's or archbishop's chairor throne. In the ancient world, thechair was the symbol of a teacherand thus of the bishop's role asteacher, and also of an officialpresiding as a magistrate and thus of

the bishop's role in governing adiocese.

Though now grammatically used as a

noun, the term cathedral was


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1215

King John signed the MagnaCarta


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The Magna Carta is a documentthat King John of England (1166 -

1216) was forced into signing.King John was forced into signingthe charter because it greatly

reduced the power he held as theKing of England and allowed forthe formation of a powerful

parliament. The Magna Cartabecame the basis for Englishcitizen's rights.


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The purpose of the Magna Cartawas to curb the King and makehim govern by the old Englishlaws that had prevailed beforethe Normans came. The Magna

Carta was a collection of 37English laws - some copied, somerecollected, some old and some

new. The Magna Cartademonstrated that the power ofthe king could be limited by awritten grant.


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1232

Gunpowder used to propelrockets


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The availability of blackpowder(gunpowder) to propel

projectiles was a precursor to thedevelopment of the first solid rocket.Ninth

century Chinese Taoist alchemistsdiscovered black powder whilesearching for the Elixir of life; thisaccidental discovery led to

experiments in the form of weaponssuch as bombs, cannon,incendiary fire arrows and rocket-

propelled fire arrows.


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1295

Marco Polo returned toVenice


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Marco Polo was a Venetian merchanttraveler from the Venetian Republic whosetravels are recorded in Il Milione, a book

which did much to introduce Europeans toCentral Asia and China. He learned abouttrading whilst his father and uncle, Niccoland Maffeo, travelled through Asia and

apparently met Kublai Khan. In 1269, theyreturned to Venice to meet Marco for the firsttime. The three of them embarked on an epic

journey to Asia, returning after 24 years to

find Venice at war with Genoa; Marco wasimprisoned, and dictated his stories to acellmate. He was released in 1299, became awealthy merchant, married and had 3

children. He died in 1324, and was buried


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?-1300

Anasazi culture inSouthwest US


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The word "Anasazi" (ah-nuh-SAH-zee)is used to describe a distinctiveAmerican Indian civilization andculture that existed from about 1200B.C. to A.D. 1300 in the Four CornersArea of Southwestern United States.

See Southwest Culture Map. Thesepeople are probably best known forthe ruins of their monumental cliff

dwellings at places like Mesa Verde,which they abandoned at the end ofthe 13th century.


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1347 1351

Plague


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The Black Death was one of themost

devastating pandemics in humanhistory, peaking in Europe between1348 and 1350. While there wereseveral competing theories as to

the etiology of the Black Death ithas been conclusively proven viaanalysis of ancient DNA from plague

victims in northern and southernEurope that the pathogenresponsible is the Yersinia

pestis bacteria. Thought to have


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1368 1644

Ming Dynasty in China


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The Ming Dynasty,also Empire of the Great

Ming, was theruling dynasty of China from1368 to 1644, following the

collapse of the Mongol-led YuanDynasty. The Ming, "one of thegreatest eras of orderly

government and social stability inhuman history", was the lastdynasty in China ruled by

ethnic Han Chinese.


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By the 16th century the Mingeconomy was stimulated by trade

with the Portuguese, the Spanish,and the Dutch. China becameinvolved in a new global trade ofgoods, plants, animals, and food

crops known as the ColumbianExchange. Trade with Europeanpowers and the Japanese brought in

massive amounts of silver, whichthen replaced copper andpaper banknotes as thecommon medium of exchange in


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1438

Inca Empire established inPeru


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The Inca Empire, or Inka Empire,

was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. Theadministrative, political and military

center of the empire was locatedin Cusco in modern-day Peru.

The Inca civilization arose from thehighlands of Peru sometime in theearly 13th century.


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1454

Guttenberg invented theMovable Type

J h G fl i h L d


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Johannes Gensfleisch zur Ladenzum Gutenberg was a German

blacksmith, goldsmith, printer,and publisher who introducedmodern book printing. His inventionof mechanical movable

type printing started the PrintingRevolution and is widely regarded asthe most important event of

the modern period. It played a keyrole in the development ofthe Renaissance, Reformation,the Age of Enlightenment and


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Gutenberg was the first European touse movable type printing, in

around 1439, and the global inventorof the printing press. His trulyepochal invention was the

combination of these elements into apractical system which allowed themass production of printed booksand was economically viable for

printers and readers alike. The use ofmovable type was a markedimprovement on the handwritten

manuscript, which was the existing


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Group 4:

Louise Sam Pagunsan (LoLoy)

Gladys Krell Torculas(Disyang)

Emmabel Yvonne Caralde (Boning)

Ceanthia Hayjo (Tisya)

Rica Camille Rose de Jose (Miling) Christine Ann Fabros (Aning)

Reyvergin Gonzaga

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