hist2321 dr. c. keller 1 early african societies & the bantu migrations (2) early agricultural...

HIST2321Dr. C. Keller1

Early African Societies & The Bantu Migrations (2)

Early Agricultural Society

in Africa Climatic Change & the

Development of Agriculture

in Africa Early Sudanic Agriculture Climatic Change The Nile River Valley

The Nile Valley


Early African Societies

Early Agricultural Society in Africa Early Agricultural Society in Africa Egypt and Nubia:

“Gifts of the Nile” Early Agriculture in the

Nile Valley Political Organization

The Nile Valley, 3000-2000 B.C.E.



The Unification of Egypt The Archaic Period

& the Old Kingdom Relations Between Egypt & Nubia The Early Kingdom of Kush

The Narmer Palatte


First Old Kingdom Pyramid, step Pyramid of Djoser ~ Saqqara


Pyramid of Khufu ~ The Great Pyramid

HIST2321Dr. C. Keller6 NO Climbing sign

Forced Entrance Tunnel

Original Entrance Shaft


Sphinx ~ 240 ‘ long, 66 ‘ high

The Great Sphinx ~ Old Kingdom Guard



Sources From The Past: Harkhuf’s Expedition to Nubia

“The majesty of [Pharoah] Mernere, my lord, sent me together with my father. . .to [the Nubian kingdom] of Yam to open the way to that country. I did it in seven months; I brought from it all kinds of beautiful and rare gifts, and was praised for it greatly…”



Sources From The Past: Harkhuf’s Expeditions to Nubia

“When you arrive at the residence and this pygmy is with you live, hale and healthy, my majesty will do great things for you, more than was done for the [royal official] Bawerded in the time pf King Isesi, in accordance with my majesty’s wish to see this pygmy.”



Imperial Egypt Turmoil & Empire

The Middle Kingdom The Hyksos The New Kingdom Egyptian Imperialism The Revived Kingdom

of Kush

Imperial Egypt, 1400 B.C.E.



The Formation of Complex Societies and Sophisticated Cultural Traditions The Emergence of Cities and Stratified

Societies Cities of the Nile Valley Social Classes Patriarchal Society




The Formation of Complex Societies and Sophisticated Cultural Traditions Economic Specialization and Trade

Bronze Metallurgy Iron Metallurgy Transportation Trade Networks




The Formation of Complex Societies and Sophisticated Cultural Traditions Early Writing in the Nile Valley

Hieroglyphic Writing Education Meroitic Writing



Hieroglyphs

“Sacred Writings” Preserved on papyrus, made from reeds Simplified form: hieratic script, 2600 BCE-600 CE

Rosetta Stone, discovered 1799 Hieroglyphs Demotic (“popular”) Greek

Pictographs Meroitic language recorded in

alphabet after 5th century BCE

Rosetta stone


The New Kingdom

Few pyramids, but major monumental architectural projects

Engaged in empire-building to protect against foreign invasion

Local resistance drives Egypt out of Nubia

Kingdom of Kush revives c. 1100 BCE

Invasions of Kushites, Assyrians destroy Egypt mid 6th century BCE


Egyptian Urban Culture

Major cities along Nile river, especially at delta Memphis c. 3100 BCE, Heliopolis c. 2900 BCE

Nubian cities include Kerma, Napata, Meroë Located at cataracts of the Nile

Well-defined social classes Pharaohs to slaves Archaeological discoveries in Nubia also support

class-based society Patriarchal societies, notable exceptions: female

Pharaoh Hatshepsut (r. 1473-1458 BCE)


Pharaoh (Queen) Hatshepsut – Temple of Dayr al-Bahri ~ West Bank, Luxor


Economic Specialization

Bronze metallurgy introduced late, with Hyksos invasion

Development of iron early, c. 900 BCE Trade along Nile river

More difficult in Nubia due to cataracts Sea trade in Mediterranean



The Formation of Complex Societies & Sophisticated Cultural Traditions The Development of Organized Religious Traditions

Amon & Re Aten & Monotheism

religious turmoil Amarna Heresy

Amenhotep III Amenhotep IV - Akhenaten

Mummification Cult of Osiris Nubian Religious Beliefs

Temple to Amon ~ Karnak


Temple of Karnak ~ Thebes (modern Luxor)


Temple of Karnak, early 20th c


New Kingdom -Colossi of Memnon, Pharaoh Amenhotep III – 14th c BCE


NefertitiAkhenaten

Akhenaten


Tutankhamen


Abu Simbel – Temple of Ramses beloved of Amun, 1244 BCE Nubia


Family on road to Saqqara

Contemporary Egypt ~ Tourism & culture


School girls at Citadel ~ Cairo




School boys at Citadel ~ Cairo



Citadel ~ Cairo


Globalism ~ Cairo



Early African Societies & the Bantu Migrations

Bantu Migrations & Early Agricultural Societies of Sub-Saharan Africa The Dynamics of

Bantu Expansion The Bantu Bantu Migrations Iron & Migration

The Bantu Migrations, 2000 B.C.E. – 1000 C.E.


Early African Societies & the Bantu Migrations

Bantu Migrations & Early Agricultural Societies of Sub-Saharan Africa

Bantu Religion ~ early monotheism Deistic views as well

Prayers to intercessors, e.g. ancestor spirits Great variations among populations

Migrations Migration throughout sub-Saharan regions Population pressures

Bantu language Over 500 variations of original 90 million speakers

By 1000 BCE, occupied most of Africa south of the equator


Key Words & Terms Key Words & Terms (2)(2)

Nile River ValleyEgyptiansNubiansMenes (Unification of Egypt)

Old/Middle/New KingdomAmon, Amon-Re, Aten hieroglyphic writing Papyrus

Mummification Cult of Osiris

The HyksosKingdom of Kush Hatshepsut Hyksos Amenhotep IV (Akhenaton) Amarna heresy The Bantu ~ migration

hist2321 dr. c. keller 1 early african societies & the bantu migrations (2) early agricultural...

Documents

nile valley slide

early kingdom of kush

nile early agriculture

saqqara slide

great pyramid slide

old kingdom guard slide

formation of complex

egypt nubia