historical perspective

23
Historical Perspective Variolation A technique 1718, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, dried c rusts from smallpox to be inhaled into t he nostrils or inserted into the skin Improved by Edward Jenner in 1798, fluid from a cowpox to be pustuled into people Louis Pasteur 1880, Succeeded in growing the bacterium throught to cause fowl cholera in cultur e The attenuated pathogen would immunize a nd not cause disease, called vaccine

Upload: vahe

Post on 05-Jan-2016

34 views

Category:

Documents


3 download

DESCRIPTION

Historical Perspective. Variolation A technique 1718, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, dried crusts from smallpox to be inhaled into the nostrils or inserted into the skin Improved by Edward Jenner in 1798, fluid from a cowpox to be pustuled into people Louis Pasteur - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Historical Perspective

Historical Perspective• Variolation

• A technique• 1718, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, dried crusts from s

mallpox to be inhaled into the nostrils or inserted into the skin

• Improved by Edward Jenner in 1798, fluid from a cowpox to be pustuled into people

• Louis Pasteur• 1880, Succeeded in growing the bacterium throught to

cause fowl cholera in culture• The attenuated pathogen would immunize and not caus

e disease, called vaccine

Page 2: Historical Perspective

The beginnings of the discipline of immunology

• 1881, Pasteur, first vaccinated one group of sheep with heat-attenuated Bacillus anthracis

• 1885, Pasteur, the first vaccine for human against rabid dog

• 1890s, Emil von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato, first insight into the mechanism of immunity - serum

Page 3: Historical Perspective

Humoral and cellular immunity

• Humoral immunity• 1930s, Elvin Kabat, gamma-globulin

• The active molecules in immunoglobulin fraction, antibodies, contained in body fluid

• Cellular immunity• 1883, Elie Metchnikoff, observe phagocytes

• Cell-mediated immunity

• 1950s, lymphocytes, the cell responsible for both cellular and humoral immunity

Page 4: Historical Perspective
Page 5: Historical Perspective
Page 6: Historical Perspective

Early immunity theories

• Selective theory• Interaction between an infectious agent and a cell-boun

d side-chain receptor would result in release of the side chain and would induce the cell to produce and secrete more side-chain receptor with the same specificity

• 1950, clonal-selection theory

• Instructional theory• Antigen played a central role in determining the specifi

city of the antibody molecule.

Page 7: Historical Perspective
Page 8: Historical Perspective

The Nature of Immunity- Immunity was originally used to indicate exemption from taxes and this meaning

still exits in the term "diplomatic immunity".

• 免疫系統保護人體免於受病源體侵入。• 免疫反應可分為應變性( adaptive immune r

esponse )及先天性( innate )或非應變性免疫反應( non-adaptive immune response)

• 專一性( specificity )、記憶性( memory )及自我辨識( self-discrimination )為應變性免疫反應主要特徵。

Page 9: Historical Perspective

Innate immunity –resistance mechanisms are not specific to a particular

pathogen

Page 10: Historical Perspective

Adaptive immunity-a high degree of specificity as well as the remarkable

memory property

• Antigenic specificity• To distinguish subtle difference among antigens

• Diversity• To recognize billions of uniquely different structures on f

oreign antigens

• Immunologic memory• A second encounter with the same antigen induces a heigh

tened state of immune reactivity

• Self/nonself recognition• To respond only to foreign antigens

Page 11: Historical Perspective

Response of immune system• 專一性( specificit ):

• 對外來物之間化學性質微小的不同具有顯著的辨識能力。

• 記憶性( memory ):• 受外來物質感染後,能演變出對外來物

特性的記憶,此種特性可能可以持續一生。

• 個體受感染後,先後產生免疫反應稱為primary response 及 secondary response ,經過此免疫反應後,個體會產生具有記憶性的細胞,進而對相同之病源體產生記憶性之對抗。

• 自我辨識( self-discrimination ):• 如器官移植或輸血時產生的排斥現象。

Page 12: Historical Perspective

Cells of the immune system- 專一性及非專一性辨識細胞組成。

• 吞噬細胞:• 單核吞噬細胞(單核球, mononucle

ar phagocyte ):進入組織發育成巨噬細胞( macrophage )。

• 多形核嗜中性細胞(嗜中性球, polymorphonuclear neutrophil , PMN ):白血球之一種。

• 淋巴球細胞:• B 細胞( B lymphocyte )• T 細胞( T lymphocyte ): T-helper

Cell ( TH )、 T-cytotoxic Cell ( T

C )• 大顆粒淋巴球( large granular lymph

ocyte , LGL ): natural killer cell( NK )。

Page 13: Historical Perspective

• 毒殺性細胞( cytotoxic cell )• 多形核嗜酸性細胞(嗜酸性球, polymorphonuclear eosinophil ):

白血球之一種。• 嗜鹼性細胞(嗜鹼性球, basophil ):白血球之一種。• 肥大細胞( mast cell )• 血小板( platelet )• 輔助細胞( auxiliary cells )

Page 14: Historical Perspective

Soluble mediators of immunity- 調理素( opsonin )進行調理作用( opsonization )

• 補體蛋白質( complements ):• 血清蛋白,調節吞噬作用、控制發炎反

應、與抗體相互作用參與免疫防禦(專一性防禦)。

• 細胞激素( cytokines ):• 免疫反應進行時,傳遞各細胞間訊息的

一群大分子,稱之。• 為蛋白質、或醣蛋白,如干擾素( interf

erons , INFs )、間白素( interlukins ,ILs )、株落刺激因子( colony stimulating factors , CSFs )、腫瘤壞死因子( tumor necrosis factors , TNF )及轉型生長因子( transforming growth factor , TGF )。

• 抗體( antibodies , immunoglobulins )

Page 15: Historical Perspective

Biological events of immune system

免疫系統中的事件:recognition of the target pathogen

effective defence against the pathogen

Recognition unit :如抗體分子、 TCR ( T 細胞表面受體, T Cell

Receptor )。Defence unit :

如 T 細胞、 mast cell 或其他具有抗體受器之免疫細胞。

形式:Combined recognition and defence unit :僅具有

單一辨識特異性,如 T 細胞的作用。Separate recognition and defence unit :具有多種

不同的辨識特異性,如免疫球蛋白的作用。

Page 16: Historical Perspective

Immunological recognition

• Antibodies ( immunoglobulins ):與抗原結合之作用。

• 抗原:可以誘導 B 細胞產生抗體之分子 or 可被應變性免疫系統中之組成細胞專一性辨識之分子。

• 抗原決定部位( epitope ):抗原與抗體結合之特定部位。

抗原的辨認是所有應變性免疫反應的基礎。抗原與少數可以辨認它的細胞結合後,可誘導細胞迅速增殖,即抗原能選擇對本身產生專一結合之細胞株落,此種過程稱之為株落選擇( colonal sele

ction )。

Page 17: Historical Perspective

• T lymphocytes• 細胞受感染會將病源體之一小段蛋白表現

在細胞表面上, T 細胞就能辨認出來。• 將抗原片段表現出來的細胞稱之為抗原呈

獻細胞( antigen presenting cell , APC )。

位於抗原呈獻細胞表面,用來呈獻抗原片段的分子稱為主組織相容復合體( major histocompatibility complex , MHC )。

Page 18: Historical Perspective

Immunological defence-Lysis or digestion : the successful elimination of pathogen

s• 中和作用( neutralization )• 吞噬作用( phagocytosis )• 毒殺作用( cytotoxic reaction )• 細胞自殺作用( apoptosis )

Page 19: Historical Perspective
Page 20: Historical Perspective

Inflammation

受感染部位血流量增加。微血管通透性增加,使原

無法通過的大分子通過內皮細胞,使免疫反應之可溶性物質到達感染部位。

白血球離開微血管進入周圍組織 – Influx of phagocytes

Page 21: Historical Perspective

• 趨化作用( chemotaxis )藉由白血球表面分子 (L-selectin) 與活化之內皮細胞 (P- and E- selectin) 間的交互作用,使細胞向感染部位移動的作用。

• 細胞遷移作用: margination ( selectin-mediated , inte

grin-mediated ) and extravasation (diapedesis) 。

Page 22: Historical Perspective
Page 23: Historical Perspective

Immunopathology

自體免疫( autoimmunity )過敏( hypersensitivity )免疫不全( immunodeficiency )