historia de la wach tower y charles russell

8/3/2019 Historia de la Wach Tower y Charles Russell

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A`j {jn vbtnfn fk 5??? khkgpintkq) qk bgptbgk kj h{ib` fk >=EKi tkfnav`t r kfbv`t kj hkek ktn T{qqkii gbqg` r)

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>?DGbl{kij`kqHkqq[jn fk inq ptbgktnq fkaintnab`jkq ~{k qk mnanj kj kqvn p{dibanabj ktn in jklnabjfk ~{k Hkqq e{kqk ki ntajlki Gbl{ki) -i`q a`tamkvkq npntkakj kj in p{dibanabj`tblbjni"8

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4/30



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~{ktnj fkfbantqk fk iikj` ni qktubab` fk Fb`q) p`t kqvn tnxj) T{qqkii j` v{u` mbh`q*E6

1 Nj{ntb` fk i`q Vkqvbl`q fk Hkmù) >2; fk h{ib` fk >2?5) pl* 1=>;* T{qqkii ktn fk in `pbjbj in a{ni ktn a`gj kj in pàn'~{kki qk}` ktn bjfkakjvk) njbgnibqvn r ~{k kgpnndn in uktfnfktn kqpbtbv{nibfnf*


5/30


mvvp8//k}ngbjnjfìn|nvamv`|kt*di`lqp`v*a`g/ ;

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a`qnq) qk tknibx {jn kj`tgk pt`f{aabj fk ibvktnv{tn)pkt` mndn {j pt`dikgn8 j` mndnj gkfb`q pntnfbqvtbd{btin* _`t i` ~{k T{qqkii v{u` ~{k a`jvtnvnt n1?? g{amnam`q fk J{kun R`tc pntn fbqvtbd{bt q{ibvktnv{tn) ki a`qv` v`vni nqakjfb n &64)??? kjvtk inibvktnv{tn r ki pnl` n i`q g{amnam`q) p`t q{p{kqv`T{qqkii v{u` ~{k a{dtbt kq`q lnqv`q*

Qbj kgdntl`) r kj ubqvn fk ~{k ki bjgbjkjvk ebj jùkjbn) v{u` ~{k mnakt a{kjvnq fki kj`tgk lnqv` kj ki

~{k mndn bja{ttbf`) r fkvktgbj ~{k j` ktn d{kj`$vbtnt in anqn p`t in ukjvnjn$) p`t i` ~{k qk ik à{ttb {jn dtbiinjvk bfkn pntnqì{ab`jnt ki pt`dikgn fk in fbqvtbd{abj -vkjbkjf` kj a{kjvn q{ mndbibfnf pntn i`qjklàb`q"8 _tkqkjv a`g` {j fkdktfkv`f`d{kjatbqvbnj` ki tkpntvbt i`q vtnvnf`q rtkubqvnq fkgnjktnfkqbjvktkqnfn* _`t q{p{kqv`) kqv` vtnh` a`jqbl` untbnq ukjvnhnq8>" Qk nm`ttndn {j kj`tgk lnqv` kj in fbqvtbd{abj*4" Ki nianjak fk fbqvtbd{abj ktn g{am` gnr`t) p`t i` ~{k in pt`f{aabj n{gkjvndn

n gkfbfn qk k}pnjfn*1" Qk ikq njbgndn a`j in etnqk $gnjvjlnjqk navbu`q kj in `dtn$) in a{ni kq kj in

nav{nibfnf g{r k}bv`qn* A`j kii` qk ikq bja{iandn ki qkjvbf` fk a`gpt`gbq`*6" _`t q{p{kqv`) v`f` kii` gnjvkjn n in ukx n inq pktq`jnq a`j q{q gkjvkq à{pnfnqpntn ~{k j` pkjqntnj kj inq ptèkanq eniibfnq*

4DQke{jfninQàbkfnf\nvamv`|kt->==>>==5"

Kj ekdtkt` fk >==>) qk e{jfn iklnigkjvk in Qàbkfnf\nvamv`|kt a`g` {jn $nqàbnabj$) vbp` kjvbfnf iklni)qbkjf` ki ptkqbfkjvk fk in Qàbkfnf \biibng M* A`jikr)

H`qkpm T{qqkii ki ubak'ptkqbfkjvk r Amntikq T{qqkii a`g` kiqkatkvntb`'vkq`tkt`*E5E Fk i`q &;*??? fki anpbvni `tblbjni) A`jikrf`j ki


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\biibng M* A`jikr ktn {j nfbjktnf` r a`'f{k` fk in a`gpnn Tbvkt'A`jikr) {jnk}bv`qn r ptqpktn a`gpnn fk endtbanabj fk gkvnikq* Nfkgq ktn naab`jbqvn rFbtkav`t fki Vktakt Dnja` Jnab`jni fk Niiklmkjr* \biibng r q{ kqp`qn Qntnm A`jikrtknibxndnj `dtnq fk antbfnf kj _bvqqd{tlm*E==> r >==4 in Qàbkfnf lnqv &6?*??? kj in fbqvtbd{abj fki ibdtÈ``f e`t Vmbjcbjl Amtbqvbnjq -Nibgkjv` pntn Atbqvbnj`q _kjqnf`tkq" r `vtnibvktnv{tn ~{k ktn ltnv{bvn*E=EQbj kgdntl`) fkdbf` ni j` a{gpibtqk inq ptkfbaab`jkq fkT{qqkii) A`jikr fkabfb kj nilj g`gkjv` fk >==4) ~{k rn j` fntn gq) ltnjfkqq{gnq fk fbjkt` pntn ebjnjabnt i`q kqatbv`q fk T{qqkii* N{jnf` ni mkam` fk inq pànqf`jnab`jkq tkabdbfnq qklj fkaintnab`jkq fk in gbqgn Qàbkfnf \nvamv`|kt f{tnjvki`q n`q >==4 r >=2? tkq{ivnjf` kj {jn navbubfnf gjbgn f{tnjvk kqvk pkt`f`) p`t i`~{k T{qqkii `pv p`t tkgùkt ni ptkqbfkjvk A`jikr fk i`q fà{gkjv`q fk in Qàbkfnf*Kj >==4) ki j`gdtk A`jikr j` qk gkjab`j gq kj inq plbjnq fk in tkubqvn) qbj`mnqvn fàk n`q fkqp{q ->=26" a{njf` T{qqkii bgptbgb {jn antvn fk A`jikr* E2

Ki g`vbu` fk kqvn qkpntnabj p{f` fkdktqk n ~{k A`jikr vkjbn {j ngbl` H`mj M*_nv`j) a{rn tkubqvn a`gpkvbf`tn qk vbv{indn In Kqpktnjxn fki G{jf`) _nv`j ktn {jatkrkjvk kj in Vtbjbfnf* Fkdbf` n inq etnanqnfnq ptkfbaab`jkq fk T{qqkii) A`jikra`jvbj{ kj q{ dq~{kfn fk in uktfnf r qk {jb n {jn blikqbn ptkqdbvktnjn iàni r`pv p`t kqa`lkt inq bjvktptkvnab`jkq at`jìlbanq fk _nv`j q`dtk inq fk T{qqkii*Nfkgq fk nakpvnt inq atkkjabnq fk in bjg`tvnibfnf fki nign) in vtbjbfnf r inqfàvtbjnq aniubjbqvnq* V`fnq kiinq a`jvtntbnq n i` ~{k T{qqkii kjqkndn* T{qqkii bjai{q`kqvndn kj a`jvtn fk ~{k q{ lt{p` qk bfkjvbebantn a`j nilj j`gdtk ~{k j` e{ktn ki fkAtbqvbnj`q8

Qbkgptk j`q mkg`q tkm{qnf` n qkt iingnf`q p`t a{ni~{bkt `vt` j`gdtk ~{kj` qkn ki fk j{kqvtn Andkxn Atbqvbnj`q

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mvvp8//k}ngbjnjfìn|nvamv`|kt*di`lqp`v*a`g/ ==6)pl*4*

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Fkqp{q fk e{jfnfn in Qàbkfnf \nvamv`|kt) kqvn j` ktn in n{v`tbfnf akjvtni pntni`q Kqv{fbnjvkq fk in Dbdibn) qbj` ~{k anfn a`jltklnabj fk Kqv{fbnjvkq fk in Dbdibngnjvkjnj {j n{v`'l`dbktj` a`jltklnab`jni) in Qàbkfnf jbangkjvk a``tfbjndn inqnavbubfnfkq kj untbnq a`jltklnab`jkq*

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bjai{rkjf` in blikqbn Nfukjvbqvn*In a`qn gq q`tptkjfkjvk naktan fk i`q qkbq uìgkjkq fk i`q SKqv{fb`q fk inq

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mvvp8//k}ngbjnjfìn|nvamv`|kt*di`lqp`v*a`g/ =

Fk kqvn e`tgn) T{qqkii qk mndn a`juktvbf` kj {ja`jvbj{nf`t fk abktv`q nqpkav`q fki Nttbnjbqg`) E>6E ki a{nimndn qbf` a`jfkjnf` fkebjbvbungkjvk a`g` {jn mktkhn kjki A`jabib` fk A`jqvnjvbj`pin -1=> f*A*") r kqvk e{kfkanrkjf` f{tnjvk i`q qbli`q BU r U mnqvn ~{k qk a`jqbfkt

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_`t q{p{kqv`) kj inq p{dibanab`jkq fk in Qàbkfnf) ikh`q fknfgbvbt r tka`jàkt ~{k mnj tkububf` {jn mktkhn ~{k e{kqànunfn p`t ki atbqvbnjbqg` kj pt` fki vtbjbvntbqg`)nptùkamnj pntn fkabt tkqpkav` n kqvk nq{jv` -qbj abvnt e{kjvkq p`t q{p{kqv`) {jna`qv{gdtk a`gj kj inq p{dibanab`jkq fk in Qàbkfnf) `dqktuk nfkgq kitnx`jngbkjv`"8

Ebjnigkjvklnjnji`qvtbjbvntb`qQbj kgdntl`) kqvn f`gbjnabj nttbnjn [f{t qìngkjvk mnqvn in g{ktvk fkA`jqvnjab [) p{kq i`q vtbjbvntb`q v`fnun e`tgndnj in gnr`tn* Kqv` j` fkdktnpntkakt q`tptkjfkjvk fkdbf` n ~{k

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fbubfbfn a`jvtn q gbqgn0Gnv*>484;*

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Qb atkkg`q ~{k kqvk tnx`jngbkjv` kq uktfba`) qbljbebantn ~{k p`t gq fk vtkak qbli`q-UB ni ]B] f*A*" inq pktq`jnq g{tbkt`j kjlnnfnq) atkrkjf` kj {jn fàvtbjn njvb'atbqvbnjn) kqv` mnqvn ~{k npntkab T{qqkii ~{bkj uìub n tkububt ki Nttbnjbqg` nebjnikq fki qbli` ]B].* _`t a`jqbl{bkjvk) j` qk mn vkjbf` {j Kunjlkib` kvktj` ~{k mnrnpktgnjkabf` p`t v`fnq inq lkjktnab`jkq) ki a{ni j{jan fkqnpntkaktn fk in vbkttn*

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9/30



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10/30


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11/30


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12/30


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13/30



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14/30



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15/30


mvvp8//k}ngbjnjfìn|nvamv`|kt*di`lqp`v*a`g/ >;

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16/30



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17/30


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18/30


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19/30



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20/30


mvvp8//k}ngbjnjfìn|nvamv`|kt*di`lqp`v*a`g/ 4?

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21/30


mvvp8//k}ngbjnjfìn|nvamv`|kt*di`lqp`v*a`g/ 4>

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22/30



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23/30



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24/30



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25/30


mvvp8//k}ngbjnjfìn|nvamv`|kt*di`lqp`v*a`g/ 4;

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G{am`qabktvngkjvk p{kfkj k}ptkqntqk nltnfkabf`q ni Qk`t fk ~{k in a{igbjnabj fkinq kqpktnjxnq fk in Blikqbn j` mnrn v`gnf` i{lnt ni vbkgp` kqpktnf`3 r ~{kj`q`vt`q) ki p{kdi` fki Qk`t) vkjlng`q gq `p`tv{jbfnfkq fk pktekaab`jntin qnjvbfnf r qkt pntvbabpnjvkq a`j j{kqvt` Ng` kj nfbab`jni ptkqkjvnabj fkQ{ gkjqnhk n Q{ p{kdi`*

Kq kubfkjvk ~{k Fb`q r Atbqv` j` e{kt`j ~{bkjkq ptkqkjvnt`j r pt`f{hkt`j i`q ktt`tkq)r g{am` gkj`q ~{bkj vktgbj ,ukvnjf`, inq ptkfbaab`jkq fk T{qqkii) qbj kgdntl`)kqvk ntl{gkjv` ptkqkjvn {jn g{r a`jukjbkjvk e`tgn fk kqanpnt r nq{gbt q{

uktfnfktn tkqp`jqndbibfnf p`t mndkt ptkqkjvnf` q{q ekamnq a`g` qb e{kqkj $ekamnq fkFb`q$* Kq fk fkqvnant ~{k kqvnq kqpka{inab`jkq m{gnjnq j` n{v`tbxnfnq mnqvn tkq{ivnjqkt g`vbu` fk gtbv` p`t q{ $kekav` kqvbg{injvk r qnjvbebanf`t$ ~{k ikq pktgbvk) npkqnt fk kii`) $nindnt ni Qk`t nj p`t ki ktt`t$* -A`gpntk a`j Bqnnq ;84?"* Ndtbkjfìn p{ktvn n gq kqpka{inab`jkq ptèvbanq a`g` qk ukt gq nfkinjvk) pkt` rn j` gqn antl` fk T{qqkii*

=DIng{ktvkfki yptèkvn->2>5"

In a`g{jbfnf fk Kqv{fbnjvkq fk in Dbdibn k}pktbgkjv aintngkjvk `vtn fkakpabja{njf` ki ptbgkt kjv{qbnqg` naktan fk in l{kttn qk anig* Kii`q mndnj kqpktnf` qktiikunf`q ni abki`) r fk j{ku`) jnfn j` à{ttb* E{k kj kqvn qbv{nabj ~{k ki fkqnqvtklìpk ni lt{p`8 Ki 1> fk àv{dtk fk >2>5) gbkjvtnq T{qqkii tknibxndn {jn lbtn fka`jektkjabnq kj ki `kqvk fk KK[[) g{ktk n in kfnf fk 56 n`q n d`tf` fk {j vtkjaktan fk \na`) Vk}nq) qbj mndkt ubqv` ki a{gpibgbkjv` fk q{q ptèkanq) r g{am`gkj`q) ki Ntgnlkfj ptkfbam`*

T{qqkii e{k kjvkttnf` kj ki akgkjvktb` fk $T`qkg`jv [jbvkf$) pt`pbkfnf fk inQàbkfnf \nvamv`|kt {dbanf` ni j`tvk fk _bvvqd{tl* Fkdbf` n in enqabjnabj fkT{qqkii p`t in Ltnj pbtgbfk fk Lbxkm fk Klbpv`) in Qàbkfnf \nvamv`|kt ik gnjf na`jqvt{bt {jn pt`pbn -kj gkj`t kqanin" ni inf` fk q{ v{gdn* In a{ni pktgnjkak kj pbmnqvn m`r kj fn a`g` {j g`j{gkjv` n q{ gkg`tbn r n q{q eniqnq ptkfbaab`jkq* Inpbtgbfk) kqvn nm`tn etkjvk n {j kj`tgk a`gpikh` gnqjba` fk _bvvqd{tl*


26/30



J` qi` ki j`gdtk fk in `tlnjbxnabj fk in \nvamv`|kt kqv ubqbdik kj in e`v`) n pkqnt~{k ki g`j{gkjv` kqv kt`qb`jnf` p`t ki vbkgp`) nj qk p{kfk ukt dnh` in a`t`jn) fki`vt` inf` fk in pbtgbfk) in ndtkubnv{tn $BDQN$ ~{k kq Bjvktjnvb`jni Dbdik Qv{fkjvqNqqàbnvb`j -Nqàbnabj Bjvktjnab`jni fk Kqv{fbnjvkq fk in Dbdibn"*

J@VN8Kqvn bje`tgnabj in p{kfk a`gpt`dnt {qvkf gbqg`) pntn ~{k qk fk a{kjvn ~{k j` qk vtnvn fk {j

g`jvnhk ` fk e`v`q nivktnfnq) n vtnuq fki pt`ltngn L``lik Kntvm) E6?E {jn ukx bjqvninfn kqvn

npibanabj) {vbibak ki d`vj pntn nltklnt {jn gntan fk p`qbabj) k bjltkqk inq qbl{bkjvkqa``tfkjnfnq8Invbv{f8 6?1?1;*;>JI`jlbv{f8 =??;5*6>@

6? Fkqantl{k ki pt`ltngn kj Bjvktjkv in qbl{bkjvk fbtkaabj

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Inpbtgbfk) qgdì gnqjp`tk}akikjabn-j`vkkia`tvkkjinpntvkq{pktb`t

fkingbqgn*"Niakjvt`rninbx~{bktfn) qkp{kfknptkabntinpinanfkT{qqkii~{ki`qvkqvbl`qfkHkmùa`jàkj*

Ipbfnfkinv{gdnfkAmntikq

T{qqkii)a`jàbfnp`ti`qvkqvbl`qfk

Hkmù*

Kj{j`fki`qinf`qfkinpbtgbfk)

p{kfknptkabntqkkij`gdtkfkin

Qàbkfnf\nvamv`|kt8

\NVAMV@\KTDBDIKNJF

VTNAVQ@ABKVR


27/30



Fkqne`tv{jnfngkjvk inq tkinab`jkq fk T{qqkii a`j ki à{ivbqg` j` qk fkvbkjkj n~{) kij`gdtk fk in `tlnjbxnabj) ki i`l` r q{ ptbjabpni p{dibanabj kq i` ~{k i`q à{ivbqvnq

iingnj kj ki {jbuktq` glba`) inq v`ttkq fk l{ntfbn -$|nvamv`|ktq"* Kj in gnlbnM[kj`~{bnjn[M ) -ikjl{n gqvban tkukinfn p`t qktkq fk `vtn fbgkjqbj" mnr tklb`jkqa`jàbfnq a`g` v`ttkq fk l{ntfbn fk e{kl`) fk nbtk) fk nl{n rfk vbkttn* Kq` a`ttkqp`jfk n i`q a{nvt` kikgkjv`q fki g{jf`*[jn qàbkfnf fk gnlbn kj`~{bnjn fktbunfn fk i`q Gnq`jkq ktna`jàbfn dnh` ki j`gdtk fk @tfkj mktgvba` fk in Lìfkj Fn|j-kq fkabt In Kfnf fk @t`) j`gdtk a`j ki ~{k e{k `tblbjnigkjvkdn{vbxnfn in tkubqvn Fkqpktvnf a`g` qk ukt gq nfkinjvk"*

I`q Vkqvbl`q fk Hkmù q`j g{r vkgkt`q`q a`j inq bglkjkq

pnlnjnq) qbj fntqk a{kjvn ~{k ki pt`pb` qgdì` ~{k {vbibxn inQàbkfnf \nvamv`|kt) in v`ttk ) ki a{ni kq {j qgdì pnlnj )a`g` qk p{kfk ukt kj kqvn bgnlkj fk in fb`qn Ntvkgbqn*

6> T{qqkii) kj q{ kqv{fb` fk in Ltnj _btgbfk fk Lbxkm) kgpik j{gktì`ln) v`gnjf` inq gkfbfnq fk i`q pnqbii`qbjvktb`tkq fk in _btgbfk fk Lbxkm kj Klbpv` r

[p`t gkfb`q fk `pktnab`jkq ntbvgvbanq fk q{gnq r tkqvn fk inq

gkfbfnq fk kqv`q pnqbii`q a`jebtg ki n` >2>6) q`dtk ki a{ni kq in dnqk kj in ~{k fkqanjqn nav{nigkjvk v`fn inn{v`tbfnf fk i`q ifktkq fki lt{p`)

[pinjvknjf` ~{k in pbkftn g{ktvn kq {j vkqvbg`jb` a`tt`d`tnvbu` n in pnt fk in

Dbdibn fki _inj fk Fb`q* -Ukn ki uì* BBB fk Kqv{fb`q kj inq Kqatbv{tnq) pl* 164*"

Kj{j`fki`qinf`qfkinpbtgbfk)p{kfkjnptkabntqkinqbjbabnikq BDQNìn

NqàbnabjfkKqv{fbnjvkqBjvktjnab`jnikq fkinDbdibn


28/30


mvvp8//k}ngbjnjfìn|nvamv`|kt*di`lqp`v*a`g/ 4=

_ntn in g{ktvk fk T{qqkii) i`q kqv{fbnjvkq fk in Dbdibn) a`g` ktnj a`jàbf`q kjv`jakq)vkjn aktan fk >?*??? qkl{bf`tkq) in pt`f{aabj v`vni mndn iiklnf` n {jnq ;?*???plbjnq bgptkqnq r anqb 4? gbii`jkq fk a`pbnq fk q{q ibdt`q qk mndnj fbqvtbd{bf` kjv`f` ki g{jf`*E64E In gnr`tn fk qkavnq fkqnpntkakj v`vnigkjvk a`j in g{ktvk fk q{ifkt) kqvk j` e{k ki anq` fk i`q Kqv{fbnjvkq fk in Dbdibn) fnf` ~{k pt`qpkt r atkab

a`j ki vbkgp` n pkqnt fk in g{ktvk fk q{ e{jfnf`t kj ~{bkj kqvndn kjeànfn in qkavn*Ki e{jfngkjv` pntn kqvk atkabgbkjv` ubj` a`j ki q{akq`t fk T{qqkii) ~{bkj v{u` ~{ktknibxnt {j kqe{ktx` pntn nqkl{tnt in iknivnf fk in a`g{jbfnf*

2DInuktfnffkinpànfkT{qqkii

T{qqkii kjqk r p{diba g{amnq fàvtbjnq ~{k) kj ki ptkqkjvk) in Qàbkfnf fk i`qVkqvbl`q fk Hkmù tkamnxnv`vnigkjvk) nqbgbqg` qk ub` kju{kiv` kj ptavbanq ~{k i`qgbqg`q Vkqvbl`q fk m`r anibebantnj fk pnlnjnq) inq qknintnj fk npqvnvnq) k bjai{qìiklnj n vni ltnf` ~{k qb kii`q gbqg`q inq ptnavbantnj) kjqkntnj ` qb~{bktn atkrktnjkj kiinq -ni bl{ni ~{k i` mbx` q{ e{jfnf`t" qktnj k}p{iqnf`q fk in `tlnjbxnabj.

T{qqkii ktn ki kqainu` ebki r fbqatkv` -Xb`jq \nvam V`|kt >2?5) pl* 1=>>") nfkgqqk a`jqbfktndn n q gbqg` ki uàkt` fk Fb`q -Xb`jq \nvam V`|kt) >; fk h{ib` fki>2?5) pl* 4423 Ukn Vmk Ebjbqmkf Grqvktr) pl* 6) >>3 Vmk \nvam V`|kt) ?> fkgntx` fk >244) pl* 244) pl* >1>3 Vmk\nvam V`|kt) ?> fk gntx` fk >241) pl* 5==4 -Xb`jq \nvam

V`|kt) H{ib` fk >==4) tkbgptkqb`jkq pl* 152'


29/30



In k}p{iqbj ` fbqàbnabj j` vtnn a`jqka{kjabnq pntn in engbibn r ngbl`q) rg{am` gkj`q qk a`naab`jndn n ~{bkjkq ndnjf`jndnj ki lt{p`*

Qk kjqkndn r atkn ~{k i`q m`gdtkq fk Q`f`gn r L`g`ttn) q qktnj tkq{abvnf`q*-Xb`jq \nvam V`|kt) Tkbgptkqb`jkq) h{ib` >=) >==5 pl* 4553 Vmk \nvamV`|kt) ?> fk qkpvbkgdtk >2>5) pl* ;2;4"*

Ki n` >=2>6 qktn ki ebj fki g{jf`* -Kqv{fb`q kj inqKqatbv{tnq) Uì* 6) >=23 Xb`jq \nvam V`|kt) >; fk kjkt` fk >=24) pl* 4>'41"*

Hkq{atbqv`) ki Mbh` fk Fb`q) fkdn qkt nf`tnf` r j` ktn ki ntajlki Gbl{ki* -Xb`jq\nvam V`|kt) jùbkgdtk fk >=2>6 r/ >2>; -$VmkVbgk bq Nv Mnjf$) pl*


30/30


In Dbdibn {vbibxnfn f{tnjvk kqvn pàn) ktn in vtnf{aabj bjlikqn Cbjl Hngkq -VmkCbjlf`g Bjvktibjkni Vtnjqinvb`j è Vmk Ltkkc Qatbpv{tkq* \nvam V`|kt Dbdik njfVtnav Qàbkvr) Bja* Dt``cirj) Jk| R`tc* >2=;* plq*

historia de la wach tower y charles russell

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