historical perspective -osh
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Historical Perspective
Safety And Health Officer CertificateCourse
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Learning Objectives
•
To describe the historical development of OSH management over the centuries
•
To recall the background to thedevelopment of OSHA 1994 and itsunderlying philosophy
• To recall the development ofoccupational safety and healthmanagement system
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Scope
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OSH before and during the industrialrevolution
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Development in OSH managementbetween the 1930’s and 1970’s
•
Development of self-regulation legislation
• Modern OSH management
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Early Recognition OfOccupational Diseases
• In 1473 a German physician, Ellenborg, published the first known pamphlets on occupational disease from gold
miners.
• In 1556 the German scholar, Agricola,
described the diseases of miners.
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Early Recognition OfOccupational Diseases
• In 1713 Ramazzini, who is regarded as thefather of occupational medicine,suggested that in diagnosis doctors should
ask patients about their occupations.
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Emergence OfIndustrial Accident
• Industrial accidents arose out of theFactory System during the IndustrialRevolution in Britain in 18th Century
(1700s).
• Women and children worked as heavy
labourers under unsafe and unhealthyworkplaces.
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Emergence OfIndustrial Safety Legislation
• Insurance companies inspected workplaces and suggested prevention methods
• Problem: Safety became injury andinsurance oriented
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Emergence Of SafetyManagement
• Role of Herbert W. Heinrich (1930’s),
–
Developed Domino Theory and promotedcontrol of workers behaviour .
• Problem:
• Focused on worker behaviour and notmanagement
• Caused people to think that safety is aboutpolicing worker
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Emergence Of SafetyManagement
•
Frank Bird (1970) developed Loss ControlTheory.
• Suggested that underlying cause of
accidents are lack of managementcontrols and poor managementdecisions.
• Problem:
– Not so popular: blames management (responsibility and control).
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Emergence Of SafetyManagement
• In 1980’s, Behavioural Based Safety (BBS) was introduced;
•
Based on Heinrich’s findings.
• Work by recognizing safe work habits andoffering rewards and punishment.
• Problem:
–
Focuses on workers and not on hazard ormanagement
– Reward and punishment system have
flaws
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Emergence Of SafetyManagement System
• Current development of OccupationalSafety And Health management systemwas driven by two parallel forces:
A. Self-regulatory legislation in the UnitedKingdom (1974),
B. Quality management movement
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A Self-Regulation Legislation
•
Lord Robens, Chairman of a Royal SafetyCommission Report noted that:
– there was too many OSH legislation,
–
was fragmented, – limited in coverage (specific hazards &
workplace),
– out of date and difficult to update,
–
inflexible (prescriptive),
–
people thought that safety was whatgovernment inspectors enforced.
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A Self-Regulation Legislation
• Lord Robens recommended
– Self regulation
• Report resulted in the Health and Safety ofWorkers At Work Act in the UK in 1974
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A Self-Regulation Legislation
• Similar legislation was enacted in Australiain 1984
• Enacted in Malaysia in 1994 after the 1992Bright Sparkler accident in Sungai Buloh
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A Self-Regulation Legislation
•
Features of “Robens style” legislation: – General duties of care by:
• Employer, employee, manufacturer, designer,supplier
• Duty of employer to make the workplace safe
– Consultation with employees through Safety
and Health Committees –
Safety and Health Officer as advisor andcoordinator
–
Improvement and prohibition notices
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A Self-Regulation Legislation
Legislation follow major accidents andreinforce need for management system
ACCIDENT REGULATION/PROGRAMME Flixborough (1974) CIMAH regulations 1996
Bhopal (1984) “Responsible Care” /
Process safety
Piper Alpha (1988) Risk Assessment /
Management system
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Quality Management Approachto Occupational Safety and
Health Management • There are similar issues in safety
management as in quality management
•
Example:
– Productivity
–
Worker involvement
–
Proactive approach
– Scientific approach
–
Customer and human rights
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Quality Management Approachto Occupational Safety and
Health Management • Management system standards:
– ISO 9000 QMS was proven successful andISO 14000 EMS was introduced in 1996
–
UK published BS 8800 and Australia AS8401OSH management systems in 1996
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Quality Management Approachto Occupational Safety and
Health Management
– International and auditable OHSAS 18001
OSH Management System published in 1999
–
ILO approved an OSH management systemfor governments to adopt during 2000
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Summary
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The industrial revolution cause of industrialaccidents.
– Laws were enacted to compensate andprotect workers in 1833.
–
Safety management guidelines began with
Heinrich and followed by Frank Bird andothers.
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Summary
–
Lord Robens in 1972 recommended self-regulatory legislation. Adopted by Malaysia in1994.
– Outcome of accidents in the 1970s and 1980sresulted in OSH management system today.
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Summary
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Health problems due to occupation has beenknown from ancient times
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Industrial accidents became rampant after theindustrial revolution
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Accidents in the 70’s & 80’s resulted in OSH-MStoday