historical research

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MAHESWARI JAIKUMAR

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Historical Research Design

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Page 1: Historical research

MAHESWARI JAIKUMAR

Page 2: Historical research

KING AKBAR

Page 3: Historical research

HISTORICAL RESEARCH• Historical research is undertaken

to answer questions concerning causes, effects or trends relating to past events that may shed light on the present practices or behaviour

Page 4: Historical research

• Historical research involves a systematic collection & a critical evaluation of data relating to past occurrences of a particular phenomenon

Page 5: Historical research

CHARACTERISTICSHistorical research focuses on a careful

study & analysis of data about past events.

Historical research is a critical investigation of events, their development, & experiences of the past & a careful weighing of evidence of the validity of information of the past & interpretation of the evidence.

Page 6: Historical research

• The purpose of historical research is to gain a clear understanding of the impact of the past on the present & future events related to the life process.• It involves detailed analysis of what

has been written or done & is used to describe, explain or interpret these events.

Page 7: Historical research

• Historical research involves the review of written materials but many include oral documentation as well.• Historical research relies on

available data usually in the form of written narrative records of the past, diaries, letters, newspapers, minutes of meetings, reports etc.

Page 8: Historical research

• The results of historical research studies contribute to a clear understanding of past, present or future events.• Historical method of research also

covers categories such as historical, legal, documentary, bibliographical, bio graphical, ideational, institutional & organizational

Page 9: Historical research

• Sources for historical research are hospital records, order sheets, purchases orders. Records are an economical & convenient source of information.

Page 10: Historical research

STEPS OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH

1.DATA COLLECTION.2.CRITICISM OF THE DATA.3.PRESENTATION OF THE FACTS.

Page 11: Historical research

STEP I-DATA COLLECTION• Comprehensive gathering of data is

undertaken.• Historical sources of data may either

be PRIMARY or SECONDARY.

Page 12: Historical research

PRIMARY SOURCES• Are first handed information.• They include : remains or relic

associated with persons, groups, periods or events.

• Fossils, skeletons, tools, weapons, utensils, clothing, buildings, furniture, pictures, paintings, coins & art objects.

Page 13: Historical research

• Documents classified as primary are : characters, law, court rulings, official records, autobiographic letters, dairies, deeds, wills, licenses, declarations, certificates, bills, receipts, newspapers, magazines, advertisements, maps, inscriptions, diagrams, books, pamphlets, films, paintings, recordings, & research reports.

Page 14: Historical research

SECONDARY SOURCES• The writer of the secondary source

was not on the scene of the event.• Secondary sources of data are

usually limited worth because of the usual errors that results when information is passed on from one person to another. E.g.. History books.

Page 15: Historical research

STEP II- CRITICISM • The second step necessitates a

comprehensive review of gathered materials.• The process of document review has

a two pronged activity.• 1.EXTERNAL CRITICISM.• 2.IINTERNAL CRITICISM.

Page 16: Historical research

EXTERNAL CRITICISM• Establishes the validity by

determining the authenticity of the course.• It is a preliminary & preparatory

step, providing data to be used in the second phase known as intern.al criticism

Page 17: Historical research

• External criticism primarily deals with relating to form & appearances rather than meaning of contents.• While internal criticism weighs the

testimony of the document in relation to the truth.

Page 18: Historical research

INTERNAL CRITICISM• Determines the reliability by correctly

interpreting the contents of the document.

• The use of original, authentic sources; awareness of one’s own biases; the substantiation of the document in question by another collaborative sources are few safeguards used to ensure that interpretations are correct.

Page 19: Historical research

• To ensure reliability, the researcher examines each document to make sure that the meaning of facts & statements was clearly understood.

• This process is entails seeking collaboration with individuals who bay have witnessed the events in question as well as determining the meaning of words, phrases & colloquialism unique to that time period.

Page 20: Historical research

• Once authenticity is established, the next step is to establish the validity of the contents & determine the accuracy of the statement.

Page 21: Historical research

STEP 111 – PRESENTATION OF THE FACTS

• A well written history provides information on the conditions of the past.• The writing of history demands a

careful avoidance of the following facts.

Page 22: Historical research

• Over signifying of the facts.• Over generalization from

insufficient evidence.• Failure to establish difference

between significant & trivial facts.• Tendency to use secondary data.

Page 23: Historical research

• Personal bias.• A dull & colourless style.• Failure to interpret words &

expressions in the light of their usage in earlier times.

Page 24: Historical research

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH

ADVANTAGES

DISADVANTAGES

Permits investigation of topics and questions that can be studied in no other fashion

1.Cannot control for threats to internal validity2.Limitations are imposed due to the content analysis3.Researchers cannot ensure representation of the sample

Page 25: Historical research

AREAS OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH

• 1.PERIODS.• 2.GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONS.• 3.MILITARY HISTORY.

Page 26: Historical research

METHODS & TOOLS• 1.CONTEMPORANEOUS

CORROBORATION.• 2.PHOTOGRAPHY.• 3.HISTORICAL REVIONISM.• 4.CHANGE LOG.• 5.HUMAN EVOLUTION• 6.SOCIAL CHANGE

Page 27: Historical research

• 1.CONTEMPORANEOUS CORROBORATION : Is a further support provided by the existing evidences about the past events.

• 2.PHOTOGRAPHY: A methodological tool for the collection of all known information about individuals in a given period.

Page 28: Historical research

• 3.HISTORICAL REVIONISM: Is a traditionally used tool in a completely natural sense to describe the work on idea of historian who has revised a previously accepted view of a particular topic.

• 4.CHANGE LOG: Log or record of changes made to a project, such as a website or software project.

Page 29: Historical research

• 5.HUMAN EVOLUTION : Process of change & development or evolution by which human beings emerged as a distinct special.

• 6. SOCIAL CHANGE : Studies change in the nature of institutions, the social behaviour or social relations.

Page 30: Historical research

EXAMPLE• A researcher studying the medical

records of 200 patients who experienced in hospital cardiopulmonary arrest.

Page 31: Historical research

KING AKBAR