himachal pradesh state biodiversity board
TRANSCRIPT
i
Preface
Man has been dependent upon the biodiversity for fulfilment of his entire
livelihood needs. The ancient Indian literature is replete with references to animal and
plant life affecting the lives of human beings on day to day basis. Many of the plants
and animals have been domesticated over a period of time. Man has also discovered
curative uses of plants and animals found in his immediate vicinity, and has
associated religious value to most important of such plants. But degradation of the
Himalaya, of which Himachal Pradesh is a part, is having a profound influence on all
ecosystems of the region resulting in the loss of biodiversity. It is, therefore, very
important to conserve the ecology and biodiversity of this fast deteriorating fragile
ecosystem. Several endemic species have evolved in this area. These are particularly
adapted to the Himalayan way of life, especially at high altitudes above timber line.
There are also many valuable animal resources from scientific and aesthetic points of
view, and several of these are threatened due to large scale destruction of their
habitats. Many interesting unknown taxa may become extinct before they are even
discovered. Considering the ecosystem as a gene bank, if populations of species are
reduced, there may be a genetic drift and gene loss which is potentially an important
loss.
Himachal Pradesh is bestowed with distinctive fauna having aesthetic, cultural,
commercial and genetic values. Beautiful birds like Himalayan Monal, Koklass and
Tragopan Pheasants, Red-billed Blue Magpie, Paradise Flycatcher and Himalayan
Snow Cock, and Papilionid and Nymphalid butterflies are of great aesthetic value. In
fact, they have enriched the aesthetic life of hill people and are admired for adding
liveliness to nature. The unique colour shades and designs have caught the
imaginations of poets, naturalists, fashion designers, collectors, etc. Products of some
animals like honey, wax, musk and skins are commercially valuable. Two species of
honeybees, Apis mellifera and Apis cerana are domesticated for the production of
honey and wax. Species of non-mulberry silk moths, Antheraea mylitta (Indian Tasar
Moth) and Samia cynthia ricini (Indian Eri Moth), found in Himachal Pradesh can be
exploited for yielding wild silk. Snow trout (Schizothorax sp.) and golden mahseer
ii
(Tor putitora) are of fishery importance. Earthworm species, Eisenia fetida and
Perionyx excavatus can be easily reared on various kinds of organic waste materials
in the state for the production of vermicompost and vermiprotein. Rhesus macaque,
Macaca mulatta is of great biomedical importance all over the world.
The hill people rear large number of domesticated animals like cattle, goats,
sheep etc for meat and wool production, ploughing fields and collection of dung for
use as organic manure. Grazing by these animals exerts a great biotic pressure on
forests. Often overgrazing leads to ecological problems like formation of gullies in
tracks frequented by cattle, abundance of coarse and poor grasses in pastures because
of selective feeding, trampling of seedlings and saplings, and soil erosion. Wild
animals are hunted by the people for their fur, meat, musk etc. Forests are sometimes
set on fire for inducing good growth of grass and mushrooms. Forest fires are very
harmful to environment, causing erosion, destroying valuable faunal diversity and
hampering regeneration. Human demographic pressure causes shrinkage of forests
leading to loss of biodiversity. Increased agricultural and horticultural practices have
introduced several exotic taxa in the area.
Keeping in view the above facts, an attempt has been made in the present
status report to enumerate and enlist different faunal groups present in Himachal
Pradesh. This document provides updated information on the status, distribution,
biological diversity, value, threats and conservation strategies of Protista (Protozoa)
as well as that of different animal groups from Mesozoa to Mammalia present in
Himachal Pradesh. It will serve as a valuable source of information for all those who
are concerned with animal diversity and faunal resources of the country in general
and Himalayan region in particular. Moreover, efforts have been made to discuss
various measures useful for the conservation of endangered species and sustainable
utilization of faunal resources.
Authors
iii
ContentsTitle Page NumbersBiodiversity: Concept and Scope 1-2Levels of Biodiversity 2-5Importance of Biodiversity 5-6Values and Evaluation of Biological Diversity 6-7Biodiversity and Biotechnology 8Biodiversity and Sustainable Development 8-10Status of Faunal Diversity 10-17Methodology for Faunal Diversity Studies 18-29
Data Collection Procedure 18-27 Data Analysis 27-29Status and Details of Faunal Elements in Himachal Pradesh 30-75Invertebrates 30-56 Protozoa 30-32
Nematoda 32-34 Annelida (Oligochaeta) 34-35 Arthropoda 36-38 Arachnida (Mites) 36-38 Insecta 38-52 a) Odonata 38-39 b) Orthoptera 40-41 c) Dermaptera 42 d) Mantodea 43 e) Coleoptera 43-45 f) Diptera 46 g) Lepidoptera 47-52
Pollinators 52-55 Mollusca 55-56Vertebrates 57-75 Pisces 57-59 Amphibia 59-60 Reptilia 61-62 Aves 62-70 Mammalia 70-75
Chiroptera (Bats) 73-75Major Threats to Fauna 75-77Conservation Measures 77-79Literature Consulted 80-109
IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY
Cultural Heritage
Benefits to Agriculture and Harvested Resources
Benefits to Ecological Processes
Benefits to Recreation and Tourism
Benefits to Research
VALUES AND EVALUATION OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
Table 1: Number of described Animal species in India and Himachal Pradesh
Taxonomic Group No. of Species World India (% in India) Himachal Pradesh
PROTISTA
Total (Protista) 31250 2577 (8.24) 89ANIMALIA
Arthropoda 987949 68389 (6.90)
Chordata 48451 4952 (10.22)
Total 1196903 86874 (7.25) 2757Total (Protista+Animalia) 1228153 89451 (7.28) 2846
METHODOLOGY FOR ANIMAL DIVERSITY STUDIES
DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE
viz-a-
viz
1. Mammals
et al.
et al.
vii) Burlese Funnel
7. Mollusca (Snails & Bivalves), Annelids (earthworms) and other macro soil-
fauna
DATA ANALYSIS
GROUPWISE STATUS AND DETAILS OF ANIMALS IN HIMACHAL PRADESH
INVERTEBRATES
PROTOZOA
Centropyxis stellata, Campuscus cornuatus, Leptochlamys
ampullacea, Litonotus muscorum, Colpoda reniformis
Systematic List of Protozoans found in Himachal Pradesh
A. Freeliving Protozoa
Class : LoboseaOrder : AmoebidaFamily : Thecameibidae
Thecamoeba terricola
Family : ParamoebidaeMayorella vespertilio
Order : TestacrealoboseaFamily : Arcellidae
Arcella discoidesArcella vulgaris
Family : MicrocorycidaeDiplochlamys timidaLeptochlamys ampullaceal
Family : CentropyxidaeCentropyxis aculeateCentropyxis aerophilaCentropyxis constrictaCentropyxis ecornisCentropyxis minutaCentropyxis platystomaCentropyxis spinosaCentropyxis sylvaticaCentropyxis stellataCyclopyxis arcelloidesCyclopyxis arcelloidesCyclopyxis kahliPlagiopyxis callidaPlagiopyxis minutaTrigonopyxis arcula
Family : DifflugiidaeDifflugia lebesDifflugia lobostomaDifflugia muriformisDifflugia oblongaDifflugia rubescensDifflugia urceolata
Family : NebelidaeHeleopera roseaHeleopera sylvaticaHyalosphenia papilioNebela collarisNebela wailesiQuardulella symmetrica
Family : PhryganiidaePhrganella hemispherica
Class : FiloseaOrder : TestaceafilosaFamily : Cyphoderiidae
Campuscus cornuatus
Family : EuglyphidaeAssulina muscorum
Corythion dubiumEuglypha leavisEuglypha rotundaEuglypha strigosa Euglypha tuberculataTracheleuglypha dentateTrinema complanatumTrinema enchelysTrinema lineare
Phylum : CiliophoraClass : KinetofragminophoreaOrder : ProstomatidaFamily : Holophrydae
Holophrya simplex
Family : ColepidaeColeps hirtusColeps inermis
Family : TrachelidaeDileptus tenuis
Family : DidinidaeDidinium nasutum
Family : AmphilepidaeAmphileptus claparedeiHemiophrys proceraLitonotus fasciolaLitonotus muscorum
Order : TrichostomatidaFamily : Colpodidae
Colpoda cucullusColpoda steiniColpoda reniformis
Family : LeptopharyngidaeLeptopharynx eurystoma
Class : OligohymenophoreaOrder : HymenostomatidaFamily : Glaucomidae
Monochilum ovale
Family : OphryoglenidaeOphryoglena flava
Family : ParameciidaeParamecium aurelia Paramecium caudatum
Family : FrontoniidaeFrontonia atraFrontonia leucas
Family : UrocentridaeUrocentrum turbo
Order : ScuticociliatidaFamily : Cinetochilidae
Cinetochilum margaritaceum
Order : PeriatrichidaFamily : Vorticellidae
Vorticella campanula
Class : PolyheymenophoreaOrder : HeterotrichidaFamily : Spirostomatidae
Blepharisma undulansSpirostomum ambuguum
Family : MetopidaeMetopus
Family : StrobilidiidaeStrobilidium gyrans
Order : HypotrichidaFamily : Urostylidae
Paraholosticha herbicola
Family : OxytrichidaeOxytricha bifaria Oxytricha fallaxOxytricha hymenostomaPleurotricha lanceolataStylonychia mytilus
Stylonychia pustulata
Family : EuplotidaeUeplotes patellaUeplotes charonUeplotes muscicola
B. Parasitic Protozoa
Phylum : SarcomastigophoraOrder : OpalinidaFamily : Opalinidae
Opalina obtrigonoidea
Phylum : CiliophoraClass : OligohynemophoreaOrder : AstomatidaFamily : Anoplophryidae
Anoplophrya amaleshiAnoplophrya lumbriciAnoplophrya marylandensis Anoplophrya striata
NEMATODA
Systematic of nematodes found in Himachal Pradesh
Parasitic nematodes:
Allocreadium singhi Amplicaecum flavescens Ancylostoma (A.) caninum Ancylostoma quentine Arthrostoma felineum Arthrostoma pagumaeArtyfechinostomum malayanum Bursaphenelchus piniperdaeCaninum ancylostomaCoslenchus costatus Cosmocercoides barodensisCosmocercoides bufonis Cosmocercoides dukeCosmocercoides fotedari Cosmocercoides kumaoni Cosmocercoides lanceolatus Cosmocercoides multipapillata Cosmocercoides nainitalensis Criconema mutabile Criconemella macrodora Enterobius chabaudiFilenchus filiformisGireterakis andersoniGireterakis guptaiHaemonchus contortus Heterakis spurmosa Homalometron mandiensisIndocucullanus fotedariKalicephalus (Schadius) schadiLongistriata indicaMarshallagiaMeloidogyne incognitaMesocestoides lineatus Monodontus bainaeOesophagostomum (Conoweberia) amarpurense Oesophagostomum (Conoweberia) bifurcum Oesophagostomum (Conoweberia) kherai Oesophagostomum (Conoweberia) pachycephalum Oesophagostomum (Conoweberia) tridentatum Oesophagostomum (Proteracum) columbianum Oesophagostomum O. amarpurenseOxysomatium anurae Oxysomatium macintoshii Oxysomatium mehdii Oxysomatium srinagarensis Oxysomatium stomatici Paratylenchus micoletzkyi Physaloptera johnsoniPhysaloptera kherari Physaloptera varani
PorrocaecumProcamallanus bilaspurensisPsilenchus hilarulus Pterygodermatites (Mesopectines)Pterygodermatites (Mesopectines) willmottaePterygodermatites (Multipectines) affinis Quinisulcius capitatus R. (Rhabdochona) moraveciRhabdias bufonisRhabdochona (Filochona) ergensiRhabdochona (Filochona) oncorhynchiRhabdochoni (Filochona) andersoniRhabdochoni soodiSerpinema hamirpurensisSeuratum ingliseSpirura herpestis Spirura khaliliSyphacia (S.) baylisiSyphacia (s.) mandienseSyphacia (Syphatineria) quptaeSyphacia (Syphatineria) sunciiThelandros agamaeThelandros baylisiThelandros himalayanaThelandros tayloriTrichostrongylus colubriformisTrichuris globulosa Trichuris ovis Trichuris pedetei Trichuris sylvilagi Trichuris trichiura Troglostrongylus brevior Trypaloxyuris pitheciTrypanoxyuris (Trypanoxyuris) pitheci Xiphinema americanumXiphinema insigne
ANNELIDA
Oligochaeta
Systematic List
Phylum: Naidida Class : OligochaetaFamily : Naididae
Nais barbataNais communis
Family : TubificidaeLimnodrilus hoffmeisteri
Family : MoniligastridaeDrawida japonicaDrawida nepalensis
Family : LumbricidaeAllolobophora parva Aporrectodea c. caliginosa Aporrectodea c. trapezoides Aporrectodea rosea rosea Dendrobaena hortensis Dendrobaena octaedra Dendrodrilus rubidus Eisenia fetida Eiseniella t. tetraedraLumbricus castaneus Lumbricus terretrisOctolasion cyaneum Octolasion tyrtaeum
Family : OcnerodrilidaeMalabaria levisOcnerodrilus occidentalis Thatonia exilis Thatonia gracilis
Family : AcanthodrilidaeMicroscolex phosphoreusPlutellus sadhupulensis
Family : OctochaetidaeDichogaster bolanui
26. Eutyphoes incommodus27. Eutyphoes nicholsoni28. Eutyphoes waltoni
Lennogaster chittagongensis Lennogaster pusillus Lennogaster yeicus Octochaetona beatrix Ramiella bishambari
Family : MegascolecidaeAmynthas alexandri Amynthas corticis Amynthas gracilis Amynthas morrisi Metaphire birmanica Metaphire anomala Metaphire houlleti Metaphire posthuma Perionyx bainni Perionyx excavatusPerionyx barotensis Perionyx simlaensisPerionyx sansibaricus
ARTHROPODA
ARACHNIDA (MITES)
et al.,
et al,
et al
Acarapis woodi, Tropilaelaps clareae Varroa
et al.,
Table 2: Mite fauna associated with Apis spp. in Himachal Pradesh
S.No Mite species Order Family Honeybeesspeciesinfested
Mode of livingassoiation
Tyrophagus longior A. melliferaA. cerana
Tyrophagus A. melliferaAcarus A. melliferaCaloglyphus berlesei A. cerana Rhizhoglyphus robini A. cerana
A. mellifera
A. cerana, A. florea A. mellifera
Acarapis dorsalis A. melliferaAcarapis woodi A. mellifera
Varroa jacobsoni A. melliferaTropilaelaps clareae A. cerana
A. melliferaA. melliferaA. melliferaA. melliferaA. mellifera
Parasitellus A. melliferaMacrocheles muscaedomesticae A. cerana
Macrocheles A. melliferaLaelaps A. mellifera
A. cerana Neocypholaelaps indica A. melliferaNeocypholaelaps apicola A. cerana
Table 3: Mite spp. associated with Bombus spp. in Himachal Pradesh
Mite species Order Family Bumble beespecies infested
Mode of living/association
Androlaelaps casalis Laelapidae B. tunicatus
Pneumolaelaps longanalis Laelapidae B. tunicatus
Mesostigmatic Laelapidae B. tunicatus
- B. tunicatus
Table 4: Different honey bee and bumble bee mite pests new to Himachal Pradesh with theirtaxonomic status
Honeybee Mites
S.No Mite species Order Family Host bee species
Tyrophagus longior ( A. mellifera, A. cerana
Tyrophagus A. melliferaAcarus A. melliferaCaloglyphus berlesei A. cerana Rhizoglyphus robini A. cerana
A. mellifera
A. cerana,A. florea A. mellifera
Acarapis dorsalis A. melliferaA. melliferaA. melliferaA. melliferaA. melliferaA. mellifera
Macrocheles muscaedomesticae A. cerana
Macrocheles A. melliferaLaelaps A. melliferaParasitellus A. melliferaNeocypholaelaps apicola A. cerana
Bumble Bee Mites
S.No
Mite species Order Family Host bee species
Androlaelaps casalis B.tunicatusPneumolaelaps longanalis B.tunicatus
B.tunicatusB.tunicatus
INSECTA
a) Odonata
Syatematic List
Suborder: Zygoptera Family : Platycnemididae
Copera annulataCopera marginipes Copera vittata Coeliccia reniferaCalicnemia eximia Calicnemia miles
Family : CoenagriidaeCeriagrion cerinorubellumCeriagrion coromandelianumCeriagrion fallaxPseudogrion decorumPseudogrion rubricepsPseudogrion splenci Pseudogrion laidlawi Coenagrion dyeriIschnura delicataIschnura forcipataIschnura senegalensisIschnura rufostigmaAgriocnemis pygmeae
Family : SynlestidaeMegalestes majorLestes thoracina Lestes viridula Libellago lineata lineata
Family : CholorocyphidaeRhinocypha q. quadrimaculataRhinocypha t. trifasciata Rhinocypha unimaculata
Family : EpallagidaeBayadera indicaAnisopleura comesAnisopleura lestoides
Family : CalopterygidaeNeurobasis chinensis chinensis
Suborder: Anisoptera Family : Gomphidae
Ictinogomphus rapaxNepogomphus modstusBurmagomphus sivalikensis Mesogomphus lineatus Onychogomphus flavum
Family : CordulegasteridaeChlorogomphus olympicus Anotogaster b. basalis
AlligasterCordulegaster b. brevistigma
Family : AeshnidaeHemianax ephippiger Cephaleschna orbifrons Aeshna ornithocephalaPolycanthagyna erythromelas Anax guttatusAnax immaculifrons Anax p. parthenope
Family : LibellulidaeTholymis tillarga Zyxomma petiolatum Brachydiplex sobrina Palpopleura s. sexmaculataPantala flavescens Bradinopyga geminate Potamarcha obscura Orthetrum brunneum brunneumOrthetrum chrysisOrthetrum anceps Orthetrum c. cancellatumOrthetrum japonicum internumOrthetrum taeniolatum Orthetrum chrysostigma luzonicumOrthetrum glaucumOrthetrum pruinosum neglectumOrthetrum sabina sabinaOrthetrum triangulareBrachythemis contaminataCrocothemis servilia serviliaDiplacodes nebulosaDiplacodes trivialis Neurothemis fulviaNeurothemis tullis tulliaNeurothemis i. IntermediaSympatrum commixtum Sympatrum hypomelus Trithemis aurora auroraTrithemis festivaTrithemis k. kirbyTrithemis pallidinervisAcisoma panarpoides panarpoidesRhyothemis triangularisRhyothemis v. variegata Tramea basilaris burmeisteriTramea virginia
b) Orthoptera
et al.
et al.
Systematic List
Family : GryllidaeAcanthoplistus birmanusAcheta domesticusGotvendia albipennisGryllodes sigillatusGryllus bimaculatusGryllus brunneriGryllus histrioGymnogryllus kashmirensisLoxoblemmus detectusLoxoblemmus equestrisLoxoblemmus fascipesLoxoblemmus macrocephalusLoxoblemmus taicounModicogryllus blennusModicogryllus facialisPlatygryllus melanocephalusPlebeiogryllus guttiventris
Pteronemobius csikiiPteronemobius fascipesPteronemobius pantelchopardorum
Pteronemobius taprobanensisTeleogryllus blennusTeleogryllus occipitalisTuranogryllus histrioTuranogryllus jamuensisTuranogryllus rufonigerVelarifictorus dehradunensisXenogryllus
Family : TrigonidiidaeAnaxipha longipennisTrigonidium cicindeloides
Family : PhaneropteridaeElimaea securigera
Letana despectaHimertula kinnaeri
Family : ConocephalidaeConocephalus maculatusEuconocephalus pallidusParaconocephalus
Family : MecopodidaeMecopoda elongata
Family : PseudophyllidaeOnomarchus
Family : GryllotalpidaeGryllotalpa (Gr.) a. africanaGryllotalpa fossor
Family : MyrmecophilidaeMyrmecophilus albicinctus
Family : TettigonidaeDucetia japonicaElimaea (Orthilaemaea) securigeraIsopsera pedunculataLetana despectaLetana linearisPhneroptera myleocercaPlicigera Himalayana
Family : EneopteridaeEuscystus hemelytus
Family : PseudophyllidaeOnomarchus
Family : AcrididaeAcrida exaltataAcrida indicaAcrotylus humbertianusAiolopus thalassinus tamulusAiolopus thalassinus thalassinusCatantops pinguis innotabilisCatantops simlaeCeracris nigri. nigricornis Ceracris striataCholaebora grossaChondracris roseaChoroedocus illustrisChoroedocus robustusChorthipus (Chor.) indcus Chorthipus (Glyptobothrus) hammerstraeni
Cyrtacanthacris tataricaDiabolocatantops innotabilisDnopherula (Aulacobothrus) luteipsEucoptacra praemorsaEucoptarca saturataEyprepocnemis a. alacris
Eyprepocnemis roseaGasttrimargus a. africanusHeteracris nobilisHieroglyphus banianHolopercna darjeelignesisHolopercna
78. Oedaleus abruptusOedipoda himalayanaOthochtha indicaOxya fuscovittataOxya h. hyla Oxya veloxPachyacris vinosaPachyacris violascensParaconophyma scabraPatanga succinataPhalaeoba infumataPhalaeoba panteliPhingonotus longipennisPusana leavisScintharista blanchardiana sulphureusScintharista notabills pallipsSikkimiana darjeelingensisSpathosternum pr. prasiniferumSphingonotus longipennis (Saussure)
97. Sphingonotus octofasciatusTrilophidia annulata
99. Truxalis sp. Tylotropidius varciornisXenocatantops h. humilisXenocatantops karnyi
Family : PyrgomorphidaeAtractomorpha cr. crenulataChrotogonus (Chr.) tr. trachypterus
Aularches miliarisAularches punctatusPoikilocerus pictus
Family : TetrigidaeCoptotettix consperusErgatettix dorsiferusErqatettix guentheriEucriotettix grandisEuparatettix tenuisHedotettix attenuatusHedotettix costatus Hedotettix gracilisHedotettix tenuisPseudotettix histricusTeredorus frantalis
Family : TridactylidaeTridactylus thoracicusXya
c) Dermaptera
Systematic List
Family : PygidicranidaeSubfamily : Diplatynae
Haplodiplatys glenisHaplodiplatys rufescens Haplodiplatys simlaensis Haplodiplatys chinensis Haplodiplatys srivastavai
Family : AnisolabididaeSubfamily : Anisolabidinae
Aborolabis pervicinaEuborellia annulipesEuborellia compressa Euborellia rajasthanensis
Subfamily : IsolaboidinaeIsolaboides burriIsolaboides elegansIsolaboides immsi
Family : LabiduridaeSubfamily : Nalinae
Nala nepalensisNala lividipes
Subfamily : LabidurinaeLabidura ripariaForcipula trispinosa
Forcipula quadrispinosaForcipula indica
Family : ChelisochidaeSubfamily : Chelisochinae
Proreus abdominalisHamaxas singhi
Family : ForficulidaeSubfamily : Allodahlinae
Allodahlia macropyga
Subfamily : AnechurinaeAnechura stoliczkae Anechura zubovskii Anechura nyyari
Subfamily : EudohriniinaeEudohria metallica
Subfamily: ForficulinaeElaunon bipartitusForficulaplanicollisForficula schlagintweiti Forficula asketi Forficula davidiForficula Beelzebub
d) Mantodea
Family : HymenopodidaeEphestiasula intermediaCreobroter laevicollis
Family : MantidaeHumbertiella indicaNanomantis lacteaMantis indicaMantis nobilisStatiella nemoralis
e) Coleoptera
Systematic List
Family : GyrinidaeOrectochilus murinusOrectochilus neglectus
Family : DytiscidaeLaccophilus flexuosusLaccophilus parvulusLaccophilus sharpiHydrovatusHyphoporus elevatusHydaticus fabriiciSandracottus dejeaniSandracottus festivus
Family : GeoryssidaeGeoryssus
Family : HydrophilidaeCoelostomaHydrochusLaccobiusHelochares crenatusSternolophus rufipesBerosus indicumAmphiops pedestris
Family : ElmidaeStenelmis
Family : ByrrhidaeByrrhus
Family : ScarabaeidaeSubfamily: Hybosorinae
Hybosorus orientalis Hybosorus illigeri Phaeochorus emarginatus
Subfamily : AphodinaeAphodius parvulusAphodius urostigmaAphodius finctariusAphodius crenatus Aphodius marginellusAphodius moestus
Subfamily : ScarabaeinaeGymnopleurus opacus Gymnopleurus miliaris Sisyphus indicusHeliocopris bucephalus Catharsius molossus Catharsius pitheciusCatharsius sagax Copris sacontala Copris sabinusCopris pujnabensisCopris repertusCopris sarpedon
Copris indicusPhalops divisus Caccobius ultorCaccobius vulcanus Caccobius indicusCaccobius himalayanusCaccobius denticollis Caccobius pantherimusOnthophagus marginalis Onthophagus spinifex Onthophagus falsus Onthophagus ramosellus Onthophagus furcillifer Onthophagus gagatesOnthophagus kuluensis Onthophagus bonasusOnthophagus expansicornis Onthophagus rubricollis Onthophagus productus Onthophagus duportiOnthophagus ramosus Onthophagus sutleinensis Onthophagus lilliputanusOnthophagus lapillus Onthophagus kumaonensis Onthophagus furcicollis Onthophagus concolor Onthophagus pactolus Onthophagus dama Onthophagus mopus Onthophagus tarandusOnthophagus griseosetosus Onthophagus gratus Onthophagus aenescens Onthophagus amplexus Onthophagus centricornis Onthophagus atropolitusOnthophagus quaestus Onthophagus quadridentatusOnthophagus fasciatus Onthophagus tragus Onthophagus catta Onthophagus dubernardi Liatongus phanaeoidesLiatongus gagatinusLiatongus vertagus Liatongus rhinoceros Oniticellus spinipes Oniticellus pallipes Oniticellus pallens Oniticellus cinctusDrepanocerus setosus Onitis fulcatus Onitis subopacus Onitis philemon
Onitis castaneus Onitis excavatus
Subfamily : SericinaeSerica khaniarisMaladera insanabilis
Subfamily: MelolonthidaeApogonia orbitalisApogonia nigrescens Apogonia setosaHolotrichia stoliczkae Holotrichia problematicaHolotrichia anthracina Holotrichia semihirta Holotrichia sikkimensisHolotrichia serrata Holotrichia longipennisHolotrichia graditifronsHolotrichia nubiliventris Holotrichia batillaria Holotrichia occipitalis Hilyotrogus holoscericeus Cryptotrogus pajni Asactopholis dehradunusArticephala himachaliArticephala lagualiArticephala planifronsIdioncycha excisa Hoplosternus nepalensis Brahmina crinicollis Brahmina coriacea
Brahmina cribricollis Brahmina culuensis Brahmina cupresus Brahmina simlanaMelolontha aeneicollis Melolontha indicaMelolontha cuprescensMelolontha furcicauda
Subfamily: RutelinaePopillia nasuta Popillia cupricollis Popillia cynanea Popillia clypealisPopillia simlanaPopillia pilosaMimela horsfieldiMimela passeriniiMimela pectoralis
Mimela fulgidivittata Anomala politaAnomala rufiventrisAnomala lineatopennisAnomala xanthopteraAnomala dimidiata Anomala stoliczkae Anomala rugosaAnomala fuliviventrisAnomala chlorosomaAnomala xanthonotaAnomala dorsalisAnomala cantoriAnomala bengalensisIschnopopillia moorei Pachyrhinadoretus frontatusTropiorhynchus orientalis Adoretus incurvatus Adoretus lithobaius Adoretus caliginosus Adoretus duvacauliAdoretus costopilosus
Subfamily : DynastinaeEophileurus perforatus Xylotrupes gideon Phyllogathus dionysius Aliossonotum bindulumAliossonotum simile Aryctes nasicornisHeteronychus annulatus
Subfamily : CetoniinaeHeterorrhina nigritarsis Heterorrhina porphyretica Anatona stillataAnatona castanopteraTorynorrhina opalinaProtaetia impavidaProtaetia coenosa Protaetia neglectaChiloloba acutaClinteria spilota Clinteria klugi Glycyphana horsfieldiJumnos royeliJumnos ruckeriOxycetonia jucundaOxycetonia versicolor Thaumastopeus pullus
f) Diptera
Systematic List
Suborder : NematoceraFamily : Tipulidae
Conosia irrorata
Family : BibionidaePlecia dispersa
Suborder: BrachyceraFamily : Stratiomyidae
Oplodontha rubrithoraxAdoxomyia heminopla
Family : TabanidaeTabanus (Tabanus) striatus
Suborder : CyclorrhaphaFamily : Syrphidae
Episyrphus balteatusPhytomia (Dolichomerus) crassa
Family : SciomyzidaeSepedon plumbella
Family : MuscidaeMusca (Musca) domesticaOrthellia timorensisGymnodia tonitruiStomoxys calcitrans
Family : CalliphoridaeChrysomya megacephalaParasarcophaga (P.) albiceps (
g) Lepidoptera
et al.,
i) Rhopalocera (Butterflies)
et al. et al.
et al.
Systematic List
Family : PapilionidaePachliopta aristolochiaeAtrophaneura philoxenusAtrophaneura dasarada ravanaChilasa agestor govindra Chilasa clytia clytia Papilio protenor protenorPapilio polyctor polyctorPapilio arcturus ariusPapilio polytes romulusPapilio machaon ladakensisPapilio machaon punjabensisPapilio demoleus demoleus .Papilio machaon asiaticaGraphium cloanthus cloanthus
Graphuim sarpedon luctatiusParnassius hardwickei hardwickei Paranassius jacquemontiParanassius cashmiriensisParanassius s. stoliczkanusParanassius delphius ladakensisParanassius delp. mamaieviParanassius delphius rupshuanaParanassius simo. simoidesParanassius charltonius Pathysa nomius nomius Pazala eurous cashmirensis
Family : PieridaeLeptosia nina nina Metaporia leucodice soracta Metaporia agathonDelias belladona horsfieldiDelias eucharisDelias sanaca sanaca Aporia nabellicaAppias lalageAppias libytheaBaltia butleri butleri Cepora nerissa phryne Anaphaeis aurota aurotaPieris canidia indica Pieris brassicae nepalensis Pieris napi ajakaPontia daplidice mooreiIxias marianne Ixias pyrene kausalaPareronia valeria anais Catopsilia crocale Catopsilia pyrantheGonepteryx rhamni nepalensis Gonepteryx mahaguru Eurema brigitta rubella Eurema laeta laeta Eurema hecabe fimbriata Colias electo fieldi Colias erate erate Colias ladakensisColias eogene Colias etrida etridaSynchloe callidice kalora
Family : DanaidaeDanaus chrysippus chrysippusDanaus genutiaTirumala limniace leopardusTirumala hamata septentrionis Parantica aglea melanoidesParantica sita sitaEuploea core coreEuploea mulciber mulciber
Family : SatyridaeMycalesis perseus blasiusMycalesis mineus mineusMycalesis francisca canatanaMycalesis lepcha lepcha Zophoessa maitrya maitrya Zophoessa jalaurida jalauridaZophoessa sidonisZophoessa nicetasZophoessa golapara goalparaLethe confusa confusa Lethe insane insane Lethe rohria rohriaLethe verma verma
Lethe pulaha pondiyaLethe yama buckleyi Maniola pulchellaManiola davendra davendraManiola lupinus cheena Lasiommata schakra schakraLasiomata moer. moerula Rhaphicera moorei mooreiOrinoma damarisAulocera brahminus Aulocera padma padma Aulocera swaha swaha Aulocera saraswati Callerebia scanda scanda Callerebia kalinda kalindaCallerebia nirmala nirmala Callerebia hybrida Callerebia annada caeca Hipparchia parisatis shiva Hipparchia heu.huebneriDallacha Hyagriva Ypthima sakra nikaea Ypthima nareda naredaYpthima asterope mahrattaYpthima ceylonica kasmira Ypthima lisandra avantaYpthima indecora Ypthima baldus baldusMelanitis phedima galkissa Melanitis zitenius zitenius Melanitis leda ismene
Family : NymphalidaeSephisa dichroaDiagora persimilis Diagora nicevilleiDilipa morgianaDicharragia nesimachus Euthalia garudaEuthalia lubetinaHestina nama Junonia hierta Junonia orithyaJunonia lemonias persicaria Junonia almanaJunonia atlitesLimenitis trivena Melitaea arcesia Stibochiona niceaAuzakia danavaAthyma opalinaAthyma selenophoraAthyma perius Athyma asura Athyma ambicaBassarona patalaCalinaga buddhaCharaxes fabius
Neptis mahendraNeptis hylas astola Neptis verburyiNeptis sankara Neptis anantaNeptis naryana Nymphalis xanthomelas Polyura dolonPseudergolis wedah Spottea hypselis Symbrenthia hippoclus Symbrenthia niphandaCyrestis thyodamas Hypolimnas bolinaHypolimnas misippus Kallima inachusAriadne merionePrecis hierta Precis orithyaPrecis lemoniasPrecis almana Precis atlites Precis iphita Cynthia carduiVanessa indicaVanessa egea cognataKaniska canace Aglais cashmirensis Aglais urticae Aglais ladakensis Argyreus hyperbiusChildrena childreni Fabriciana kamalaIssoria lathonia Phalanta phalanthaAriadne merione
Family : AcraeidaeAcraea issoria anomala Acraea violae
Family : ErycinidaeAbisara echerius Libythea myrrha Libythea lepitaDodona dipoeaDodona eugenesDodona durga
Family : LycaenidaeAcytolepis puspa gisca Aricia agestis narira Albulina galatheaCelastrina ladonidas gigasCelastrina argiolus jynteanaChilades laius Chaetoprocta odataChrysozephyrus ataxus Chrysozephyrus birupa
Chrysozephyrus syla Creon eleobis Curetis acuta dentate Everes hugelii indicaEveres hugelii dipora Everes argiades diporides Everes lecturnus syntala Castalius rosimon Euasopa milionia Euasopa zihaEsakiozephyris icana Esakiozephyris bieti Freyaria trochilusFreyeria putli Glaucopsyche aeruginosa Heliophorus sena Heliophorus bakeri Heliophorus androcles Heliophorus oda Horaga onyx Horaga violaIraota timoleonJamides bochus Lampides boeticus Leptotes pliniusPseudozizeeria maha Euchrysops cnejusEuchysops pandavaCatochrysops strabo Spindasis vulcanus Spindasis lilacinusSpindasis elima Spindasis nipalicusSpindasis ictis Strymon sassanidesSurendra vivarana Tajuria diaeusTajuria cippus Tarucus venosus Tarucus callinara Tarucus nara Tarucus balcanica nigraThecla ziha Udara albocoeruleaUdara cardia dilecta Virachola isocrates Virachola perseZizeeria karsandra Zizula gaika Zizula otis Rapala manea schistacea Rapala veruna grisea Rapala nissa Rapala selira Rapala extensa Rapala iarbis sorya Sinthusa chandrana
Sinthusa nasakaLycaena phlaeasLycaena kasyapa Lycaena pavanaNarathura centaurus Narathura dodoneaNarathura ramaOreolyce cardhanaPanchala ganesaPanchala alemonPhilotes vicrama Polyommatus eros Prosotis noraPratapa ictis
Family : HesperiidaeAchalarus bifasciatus casyapa Aeromachus stigma Badamia exclamationis Bibasis jaina Bibasis sena Tagiades menaka Tagiades menaka Taractrocera danna
Taractrocera maevius Telicota oharajjaUdaspes folius Udaspes adrastus Coladenia danCaprona ransonnetti Sarangesa dasaharaSarangesa purendraSpialia galbaSuastus gremiusPelopidas mathiasPelopidas assanmensisPelopidas conjunctaPelopidas sinensisPolytremis eltolaBorbo cinnaraBorbo cinnaraCelaenorrhinus leucocera Choaspes benjaminii Hesperia alpina Ismene aedipodea aeginaOdontoptilum angulataParnara guttatusUdaspes folus
ii) Heterocera (Moths)
Systematic List
Family : GeomatridaeSubfamily : Geomatrinae
Agathia lycaenaria lycaenaria Agathia hilarata hilarataTanaorhinus recipr. reciprocataNixochlora vittata vittataOrnithospila avicu. aviculariaOmphacodes directa Cacochloris uvidula Geometra flavifrontaria
Chloroglyphia variegata Mixocera allbilineata Hemistola detracta Hemistola loxaria Thetida pallidmarginataThetidia radiataCosmostola multimaculataHeterochroma cristata cristata Eucyclodes gavissima gavissima Pingasa p. pseudoterpnaria
Pingasa ruginaria ruginariaLephophelma e. erionoma Comibaena cassidaraComibaena subhyalinaRhomborista devaxata Spaniocentra megaspilaria Neromia carnifrons carnifrons Episothalma robustaria Hemithea ochrolauta Hemithea marinaHemithea himachalensis Hemithea aquamarina Pelagodes falsariaChlorissa p. pretiosariaChlorissa albifasciata Maxates goniaria Maxates fuscipalpaIdiochlora pudentofimbriaIdiochlora mundariaProtuliocnemis c. castalaria
Subfamily : SterrhinaeTraminda m. mundissimaProblepsis albidor albidorProblepsis vulgaris Problepsis deliaria Chrysocraspeda faganaria Somatina purpurascensSomatina anthophilataSomatina omicrariaAntitrygodes cuneilinea Rhodostrophia herbicolens Rhodostrophia tristrigalis Rhodostrophia stigmaticus Timandra correspondensTimandra convectaria convectaria Chrysocraspeda oleria oleria Scopula nigrifronsScopula stigmataScopula monosemaScopula emissaria emissaria Scopula k. kashmirensis Scopula butyrosaScopula pulverosaScopula pallidaScopula niveus Scopula atriceps Scopula attentata attentataScopula caesaria caesaria Scopula ochripennisScopula straminicostalis Scopula humilisScopula fibulataScopula cleoraria cleoraria Scopula addictoriaScopula m. moorei Scopula p. pulchellataIdaea l. leucozona
Idaea ptyonopodaIdaea protensaIdaea delicatulaIdaea infortunataIdaea grisescensIdaea humerariaIdaea fuscolineataIdaea actiosariaLophopleps t. triangularisZygophyxia relictata
Subfamily : DesmobasthrinaeOzola microniaria
Subfamily : EnnominaePeratophyga hyalinata hyalinataLomographa distans Ascotis imprata Ascotis s. selenariaHypomesis infixariaScardamia metallaria Scardamia easwarammaeIsturgia disputariaSemiothisa fumosaLigdia coctataHyperythra lutea Heterolocha phaenicotaeniataHeterolocha bilineata Heterolocha subtessellata Heterolocha marginata Heterostegane urbica urbicaHeterosteganeZeheba lucidataPseudopanthera himaleyica Sirinopteryx ablunata Synegia camptogrammariaAbraxas intermedia Abraxas leopradinaAbraxas martaria AbraxasOurapteryx picticaudataOurapteryx ebuleata ebuleata Thinopteryx crocoptera crocoptera Chiasmia pluviata pluviataChiasmia fidoniata Chiasmia azataria Chiasmia eleonora eleonoraChiasmia xanthonoraChiasmia perfusaria Chiasmia frugaliataOxymacaria t. temeraria Abaciscus atmala atmala Corymica specularia specularia Corymica arnearia Odontopera lentiginosariaOdontopera obliquariaOdontopera angulariaErebomorpha fulguraria fulguraria
Biston suppressaria suppressaria Zamarada baliataAmraicaHyposidra talaca successariaHyposidra talaca talaca Astygisa vaxillaria Petelia medardaria Luxiaria amasa amasa Eutoea h. heteroneurataAnonychia grisea Alcis semialbaAlcis variegata variegata Psilalsis inceptaria Ectropis c. crespusculariaDasyboarmia delineata Menophra subplagiataPhthonandria a. atrilineataChorodra pulverulenta Lassaba albidaria albidariaGnophus tephrosiariaGnophus accipitrariaCtenognophos eolaria eolariaPeratostega deletaria deletaria Leptomiza calcearia calceariaOpthalmitis herbidariaPercnia felinaria Antoparcnia belluaria belluariaOurapteryx convergensBiston betularia coagnatariaMinomiza cruentaria cruentaria Plutodes costatus Plutodes transmutataOpisthograptis lolleri Psyra spurcataria
Subfamily : LarentiinaePhotoscotosia m. moniosataTriphosa dubiosataCataclysme c. conturbataCidariaLaciniodes plurilinearia
Heterothera consimilis Horisme plurilineata DociravaDocirava aequilineata PomasiaEupithecia rajata Chalyboclydon marginata
Family : SphingidaeMeganoton analisPsilogramma menephronPolyptychus trilineatusNephele didymaHippotion celerioTheretra alectoTheretra nessusTheretra oldenlandie
Family : ArctiidaeArgina argusCreatonotus transiensZadadra distortaStrysopha torticoidesCyana gelidaCyana puellaHypsa ficusAsota caricae
Family : NoctiudaeAnura tirhacaFodina pallulaIschyia manliaSpirama retortaChrysodeixiz eriosomaPsimada quadripennis
Family : PyralidaeBotyodes asialisNausinoe pueritiaTerastia egialealisMaruca testulalis
POLLINATORS
et al.,
et al.
Apis, Halicus Eristalis Bombus
Ceratina Xylocopa, Andrena, Episyrphus. Metasyrpus, Orthellia
Musca
et al.
et al.
Systematic list
Order : Hymenoptera Family: Apidae
. Apis cerana
. Apis mellifera Apis dorsata
Family: Bombidae Bombus tunicatus B.haemorrhoidalisBombus
Family: VespidaeVespa mandarinaVespa velutina Vespa flaviceps
Vespa magnifica Vespa auraria VespaPolistes maculipennisPolistes
Family: Halictidae Halictus dasygaster Halictus
Family: Andrenidae Andrena
Family: XylocopidaeXylocopa fenestrata
Family: Formicidae Camponotus
Holocomyrmex
Family: Ceretinidae Ceratina hieroglyphica
Family: Tenthridinidae Athalia
Family : Ichneumonidae Fileantha
Family: Scoliidae Elis thoracica
Order: Diptera Family: Syrphidae
Eristalis tenaxEristalis himalayaensis Eristalis cerealisE. angustimarginalis
Eristalis arvorumEristalisMetasyrphusMacrosyrphusEpisyrphus balteatus
34. Episyrphus . Scaeva opimius. Scaeva
MelanostomaSyrphus
Family: Muscidae Musca domestica
Musca Fannia domestica
Orthelia
Family: Cordyluridae Scathophaga stereoraria
Family: Calliphoridae Calliphora vicina
. Lucilia
Family: Sepsidae Sepsis
Family: Asilidae Promachus
Family: DolichopodidaeDolichopus
Order : LepidopteraFamily: Pieridae
Pieris canidia PierisDelias
Gonepteryx rhamni
Family: Nymphalidae Pyrameis indica Vanessa canceVanessa
Neptis
Family: Noctuidae HeliothisPlusiaAgrotis flammatraAgrotis
Family: Lycaenidae Heodes Heliophorus
Family: ZyganidaeZyganea
Order: ColeopteraFamily: Coccinellidae
Coccinella septumpunctata. Coccinella
Family: Chrysomelidae Altica
Order : Hemiptera
Family :Cixiidae Nysius Adolenda typicaic
Order :Thysanoptera Family: Thripidae
Thrips
MOLLUSCA
Systematic List
Class : GastropodaOrder : MesogastropodaFamily : Viviparidae
Bellamya bengalensis f. typica2. Bellamya b. f. mandiensis
Bellamya dissimilis
Family : CyclophoridaeAlycaeus strangulatusDiplomatina follicula
Family : BithyniidaeDigoniostoma cerameopoma Digoniostoma pulchella
Family : Thiaridae Thiara (Melanoides) tuberculataPaludomus tanschuaricus
Order : BassommatophoraFamily : Lymnaeidae
Lymnaea (Pseudoscuccinae) acuminata f.typica
BLymnaea (P.) acuminata f. rufescensLymnaea (P.) luteola f. australis
Lymnaea (P.) luteola f. ovalisLymnaea (Galba) andersonianaLymnaea (Radix) auriculariaLymnaea (Radix) persica Lymnaea (Radix) stagnalis
Family : PlanorbiaeGyraulus convexiuxulus Gyraulus labiatusIndoplanorbis exustus
Order : StylommatophoraFamily : Pupillidae
Bifidaria huttonianaOrcula (Sphy.) himalayanumPupilla guttaPyramidula humilis
Family : BradybaenidaeBradybaena radicicolaPlectropis huttoni
Family : ValloniidaeVallonia ladakensis
Family : EnidaeCerastus segregatusEna (Serina) kuluensisEna (Subzebrinus) arcuataEna (Subzebrinus) boysianaEna (Subzebrinus) eremita Ena (Subzebrinus) sindica Ena (Subzebrinus) vibex
Family : ClausiliidaePhaedusa cylindrica
Family : ArionidaeAnadenus altivagusAnadenus dalhousiensisAnadenus schlagintweiti
Family : SubulinidaeAllopeas gracileCaecilioides balanus Coilostele scalarisGlessula paupercula Glessula tornensis Subulina octona
ensonia jacquemontiBensonia monticolaBensonia theobaldianaBensonia angelicaBensonia convexa Kaliella bhasiniKaliella bullulaKaliella fastigiataKaliella nana Khasiella chloroplax Khasiella hyba Euaustenia cassidaEuaustenia theobaldiMacrochlamys glauca Macrochlamys kuluensis Macrochlamys nuda Macrochlamys planuscula Macrochlamys vesiculaGirasia dalhousiaeSyama splendensSyama prona
Family : SuccineidaeSuccinea crassinulea
Family : StreptaxidaeGulella bicolor
Family : LimacidaeKasperia
Class : Bivalvia Order : UnionidaFamily : Unionidae
Parreysia (P.) favidens
Order : VeneroidaFamily : Pisidiidae
Sphaerium (S.) indicum
Family : CorbiculidaeCorbicula striatella
et al.
Systematic List
Class : ActinopterygiiOrder : OsteoglosiiformesFamily : Notopteridae
Notopterus notopterus Chitala chaitala
Order : CypriniformesFamily : Cyprinidae
Barilius barilaBarilius barna Barilius bendelisisBarilius modestus Barilius shacra Barilius vagraRaiamas bolaBrachydanio rerioRasbora daniconiusDanio devarioTor putitoraTor torTor chelynoides Tor mosal Carassius auratus Crassius crassiusCatla catla Cirrhinus reba Cirrhinus mrigala Crossocheilus latus latus Crossocheilis l. diplocheilus
Cyprinus carpio communisCyprinus carpio specularis Cyprinus carpio nudusGara gotyla gotylaGarra lamta Ctenopharyngodon idellusLabeo bataLabeo bogaLabeo calbasuLabeo dero Labeo dycocheilus dycocheilusLabeo pangusiaLabeo rohitaLabeo goniusNeolissochilus hexagonolopsisOsteobrama cotio cotio Esomus danricusPuntius phutunioPuntius cholaPuntius conchoniusPuntius tictoPuntius sarana sarana Puntiuis sophore Puntius waagenii Puntius tetrarpagusPuntius stigmaPuntius punjabensisSlamostoma bacaila
Chagunius chagunioSchizothorax richardsonii Diptus maculatus Hypophthalmichthyes molitrix
Family : CobiitidaeBotia birdiBotia dayi Botia dario Botia lochachata Botia geto Lepidocephalus guntea Noemacheilus botiaNoemacheilus carletoni Noemacheilus corica Noemacheilus horai Noemacheilus himachalensis Noemacheilus montanus Noemacheilus punjabensisNoemacheilus rupecolaNoemacheilus nilgiriensis Triplophysa stoliczkae
Order : SiluriformesFamily : Amblycipitidae
Amblyceps mongois
Family : BagridaeMystus bleekriMystus vittatus Aorichthys aor Aorichthys seenghala
Family : SiluridaeWallago attu
Family : ClariidaeClarias batrachus
Family : SchibeidaeClupisoma garua
Family : SisoridaeBagarius bagariusGlyptothorax brevipinnus
Glyptothorax c. conirostrae Glyptothorax garhwali Glyptothorax gracile GlyptothoraxkashmirensisGlyptothorax pectinopterus Glyptothorax stoliczke Glyptothorax dakpathri Gyptosternon reticulatum Pseudecheneis sulcatus
Order : OrderFamily : Salmonidae
Salmo gardnerii gardnerii Salmo trutto fabrio
Order : BeloniformesFamily : Belonidae
Xenentodon cancila
Order : ChanniformesFamily : Channidae
Channa gachuaChanna maruliusChanna orientalisChanna punctatusChanna striatus
Family : CentropomidaePseudambasis baculis
Family : GobidaeGlossogobius giuris
Family : HeteropneustidaeHeteropneustes fossilis
Order : PerciformesFamily : Nandidae
Badius badis
Order : SynbranchiformesFamily : Mastacembelidae
Mastacembelus armatusMacrognathus pancalus
AMPHIBIA
et al
et al.
Pseudopidalea latastii Bufo viridis
Scutiger occidentalis
Systematic List
Family : RanidaeRana cyanophlyctisRana limnocharisRana tigerinaRana (Tomopterna) brevicepsRana (Paa) minicaRana (Paa) liebigiiRana (Paa) viciniaAmolops afgahanusAmolops himalayanus
Family : RhacophoridaePolypedates maculates
Family : BufonidaeBufo melanistictusBufo stomaticusBufo andersoniiBufo himalayanusBufo viridis
Family : MicrophylidaeMicrohyla ornataUperodon systoma
et al.
et al. et al.
et al.,
Ophisops jerdoni Eurylepis taeniolatus
Melanochelys trijuga indopeninsularis
et al., Laudakia
tuberculata
Systematic List
Order : TestudinesFamily : Emydidae
Kachuga kachuga
Family : GekkonidaeHemidactylus brookiHemidactylus flaviviridus
Family : AgamidaeAgama tuberculataCalotes versicolor
Family : Varanidae Varanus bengalensisVaranus flavescens
Family : ScincidaeMabuya carinataRiopa punctata
Order : SerpentesFamily : Typhlopidae
Typhlops porrectus
Family : ViperidaeVipera russelliEchis carinatusAgkistrodon himalayanus
Family : ColubridaePtyas mucosus
AVES
Critically Threatened Birds in India
Aythya baeri
Leucogeranus leucogeranus
Eurynorhynchus pygmeus
Ardea insignis
Houbaropsis bengalensis
Ardeotis nigriceps
Rhinoptilus bitorquatus
Vanellus gregarius
Heteroglaux blewitti
Gyps indicus
Sarcogyps calvus
Gyps tenuirostris
Gyps bengalensis
Ophrysia superciliosa
Rhodonessa caryophyllacea
et al.
et al.
et al.
et al. et al
et al. et al.
et al. et al.
et al.
Systematic List
PODICIPEDIDAE
Tachybaptus ruficollisPodiceps grisegenaPodiceps cristatus Podiceps nigricollis
PHALACROCORACIDAE
Phalacrocorax nigerPhalacrocorax fuscicollisPhalacrocorax carbo
ANHINGIDAE
Anhinga melanogasterARDEIDAE
Egretta garzetta Ardea cinereaArdea purpurea Casmerodius albus Mesophoyx intermedia Bubulcus ibis Ardeola grayii Butorides striatus Nycticorax nycticorax
Ixobrychus sinensis
Ixobrychus cinnamomeusDupetor flavicollis
CICONIIDAE
Mycteria leucocephalaCiconia nigra Ciconia episcopusEphippiorhynchus asiaticus
THRESKIORNITHIDAE
Pseudibis papillosaPlatalea leucorodia
ANATIDAE
Dendrocygna javanicaAnser albifrons Anser anserAnser indicusTadorna ferruginea Tadorna tadorna Anas streperaAnas PenelopeAnas platyrhynchos Anas poecilorhyncha Anas clypeataAnas acuta
Anas querquedula Anas creccaRhodonessa rufina Aythya farinaAythya nyrocaAythya fuligulaAythya marilaMergus merganser
ACCIPITRIDAE
Pernis ptilorhyncusElanus caeruleusMilvus migrans Haliastur indus Haliaeetus leucoryphusHaliaeetus albicillaIchthyophaga humilisGypaetus barbatusNeophron percnopterusGyps bengalensis Gyps tenuirostrisGyps himalayensisGyps fulvus Aegypius monachus Sarcogyps calvusCircaetus gallicus Spilornis cheelaCircus aeruginosusCircus melanoleucos Circus macrourus Accipiter trivirgatus Accipiter badiusAccipiter virgatus Accipiter nisus Accipiter gentilesButastur teesa Buteo buteoButeo rufinus Buteo hemilasiusIctinaetus malayensisAquila pomarina Aquila clangaAquila chrysaetosAquila rapax Aquila nipalensis Aquila heliacaHieraaetus fasciatusHieraaetus pennatusSpizaetus cirrhatus Spizaetus nipalensis
PANDIONIDAE
Pandion haliaetusFALCONIDAE
Falco naumanni Falco tinnunculusFalco chicqueraFalco amurensis Falco subbuteoFalco severusFalco juggerFalco cherrugFalco peregrinus
PHASIANIDAE
Lerwa lerwaTetraogallus tibetanusTetraogallus himalayensis
Alectoris chukarFrancolinus francolinus Francolinus pondicerianusPerdix hodgsoniae
Coturnix coturnixCoturnix coromandelicaCoturnix chinensisPerdicula asiatica Arborophila torqueolaTragopan melanocephalus Pucrasia macrolopha Lophophorus impejanus Gallus gallus Lophura leucomelanosCatreus wallichiiPavo cristatus
TURNICIDAE
Turnix sylvaticaTurnix tankiTurnix suscitator
GRUIDAE
Grus antigone RALLIDAE
Rallus aquaticusAmaurornis akool Amaurornis phoenicurus
Porzana pusilla Porzana fusca Gallicrex cinereaPorphyrio porphyrioGallinula chloropusFulica atra
JACANIDAE
Hydrophasianus chirurgus
ROSTRATULIDAE
Rostratula benghalensisHAEMATOPIDAE
Haematopus ostralegus CHARADRIIDAE
Pluvialis apricaria Pluvialis fulvaPluvialis squatarolaCharadrius hiaticula Charadrius dubius Charadrius alexandrinus Charadrius mongolusCharadrius leschenaultii Vanellus vanellusVanellus malarbaricus Vanellus duvaucelii Vanellus indicus Vanellus gregarious Vanellus leucurus
SCOLOPACIDAE
Scolopax rusticolaGallinago solitariaGallinago nemoricolaGallinago stenura Gallinago gallinagoLymnocryptes minimusLimosa limosa Numenius arquata Tringa erythropus Tringa tetanus Tringa stagnatilisTringa nebularia Tringa ochropus Tringa glareola Xenus cinereus Actitis hypoleucosCalidris minuta Calidris temminckii
Calidris alpineCalidris ferrugineaPhilomachus pugnax
RECURVIROSTRIDAE
Ibidorhyncha struthersiiHimantopus himantopus Recurvirostra avosetta
PHALAROPOPIDAE
Phalaropus lobatusBURHINIDAE
Burhinus oedicnemusEsacus recurvirostris
GLAREOLIDAE
Glareola maldivarum Glareola lacteal
LARIDAE
Larus heuglini Larus cachinnansLarus ichthyaetusLarus brunnicephalus Larus ridibundus Larus minitus Sterna aurantiaSterna hirundo Sterna acuticauda
RYNCHOPIDAE
Rynchops albicollisPTEROCLIDIDAE
Syrrhaptes tibetanusPterocles exustusPterocles senegallus
COLUMBIDAE
Columba livia Columba eversmanni Columba rupestrisColumba leuconotaColumba palumbus Columba hodgsonii Columba pulchricollisStreptopelia orientalis Streptopelia senegalensisStreptopelia chinensis Streptopelia tranquebarica Streptopelia decaoctoMacropygia unchallChalcophaps indicaTreron phoenicoptera
Treron sphenuraPSITTACIDAE
Psittacula eupatriaPsittacula krameri Psittacula himalayanaPsittacula cyanocephala
CUCULIDAE
Clamator jacobinusHierococcyx sparverioides Hierococcyx variusCuculus micropterusCuculus canorusCuculus saturatus Cuculus poliocephalus Cacomantis merulinus
Surniculus lugubrisEudynamys scolopacea Phaenicophaeus leschenaultiiCentropus sinensis
TYTONIDAE
Tyto albaSTRIGIDAE
Otus spilocephalusOtus sunia Otus bakkamoenaOtus scops Bubo bubo Ketupa zeylonensisKetupa flavipes Glaucidium cuculoidesGlaucidium radiatum Athene brama Asio otus
CAPRIMULGIDAE
Caprimulgus indicus Caprimulgus macrurus Caprimulgus asiaticus Caprimulgus affinis
APODIDAE
Collocalia brevirostrisZoonavena sylvaticaHirundapus caudacutus Tachymarptis melba Apus apus Apus pacificus Apus affinis
ALCEDINIDAE
Alcedo atthis Halcyon smyrnensis Megaceryle lugubrisCeryle rudis
MEROPIDAE
Nyctyornis athertoniMerops apiasterMerops orientalis Merops persicusMerops philippinusMerops leschenaulti
CORACIDAE
Coracias garrulous Coracias benghalensis
UPUPIDAE
Upupa epops BUCEROTIDAE
Ocyceros birostrisCAPITONIDAE
Megalaima virens Megalaima zeylanica Megalaima lineateMegalaima asiaticaMegalaima haemacephala
INDICATORIDAE
Indicator xanthonotus
PICIDAE
Jynx torquilla Picumnus innominatusDendrocopos canicapillus
Dendrocapus nanus
Dendrocopos auriceps
Dendrocopos macei
Dendrocopos mahrattensis
Dendrocopos hyperythrus
Dendrocopos himalayensis
Picus chlorolophusPicus flavinuchaPicus xanthopygaeusPicus squamatusPicus canus Dinopium shorii Dinopium benghalense
Chrysocolaptes lucidus Mulleripicus pulverulentus
PITTIDAE
Pitta sordida Pitta brachyuran
ALAUDIDAE
Mirafra cantillansMirafra assamicaMirafra erythropteraEremopterix grisea
Melanocorypha bimaculataCalandrella brachydactyla
Calandrella acutirostris
Calandrella raytal Galerida cristataAlauda arvensis Alauda gulgulaEremophila alpestris
HIRUNDINIDAE
Riparia ripariaRiparia dilutaRiparia paludicolaHirundo rupestris Hirundo concolorHirundo rustica Hirundo smithii Hirundo dauricaHirundo fluvicola Delichon urbicaDelichon dasypus
MOTACILLIDAE
Dendronanthus indicus Motacilla albaMotacilla maderaspatensis
Motacilla citreolaMotacilla flavaMotacilla cinereaAnthus richardi Anthus rufulus Anthus campestrisAnthus godlewskii Anthus similesAnthus sylvanus Anthus trivialisAnthus hodgsoni Anthus cervinus Anthus roseatus Anthus spinoletta
CAMPEPHAGIDAE
Tephrodornis pondicerianus
Coracina maceiCoracina melaschistos
Coracina melanoptera
Pericrocotus roseus Pericrocotus divaricatus Pericrocotus cinnamomeusPericrocotus erythropygius
Pericrocotus ethologusPericrocotus flammeusHemipus picatus
PYCNONOTIDAE
Pycnonotus melanicterus Pycnonotus jocosusPycnonotus leucogenysPycnonotus cafer Hypsipetes mcclellandii Hypsipetes leucocephalus
IRENIDAE
Aegithina tiphiaIrena puella Chloropsis aurifrons Chloropsis hardwickii
LANIIDAE
Lanius isabellinusLanius cristatus Lanius vittatusLanius schach Lanius tephronotus Lanius meridionalis
CINCLIDAE
Cinclus cinclus Cinclus pallasii
TROGLODYTIDAE
Troglodytes troglodytesPRUNELLIDAE
Prunella collaris Prunella himalayanaPrunella rubeculoides Prunella strophiata Prunella fulvescens Prunella atrogularis
MUSCICAPIDAE: Turdinae Monticola cinclorhynchus
Monticola rufiventris
Monticola solitariesMyophonus caeruleusZoothera wardii Zoothera citrinaZoothera mollissima Zoothera dixoniZoothera dauma Zoothera monticola Turdus unicolor Turdus albocinctus Turdus boulboul Turdus merula Turdus rubrocanusTurdus ruficollisTurdus pilaris Turdus viscivorusBrachypteryx montana
Luscinia calliopeLuscinia pectoralisLuscinia svecicaLuscinia brunnea Tarsiger cyanurus Tarsiger chrysaeusCopsychus saularis
Copsychus malabaricusSaxicoloides fulicataPhoenicurus erythronota
Phoenicurus coeruleocephalus
Phoenicurus ochrurosPhoenicurus erythrogaster
Phoenicurus frontalis Chaimarrornis leucocephalus
Rhyacornis fuliginosus
Hodgsonius phaenicuroides
Myiomela leucuraGrandala coelicolor Enicurus scouleri Enicurus immaculatusEnicurus maculatesCochoa purpurea Saxicola torquata Saxicola leucuraSaxicola caprataSaxicola ferrea Cercomela fuscaOenanthe oenantheOenanthe picataOenanthe pleschankaOenanthe xanthoprymna
Oenanthe desertiOenanthe isabellina
TimalinaeGarrulax albogularis
Garrulax leucolophus
Garrulax striatus Garrulax rufogularis
Garrulax lineatusGarrulax variegatesGarrulax erythrocephalus
Pellorneum ruficepsPomatorhinus erythrogenys
Pomatorhinus schisticeps
Pnoepyga albiventer
Pnoepyga immaculate Stachyris pyrrhopsDumetia hyperythra Macronous gularisChrysomma sinenseTurdoides caudatusTurdoides earlei Turdoides malcolmiTurdoides striatus Leiothrix argentauri Leiothrix luteaPteruthius flaviscapis
Pteruthius xanthochlorusMinla cyanouropteraMinla strigulaAlcippe vinipectus
Heterophasia capistrataYuhina flavicollis
SylviinaeRegulus regulusCisticola juncidisPrinia crinigera Prinia buchananiPrinia hodgsonii Prinia flaviventrisPrinia burnesiiPrinia sylvaticaPrinia socialisPrinia inornataTesia castaneocoronataCettia fortipesCettia flavolivaceaCettia brunnifronsLocustella naevia Acrocephalus agricolaAcrocephalus dumetorumAcrocephalus orinus Acrocephalus stentoreus
Acrocephalus melanopogon
Hippolais caligataOrthotomus sutorius Leptopoecile sophiae Phylloscopus collybitaPhylloscopus sindianusPhylloscopus fuscatusPhylloscopus fuligiventer Phylloscopus affinis Phylloscopus griseolus Phylloscopus pulcherPhylloscopus maculipennis
Phylloscopus chloronotus
Phylloscopus subviridis Phylloscopus humeiPhylloscopus trochiloidesPhylloscopus magnirostris
Phylloscopus tytleri Phylloscopus occipitalis
Phylloscopus reguloides Phylloscopus neglectus Phylloscopus inornatus
Seicercus xanthoschistosSeicercus burkii
Megalurus palustrisSylvia communisSylvia currucaSylvia althaeaSylvia nanaSylvia hortensis Bradypterus thoracicus
MuscicapinaeMuscicapa striataMuscicapa sibiricaMuscicapa dauuricaMuscicapa ruficauda Ficedula strophiata Ficedula parvaFicedula subrubra
Ficedula westermanniFicedula superciliarisFicedula tricolourEumyias thalassina Niltava sundara Cyornis unicolorCyornis rubeculoides Cyornis tickelliaeCulicicapa ceylonensis
MonarchinaeHypothymis azurea Terpsiphone paradisi
RhipidurinaeRhipidura hypoxanthaRhipidura albicollisRhipidura aureola
AEGITHALIDAE
Aegithalos leucogenysAegithalos concinnusAegithalos niveogularis
REMIZIDAE
Cephalopyrus flammiceps PARIDAE
Parus rufonuchalisParus rubidiventrisParus melanolophusParus dichrous Parus major Parus monticolusParus xanthogenysSylviparus modestus
SITTIDAE
Sitta cashmirensis Sitta castaneaSitta himalayensisSitta leucopsisSitta frontalisTichodroma muraria
CERTHIIDAE
Certhia familiarisCerthia himalayana
DICAEIDAE
Dicaeum agileDicaeum erythrorynchos
Dicaeum ignipectusNECTARINIIDAE
Nectarinia asiaticaAethopyga gouldiaeAethopyga nipalensisAethopyga siparajaAethopyga ignicaudaArachnothera magna
ZOSTEROPIDAE
Zosterops palpebrosus EMBERIZIDAE: Emberizinae
Melophus lathamiEmberiza leucocephalosEmberiza ciaEmberiza citronellaEmberiza buchananiEmberiza stewartiEmberiza striolata Emberiza fucataEmberiza pusillaEmberiza melanocephalaEmberiza schoeniclus Emberiza bruniceps
FRINGILLIDAE
Fringilla coelebsFringilla montifringillaSerinus pusillus Carduelis spinoides
Carduelis spinus Carduelis carduelisCarduelis flavirostrisCarduelis cannabinaCallacanthis burtoni Loxia curvirostra Leucosticte nemoricolaLeucosticte brandtiCarpodacus nipalensis Carpodacus erythrinus Carpodacus pulcherrimus Carpodacus rodochrous Carpodacus rodopeplus Carpodacus thura Carpodacus rhodochlamys
Carpodacus rubicilloidesCarpodacus rubicillaCarpodacus puniceus Pyrrhula nipalensisPyrrhula aurantiaca Pyrrhula erythrocephalaMycerobas icterioides
Mycerobas affinisMycerobas melanozanthos
Mycerobas carnipes Pyrrhoplectes epauletteAmandava amandavaLonchura malabarica Lonchura punctulata
PASSERIDAE: PasserinaePasser domesticus Passer rutilans Passer montanus Petronia xanthocollis
Montifringilla adamsiPyrgilauda davidiana Pyrgilauda blanfordi
PloceinaePloceus philippinus Ploceus benghalensis Ploceus manjar
STURNIDAE
Saroglossa spiloptera Sturnus malabaricusSturnus pagodarum Sturnus roseus Sturnus vulgarisb Sturnus contra Acridotheres tristisAcridotheres ginginianusAcridotheres fuscus
ORIOLIDAE
Oriolus oriolus Oriolus xanthornus Oriolus traillii
DICRURIDAE
Dicrurus macrocercusDicrurus leucophaeusDicrurus caerulescensDicrurus hottentottus
ARTAMIDAE
Artamus fuscus CORVIDAE
Garrulus glandarius Garrulus lanceolatusUrocissa flavirostrisUrocissa erythrorhyncha
Dendrocitta vagabunda
Dendrocitta formosaePica picaNucifraga caryocatactesPyrrhocorax pyrrhocoraxPyrrhocorax graculusCorvus splendensCorvus macrorhynchos Corvus corax
MAMMALIA
et al.
et al.
et al. et al.
et al. et al
et al.
Systematic list
Order: InsectivoraFamily: Soricidae
Soriculus nigrescensCrocidura attenuateSuncus murinusChimarrogale himalayica
Family: Erinaceidae Hemiechinus collarisHemiechinus micropus
Order: PrimatesFamily: Cercopithecidae
Macaca mulatta Semnopithecus entellus
Order: CarnivoraFamily: Canidae
Canis aureusCanis lupusVulpes bengalensisVulpes vulpes Cuon alpines
Family: Herpestidae Herpestes edwardsiiHerpestes javanicus
Family: Viverridae Peguma larvataParadoxuras harmphroditus
Vivvricula indica
Family: Mustellidae Amblonyx cinereusLutra lutraLutrogale perspiciliataMellivora capensisMartes flavigulaMartes foina Mustella alticaMustella kathiaMustella sibirica
Family: UrsidaeUrsus arctos Ursus thibetarus
Family: Hyaenidae Hyaena hyaena
Family: Felidae Prionailurus bengalensisPanthera pardusPanthera tigrisFelis chaus Uncia uncia Lynx lynx
Order: Pholidata Family: Manidae
Manis crassicaudata
Order: Perissodactyla Family: Equidae
Equus kiang
Order : ArtiodactylaFamily: Cervidae
Cervus elaphus hangluCeruvs unicolor Axis axisAxis porcinusMuntiacus muntjank
Family: Moschidae Moschus chrysogaster
Family: BovidaeBos grunniensBoselaphus tragocamelusCapra sibiricaHemitragus jemlahicusProcapra picticaudaGazella benetti Naemorhedus goralNaemorhedus sumatrensisOvis omonPseudois nayaur
Order: Rodentia Family: Sciuridae
Marmota himalayana
Marmota caudate Eupataurus cinereus Hylopetes fimbriatusFunambulus pennantiPetaurista petaurista
Family: Hystricidae Hystrix indicaHystrix brachyuran
Family: Muridae Alticola royleiAlticola blanfordiMicrotus lucurus Apodemus sylvaticus Apodemus rusigesApodemus wardiNosekia indica Hyperacrius fertilis Hyperacrius wynneiPitymys leucurusTatera indicaBandicota bengalensisBandicota indicaGollunda elliotiMillardia meltadaMus boodugaMus musculusMus saxicolaMus cervicolorMus platythrix Niviventer fluviscensNiviventer niviventerCremnomys cutchicusRattus norvegicusRattus rattus Rattus turkestanicusRattus vicerexVandeleuria oleracea
Order : LagomorphaFamily: Leporidae
Lepus nigricollisLepus oiostolus
Family: Ochotonidae Ochotona royleiOchotona ladacensisOchotona macrotis
Chiroptera (Bats)
Vespertilio murinoides
Myotis blythii
Myotis muricola Barbastella
leucomelas Rhinolophus ferrumequinum
Scotophilus kuhlii Scotoecus pallidus
Pteropus giganteus
Rhinolophus ferrumequinum tragatus, Nyctalus montanus, N. labiatus, Myotis
muricola, M. blythii Pipistrellus coromandra
Myotis formosus M. blythii
Pteropus giganteus
Rhinolophus ferrumequinum tragatus Pipistrellus javanicus
Nyctalus noctula
Nyctalus leisleri Myotis mystacinus
Myotis muricola
Plecotus auritus et al. Murina tubinaris
et al.
et al.
et al.
Systematic List
Order : ChiropteraSub-order: MegachiropteraFamily : Pteropodidae
Rousettus leschenaultiPteropus giganteus
Sub-order: MicrochiropteraFamily : Megadermatidae
Megaderma lyra
Family : RhinolophidaeRhinolophus ferrumequinumRhinolophus sinicusRhinolophus affinisRhinolophus luctusRhinolophus lepidus
Family : HipposideridaeHipposideros armiger
Family : VespertilionidaeMiniopterus schreibesrsiiMyotis mystacinusMyotis blythiiMyotis siligorensisMyotis formosusMyotis muricolaPipistrellus tenuisPipistrellus coromandraPipistrellus javanicusPipistrellus dormeriPipistrellus ceylonicus indicusScotophilus kuhliiPlecotus homochrousBarbastella leucomelasScotoecus pallidusNyctalus noctulaNyctalus leisleriNyctalus montanusMurina tubinaris
MAJOR THREATS TO ANIMALS
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