hippodamia variegata ƽźĭŹŚƨºººƃ ŢºººǀƬŝŚƣ...

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èì ƶƯŚƳ ƵźƄů ƲưŬƳř ƽ Ʊřźƿř ƾſŚƴƃ êí èì æ èç æèîæ ƽźĭŹŚƨºººƃ ŢºººǀƬŝŚƣ ƾºººƀſŹźŝ ħŻƹŶºººƄƠĩ Hippodamia variegata (Col.: Coccinellidae) ƶŤººƀě ƾƫƺººưƘƯ ƪǀººƀě ƽƹŹ Agonoscena pistaciae (Hem.: Aphalaridae) ƾƷŚĮƄƿŚƯŻō Ǝƿřźƃ Źŵ ƽźƜƇř ƶưƏŚƟ æ Ɩǀưſ ƲǀƯř ŶưŰƯ æ ƹ * ƱŚƿŶƸƯ ƱřźƯŚƧ æ ƈŝ įŶƸƯ ǀ šź ç ƽŵżƿř Ƶżưů ƹ æ æ ƵŚǀĭ Ƶƹźĭ Ƴřŵ ƾƨƃżě ƵŶƨƄ ƾƫƹ ƵŚĮƄƳřŵ ƽŻŹƹŚƄƧ ƽ ƀƟŹ źƈƗ ƱŚŬƴ ç ƶƀſŒƯ ƶŤƀě šŚƤǀƤŰţ ƽ ƽ ŹƺƄƧ ƱŚŬƴƀƟŹ * ƾĪǀƳƹźŤĪƫř Ţƀě šŚŞţŚĪƯ ƩƺŘƀƯ [email protected] Predatory efficiency of Hippodamia variegata (Col.: Coccinellidae) on common pistachio psylla, Agonoscena pistaciae (Hem.: Aphalaridae), under laboratory conditions F. Asghari 1 , M. A. Samih 1&* , K. Mahdian 1 , M. Basirat 2 and H. Izadi 1 1. Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Valieasr University, Rafsanjan, Iran, 2. Iranian Pistachio Research Institute, Rafsanjan, Iran. *Corresponding author, E-mail: [email protected] ƵŶǀĪģ ƶŤƀě ƾƫƺưƘƯ ƪǀƀě Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt & Lauterer ƪǀºƀě Ʋǀºŝ Źŵ ƽŵŚºƈŤƣř ŢºƟō Ĩƿ ƽŚºƷ ƾƯ ƶŤƀě ƙŚŝ Źŵ ŵƺūƺƯ ŶƃŚŝ ƶŝ ƹ ƆǀŴƄţ ŢƟō Ʋƿř ƱŚǀƜƏ ƹ ƁźŤƀĭ ƁƹŹ ƽźǀĭŹŚĩ ƽŚƷ ƩźŤƴƧ ƾƿŚǀưǀƃźǀƛ ƶŝ ƩźŤƴĩ ƵĦƿƹ ƾƯ śŚŬƿř řŹ Ĩƿĥƺƫƺǀŝ Ŷƴĩ . ħŻƹŶƄƠĩ Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) źĭŹŚĪƃ Żř ƾĪƿ ƙŚºŝ Źŵ ŚºƳřƺţ ƽŚƷ ƶŤºƀě ƽŚºƷ Ţſř ƶưƷ źĭŹŚĪƃ Ʋƿř żǀģ ƶŤƃ Żř ƹ Ƶŵƺŝ Źřƺų ƪǀƀě ƹ ŚƷ ƾƯ ƶƿŸƜţ ŚƷ Ŷƴĩ ƲǀĮƳŚǀƯ ƂƷƹĦě Ʋƿř Źŵ ƶƿŸƜţ ƽ ƶƳřŻƹŹ ƽ Ʋǀƴºſ ƞƬŤŴƯ ƽƹŹLJ ƵŹƺě Żř ƶƿŸƜţ Śŝ ħŻƹŶƄƠĩ Ʋƿř ƾƘŝŚţ Ƃƴĩřƹ ƹ ƪƯŚĩ šřźƄů ƹ ƪǀºƀě ŹŚƸģ Ʋſ ƽŚƷ ƘƯ ƾƫƺºư ƹŵ Źŵ ƶŤºƀě ƽŚƯŵ ÏÒ ƹ ÐÍ ƶūŹŵ ƽ ŽƺǀƀƬſ ƹ ƮŴţ ƱřżǀƯ źŝ ƱŚŝżǀƯ ƮƧřźţ źǀŧŐţ ħŻƹŶƄƠĩ ƽżƿŹ ƩźŤƴĩ Ǝƿřźƃ Źŵ ƵŶƃ Śºŝ ŢºŝŚŧ ƽŚºƯŵ Î t ÏÒ ƶūŹŵ ƽ ŽƺǀƀƬſ ƾŞƀƳ ŢŝƺƏŹ ƹ Ò t ÒÒ ƵŹƹŵ ƹ ŶƇŹŵ ƽ ƾƿŚƴƃƹŹ ƾĪƿŹŚţ ÎÓ Õ Ŷƃ ƾſŹźŝ ŢƗŚſ Ƃƴĩřƹ ƕƺƳ ƶŝ ƾƘŝŚţ ƶƬǀſƹ ƽ ĨǀŤƀŬƫ ƱƺǀſźĭŹ Ŷƃ ƲǀǀƘţ ƾƐųźǀƛ ƱƺǀſźĭŹ Żř ƵŵŚƠŤſř Śŝ ƾƘŝŚţ Ƃƴĩřƹ ƽŚƷźŤƯřŹŚě ƹ ƶĩ ŵřŵ ƱŚƄƳ ŪƿŚŤƳ Ʈĩřźţ ƽƹŹ ƾƘŝŚţ Ƃƴĩřƹ ƭƹŵ ƕƺƳ Żř ŹƺĩŸƯ ƽŚƯŵ ƹŵ Źŵ ŹŚĪƃ ƞƬŤŴƯ ƽŚƷ Ţſř ƺŬŤƀū šŹŶƣ źƿŵŚƤƯ (a) Ţſŵ ƱŚƯŻ ƹ ƾŝŚƿ (Th) ƽŚƯŵ Źŵ ÏÒ ƶūŹŵ ƽ ŽƺǀƀƬſ ƶŝ Ŝǀţźţ ÍÎÏ Í t ÍÕÕ Í ƹ ŢƗŚºſ źºŝ ÍÎÎ Í t ÍÓÑÔ å ŢƗŚºſ ƽŚºƯŵ ƽřźºŝ ƹ ÐÍ ƶūŹŵ ƽ ŽƺǀƀƬſ ƶŝ Ŝǀţźţ ÍÐÎ Í t ÎÖÒ Í ƹ ŢƗŚſ źŝ ÍÒÓ Í t ÍÓÖÕ Í Ŷƃ ŵŹƹōźŝ ŢƗŚſ ƱřżºǀƯ źººŝ Ʈĩřźºţ ƹ ŚºƯŵ źŧř ƾƴººƘƯ ƽźĭŹŚĪƃ ŵƺºŝ Źřŵ Ƴ ƂƷƹĦě Ʋƿř ŪƿŚŤƳ Ƅ ƾƯ ƱŚ ľ LJŚưŤůř ħŻƹŶƄƠĩ Ʋƿř ƶĩ ŶƷŵ ƾƯ ƶƴƿżĭ ŶƳřƺţ ƽ ƩźºŤƴĩ ƽřźŝ ƾŞſŚƴƯ ƺƫƺǀŝ ĥ ƶƯŚƳźŝ Źŵ ƶŤƀě ƾƫƺưƘƯ ƪǀƀě Ĩƿ ƽ ƙŚŝ Źŵ šŚƟō ƾƤǀƠƬţ ŢƿźƿŶƯ ŶƃŚŝ ƶŤƀě ƽŚƷ ĥřƹ ƱŚĭ ƽŶǀƬĩ ƶŤƀě ƾƫƺưƘƯ ƪǀƀě ƾƘŝŚţ Ƃƴĩřƹ ƾƿřŹŚĩ Hippodamia variegata Abstract Common pistachio psylla, Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt & Lauterer, is the most economically important species among the psyllid pests of pistachio in Iran. Hence, the possibility of using nonchemical control methods against A. pistaciae and the existence of its natural enemies need to be ŢƟŚƿŹŵ æç ææ æèíî ƁźƿŸě ç è æèîæ

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Page 1: Hippodamia variegata ƽźĭŹŚƨºººƃ ŢºººǀƬŝŚƣ ƾºººƀſŹźŝjesi.areeo.ac.ir/article_105472_104bd8ef2d69beea4afc2449e3d3354b.pdf · ÐÖ ÎÐîæ æ èç Ʊřźƿř

èì ƶƯŚƳ�ƵźƄů�ƲưŬƳř�ƽ�Ʊřźƿř�ƾſŚƴƃ��êí�èì���æ�èç����æèîæ�

��ƽźĭŹŚƨºººƃ�ŢºººǀƬŝŚƣ�ƾºººƀſŹźŝ�ħŻƹŶºººƄƠĩHippodamia variegata

(Col.: Coccinellidae)���ƶŤººƀě�ƾƫƺººưƘƯ�ƪǀººƀě�ƽƹŹ�Agonoscena pistaciae

(Hem.: Aphalaridae)��ƾƷŚĮƄƿŚƯŻō�Ǝƿřźƃ�Źŵ ƽźƜƇř�ƶưƏŚƟæƖǀưſ�ƲǀƯř�ŶưŰƯ��æƹ*ƱŚƿŶƸƯ�ƱřźƯŚƧ��æƈŝ�įŶƸƯ��ǀšźç�ƽŵżƿř�Ƶżưů�ƹæ��

æ��ƵŚǀĭ�Ƶƹźĭ�Ƴřŵ��ƾƨƃżěƵŶƨƄ�ƾƫƹ�ƵŚĮƄƳřŵ��ƽŻŹƹŚƄƧ�ƽ�ƀƟŹ�źƈƗ��ƱŚŬƴç��ƶƀſŒƯ�ƶŤƀě�šŚƤǀƤŰţ�ƽ�ƽ�ŹƺƄƧƱŚŬƴƀƟŹ�����*ƾĪǀƳƹźŤĪƫř�Ţƀě��šŚŞţŚĪƯ�ƩƺŘƀƯ��[email protected]

��Predatory efficiency of Hippodamia variegata (Col.: Coccinellidae)�on common pistachio psylla, Agonoscena pistaciae (Hem.: Aphalaridae), under laboratory conditions� F. Asghari1, M. A. Samih1&*, K. Mahdian1, M. Basirat2 and H. Izadi1 1. Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Valieasr University, Rafsanjan, Iran, 2. Iranian Pistachio Research Institute, Rafsanjan, Iran. *Corresponding author, E-mail: [email protected]

ƵŶǀĪģ��ƶŤƀě�ƾƫƺưƘƯ�ƪǀƀě��Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt & Lauterer����ƪǀºƀě�Ʋǀºŝ�Źŵ�ƽŵŚºƈŤƣř�ŢºƟō�Ĩƿ�����ƽŚºƷƾƯ�ƶŤƀě�ƙŚŝ�Źŵ�ŵƺūƺƯ�ŶƃŚŝ��ƶŝ�ƹ�ƆǀŴƄţ��ŢƟō�Ʋƿř�ƱŚǀƜƏ�ƹ�ƁźŤƀĭ�ƁƹŹ�ƽźǀĭŹŚĩ��ƽŚƷ�ƩźŤƴƧƾƿŚǀưǀƃźǀƛ��ƶŝ��ƩźŤƴĩ�ƵĦƿƹƾƯ�śŚŬƿř�řŹ�Ĩƿĥƺƫƺǀŝ�Ŷƴĩ.�ħŻƹŶƄƠĩ�Hippodamia variegata (Goeze)�źĭŹŚĪƃ�Żř�ƾĪƿ���ƙŚºŝ�Źŵ�ŚºƳřƺţ�ƽŚƷ����ƶŤºƀě�ƽŚºƷ

Ţſř��ƶưƷ�źĭŹŚĪƃ�Ʋƿř�żǀģ�ƶŤƃ�Żř�ƹ�Ƶŵƺŝ�Źřƺų�ƪǀƀě�ƹ�ŚƷ�ƾƯ�ƶƿŸƜţ�ŚƷ�Ŷƴĩ��ƲǀĮƳŚǀƯ��ƂƷƹĦě�Ʋƿř�Źŵ ƶƿŸƜţ�ƽ ƶƳřŻƹŹ�ƽ �Ʋǀƴºſ

ƞƬŤŴƯ ƽƹŹLJ�ƵŹƺě�Żř�ƶƿŸƜţ�Śŝ�ħŻƹŶƄƠĩ�Ʋƿř�ƾƘŝŚţ�Ƃƴĩřƹ�ƹ�ƪƯŚĩ�šřźƄů�ƹ���ƪǀºƀě�ŹŚƸģ�Ʋſ�ƽŚƷƘƯ��ƾƫƺºư��ƹŵ�Źŵ�ƶŤºƀě�ƽŚƯŵÏÒ��ƹÐÍ�ƶūŹŵ�ƽ�ŽƺǀƀƬſ��ƹƮŴţ�ƱřżǀƯ�źŝ�ƱŚŝżǀƯ�ƮƧřźţ�źǀŧŐţ�ħŻƹŶƄƠĩ�ƽżƿŹ�ƩźŤƴĩ�Ǝƿřźƃ�Źŵ�ƵŶƃ��Śºŝ���ŢºŝŚŧ�ƽŚºƯŵ� �

Î�t�ÏÒ�ƶūŹŵ�ƽ�ŽƺǀƀƬſ�ƾŞƀƳ�ŢŝƺƏŹ�ƹ�Ò�t�ÒÒ�ƵŹƹŵ�ƹ�ŶƇŹŵ�ƽ�ƾƿŚƴƃƹŹ���ƾĪƿŹŚţÎÓ��Õ�Ŷƃ�ƾſŹźŝ�ŢƗŚſ���Ƃƴĩřƹ�ƕƺƳƶŝ�ƾƘŝŚţ�ƶƬǀſƹ�ƽ��ĨǀŤƀŬƫ�ƱƺǀſźĭŹŶƃ�ƲǀǀƘţ�ƾƐųźǀƛ�ƱƺǀſźĭŹ�Żř�ƵŵŚƠŤſř�Śŝ�ƾƘŝŚţ�Ƃƴĩřƹ�ƽŚƷźŤƯřŹŚě�ƹ���ƶĩ�ŵřŵ�ƱŚƄƳ�ŪƿŚŤƳ

Ʈĩřźţ�ƽƹŹ�ƾƘŝŚţ�Ƃƴĩřƹ��ƭƹŵ�ƕƺƳ�Żř�ŹƺĩŸƯ�ƽŚƯŵ�ƹŵ�Źŵ�ŹŚĪƃ�ƞƬŤŴƯ�ƽŚƷŢſř��ƺŬŤƀū�šŹŶƣ�źƿŵŚƤƯ�(a)�Ţſŵ�ƱŚƯŻ�ƹ�ƾŝŚƿ�(Th)��ƽŚƯŵ�ŹŵÏÒ�ƶūŹŵ�ƽ�ŽƺǀƀƬſ�ƶŝ��ŜǀţźţÍÎÏ�Í�t��ÍÕÕ�Í����ƹ�ŢƗŚºſ�źºŝÍÎÎ�Í�t��ÍÓÑÔ�å���ŢƗŚºſ���ƽŚºƯŵ�ƽřźºŝ�ƹÐÍ�ƶūŹŵ�ƽ�ŽƺǀƀƬſ�ƶŝ��ŜǀţźţÍÐÎ�Í�t�ÎÖÒ�Í�ƹ�ŢƗŚſ�źŝ�ÍÒÓ�Í�t��ÍÓÖÕ�Í�Ŷƃ�ŵŹƹōźŝ�ŢƗŚſ�������ƱřżºǀƯ�źººŝ�Ʈĩřźºţ�ƹ�ŚºƯŵ�źŧř

ƾƴººƘƯ�ƽźĭŹŚĪƃ�ŵƺºŝ�Źřŵ��Ƴ�ƂƷƹĦě�Ʋƿř�ŪƿŚŤƳƄƾƯ�ƱŚ�ľLJŚưŤůř�ħŻƹŶƄƠĩ�Ʋƿř�ƶĩ�ŶƷŵ�ƾƯ�ƶƴƿżĭ�ŶƳřƺţ�ƽ���ƩźºŤƴĩ�ƽřźŝ�ƾŞſŚƴƯƺƫƺǀŝĥƶƯŚƳźŝ�Źŵ�ƶŤƀě�ƾƫƺưƘƯ�ƪǀƀě�Ĩƿ�ƽ�ƙŚŝ�Źŵ�šŚƟō�ƾƤǀƠƬţ�ŢƿźƿŶƯ�ŶƃŚŝ�ƶŤƀě�ƽŚƷ���ĥřƹƱŚĭ�ƽŶǀƬĩ����ƶŤƀě�ƾƫƺưƘƯ�ƪǀƀě��ƾƘŝŚţ�Ƃƴĩřƹ��ƾƿřŹŚĩHippodamia variegata��

Abstract Common pistachio psylla, Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt & Lauterer, is the most economically

important species among the psyllid pests of pistachio in Iran. Hence, the possibility of using nonchemical control methods against A. pistaciae and the existence of its natural enemies need to be

ŢƟŚƿŹŵ��æç�ææ�æèíîƁźƿŸě����ç�è�æèîæ���

Page 2: Hippodamia variegata ƽźĭŹŚƨºººƃ ŢºººǀƬŝŚƣ ƾºººƀſŹźŝjesi.areeo.ac.ir/article_105472_104bd8ef2d69beea4afc2449e3d3354b.pdf · ÐÖ ÎÐîæ æ èç Ʊřźƿř

ÐÕ įźƜƇř�ƱřŹŚƨưƷ�ƹ��ƽźĭŹŚƨƃ�ŢǀƬŝŚƣ�ƾſŹźŝ�ħŻƹŶƄƠĩ������

investigated. The spotted amber ladybird, Hippodamia variegata (Goeze), is one of the most effective predators in pistachio orchards. It is a highly polyphagous coccinellid that preys mainly on aphid and psyllid pests of pistachio trees. This study is intended to improve the knowledge about the predation capacity of A. pistaciae. The experiment was conducted under laboratory conditions of 25oC and 30oC, 55 ± 5 RH and 16: 8 L: D. Logistic regression was used to determine the type of functional response and nonlinear regression calculated the parameters of the rate of searching efficiency (a) and handling time (Th). The functional response on different density of prey at both temperatures was type II. The attack rate and handling time were 0.088 ± 0.012 h-1 and 0.0647 ± 0.011 h at 25ºC and 0.195 ± 0.031 h-1 and 0.0698 ± 0.056 h at 30ºC, respectively. The density and temperature affected the predation rate significantly. The data suggests that the H. variegata is a viable biological agent against A. pistaciae. Key words: Common pistachio psylla, efficiency, functional response, Hippodamia variegata

ƶƯŶƤƯ��ưƘƯ�ƪǀºƀěºƶŤƀºě�ƾƫƺ��Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt & Lauterer���Żř�ƾĪƿ��ƮƸƯ�šŚƟō�ƶĩ�Ţſř�ƶŤƀěĪƯ�Śŝǀƃ�ƱŶǀƵź�ƽ�ĭǀƷŚƾ������ƾºƯ�ƶŤºƀě�ƩƺºƈŰƯ�ƾºưĩ�ƹ�ƾºƠǀĩ�ƂƷŚĩ�ŜŞſ���ŵƺºƃ

(Samih et al., 2005)���ƾƿŚǀưǀƃ�ƩźŤƴĩ�Źŵ�ƽźĮƳŻŚŝ�šŹƹźƋ��ŢƟō�Ʋƿř�ƱŚǀƜƏ�ƹ�ƁźŤƀĭ���ƽřźºŝźƈƯ�ƱřżǀƯ�ƂƷŚƧƭƺưſ�Ɲ��ƶŝ�ƹ�ƆǀŴƄţ�ƹ�ƁƹŹ�ƽźǀĭŹŚĩ�źǀƛ�ƽŚƷ�ƾƿŚǀưǀƃ��ƶŝ����ƩźºŤƴĩ�ƵĦºƿƹ

ƾƯ�śŚŬƿř�řŹ�Ĩƿĥƺƫƺǀŝ�Ŷƴĩ��ƥŻƹŶƄƠƧ�ƮºƸƯ�Żř�ŚƷ�źºĭŹŚƨƃ�Ʋƿźţ����ƶºƴǀƯŻ�Źŵ�ƶºƧ�ŶƴŤºƀƷ�ƾƿŚƷ�ƽ�����ƾºƯ�Źřźººƣ�ƵŵŚƠŤºſř�ŵŹƺººƯ�Ʀºƿĥƺƫƺǀŝ�ƩźºŤƴƧ�ŶººƳźǀĭ�(Hodek, 1973; Hodek & Honek, 1996;

Obrycki & Kring, 1998)��Żř�ŢƿŚưů�ŢǀƘưū�ħŻƹŶƄƠĩ�ƾƯƺŝ�ƽŚƷ����ƹ�ƁŹƹźºě��ƽŻŚºſŵŹřƹ��ŚƷƱō�ƽŻŚſŚƷŹ�ƾƤƏŚƴƯ�Źŵ�ŚƷ����������ƭƺưºſ�ƝźºƈƯ�ƂƷŚºƧ�Źŵ�ƾºưƸƯ�ŹŚǀºƀŝ�ƂºƤƳ��ŶºƳŹřŶƳ�ŵƺºūƹ�ƶƧ

ŵŹřŵ�ƾƤǀƠƬţ�ƩźŤƴƧ�ƹ�ƾƿŚǀưǀƃ��Źŵ�ƩŚſ��ƶŤºſřŹ�Żř�Ĩƿĥƺƫƺǀŝ�ƩźŤƴĩ�ŵŶƘŤƯ�ƪƯřƺƗ��źǀųř�ƽŚƷ���ƽŚºƷƩŚŝ�ŢŴſ��ƱŚǀƿŚƄƛ�ƩŚŝ�ƽŹƺŤƫŚŝ��ƱLJŚŝŹƺūŚƳ��ƱŚƃƺě��ŚƷźƿŻ�ƹ�ƵŵŹ�ƽ�ƶƴĩ�ŚƷ��ƶŤƀě�ƾƫƺưƘƯ�ƪǀƀě�ƽřźŝ

ƵŶƃ�ƾƟźƘƯ��ŶƳř(Mehrnejad & Emami, 2005)��ƵŹƺě�ƹ�ƮŴţ����ƶºưƘƏ�ƶŤºƀě�ƾƫƺºưƘƯ�ƪǀƀě�ƽŚƷ��ƽřħŻƹŶƄƠĩ�Żř�ƽŵřŶƘţ�ƽřźŝ�ŜſŚƴƯ�ƙŚŝ�Źŵ�ƩŚƘƟ�ƽŚƷ���ƾºƯ�ƶŤºƀě�ƽŚƷ���ŶƴºƃŚŝ(Mehrnejad, 1998)��

�ħŻƹŶƄƠĩHippodamia variegata (Goeze)��ƶºƳƺĭ�Ĩƿ�ƽ��ƾºƬě��ºƟ���ƾƳŚºƸū�ƂƴƧřźºě�Śºŝ�ĥŚ��Ţºſř�(Gordon, 1987; Krafsur et al., 1996; Franzman, 2002)�ƶŤƃ�ƶŝ�ƶĩ�ĨƄĜƃ�ƹ�ŚƷ��ƵƺǀƯ�ƱŚŤųŹŵ�ƽŚƷ

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Ʈĩřźţ�ƾƯ�ƶƬưů�ŹŚĪƃ�ƞƬŤŴƯ�ƽŚƷ��Ŷƴĩ(Holling 1966)��ƶŞƴū�Żř�ƾųźŝ�ƾŤƀƿŻ�ƽŚƷ�H. variegata��ƾĭĦƿƹ��ƾĭŶƳŻ�ƩƹŶū�ŶƴƳŚƯ���ºĩřƹ�ƹ�ƾĪƿĥƺºƫƺƴƟ�ƽŚƷ�ƾƘŝŚºţ�Ƃƴ��������Ʋºƿř�Ʊřƺºţ�ƲǀºǀƘţ�ƽřźºŝ�ƶºĩ

ƶŝ��ƞƬŤŴƯ�šŚƟō�ƽƹŹ��Ţſř�ƮƸƯ�šŚƟō�ƾŤƀƿŻ�ŹŚƸƯ�Źŵ�ħŻƹŶƄƠĩ��ƶŤºƃ�ƵĦƿƹ���ƶºƘƫŚƐƯ�ŚºƷ���ƵŶºƃŢſř�(Lanzoni et al., 2004; Kontodimas & Stathas, 2005; Khan & Mir, 2008; Farhadi et al.,

2010)��ƶŝ�ƶŤƀě�ƾƫƺưƘƯ�ƪǀƀě�ƶĪƴƿř�ƶŝ�ƁźĮƳ�Śŝ�ŢƟō�Ĩƿ�ƱřƺƴƗ�ƾƟźƘƯ�ƽŶǀƬĩ�ƹ�ƮƸƯ���Źŵ�ƹ�ƵŶƃīŹżŝ�Żř�ƾĪƿ�Ʊō�ƩźŤƴĩ�źƋŚů�ƩŚů�ƶƛŶƛŵ�Ʋƿźţ���ƾºƯ�śƺºƀŰƯ�ƱřŻŹƹŚƄĩ�ƽŚƷ�����Śºŝ�żºǀƳ�ƹ�ŵƺºƃ

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ƵŹƺě�ŵŶƗ�į�ŵźĩ�ƶƿŸƜţ�ƪǀƀě�ƭŹŚƸģ�ƲſŶƳ���ƶºŝ�������ƪºǀưĪţ�ŢºƸū�ħŻƹŶºƄƠĩ�Ʋºƿř�ƹŹLJ�ƾƬĩŹƺºƏƵŹƹŵ�į�ƶŝ�ŵƺų�ƽŶƃŹ��Żř�ƎſƺŤƯ�ŹƺƏÒ�æåÑì�ƵŹƺě�ŵŶƗ�į������ƶŤºƀě�ƾƫƺºưƘƯ�ƪǀºƀě�ƭŹŚºƸģ�Ʋſ

�ƶƿŸƜţźƧŵ�(Hassani, 2002)��Arab (2005)��ƪǀºƀě����ħŻƹŶºƄƠĩ�ƽŹřƺºųAdalia bipunctata L.��řŹ�ƾſŹźŝƹ�ŵƺưƳ�ƹŹLJ�ƶĩ�ŵřŵ�ƱŚƄƳƽŚƷ�Ʋſ�ƵŹƹŵ�ƪǀưĪţ�ƽřźŝ�ƭŹŚƸģ�ƹ�ƭƺſ��ƭƹŵ��Ʃƹř�į��ƽŶƃŹƶŝ�ŵƺų��Żř�ŜǀţźţÓ�Óæ��æíæ��ç�èÒÓ��ƹí�èìî�ƵŹƺě�ŵŶƗ�į������ƶŤºƀě�ƾƫƺºưƘƯ�ƪǀºƀě�ƭŹŚºƸģ�Ʋſ

ŵźĩ�ƶƿŸƜţŶƳ��ƶƀƿŚƤƯ�į�ƂƷƹĦě�ƽŚƷ�Hassani (2002)��ƹArab (2005)���Ƴ�źºƋŚů�ƂƷƹĦºě�Śŝ��ƱŚºƄƾƯ��ħŻƹŶƄƠĩ�ƾƿřŹŚĩ�ƶĩ�ŶƷŵH. variegata�ħŻƹŶƄƠĩ�Żř�O. conglobata contaminate�Ʈĩ��ƹ�źţŻř�A. bipunctata��Ƃǀŝ�Ţſř�źţ��ƾſŹźŝ�ƭŚŬƳř�ƽŚƷ�ƾƯ�ƱŚƄƳ�ƵŶƃ����ƽƹŹLJ�Ʋºſ�ƂƿřżºƟř�Śŝ�ƶĩ�ŶƷŵ

ƶƿŸƜţ�ƱřżǀƯ�źŝ�ħŻƹŶƄƠĩ�į�ƾƯ�ƵŵƹżƟř�Ʊō�ŵƺƃ��ƲǀƴĤưƷ��ƶƿŸƜţ�ƱřżǀƯ�į��ħŻƹŶƄƠĩ�ƶºưǀƳ�Źŵ�į�ŝřƾƯ�ŵŚƿŻ�źưƗ�ƾƿřŶŤ�ƶƿŸƜţ�ƱřżǀƯ�Żř�źưƗ�ƂƿřżƟř�Śŝ�ƹ�ŶƃŚŝ�į�ƾƯ�ƶŤſŚĩ�Ʊō�ŵƺƃ���ƲºƿřŻř��ƶŤºƃŸĭ��

ƾĭĦƿƹ�ƾƯ�źǀŧŐţ�ħŻƹŶƄƠĩ�ƽźĭŹŚĪƃ�źŝ�żǀƳ�ƱŚŝżǀƯ�ƽŚƷ��ŵŹřŸĭ(Hodek & Honek, 1996)���ŪƿŚŤƳƂƿŚƯŻō�Ʊō�ƶŝ�LJŚŝ�Ţưƀƣ�Źŵ�ƶĩ�ƱřŶƴưƄƳřŵ�ƽŚƷ������ŢºƤŝŚƐƯ�źºƋŚů�ƢºǀƤŰţ�ŪƿŚºŤƳ�Śŝ�Ŷƃ�ƵŹŚƃř�ŚƷ

ŵŹřŵ���ŪƿŚŤƳ�Śŝ�ŚƯřSingh et al. (1991)��ƹHaque & Islam (1982)�ħŻƹŶƄƠĩ�ŶƳŵźĩ�ƱřƺƴƗ�ƶĩ��ƽŚƷƂǀŝ�ƱřżǀƯ�ŚƷƹŹLJ�ƶŝ�ŢŞƀƳ�ƚƫŚŝ�ƾƯ�ƶƿŸƜţ�ƽźţ�ŵŹřŵ�šźƿŚƜƯ�Ŷƴƴĩ��ƶƿŸƜţ�ƱřżǀƯ�ƶģ�źĭř�į�ƵŵŚƯ��ŚƷ

Ƃǀŝ�ŚƷźƳ�ƶŝ�ŢŞƀƳ�ƾƯ�źţ�ŶƃŚŝ�(Singh & Singh, 1994; Brown, 2004; Omkar & Mishra, 2005)�����

ƵŹƺě�ƮƧřźţ�źǀŧŐţ�į�ƮŴţ�ƱřżǀƯ�źŝ�ƶŤƀě�ƾƫƺưƘƯ�ƪǀƀě�ƭŹŚƸģ�Ʋſ�ħŻƹŶƄƠĩ�ƽŹřŸĭ��ƮƧřźţ�źǀŧŐţ�ƵŹƺě�ƞƬŤŴƯ�ƽŚƷ�į�����ƮºŴţ�ƱřżºǀƯ�źºŝ�ƶŤºƀě�ƾƫƺưƘƯ�ƪǀƀě�ƭŹŚƸģ�Ʋſ���ƽŹřŸºĭ

�ħŻƹŶƄƠĩH. variegata��ƩƹŶū�Źŵç�Ţſř�ƵŶƃ�ƵŵŹƹō���ƮƧřźţ�ŹŵÒå�ƵŹƺě�ŵŶƗ�į��ƂƷŚƧ��ƪǀƀě� ���

Page 11: Hippodamia variegata ƽźĭŹŚƨºººƃ ŢºººǀƬŝŚƣ ƾºººƀſŹźŝjesi.areeo.ac.ir/article_105472_104bd8ef2d69beea4afc2449e3d3354b.pdf · ÐÖ ÎÐîæ æ èç Ʊřźƿř

ƶƯŚƳ�ƵźƄů�ƲưŬƳř�ƽ���Ʊřźƿř�ƾſŚƴƃèç���æ���ÎÐîæ�������������������������������������������������������������������������ÑÔ

�ƩƹŶūæ���ƶºƀƿŚƤƯ�ŪƿŚŤƳ�į���ƲǀĮƳŚºǀƯ�± SE���ƶºƿŸƜţ�į��ƶºƳřŻƹŹ�ƽ����ħŻƹŶºƄƠĩ�ƹ�ƽƹŹLJ�ƪºůřźƯƵŵŚƯ�į�H. variegata��ƽŚƯŵ�ƹŵ�ŹŵçÒ��ƹèå�ƶūŹŵ�į�ŽƺǀƀƬſ�ƵŹƺě�Żř�ƶƿŸƜţ�Śŝ���ƽŚºƷ

�ƪǀƀě�ƭŹŚƸģ�ƲſA. pistaciae���Table 1. Results of comparing of Mean ± SE daily diet of larval stages and adult females of

H. variegata at two different temperatures (25°C & 30°C) feeding on 4th nymphal instars of A. pistaciae.

Adults DT L4 L3 L2 L1 Temp.

C)°( 0.58a��315.2 25.9��598.28 14.92a���330.25 5.89b�170.75 1.54c�70.55 1.27d��26.72 25

2.1a���341.79 14.56��699.13 17.08a���378.86 19.23b���202.5 13.93c�86.63 4.46d���31.64 30 �� 0.93 0.24 0.48 0.49 0.48 P value �� 0.7 1.46 0.49 0.47 0.5 F

Means within a column and in the same stage followed by the same lowercase letter (a, b, c, d) are not significantly different (Duncan`s test, P > 0.05).

���ƩƹŶūç��ƶƀƿŚƤƯ��ƲǀĮƳŚǀƯ�į�± SE��ƮŴţ��ƶƳřŻƹŹ�ƽżƿŹ�į�H. variegata��Ʈĩřźºţ�Żř�ƶƿŸƜţ�Śŝ���ƽŚºƷ

ƵŹƺě�ƞƬŤŴƯ�į�ŹŚƸģ�Ʋſƭ��ƪǀƀěA. pistaciae����Table 2. Comparision of mean ± SE daily oviposition of H. variegata feeding on different

densities of 4th nymphal instars of A. pistaciae.

Day 6 Day 5 Day 4 Day 3 Day 2 Day 1 Density 0.16d���0.16 0.21d���0.33 0.42c���1.5 0.16bc���2.16 0.22b��2.5 0.22a���5.5 50 0.47b���4.83 1.08ab���6.83 0.66a���8.66 0.56a���7.5 0.47a���8.16 0.3a���9.166 150

1.2a��10.16 1.2a���11 0.94a��12.16 1.07a��14.16 2.7a���17.5 3.66a���18.16 300 9.15a���31.16 9.56ab���41 7.05ab��31.16 6.99ab���29.33 8.59ab���41 2.64b���19.33 400

The means within each row followed by different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05, Duncan).

��ƾƴƘƯ�ƮŴţ�ƱřżǀƯ�Źŵ�ƭƹŵ�ŻƹŹ�Żř�ƽŹřŵ�ƽŹřŸĭ��Żř�ŶƘŝ�ƶĩ�Ŷƃ�ƵŶƿŵƂƃ�ƮŴţ�ŻƹŹ��ƪƣřŶºů�ƶŝ�ƽżƿŹ�

�ŶǀſŹ�ŵƺų�æÓ�å�t�æÓ�å����Ʈĩřźţ�Źŵ�ƾƴƘƿÒå�ƵŹƺě�ŵŶƗ�į�ƪǀƀě��ƮŴţ���ƽŹřŸºĭ�Ūƴºě��ƵźºƄů�į��ƵŵŚƯ�ƮƄƃ�ŻƹŹ�ŹŵƵźƄů�Ĩƿ�ƎƤƟ�ƹ�ŶǀſŹ�źƠƇ�ƶŝ�į�����ŢºƃřŸĭ�ƮºŴţ�ŵŶºƗ�Ĩºƿ�ƵŵŚƯ���ƶºŝ�Ƴ��źºƔƾƯ�ƹř�ŻƹŹ�Źŵ�ŶſŹƶŝ��ƂƿŚƯŻō�Ʃ�ƃŚƳ�ƾƟŚĩ�ƽĥźƳř�ŵƺūƹ�ƪǀƫŵƾ�ƶƿŸƜţ�Żř�į��ƵŹƺºě�Żř�ƾƟŚĩ�į���Ʋºſ

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ƳǀſźƾƴƘƯ�ƝLjŤųř�ƾƫƹ��Ŷ�ŝ�ƽŹřŵ�ƲǀŹŚƸģ��ƵŶƿŵ�źųō�ŻƹŹ�ƹŵ�Śŝ�Ʃƹř�ŻƹŹƃƶŝ��Ŷ�ƽŹƺƏ���ƱřżºǀƯ�ƶĩƮŴţ�Źƿżƽ�ſŹ�ŵƺų�ŹřŶƤƯ�ƪƣřŶů�ƶŝ�ƮƄƃ�ŻƹŹ�Źŵǀ�Ŷ�Ñì�å�t�íè�Ñ�����ƾºƯ�ƱŚºƄƳ�Ʋƿř����ƶºĩ�ŶºƷŵ

Page 12: Hippodamia variegata ƽźĭŹŚƨºººƃ ŢºººǀƬŝŚƣ ƾºººƀſŹźŝjesi.areeo.ac.ir/article_105472_104bd8ef2d69beea4afc2449e3d3354b.pdf · ÐÖ ÎÐîæ æ èç Ʊřźƿř

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ƾƘŝŚţ�Ƃƴĩřƹ��ŚƯŵ�ƹŵ�źƷ�Źŵ��řżƟř�ŚŝƿƶưƘƏ�ŵřŶƘţ��ƶưƘƏ�Ʈĩřźţ�Ƃ�į�ƵŵŹƺų�řżƟř�ƵŶƃƿ�Ƃƿ�ŢƟŚ��ƪĪƃÎ���

řƿřźŝ�ŹŚŤƟŹ�Ʋƽ�ƵŵŚƯ�ƪƯŚĩ�šřźƄů�ƹ�ƹŹLJ�į�Ơĩ�ħŻƹŶƄOenopia conglobata (L.)��ŸƜţ�Śºŝ�ºƿ�Żř�ƶƮĩřźţ�ŚƷƽ�çå��Ñå��ƹíå�ƶŤƃ�į�H. pruni�řźŝƽ�Ʈĩřźţ�ƹ�ƹŹLJ�ŚƷƽ�çå��Ñå��íå��æÓå��ƹèçå�řźŝƽ�

����ƵŵŚºƯ�ƪºƯŚĩ�šřźºƄůƳ�ºǀ�ż��Ŷºƃ�ƁŹřżºĭ��Ţºſř�Ƶ(Yaºar & Ozger, 2005b)�����ƱƺǀºſźĭŹ�żǀƫŚºƳōŶººƴģ�ƶººƬưū�řƽ��ĨǀŤººƀŬƫ�ƶººƫŵŚƘƯ�į�Î��ººţ�Ƃƴººĩřƹ�ƕƺººƳ�ƶººĩ�ŵźººĩ�ƆŴººƄƯ�ħŻƹŶººƄƠĩ�ƾƘŝŚ� �

H. variegata�ŸƜţ�Śŝƿƀě�Żř�ƶǀƫƺưƘƯ�ƪƾ��řżºƟř�Śŝ�ƹ�ŵƺŝ�ƭƹŵ�ƕƺƳ�Żř�ŚƯŵ�ƹŵ�źƷ�Źŵ�ƶŤƀěƿ��Żř�ŚºƯŵ�ƂÏÒ��ƶŝÐÍ�ƶūŹŵ�į�ŽƺǀƀƬſ��ŵźĪƳ�źǀǀƜţ���ƩƹŶºūÐ�����Ţưºƀƣ�Ŝǀºƃ����ƾºƴŰƴƯ�ƞºƬŤŴƯ�ƽŚºƷ��ƹ

Ʊō�Żř�ƭřŶĩźƷ�ƶŝ�ƍƺŝźƯ�ŢƯLjƗ�����ħŻƹŶºƄƠĩ�Ƃƴºĩřƹ�ŵŹƺºƯ�Źŵ�ŚƷH. variegata���ƶºŝ�Ʈĩřźºţ��ƽŚºƷ�ŤŴƯƵŹƺě�ƞƬ��Źŵ�ƪǀƀě�ƭŹŚƸģ�Ʋſ�ƽŚƷ��ŚºƯŵ�ƹŵ�Ʋºƿř��ƩƹŶºū�Źŵ��Ð���Ţºſř�ƵŶºƯō�����ƾºƠƴƯ�ŢºƯLjƗ

ŵŹƹōźŝ�ŜƿźƋ�ƽŚƷ�ƾƯ�Żřźůř�řŹ�ƭƹŵ�ƕƺƳ�ƾƘŝŚţ�Ƃƴĩřƹ�ŵƺūƹ��ŚƯŵ�ƹŵ�źƷ�Źŵ�ƾƐų�ƽŚƷ�Ŷƴĩ��řƿ�ƲƘŝŚţ�Ƃƴĩřƹ�ƕƺƳƾ�řźŝƽ�řƿŹŚưƃ�ƹ�ħŻƹŶƄƠĩ�Ʋƽ�ŵƿźĮƽ�ħŻƹŶƄƠĩ�Żř�ƪƯŚƃ�ŚƷ��H. variegata��

C. septempunctata�ƹ�Adalia tetraspilota (Hope)���Śºŝ�Żř�ƶºƿŸƜţ�A. pomi��(Khan & Mir, 2008)��Aphidecta obliterata (L.)��ƹA. bipunctata���Żř�ƶººƿŸƜţ�ŚººŝElatobium abietinum (walker)�� �(Timms et al., 2008)��ƹŹLJ�Ʋººººſ�ŹŚººººƸģ�ƹ�šřźººººƄů�ƪººººƯŚĩ�convergens�H.�ƽƹŹ�� �

Myzus nicotianae Blackman�(Wells &. Mcpherson, 1999)��Coccinella undecimpunctata L.�ƶŤººƃ�źĭŹŚĪººƃ�į�ººſǀLjƣŚººŝ�ƵŚ��Aphis fabae Scopoli�ƹ�ƦƫŚŝŶǀƠººſ�Aleyrodes proletella (L.)�� �

(Moura et al., 2006)���źƳ�ƹ�ƵŵŚƯ�žƴūScymnus syriacus Marseul�ŸƜţ�Śŝƿ��ƭƺºſ�Ʋºſ�ƹŹLJ�Żř�ƶ��

Page 14: Hippodamia variegata ƽźĭŹŚƨºººƃ ŢºººǀƬŝŚƣ ƾºººƀſŹźŝjesi.areeo.ac.ir/article_105472_104bd8ef2d69beea4afc2449e3d3354b.pdf · ÐÖ ÎÐîæ æ èç Ʊřźƿř

ÒÍ įźƜƇř�ƱřŹŚƨưƷ�ƹ��ƽźĭŹŚƨƃ�ŢǀƬŝŚƣ�ƾſŹźŝ�ħŻƹŶƄƠĩ������

ƶŤƃ�ƽ���LjƣŚºŝ�ƵŚǀſ(Sabaghi et al., 2011)��A. bipunctata���Żř�ƶºƿŸƜţ�Śºŝ��ƶŤºƃ�ƽ�Myzus persicae

(Sulzer)��ƽŚƯŵ�Źŵæî��Śţçì�ƶūŹŵ�į�ŽƺǀƀƬſ�(Jalali et al., 2009)��H. variegata���Żř�ƶºƿŸƜţ�Śºŝ��ƶŤºƃ�ƽ�Therioaphis trifolii (Monell)�(Zhang et al., 2007)�ƶŤºƃ���į�Brevicoryne brassicae L.��

(Dixon, 2000; Kontodimas & Stathas, 2005)���ƶŤºƃ�ƽ����LjƣŚºŝ�ƵŚǀºſ(Jafari & Goldasteh 2009)��ƶưƷ�į�ƶŤƃ�ƪƯŚĩ�šřźƄů�ƹ�ƽƹŹLJ�Ʋǀƴſ�į���LjƣŚºŝ�ƵŚǀſ(Farhadi et al., 2010)����ƶŤºƃ��ƽŚºƷ���ƶºŞƴě� �

(Fan & Zhao, 1988)�ƹ�ƶŤƃ�ƪƯŚĩ�šřźƄů�ƽ�ƫŚūǀ�ż(Elhag & Zaitoon, 1996)���ƹƹŹLJƽŚƷ���Ʋºſƭƺſ��ƭŹŚƸģ�Ʋſ��ƹƵźƄů��ƽƵŵŚƯ�į��H. variegata���Ɯţ�ŚºŝŸ�ºƿ�ƶŤºƃ�Żř�ƶ�į��ƫŚºūǀż�ƹ��ƶŤºƃ�į���ŵƺºŴƳ

(Madadi et al., 2011)�Ŷƃ�ƁŹřżĭŢſř�Ƶ��ƶƳƺĭĥřƹ�ƽ��ƕƺƳ�ƾƘŝŚţ�Ƃƴĩřƹ��ƭƹŵ�ƕƺƳ�ƾƘŝŚţ�ƂƴĩřƹħŻƹŶƄƠĩ�Żř�ƾưĩ�ŹŚưƃ�Źŵ�ƭƺſ�ƾƯ�ƵŶƿŵ�ŚƷ�ŵƺƃ��Içsikber (2005)��ƾƘŝŚţ�Ƃƴĩřƹ�ƕƺƳ�ƲǀǀƘţ�Źŵ

ħŻƹŶƄƠĩ�ƶƳƺĭ�ƹŵ�ƮƿĥŹ�Źŵ�ŴƯ�ƾƿŚƯŵ�ƽŚƷ�ŚºƸƴţ�ƶĩ�ŢƟŚƿŹŵ��ƞƬŤ�Cycloneda sanguinea (L.)��ŹŵçÒ�ƶūŹŵ�į���ƕƺºƳ�ƾƘŝŚţ�Ƃƴĩřƹ�ŽƺǀƀƬſ�ƭƺºſ��ŵřŵ�ƱŚºƄƳ�řŹ��Lanzoni et al. (2004)��Ƃƴºĩřƹ���ƾƘŝŚºţ

�ºƄƠĩ�ħŻƹŶH. variegata�ƹ�Sarmento et al. (2007)�����ħŻƹŶºƄƠĩ�ƾƘŝŚºţ�ƂƴºĩřƹEriopis connexa

(Germar)�ƶŤƃ�ƽƹŹ�řŹ�į�(Thomas)ae Macrosiphum euphorbi��ƕƺƳ�Żř�ƭƺſƹŶƳŵřŵ�ƆǀŴƄţ������ƩƹŶūè��źŝ�ŵŹƹō��ƽŚƷMaximum-likelihood�ƶŝ�Ţſŵ����ƂƿŚºƯŻō�Źŵ�ĨǀŤºƀŬƫ�ƱƺǀºſźĭŹ�Żř�ƵŶƯō�

ƾƘŝŚţ�Ƃƴĩřƹ�ħŻƹŶƄƠĩ�ƪƯŚĩ�šřźƄů�H. variegata�Ʈĩřźţ�ƶŝ��ƵŹƺě��ƭŹŚƸģ�Ʋſ�ƽŚƷ�ƪǀƀěA. pistaciae��Źŵ�ƽŚƯŵ�ƹŵçÒ��ƹèå�ƶūŹŵ�į�ŽƺǀƀƬſ���

Table 3. Maximum-likelihood estimates from logistic regression analysis of the functional response of adult females of H. variegata to different densities of 4th instars of A. pistaciae at 25°C and 30°C.

P-value X2 SE Estimate Coefficient Temperature (°C)

< 0.0001 104.22 0.5 5.145 Constant (P0)

25 < 0.0001 46.57 0.0089 -0.0613 Linear (P1) < 0.0001 35.45 0.000049 0.000292 Quadratic (P2) < 0.0001 31.99 7.47E-8 -23.4E-7 Cubic (P3)

< 0.0001 56.65 0.71 5.365 Constant (P0)

30 0.0008 11.25 0.013 -0.0437 Linear (P1) 0.0026 9.06 0.000073 0.00022 Quadratic (P2) 0.0020 9.58 1.13E-7 -3.5E-7 Cubic (P3)

Page 15: Hippodamia variegata ƽźĭŹŚƨºººƃ ŢºººǀƬŝŚƣ ƾºººƀſŹźŝjesi.areeo.ac.ir/article_105472_104bd8ef2d69beea4afc2449e3d3354b.pdf · ÐÖ ÎÐîæ æ èç Ʊřźƿř

ƶƯŚƳ�ƵźƄů�ƲưŬƳř�ƽ���Ʊřźƿř�ƾſŚƴƃèç���æ���ÎÐîæ�������������������������������������������������������������������������ÒÎ

Holling (1959)�ƘŝŚţ�Ƃƴĩřƹ�ƕƺƳ�ƶſƾ�ŴƄţǀ����ƶºŝ�ƭƺºſ�ƕƺºƳ�ŚƸƴţ�ƶĩ�Ţƃřŵ�ŹŚƸƓř�ƹ�ŵřŵ�ƆƷƺŞƳř�ƶŝ�ƶŤƀŝřƹ�šŹƺƇƾ�Ư�ƪưƗƾ�ř�ƹ�Ŷƴĩƿŝ��ƕƺƳ�ƲǀƂ�Ư�ƭƹŵ�ƕƺƳ�Żř�źţƾ�Ƙưū�ŶƳřƺţǀƔƴţ�řŹ�Ţǀ�Ʈ

Ŷƴĩ��řŚŝƿƲ�Ż�ŹŚƸƯ��ŵƺūƹƿŤƀƾ�ěǀřźŝ�Żƹźƽ�ħŻƹŶƄƠĩ�H. variegata�ƘŝŚţ�Ƃƴĩřƹ�Śŝƾ�Ƴ�ƭƹŵ�ƕƺƳǀ�żƱŚĪƯř�ŸěƿŻ�Ţſř�źƿŵ�ƪƯřƺƗ�řźƿźĮƽ�ĭ�źŧř�ŶƴƳŚƯǀƯ�ƵŚǀŻ�ƪƯřƺƗ��ƱŚŝżƿŤƀƾ�ƛ�ƹǀƳ�Ƶźǀ��řŹŚºĩ�źºŝ�żƾƿ�

�Ţſř�ŹřŸĭźŧř�ŚƷźĭŹŚĪƃ(Obrycki & Kring, 1998; Farhadi et al., 2010)���Şţ�ŜƿźƋ�ƱřżǀƯ�Ʋǀǀ(r2)�Źŵ������ƵŵŚºƯ�ƪºƯŚĩ�šřźºƄů�ƾƘŝŚºţ�Ƃƴºĩřƹ�ƂƿŚƯŻō�į���ħŻƹŶºƄƠĩ

źĭŹŚĪƃ�H. variegata�Ʈĩřźţ�ƶŝ�ƵŹƺě�ƞƬŤŴƯ�ƽŚƷ���ƽŚºƯŵ�Źŵ�ƶŤƀě�ƾƫƺưƘƯ�ƪǀƀě�ƭŹŚƸģ�Ʋſ�ƽŚƷÏÒ��ƹÐÍ�ƶūŹŵ�į�ŽƺǀƀƬſ�ƶƫŵŚƘƯ�Żř�ƵŵŚƠŤſř�Śŝ�į�Ð���ÖÖ�Í�ŵƺŝ����

ƵŹƺě�ƽƹŹ�źĭŹŚĪƃ�ħŻƹŶƄƠĩ�Ʋƿř�ƾƘŝŚţ�Ƃƴĩřƹ�ƪǀƀě�ƭŹŚƸģ�Ʋſ�ƽŚƷ���Źŵ�ƶŤºƀě�ƾƫƺưƘƯÏÑ�ƶƫŵŚƘƯ�Śŝ�ŢƗŚſ�į����ƾƟŵŚºƈţ�ŹŚĪºƃRogers (1972)����ƶºƫŵŚƘƯÏ����Ţºƃřŵ�ƢºǀŞƐţ����ƢºǀƤŰţ�Źŵ

źƋŚů���ƺŬŤƀū�šŹŶƣ(a)���ƽŚºƯŵ�ŹŵÐÍ��ƶºūŹŵ�į��ŽƺǀºƀƬſ��ÎÖÒ�Í���Ƃǀºŝ��Żř�źºţ����ƽŚºƯŵÏÒ�ƶūŹŵ�į�ŽƺǀƀƬſ��ÍÕÕ�Í��Ţſŵ�ƱŚƯŻ�ƹ��ƽŚƯŵ�Źŵ�ƾŝŚƿÏÒ��ƶūŹŵ�ÍÓÑ�Í��ƵŚţƺĩ�Żř�źţ�ƽŚƯŵ�ÐÍ�ƶūŹŵ��ƽŽƺǀƀƬſ��ÍÓÖ�Í��ƾƯ�ŶƃŚŝ��ƲǀƴĤưƷ��ƲǀǀŞţ�ŜƿźƋ�(r2)�ŚƯŵ�Źŵ�ƽƹŚƀƯơƺƟ�ƽŚƷ��ƱŚƄƳƾƯ��ŶƷŵ�ƶƧ�ƹŵ�źƷ�Źŵ�ƽźĭŹŚĪƃ�Źŵ�ƾĭŶƴĩřźě�ƱřżǀƯŢſř�ƱŚƀĪƿ�ŚƯŵ���ƩƹŶūÑ���

���ƩƹŶūÑ��ƶŞſŚŰƯ�ƽŚƷźŤƯřŹŚě�źƿŵŚƤƯ�ƶŝ�ƵŶƃ�ƶƬǀſƹ�į�ƶƫŵŚƘƯ�į��ƾƟŵŚƈţ�ƽźĭŹŚĪƃ�ƾƘŝŚţ�Ƃƴĩřƹ

ƵŵŚƯ�šřźƄů�į��ħŻƹŶºƄƠĩ�H. variegata��Ʈĩřźºţ�ƽƹŹ����ƵŹƺºě�ƞºƬŤŴƯ�ƽŚºƷ�į���Ʋºſ�ƪǀƀě�ƭŹŚƸģA. pistaciae��ƽŚƯŵ�ƹŵçÒ��ƹèå�ƶūŹŵ�į�ŽƺǀƀƬſ���

Table 4. Parameters estimated by the random predator equation of functional response of female adults of H. variegata to different densities of 4th instars of A. pistaciae at 25°C and 30°C.

Th(h) a (h-1)

r2 Type Temp. (°C) 95% CI Mean ��� SE 95% CI Mean � SE

0.0418-0.0875 0.0647 �� 0.0114 0.063-0.11 0.088 � 0.012 0.914 II 25 0.0584-0.0813 0.0698 �� 0.00568 0.13-0.25 0.195 � 0.0301 0.96 II 30

a, attack rate (on a 20-25 cm2 leaf area), Th, handling time.

��ƶŝ�ŪƿŚŤƳ�ƾƯ�ƱŚƄƳ�ƂƿŚƯŻō�Ʋƿř�Źŵ�ƵŶƯō�Ţſŵ���ŹŚĪºƃ�Ƃƴºĩřƹ�Źŵ�ŚƯŵ�ƶĩ�ŶƷŵ�����Ʈĩřźºţ�ƶºŝ�źºĭ

Ư�ƶưƘƏŒŢſř�Ƶŵźĩ�źǀǀƜţ�źţLJŚŝ�ƽŚƯŵ�Śţ�ƲǀƿŚě�ƽŚƯŵ�Żř�ƽźĭŹŚĪƃ�ŮƐſ�ƹ�Ƶŵƺŝ�źŧ��řƿŹŵ�ŹŚŤƟŹ�Ʋ�

Page 16: Hippodamia variegata ƽźĭŹŚƨºººƃ ŢºººǀƬŝŚƣ ƾºººƀſŹźŝjesi.areeo.ac.ir/article_105472_104bd8ef2d69beea4afc2449e3d3354b.pdf · ÐÖ ÎÐîæ æ èç Ʊřźƿř

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Fig. 1. Functional response curve of female adults of H. variegata to different densities of 4th instars of A. pistaciae at (A) 25°C and (B) 30°C.

��ƾƴŰƴƯ�ƹ�ŪƿŚŤƳ�ƶŝ�ƽŚƷ�ƾƯ�ƱŚƄƳ�ƵŶƯō�Ţſŵ�Ʈĩřźţ�ŶƿŚŝ�ƂƿŚƯŻō�Ʋƿř�Źŵ�ƶĩ�ŶƷŵ���ƽźţLJŚºŝ�ƽŚƷ

Żř�ŹŚĪƃ�ŹŚǀŤųř�Źŵ�ƶưƘƏ�ŵźǀĮŝ�Źřźƣ�źĭ���������źĭŹŚĪºƃ�Ʋºƿř�Źŵ�řŹ�ƽźĭŹŚĪºƃ�ƽLJŚºŝ�Ŷºů�ŶºƳřƺŤŝ�ŚºţŶƴĩ�ƆŴƄƯ��Ʈĩřźţ�ƶĩ�ƾƴƘƯ�Ʋƿř�ƶŝ���ŵźºǀĭ�Źřźƣ�ħŻƹŶƄƠĩ�ŹŚǀŤųř�Źŵ�ŶƿŚŝ�ƪǀƀě�Żř�ƽźţLJŚŝ�ƽŚƷ

ƵŚţƺĩ�ƂƿŚƯŻō�ƱŚƯŻ�Śƿ�ƹ�Ŷſźŝ�Ʊō�ƶŝ�ĨƿŵżƳ�Śƿ�źƠƇ�ƶŝ�ƾƴŰƴƯ�Ŝǀƃ�Śţ���Śºţ�ŵƺƃ�ƶŤƟźĭ�źƔƳ�Źŵ�źţźƠƇ�Żř�ƾƣŚŝ�ŵřŶƘţ�ƱŶƃ�ƵŶƳŚƯ�į�řźţ�Źŵ�ƶưƘƏƮĩ��ƶŝ�ƽźǀĭƺƬū�ƲǀƿŚě�ƽŚƷ�Ŷƿō�ƪưƗ.��

Ţſŵ�ƱŚƯŻ�ƹ�ƽźĭƺŬŤƀū�šŹŶƣ��ƾŝŚƿħŻƹŶƄƠĩ�H. variegata�ƶŤƃ�Żř�ƶƿŸƜţ�Śŝ�į��ƾƯƺƯ�ƮƬĩÖÓÏÑ�Í��ƹÕÒÏ�Í�(Dixon, 2000; Kontodimas & Stathas, 2005)��ƵŵŚƯ�žƴū��įS. syriacus��Śŝ

ƹŹLJ�Żř�ƶƿŸƜţ�ƭƺſ�Ʋſ��ƶŤƃ�į��LjƣŚŝ�ƵŚǀſæçè�å��ƹÑèÑ�å�(Sabaghi et al., 2011)ƶŤƃ���ƶŞƴě�ƽŚƷ�ÎÏÑÏÎ�Í�� ƹÑÏÎ�Í�(Fan & Zhao, 1988)�ƹ�ƶŤƃ�į��LjƣŚŝ� ƵŚǀſƶƫŵŚƘƯ� Żř� ƵŵŚƠŤſř� Śŝ�į��ĬƴǀƫƺƷ

ÎÔ�Í�� ƹÍÍÍÔÕ�Í�ƶƫŵŚƘƯ� Żř� ƵŵŚƠŤſř� Śŝ� ƹ�į�Rogers (1972)�ƶŝ�� ŜǀţźţÎÖ�Í�� ƹÍÍÍÖÐ�Í� �(Jafari & Goldasteh, 2009)�Ţſř� ƵŶƃ�ƁŹřżĭ� �Farhadi et al., (1020)��šŹŶƣ� ƶĩ� ŵřŵ� ƱŚƄƳŢſŵ� ƱŚƯŻ� ƹ� ƽźĭƺŬŤƀū�ƾƯ� ƂƿřżƟř� ƽƹŹLJ� Ʋſ�ƂƿřżƟř� Śŝ� ƾŝŚƿ�ŶŝŚƿ� �Źŵ� ƺŬŤƀū� šŹŶƣ�

Num

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Prey density

Prey density

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ƶƯŚƳ�ƵźƄů�ƲưŬƳř�ƽ���Ʊřźƿř�ƾſŚƴƃèç���æ���ÎÐîæ�������������������������������������������������������������������������ÒÐ

�źƳ�ƹ�ƵŵŚƯ�ƪƯŚĩ�šřźƄůħŻƹŶƄƠĩ�H. variegata�ƶŝ��ŜǀţźţÍÖÏÓ���ƹÎÒÕÖ�Í�Ţſŵ�ƱŚƯŻ�ƹ��ƾŝŚƿ�ƵŵŚƯ�ƽřźŝÑÍÖÕ�Í�ƹ���źƳÎÖ�Î�ƾƯ�ŶƃŚŝ���

żŬţ�ŪƿŚŤƳƿƶ�į�ě�Ʈĩřźţ�ƹ�ŚƯŵ�Śŝ�ƶƟźƏƹŵ�žƳŚƿŹřƹƶŝ�ƪǀƀ�Ư�ƪƯřƺƗ�ƱřƺƴƗŒ���ƽźĭŹŚĪºƃ�źºŝ�źŧŵřŵ�ƱŚƄƳ��������ƽźĭŹŚĪºƃ�ƱřżºǀƯ�źºŝ�ŚºƯŵ�źºŧř�ƶºĩ�ÍÍÎ�Í�<�P��ÎÏÑ�Ó� �F1,48������źººŝ�Ʈĩřźºţ�źºŧř�ƹ

ƾƴººƘƯ�ƽźĭŹŚĪºƃ�ŵƺºŝ�Źřŵ��ÍÍÎ�Í�<�P��ÒÑ�ÎÏÐ� �F5,48������źºŝ�Ʈĩřźººţ�ƹ�ŚºƯŵ�ƪŝŚƤºŤƯ�źŧř�ƾƫƹƾƴºƘƯ�ƽźºĭŹŚĪºƃ�ƱřżǀƯ�ŵƺºŞƳ�Źřŵ��ÍÒ�Í�>�P��ÒÏ�Î� �F5,48����

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