his04 british exploitation
TRANSCRIPT
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BRITISH EXPLOITATION
AND RESISTANCE
04
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Advent of British in India
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British Direct Rule in India
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Battle of Plassey in 1757
1st
War of Independence 1857
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Impact of the
British Policies
• Farmers were the
Immediate Victims
• Land Revenue
Policies Destroyed
them
• Increased only the
Income of British
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Land Revenue
System
Regions
Permanent
Settlement
Bengal,
Bihar, Orrisa
Ryotwari
System
South Indian
Regions
Mahalwari
System
North West
Regions
Different Land Revenue Policies of British
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Zamindars of
India During
British
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Features of Permanent Settlement
(Zamindari System)
Tax was Collected by Zamindars
Zamindar was the Owner of the Land
He had the Power to Collect Tax
Farmers Became the Tenants
To Pay up to 60% of the Yield
as Tax
Even at the Time of Poor
Yield, Tax was to be Paid
Tax to be Paid in Cash
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Features of Ryotwari System
Tax was Collected Directly From Farmers
(Ryots)
Farmers were the owners of the Land
Excessive Tax was Imposed
Tax was Frequently Increased
Thomas Munro
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Features of Mahalwari System
Tax was Collected by Village Headman
Excessive Tax was Imposed
Entire Village (Mahal) as a Unit
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Permanent
Settlement
Ryotwari
System
Mahalwari
System
Region
Tax
Collected by
Land Owner
Other
Features
Activity 1
Complete the Table that Depicts the Features of Different
Land Revenue Systems by the British
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Permanent
Settlement
Ryotwari
System
Mahalwari
System
Region Bengal,
Bihar Orissa
South India North West
India
Tax
Collected by
Zamindars Company
Directly
Village
Headman
Land Owner Zamindars Farmers Land Lords
Other
Features
Tax Burden to Farmers
High Tax was Imposed
Tax was Increased Frequently
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Land Revenue Policies of the
British Affected the Agriculture……
₹ Unable to Pay Tax
₹ Loan from Moneylenders
₹ High Rate of Interest
₹ Loan by Mortgaging Agricultural Land
₹ Could not Pay back Loan
₹ Land was Seized by the Moneylenders
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Commercialization of Agriculture
Before British Agriculture for Family
& Village Needs only
During British Market Needs
Commercial Crops than Food Crops
Effects
Less Production of Food Crops
High Price for Food Items
Poverty, Famine etc
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Indigo
Cotton
Sugar Cane
Tea
Jute
Wheat
Bengal
Bihar
Maharashtra
Punjab
Uttar Pradesh
Assam
Kerala
Bengal
Punjab
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Crops Region
Activity 2
Prepare a Table that Shows the Different Crops &
Corresponding Region
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Turbulent Indigo Fields
Textile Industry
During Industrial Revolution
Indigo Contribution
Year %
1780 30 %
1810 95 %
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Indigo Fields
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Farmers were given an Advance
Heavy Tax Burden
Tempted to get High Price
Compelled to Cultivate Indigo
Got Low Price due to British Agents
Later Artificial Colors were Invented
Farmers became Miserable
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The Indigo Revolt
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The Indigo Revolt
In 1859 Farmers of Bengal Revolted
Many Educated Supported it
Govt. Appointed a Commission
Commission Found that Indigo
Farming was Uneconomic & to Stop
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Peasant Revolts in Kerala
Around 22 Peasant Revolts in Malabar
Against Exploitation & Suppression of
Landlords & British
Malabar Special Police (MSP) to
Suppress the Revolt
William Logan as the Enquiry
Commission
Commission Pointed out that the
Unfair Land Revenue System of British
was the Cause
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Malabar Special Police (MSP)
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Causes of Mappila Rebellion
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Mappila Rebellion 1921
Muslims in Malabar were
Mappilas
British treated Janmis
(Landlords) as Land Owners
Farmers Leased Land
Janmis Exploited
With the Help of British
Atrocities & Eviction of
Tenants
Farmers Revolted
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Mappila Rebellion
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Tribal Revolts
Santhal
Revolt
Kol’s
Revolt
Munda
Revolt
Kurichiya
Revolt
Naikada’s
RevoltRevolt of
Kachanags
Pahariya
Revolt
Khasi
Revolt
Bhil
Revolt
Kolis
Revolt
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Forest Act
made them Miserable
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Santhal
Revolt -
1855Sido & Kanhu
Livelihood Gathering Forest
Produce, Cattle Rearing, Shifting
Cultivation, Hunting
Prohibited to
Enter Forest
High Tax for
Forest
Produce
Collected
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Kurichiya
Revolt -1812
Organized by Kurichiya &
Kurumba (Wayanad)
Led by Rama Nambi
Reasons
Excessive Tax
Tax in Cash than in Kind
Seizing of Agricultural Land
“The anti-British struggles of Illiterate Tribal communities were
more Aggressive, Intense and Continuous than any other sects
including Peasants” - K Suresh Singh ( Historian )
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Munda Revolt
o 1899-1900
o Chota Nagpur
o Birsa Munda
o 1899 Attack
of Churches &
Police Stations
o 1990 Defeat
of Mundas
o 1922 Birsa
Died of cholera
in Jail
Birsa Munda – Munda Revolt
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Revolt of Kols
Chota Nagpur
1844-1882
Ghonu
Suppression of the
Revolt after extensive
military operations by
British and death of
Ghonu.
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Revolt of Bhil
Banswara and Dungapur
(Rjasthan)
1913
Govind Guru
It began as a purification
movement, but later
developed into a political;
failure of their attempts to
set up a Bhil Raj due to
British armed intervention.
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Pahariya
Revolt
1772-1780
Revolt of Khasi
Khasi Hills (Assam &
Meghalaya)
1829-32
Tirut Singh and Bar Manik
khasis to drive away the
British form their territory;
surrender of all khasi
chiefs, including Tirut Singh
1832
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Activity 3
Collect the Different Tribal Uprisings of India against British
and Prepare a Table
Tribal Revolt Leaders Region
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Tribal Revolt Leaders Region
Santhal Sido & Kanhu Rajmahal Hills
Kol’s Ghonu Chota Nagpur
Munda Birsa Munda Ranchi
Kurichiya Raman Nambi Waynad (Kerala)
Kachanags Sambhudan Kachar (Assam)
Naikada’s Roopsing Gobar, Johriya Rajasthan, Gujarat
Pahariya
Khasi Tirath Singh. Khasi hills and
Jaintia Hills
Bhil Govind Guru Banswara (Rajastan)
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NAME OF
THE TRIBE
AREA
AFFECTED
YEAR LEADER (S)
Chuars
Nanbhum an
Barabhum
(West Bengal)
1768 &
1832
Not available
Bhils Khandesh
1818 to
1848
Not available.
Hos
Singhbhum and
Chota Nagpur
1820, 1822
and 1832
Not available
Kolis
Sahyadri Hills
(Gujarat and
Maharashtra)
1824, 1828,
1839 and
1844-48
Not available
Khasis
Khasi Hills
(Assam &
Meghalaya)
1829-32
Tirut Singh and
Bar Manik
(Chief of
Nounklow &
Molim
respectively
Singphos Assam 1830-39 Not available
Kols Chota Nagpur 1831-32 Buddho Bhagat
Koyas
Rampa Region
(Chodavarm in
Andhra
Pradesh)
1840, 1845,
1858, 1861-
62, 1879-
80, 1922-24
Alluri
Ditaramaraju
(1922-24)
NAME OF
THE TRIBE
AREA AFFECTED YEAR LEADER (S)
Konds
Khondmais
(orissa)
1846-48,
1855 and
1914
Chakra Bisayi
Santhals
Rajmahal Hills
(Bihar)
1855-56 Sidhu & Kanhu
Naikdas
Panch Mahals
(Gujarat)
1858-59 &
1868
Rupsingh and
Joria Bhagat
Kucha
Nagas
Cacher 1882 Sambhudan
Mundas Chota Nagpur 1899-1900 Birsa Munda
Bhils
Banswara and
Dungapur
(southern
Rjasthan)
1913 Govind Guru
Oraons Chota Nagpur 1914-15 Jatra BHagat
Thadoe
Kukis
Manipur 1917-19
Jadoang and his
neice Rani
Gaidinliu
Chenchus
Nallamala Hills
(Andhra
Pradesh)
1921-22 Hanumanthu
List of Tribal Movements in 19th and 20th Century
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Decline of Traditional Industries
British Policies
Ruined Agriculture & Handicrafts
Import of Machine-made Textiles
Cheap & Easy to be Sold
Expansion of Railway
To Carry Goods Easily to Towns & Villages
Weavers Lost their Village Market
To Carry Raw Materials
High Tax for Exported Indian Textiles
Ruined Agriculture & Handicrafts
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Decline of Traditional Industries
British Forced the Weavers
To Work at Small Wage
To Exchange their Products at Cheap Price
Many Gave up their Work
Due to Exploitation & Torture
Searched for Another Job
Decline of Textile Industry
Urban Areas became least Inhabited
Migrated to Villages & Engaged in Agriculture
Fragmented Fields & Stagnant Production
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“The Armour of the Isolated
Self Sufficient Village was
Pierced by the Steel Rail, and
its Life Blood Ebbed away ”
- D H Buchanan ( An American
Traveler)
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Activity 4
Analyse the Reason for the Decline of the Indian Textile
Industry and Complete the Diagram Below
Decline of Indian Textile Industry
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British Policies
& Exploitation
High Tax on
Indian Textile
Export of Raw
Materials
Introduction
of Railway
Import of
Machine Goods
Decline of Indian
Textile Industry
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Condition of Handicrafts in the Village
Village
Industries
Cause of Decline
Pottery Import of Aluminum
Vessels
Tanning Export of Raw Leather
to Europe
Carpentry Use of Machines
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British Started
Plantation
Textile
Jute
Steel
Paper
Industries in India
Opium Factory
Condition of Workers
Continued Working Hours
Small Wages
Unhealthy Accommodation
Lack of Trade Unions
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What led to the Riot?
Economic Miseries
of Farmers & Craftsmen
Military Called as
Sepoy & their Low Salary
Religious use of
New Cartridge of Rifles
Political Doctrine
of Lapse & other Laws
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Military & Religious
Causes
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During the Riot
Attacked Moneylenders
Active Participation of All
Common People, Kings, Farmers,
Craftsmen, Soldiers, Leaders …
Hindu - Muslim Unity
Many were Killed
Captured Delhi & Declared
Bahadur Sha II as Emperor of India
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After the Riot
Riot was a Failure due to Less Military
Marked in the History of India
Brought Changes in Administration
British Parliament Took Over India
Economic Exploitation Continued
Concentrated in Certain Areas only
Lack of Well Organisation
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Bahadur Shah II seized by
William Hodson during
Indian Mutiny of 1857-1858
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British Parliament Took Over India’s
Administration
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Bahadur Shah II
Delhi
Rani Lakshmi Bai
Begum Hazret
Lucknow
Nana Saheb Thantia Thopi
Kanpur
Ahammedullah
Faizabad
Centres of Revolt & Leaders
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Activity 5
Prepare a Table Which shows the Centres of Revolt and
Leaders of 1857 Revolt
Centres of Revolt Leaders
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Around 2 Crores of
People Died Spread
Over 24 Famines
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Nationalism
Sense of Unity
among the People
of a Country
without
Ca
ste
Creed
Re
gio
n
Religion
INC was formed
in Dec 1885 in
Bombay
72 Delegates
from all over India
Led Anti-British
Struggle
Indian National Congress
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Drain Theory
Dadabai Naoroji
“ Poverty & Un-British Rule in India ”
Studied the Facts on the Deterioration
of Indian Economy based on Data
Huge Amount of Money was
Flowing to Britain Every Year
This Drain of Wealth was
the Root Cause of Poverty
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How did the Indian Wealth Flow
to Britain?
Export Indian Raw Materials
Import Sale of British Products
Salary & Pension to British
Tax from India
Dadabai Naoroji
Romesh
Chandra Duttwww.masocialma.blogspot.in
Gopal Krishna
Gokhale
Economic Nationalism
Common People were
Aware that …..
Economic Policy of
British made India Poor
Poverty & Exploitation
were the Creation of
British
Need anti-British Attitude
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WE
Hindu
Muslim
Division of Bengal 1905
Most of the Earlier Leaders were
from Bengal Nursery of
Indian National Movement
CurzonBy Curzon
Policy of
Divide & Rule
People
Protested
Cancelled it
in 1911
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Swadeshi Movement
To strengthen Economy & National
Movement
Consumption of Indigenous Products
Boycott & Burning of Foreign Goods
Many Indian Companies
Massive Participation
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Tata
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Many Indian Companies
− Textile Mills
− Soap Factories
− Matchbox Companies
− National Banks
− Insurance Companies
− Bengal Chemical Store (Bengal)
− Tata Steel Plant (Maharashtra)
− Steam Navigation Comp. (Tamil Nadu)
Chidambaran
Pillai
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Massive Participation
− Washer men Not to Wash
Foreign Cloths
− Priests Not to use Foreign items
for Rituals & Prayers
− Women Boycotted Foreign
Bangles & Utensils
− Students Quit Schools
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Boycotting
of
Foreign
Goods
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Lal Bal Pal
“ Swaraj is
Better than the
best form of
Foreign Rule”
“Swaraj is my
Birth Right, I
shall Have it”
- B.G. Tilak
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Activity 6
Discuss and Point out the Outcome of Swadeshi Movement
in India
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Additional Activities
1. Explain the Role of B.G. Tilak for the Inspiration of
national Movement.
2. What is Economic Nationalism?
3. How can you say that the First War of Independence was
not a Failure. Explain?
4. Which were the Major Problems Faced by the Industrial
Workers in India During the British Rule?
5. Write a short note on Mappila Revolt in Kerala.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
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Michael Angelo M.A. MA (Phi.,His.)
HSA(Social Science)
St. Mary’s H.S. [email protected]
9746953695
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