HiroshimaHiroshima

By John HerseyBy John Hersey

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND LEADING UP TO HIROSHIMALEADING UP TO HIROSHIMA

Austrian

Archduke

Franz

Ferdinand

was killed in Bosnia by a Serbian nationalist who believed that Bosnia should belong to Serbia.

Causes of World War I - Assassination

Gavrilo Princip after assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

Causes of World War I - Assassination

What happened next?What happened next? Gavrilo Princip was Gavrilo Princip was

from from SerbiaSerbia, so , so AustriaAustria wanted them to wanted them to apologise and pay apologise and pay compensation. compensation. Serbia Serbia refused, so Austria refused, so Austria declared war.declared war.

RussiaRussia was Serbia’s was Serbia’s ally, so they declared ally, so they declared war on war on Austria.Austria.

GermanyGermany declared war declared war on on RussiaRussia and and SerbiaSerbia..

FranceFrance declared war on declared war on AustriaAustria and and GermanyGermany. . Italy Italy declared war on declared war on FranceFrance and and RussiaRussia..

GermanyGermany invaded invaded BelgiumBelgium, so , so Britain Britain declared war.declared war.

How World War I startedHow World War I started

SerbiaSerbia

RussiaRussia

FranceFrance

BritainBritain

AustriaAustria

GermanyGermany

ItalyItaly

BOSNIA

What did the treaty do?What did the treaty do?

Treaty of Versailles Treaty of Versailles A League of Nations A League of Nations

was established to was established to enable countries to enable countries to keep peace.keep peace.

Germany was made Germany was made to take the blame.to take the blame.

What happened after the war?What happened after the war?

Germany was made Germany was made to pay out huge to pay out huge sums of money in sums of money in compensation.compensation.

They were also They were also made to give up made to give up some land.some land.

Germany was also Germany was also forced to reduce the forced to reduce the size of her armies size of her armies and to sink her and to sink her ships.ships.

As a result the As a result the country became country became bankrupt.bankrupt.

The situation got worse!The situation got worse!

Germany began Germany began to re-build her to re-build her ships and build up ships and build up her armies.her armies.

Rise of Adolf Hitler Rise of Adolf Hitler

In Germany Adolf Hitler came to power in In Germany Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933 as a fascist dictator. 1933 as a fascist dictator.

On September 1, 1939 Germany invaded On September 1, 1939 Germany invaded Poland without a declaration of war. Poland without a declaration of war. This This starts World War II.starts World War II.

Continued…Continued…

Britain and France declared war on Germany on Britain and France declared war on Germany on September 3, 1939. September 3, 1939.

Italy declared war on France and Britain on June Italy declared war on France and Britain on June 10, 1940.10, 1940.

JAPAN ON AMERICAJAPAN ON AMERICA

WHY DID AMERICA WHY DID AMERICA DROP BOMBS ON DROP BOMBS ON

JAPAN?JAPAN?

Inciting incident:Inciting incident:

Sunday December 7, 1941Sunday December 7, 1941

Aerial attack on Aerial attack on

Pearl HarborPearl Harbor

Pearl Harbor: A United States navy base on Oahu, Hawaii

-Also home to the Pacific Fleet

-Japan didn’t want the US Pacific Fleet to interfere with their war plans in Southeast Asia

-353 Japanese bombers, torpedo and fighter planes destroyed many Navy battleships

-2,402 Americans were killed and 1,282 were wounded

CLIPSCLIPS

Actual Attack footage: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3e99lfmmDN0

Hollywood footage: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sv1niwxQgoY

US Propaganda footage: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EyjicU83-Zs

ATTACKATTACK The battleship The battleship ArizonaArizona was hit with an was hit with an

armor piercing bombarmor piercing bomb the Overall, the Overall, 99 ships of the U.S. fleet were ships of the U.S. fleet were

sunk sunk 2121 ships were severely damaged. ships were severely damaged. 3 3 of the of the

21 would be irreparable. 21 would be irreparable. The overall death toll reached The overall death toll reached 2,350,2,350,

including including 6868 civilians, and civilians, and 1,1781,178 injured. injured. Japan would lose Japan would lose 2929 out of the out of the 350350 planes planes

Roosevelt declares war on Roosevelt declares war on JapanJapan

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lK8gYGg0dkE

A Grinding War in the PacificA Grinding War in the Pacific In 1945, the U.S. began targeting people in order In 1945, the U.S. began targeting people in order

to coerce Japan to surrenderto coerce Japan to surrender 66 major Japanese cities bombed66 major Japanese cities bombed 500,000 civilians killed 500,000 civilians killed

Atom Atom DiplomacyDiplomacy

FDR had funded the top-secret FDR had funded the top-secret Manhattan Manhattan ProjectProject to develop an atomic bomb to develop an atomic bomb

Dr. Robert Oppenheimer successfully tested Dr. Robert Oppenheimer successfully tested in the summer of 1945.in the summer of 1945.

FDR had died on April 12, 1945, and the FDR had died on April 12, 1945, and the decision was left to Harry Truman.decision was left to Harry Truman.

An amphibious invasion could cost over An amphibious invasion could cost over 350,000 Allied casualties.350,000 Allied casualties.

The Manhattan ProjectThe Manhattan Project

Pres. Roosevelt was Pres. Roosevelt was warned by Einstein warned by Einstein in 1939 about in 1939 about nuclear research by nuclear research by the Nazisthe Nazis

M.P. started in 1942M.P. started in 1942 by FDR by FDR

Manhattan Project Manhattan Project

First nuclear First nuclear reaction in 1942 reaction in 1942 (Fermi @ U of (Fermi @ U of Chicago)Chicago)

U-235 created in U-235 created in 1945 in Oak Ridge1945 in Oak Ridge

July 16,1945 first July 16,1945 first nuclear test in White nuclear test in White Sands NMSands NM

Turning Points Turning Points of the War: The Pacificof the War: The Pacific

August 6, 1945 – Enola Gay drops bomb on Hiroshima 140,000 dead; radiation sickness; 140,000 dead; radiation sickness;

80% of buildings destroyed80% of buildings destroyed August 9, 1945 – NagasakiAugust 9, 1945 – Nagasaki

70,000 dead; 60,000 injured 70,000 dead; 60,000 injured Emperor Hirohito surrenders on Aug. Emperor Hirohito surrenders on Aug.

14, 1945. 14, 1945. Formal surrender signed on Formal surrender signed on

September 2 onboard the battleship September 2 onboard the battleship Missouri in Tokyo BayMissouri in Tokyo Bay

Little BoyLittle Boy

14 Kilo Tons capacity 14 Kilo Tons capacity (TNT)(TNT)

10 Feet in Length10 Feet in Length A product of $2 billion of A product of $2 billion of

research research Uranium-235 atomic Uranium-235 atomic

bomb bomb Two-third of Hiroshima Two-third of Hiroshima

was destroyed was destroyed Within three miles of the Within three miles of the

explosion, 60,000 of the explosion, 60,000 of the 90,000 buildings were 90,000 buildings were demolished. demolished.

HIROSHIMAHIROSHIMA

BeforeBefore AfterAfter

HiroshimaHiroshima

PopulationPopulation 3,50,0003,50,000

Died ImmediatelyDied Immediately 0,70,0000,70,000

Died (Radiation)Died (Radiation) 0,70,0000,70,000

Effects of Nuclear Weapons

Energy from a Nuclear WeaponEnergy from a Nuclear Weapon

•Blast

•Heat

•Radiation

 

BlastBlast50% of energy is released as blast and shock waves.

BlastBlast50% of energy is released as blast and shock waves.

HeatHeat35% of energy is released as heat.

Radioactive FalloutRadioactive Fallout10% of energy is released as radioactive fallout.

Kazuo Matsumuro was 32 when she witnessed the Hiroshima bombing 1300 meters from the epicenter. She said that people's skin was falling off and they kept their arms in front of them like zombies to prevent the skin from sticking.

‘Little Boy’

‘Fat Man’

The Little BoyThe Little Boy

Created with U-Created with U-235235

The bomb The bomb dropped on dropped on HiroshimaHiroshima

Dropped on Aug. Dropped on Aug. 6 1945 by the 6 1945 by the Enola Gay at 8:45 Enola Gay at 8:45 a.m.a.m.

City of HiroshimaCity of Hiroshima

City of HiroshimaCity of Hiroshima

Japan’s 7th largest Japan’s 7th largest citycity

Had not been Had not been bombed yetbombed yet

Headquarters of Headquarters of Japan’s second Japan’s second armyarmy

Factories for war Factories for war materialsmaterials

Facts about A-BombFacts about A-Bomb

Blast equaled Blast equaled 15,000 tons of TNT15,000 tons of TNT

Detonated about Detonated about 1000 feet above the 1000 feet above the ground (hypocenter)ground (hypocenter)

Hiroshima surprised Hiroshima surprised because of only one because of only one B-29 plane seen B-29 plane seen that morningthat morning

John HerseyJohn Hersey

Born on June 17, 1914 Born on June 17, 1914 in Tientsin, China.in Tientsin, China.

Graduated from Yale Graduated from Yale and Cambridge then and Cambridge then began a distinguished began a distinguished writing careerwriting career

Won the Pulitzer Prize Won the Pulitzer Prize in 1945 for in 1945 for A Bell for A Bell for Adano Adano

More on Hersey….More on Hersey….

-He was a war correspondent for LIFE magazine and THE NEW YORKER when he was commissioned to write about the bombings

-The book used storytelling techniques of fiction to highlight nonfiction reporting

CharactersCharacters

Miss Toshiko Miss Toshiko SasakiSasaki

Dr. Masakazu Dr. Masakazu FujiiFujii

Mrs.. Hatsuyo Mrs.. Hatsuyo NakamuraNakamura

Dr. Terufumi Dr. Terufumi SasakiSasaki

The Reverend The Reverend Mr. Kiyoshi Mr. Kiyoshi TanimotoTanimoto

Father Wilhelm Father Wilhelm KleinsorgeKleinsorge

Miss Toshiko SasakiMiss Toshiko Sasaki

A clerk for the A clerk for the East Asia Tin East Asia Tin WorksWorks

Chatting with a Chatting with a co-worker co-worker when the when the bomb bomb explodedexploded

Dr. Masakazu FujiiDr. Masakazu Fujii

Dr. who owns a Dr. who owns a private hospitalprivate hospital

Just sat down toJust sat down to

read the read the paper paper

when the when the bomb explodedbomb exploded

Mrs. Hatsuyo NakamuraMrs. Hatsuyo Nakamura

A tailor’s widowA tailor’s widow She was looking She was looking

through her through her kitchen window kitchen window when the bomb when the bomb explodedexploded

Father Wilhelm KleinsorgeFather Wilhelm Kleinsorge

A German A German Jesuit PriestJesuit Priest

He was reading He was reading a magazine in a a magazine in a cot when the cot when the bomb explodedbomb exploded

Dr. Terufumi SasakiDr. Terufumi Sasaki

A young A young surgeonsurgeon

He was walking He was walking along a hospital along a hospital corridor when corridor when the bomb the bomb exploded.exploded.

The Reverend Mr. Kiyoshi TanimotoThe Reverend Mr. Kiyoshi Tanimoto

Pastor of the Pastor of the Hiroshima Hiroshima Methodist Methodist Church.Church.

He was unloading He was unloading a cart of clothes a cart of clothes when the bomb when the bomb explodedexploded..

Looking BackLooking Back

“Now I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds.”

- Robert Oppenheimer

Supervising Scientist Manhattan Project

Publication of Hiroshima

Originally appeared Originally appeared in in The New YorkerThe New Yorker on Aug. 31 1946 as on Aug. 31 1946 as a long articlea long article

Story was later Story was later published as a novelpublished as a novel

Last chapter added Last chapter added in 1973in 1973

Looking BackLooking Back

The Dropping of the A-Bomb has remained a very controversial subject

Was it necessary? What were the

results?

The EndThe End

English 9-EngelbertEnglish 9-Engelbert