Histology, Development, & Growth of BoneHistology, Development, & Growth of Bone

Histology of bone

Bone development

Bone growth

Role of bone in calcium homeostasis

Review of bone compositionReview of bone composition

Bone: 35% organic, 65% inorganic

- organic component is collagen: gives flexible strength

- inorganic component is calcium and phosphate

- calcium phosphate interacts with calcium hydroxide to form hydroxyapatite crystals

- gives compression strength

Result: strong, yet flexible structure

Bone Cells Bone Cells

Bone cells: osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

- osteocytes are located in lacunae

- osteocytes are connected to each other by thin cytoplasmic projections with gap junctions

- the cell processes are enclosed in canaliculi

Types of bone: spongy Types of bone: spongy

Cancellous (spongy) bone- Cancellous bone consists of network of trabeculae (lighter than compact bone)- Trabeculae do not have direct blood supply, osteocytes receive nutrition through diffusion via canaliculi- Trabeculae are lined by osteoblasts- The orientation of trabeculae is influenced by stress on the bone- Found in areas without much bone stress, or where stress comes from several directions- Site of blood cell formation (red marrow)

Effects of stress on spongy bone Effects of stress on spongy bone

Types of bone: compact Types of bone: compact

Compact bone- More dense than

spongy bone - Has a direct vascular

supply in matrix- osteons- circumferential lamellae

veincapillary

osteonsinterstitiallamellae

spongy boneperforatingcanal

central canal

Bone development (ossification) Bone development (ossification)

Ossification: the formation of bone by osteoblasts Two types: intramembranous and endochondral Intramembranous:- type of bone formation in bones of skull and clavicle- start with connective tissue membrane containing

osteoprogenitor cells- osteoblasts form, produce trabecullae (spicules) of woven

bone at centers of ossification

Bone formation Bone formation

Intramembranous (cont.): - cancellous bone forms as trabecullae radiate out of centers

of ossification- periosteum forms around bone- outer layer of compact bone is formed - as process continues, woven bone is removed and replaced

by mature bone

Bone formation Bone formation

Endochondral Ossification- bone produced from a cartilage model

Bone formation Bone formation

Formation of Secondary Ossification Center

Growth of Bones Growth of Bones

There are two types of bone growth: endochondral and appositional

Endochondral growth: growth of cartilage, which is replaced by bone.

Endochondral Bone GrowthEndochondral Bone Growth

The epiphyseal plate is organized into four zones:

a) zone of resting cartilage (epiphyseal surface): chondrocytes don't divide rapidly

b) zone of proliferation: densely packed columns of chondrocytes, rapidly dividing

c) zone of hypertrophy: chondrocytes mature and enlarge

d) zone of calcification: thin layer of calcified matrix, chondrocytes die, vessels grow into the area bringing in osteoblasts, which form bone.

Endochondral Bone GrowthEndochondral Bone Growth

zone of resting cartilage

zone of proliferation

zone of hypertrophy

zone of calcification

Growth of Bones Growth of Bones

Appositional bone growth

- responsible for increased diameter (not length) of bones

- osteoblasts add matrix to surface of bone: rate varies

- osteoclasts remove bone at fixed rate

Growth of Bones Growth of Bones

Bone growth is influenced by many factors- nutrition: calcium availability & collagen synthesis

- calcium intake- role of vitamin D in calcium absorption- vitamin C required for collagen synthesis (scurvy)- vitamin A stimulates osteoblast activity

- stimulated by hormones - growth hormone

- thyroid hormone- estrogen and testosterone

- stimulated by weight-bearing stress/exercise

Role of Bone in Calcium Homeostasis Role of Bone in Calcium Homeostasis

Calcium plays important roles in:- bone formation- controlling permeability of cell membranes- contraction of muscle cells- hormone action (second messenger signaling)

Sources of calcium:- diet (main source)- bone reservoir

Regulation of bone calcium Regulation of bone calcium

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)- from parathyroid glands- reduces loss of calcium from the kidneys, small intestine- causes kidney to activate vitamin D- increases osteoclast activity- PTH levels increase in response to decreased blood Ca++

Calcitonin- from the thyroid gland- decreases osteoclast activity (calcium returned to bone)-increasing the rate of excretion of calcium ions at the kidneys- calcitonin levels increase in response to increased blood calcium levels

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Bone Articulations