hill's atlas of veterinary clinical anatomy (scan)

1 Introduction

Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

2 Normal Heart 3 Chronic Valvular Disease

4 Normal Canine Heart 5 Heartworm Disease

6 Normal Canine Heart 7 Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy

8 Normal Feline Heart 9 Fehne Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

1 0 Normal Feline Hearl 11 Feline Dilaled Cardiomyopathy

12 Normal Lymph Node Architecture 13 Lymphosarcoma

Digestive System

14 Normal Fehne Dentition 15 Periodontal Disease

16 Normal Canine Dentition 17 Carnassial Tooth Abscess

1 8 Normal Stomach 19 Hemorrhagic Gastritis with Ulcers

20 Normal Stomach 21 Gastric Dilatation w1th Volvulus

22 Normal Small Intestine 23 Foreign Bodies

24 Parvoviral Entc;ritis 25 Intussusception 26 Normal Canine Colon 27 Chronic Colitis

Contents

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28 Normal Feline Colon 29 Constipation/Colonic Impaction

30 Normal Pancreas 31 Acute Pancreatitis

32 Normal Pancreas 33 Exocrine PancreatiC Insufficiency

34 Normal liver 35 End-Stage liver Disease

36 Normal liver 37 Hepatic Neoplasia

Integumentary System

38 Normal Skin/Perineal Anatomy 39 Anal Sac Ab�ess

40 Skin Abscess 41 Flea-Allergy Dermatitis

Musculoskeletal System

42 Normal Vertebrate/Spinal Cord 4 3 Intervertebral Disk Disease

44 Normal Shoulder 45 Osteochondritis Dlssecans

46 Normal Elbow 47 Ununited Anconeal Process/Panosteitis

48 Normal Hip Joint 49 Hip Dysplasia

50 Normal Rear Leg 51 Femoral Fracture

� -

--

--

-..._

--

--

--

--

� -

--

-

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S 2 'ormal Stifle 53 Ruptured Cranial Cruciate ligament

54 'lormal Stifle 55 Patellar Luxation

Respiratory System

56 Normal Mouth/Upper Airway 57 Tonsillitis

58 Normal Canine Thorax 59 Collapsing Trachea

60 Normal Feline Thorax 61 Pulmonary Edema

Urogenital System

� ��--.... Canine Kidney • rue Renal Disease

""""-:;a Camne Kidney - Aa;;e Renal Failure

-.a Unnary Bladder -- -�=�" Stones

� - v -,a, Canine lower Urinary System !!!!5 c- ..:.�.,e Urethral Obstruction

-;;, 70 !\,ormal Feline Lower Urinary Sy�i.em ""'!S 71 F-e ne lower Urinary Tract Disease

-2 ;:;rrnal Prostate Gland -3 08-.ign Pfost<llic Hyperplasia

-.! o ... anonysterectomy -5 i"tor.iwa

- G1 e Castration r -es;:cc ar Tumors

-�

Special Senses

78 Normal Canine Eye 79 Nuclear Sclerosis/Cataracts

80 Normal Feline Eye 81 Glaucoma

82 Normal Feline Eye 83 Corneal Ulceration

84 Normal Hearing Apparatus 85 Otitis Ex terna/Media/lnterna

Parasite Life Cycles

86 Heartworms 87 Giardia

88 Hookworms 89 Whipworms

90 Roundworms 97 T<1peworrns (Toe({io) 92 Tapeworms (Dipyficlium caninum) 93 Fleas

94 Ticks 9 5 Sarcoptes

96 OP.modt>.X 97 Cheyletie/la

98 Ear Miles 99 Bibliography

�2006 Hill\ l'et Nulr�llon, Inc.

Division of Colgate-Palmolive Company. Published by Vt>terinary Medot:inc Publishing Company, In< All righb reserved. Printed in Europe.

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Introduction

A1 �·�«another, all of us in clinical pr.lctice have e><plai.nEO to clients such things as the patholo<JY ol a lailing he.trt �a prolapsed lnte.vertebral disk. Oftentimo>s, we've US«" radoegraphs or hand drawings to communicate .,.,pottant points. lrmfl(.'Clive of our a rtii!IC >kills, such draw ngs and explanatiOn$ tromler information ro dienb not only about specific diagnoses but �I>O about the ratJOila e behind th!'rapt'lltlc plans.

I" > Pet Nutrition thinks diem communication ls vital to the succeu of vetmnary pr.lCtice. In ...:cord With that pi' iosophy, Hill's Is proud to present thf> 1/il/} Alios of

·� Clinical Anatomy" - an in-exam room alias t o .. .elgl ten dlent communications.

E�ch illurtr.ltion In the Alias has been rlrawn by professional medical illustrators. Generally, the left-lland p.tg� depicts normal Mldtomy, and the right-hand page 1 p.,lhologic presentation A brief outline of d1dgnostic, lheraoeotic, and oJCtary plans is included on the right-haod page This arrangement will allow you tu >how clients norm�l anat«ny and thP p,;thulogy affectillg their pets ...n le you describe how yoor therapeutic; plan Wll, if pos.�ble. �tum lh�lr pets to heal ih and normal <>natwny.

The Atlas contains e.ght >ections. Refer to the cont?nu p<>g� fO< the p<>ge numbf'r� and color asslg� to each !iCCbon. rhese bkxks of color are placed around thP � numbers at the top of edCh paQe. r..xh secllon has � as�lgnPd a different color for f'.l�c of use .

E�ry effort ha) been m�de to ensure thoe accuracy 01 thP mcdka I lllustratlons and the diagnostic., therapeutic, and nutritlorldl pl;tns In thP 111/os. FQr exampiP, tach Illustration has been reviewed by appropri<tte veterinary faculty �� the College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado Stall' tJniv�ity. The Allot i\ not intended 10 be an exhaustive review ol anatomy, pathology, or ml'dicine. r ur more information, lonsult the bibliography or refer to prP�clihing informatlool on �f.>CCific druqs. Your Hill's Country Office will alw be happy to give you advice and lnforn•ollon; you'll find thtlr contact details lolled at the b.xk of the Alias.

The Atlas c.onldins illustrations of the m<»t COOlmorl condot10ns seen in donocal practice. rherefore, 11> proper placf'l\ in the exam room, so you can use it dally to "''hance clic;-nt education.

Hill's Pet Nutrition, Inc.

Left venlride

Left al novcnlricula r valve

Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy

Normal Heart

Right venl ride

-- Right atrioventricular valve

Chorda tendinea

Pap;llary mu scle

-


Chronic Valvular Disease

Shrunken, noduldr, di5Lorted atroventlicular valves

Shortened, U1ickened rolling of valve leaneLs

Chorda lendinea degeneration and r upture

Chronic Valvular Disease

Diagnostic Plan History Physical �xaminatlon Chesl auscultation Chest palpation Blood work Urinalysis Chest x-rays Electrocardiography Hci!rtvvorrn c:hc<k

Echocardiography Angiocardiography

Therapeutic Plan Drugs to strengthen the heart Dlur�tlcs Drugs that dildtc

blood vessels Drugs that correct

abnorm.•l lw�rl rhythm� Exercise restriction

Dietary Plan A mildly restricted sodiurr <f�et

or a moderately restncted sodium d1et

If n&.�ry, change to a

severely restnclcd wdium diet


Normal Canine Heart

Aortic arch Pulmomtry �rl c•ry

left atrium

Right ventricle

Coronary vessels

Left ventricle

Left atrioventricular valve

'r--- Chorda tendinea

Left ventricle

Right atrioventricular valve

Left ventricular free wall Right ventricle

Papillary muscle Ventricular septum

Right ventricular free wall

� d -

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Heartworm Disease

Aoult h('artworms in the pulmonary arteries, right atrium,

and right ventricle. Disease within the pulmonary arteries leads to right ventricular dilation, hypertrophy, and failure.

Dilated right ventricle

Heartworm Disease

Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Heartworm c'1cck Blood work Urinalysis Chest x -rays Electrocardiography Echocardiography

Therapeutic Plan Drugs to kill adult worms Restricted exerdse Aspirin Corticosteroids Drugs to kill larvae

in the bloodstream Prevention Surgery

Hypertrophic right ventricular musdes

Dietary Plan A diet wiU1 controlled lev�ls of

protein, phosphorus and sodium Consider body condition


Normal Canine Heart

Aortic ilrch Pulmonary artery

I Lclt atrium

Rtghl ventricle Coronary vessels

Left ventride

left atrioventricular valve

o-----Chorda tendinea

Left ventricle

Right atriovcnl rlcular valve

Right ventricular ITee wall Left ventricular free wall

Papillary mus<le

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nm :. f\lld� 01 vetenne�ry '-llniCaJ f\llaromy

Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy

A globular-shaped heart with severe dilation of both atria and ventr icles

Abnorm�lly thin ventricular walls

Atrophied papillary musde

Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Diagnostic: Plan History Physical examination Urina lysis

Blood work Chest x-rays Electrocardiography Echocardiography X-ray> of the hearl after

dye injection

Therapeutic: Plan Enforced rest Removal of fluid from

the chest and abdomen Diuretics Drugs that strengthen the heart Drugs U1at dilate blood vessels Bronchodilators Oxygen therapy

Dietary Plan A diet that avoids excess

levels of sodium

Right ventricle

Papillary muscle


Normal Feline Heart

Aortic arch

Pulmonary artery left atrium

Right aLrium

Left ventricle Right ventricle

-- Chorda tendinea

;___ left ventricle

Right ventricular free wall Left ventricular free wall

Ventricular septum

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- Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy

Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Abnormally increased muscle mass due to a hypertrophied, nondilated left ventricle

Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination

Chest auscultation

Palpation of femoral pulses

and hindlimb musculature Blood work Urinalysis Electrocardiography Chest x-rays Echocardiography X-rays of the heart and

abdominal blood vessels after dye injection

Therapeutic Plan

Enforced rest Bronchodilators

Oxygen Uu�rapy Removal of fluid from

the chest and abdomen Dru9s that dilate blood vessels Aspirin Be la blockers Heparin Surgery

Dietary Plan A diet lhat avoids excess

levels of sodium

Rigi'll ventricle

Pap1llary muscle


Normal Feline Heart

AortiC arch

Pulmonary artery Leh dlrium

Right allium

ventricle

Right ventnde

Chorda tendinea

,........ __ Left ventricle

Right ventricular free wall

left venlricular free wall

Ventricular septum

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Feline Dilated Cardiomyopathy

A globular heart with �cvcrc dilatjon of the four (;hambers. Depre$$ed ventricular contractile performance occurs. Ventricular dilation distorts the atrioventricular valves leading to mitral regurgitation and atrial enlargemenL

Feline Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Diagnostic Plan History rhy$ical examination Chest auscultalion l'�lpation of femoral pulse!>

and hindlimb musculature Blood work Urinalysis ElectroC<lrdiography Chest x-rays EdJOcardiography X-rays of the heart and

abdominal blood vessels after dye injection

Plasma taurine analysis

Therapeutic Plan Enforced rf'.�t Diuretics Bronchodllators Oxygen therapy Removal ot fluid from the

chest and abdomen Drugs Lhat dilate blood vessels Drugs that strengthen thE' heart Heparin Surgery

Dietary Plan A diet that contains adequate

levels of taurine and avoids excess levels of sodium


Normal Lymph Node Architecture

Cortex

Germinal center Afferent lymphatic vP.ssel

Medulla

-

-

--

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lymphosarcoma

The tumor mass is often white on the cut surtace, and the capsule is thinned. Microscopically, malignant cells have replaced normal cells and destroyed the normill architecture of the lymph node._)

lymphosarcoma

Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Blood work FeLV test (for cats) X-rays Urinalysis Biopsy of tissue Cell studies Endoscopy Exploratory surgery Examinations of chest and

abdominal tluid Bone marrow biopsy Cerebral )pin" fluid examination

Therapeutic Plan Supportive therapy Chemotherapy Surgical excision Radiation

Dietary Plan A diet based on individual patient

evaluation Including body condition �nd other organ system Involvement or disease


Normal Feline Dentition

-

Upper Teeth

Incisors

Canine -

� Premolars

Molar

Lower Teeth

Molar

Premolars

Canine

Incisors

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Periodontal Disease

Normal Dental Examination

Plaque

Dlsc.loscd plaque

Gingivitis

Periodontitis

Gingival recession wilh root exposure

, 1 f'lt.�....:....,.,o;;......� ��:::== Chronic gingivitis t: Tarlar

Periodontal Disease

Diagnostic Plan His lory Physical examination Oral examination Dental x-ray>

Therapeutic: Plan Tooth scaling abovl' and

below the gumline Tooth polishing Extraction Surgery Antibacterials Tooth brushing

Dietary Plan Postsurgery or extractiom, a food

with nutritional characteristics that support tissue repair.

A soft food may minimize postprocedural discomfort.

Long term, a food with f onnulation and texture that slows the accumulation of plaque and tartar.


Normal Canine Dentition

Upper Teeth

lntbors

Canine

Premolars

Molars

Lower Teeth

Molars

Pn)molars

C.111i11c

Incisors

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Carnassial Tooth Abscess

Fistula from the abscess with blood-tinged discharge

DissccLcd view or the lesion

�--- Chronic gingivitis

rf--::::�-,-:�� ... 'J,Z Carnassial Tooth Abscess

Calculus formation

Carnassial tooth

Diagnostic Plan History Physical examina tion Oral examina tion Dental x-rays

Therapeutic Plan Tooth extraction Root canals AnUbiolics

Dietary Plan A diet based on overall patient

evaluation including body condition and other organ system involvement

A soft diet may minimize postsurgical pain

Pyloric antrum


Normal Stomach

Une of disse<.Lion

Esophagus

Body portion of the slomach

Fundus portion of the �lomach

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Gastric folds

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Hemorrhagic Gastritis with Ulcers

Diffuse redness or the mucosa due to act1ve inflammation and hemorrhage

Hemorrhagic Gastritis with Ulcers

Diagno stic Plan History Physical examination Blood work Stool check tor blood Stool check for paras1tes Urinalysi� X-rays of the stomach Endoscopy Ga�l nc Ouid analysis Gastric b1opsy

Therapeutic Plan Nothing orally for 12 to 24 hours Fluid therapy Gastric lavage Antiemetic. dnug� Whole blood Drugs to 1nh1bit gastric acid

secretion Surgery

Dietary Plan A diet b<lsed on ovcr"ll patient

evaluation includ1ng body condition and othE'I organ systems

A diet With modcrdt.e protein and moderate to low levels of fat and fiber to minimize dietary-induced delays in gMtrk emptying

For pets with ga�tritis caused by food allt'rgy. a hypoallergenic d1et


Canine Normal Stomach

Pyloric antrum

Pylorus

Clockwise rotation as viewed from a ventral position

Esophagus

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Sequence of Gastric Dilatation with Volvulus

The pyloric antrum is displaced downward.

The pylorus crosses the midline, passes underneath the d isten ded proximal part or )[Omach, and moVC) upward along the left abdominal wall.

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Canine Gastric Dilatation with Volvulus

Clockwise volvulus of the stomach; the organ is greatly enlarged

The gastric fundus moves ventrally and becomes located in the ventral abdomen.

� r Torsion of the esophagus

The continuing gastric dilatation displaces the greater curvature ventrally.

Duodenum displaced to the lett

The greater omentum covers the stomach's surface

Gastric Dilatation with Volvulus

Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination X-ray ot the stomach Blood work

Therapeutic Plan Stomach distention relief Shock therapy Surgery

Dietary Plan A low-rt:>idue diet.. fL>d

in small porlions Avoid excess ive

postprandial exercise

Uver

Stomach


Normal Small Intestine

Kidney Descending colon

Ureter

Urinary bl�dder

Spleen Small intestine

Mesentery

Small intestine


Foreign Bodies

Dilated loops of bowel cranial to the obstruction \

Dilated loop of bowel

Congested mesenteric blood vessels

Foreign Bodies

Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Abdominal palpation Abdominal x-rdys Upper G.l. series Stool analysis Blood tests Urinalysis Endoscopy

Therapeutic Plan Fluid therapy Antibacterials Surgery (to remove foreign bodies) NoU1ing by mouth for 24-48 hourS

Foreign object (ball) Dietary Plan Postsurgically, a low-residue

diet fed in small portions Consider ov(�rall patient condition

when determining the protein level and caloric density of the diet


Canine Parvoviral Enteritis

Viral particle

ParvoviruS(lS infecting an intestinal epithelial cell

Parvoviral Enteritis

Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Stool analysis Blood tests Urinalysi> Abdominal x-rays Upper G.l. series Endoscopy with tissue biopsy

Therapeutic Plan Nothing by mouth Huid U1crapy lniP.stinal protec:lants Antibacterials Analgesics

The virus Lypically affc<.b the small intestine

Mitochondria

Dietary Plan A highly digestible diet Consider overall patie11t

condition when determining the prolein level and caloric density of the diet


Intussusception

Obstruction ot the small intestine caused by the teiQScoping of a segment of intestine into ;�n adjacent segment ---1...-

A loop of intestine within an adjacent segment of intestine

Intussusception

Diagnostic Plan History Physical ex<�mination Abdominal palpation Abdominal x-rays

Therapeutic Plan Fluid therapy Surgery Removal of the cause Nothing by mouth

Congested mesenteric blood vessels

The mesentery and blood vessels supporting the irwaginaling segment of bowel are induded in the intussusception

Dietary Plan Postsurgkally, a low-resique

diet fed in small portions Consider over;�ll patient

condition when determ ining lhe prote in level and caloric density of the diet


Normal Canine Colon

Transverse colon

Descending colon

-


Chronic Colitis

,.-.-t

Friable mucos.1 that bleeds easily

Chronic Colitis

Diagnostic Plan History Physical examina Lion SLool analysis Abdominal palpation Rectal pal pation Stool culture Blood work Urinalysis X-rdys of the colon Colonoscopy and biopsy

Thera�utic Plan Antibacterials Dewormers Anti-Inflammatory drugs

Dietary Plan l llgh-fiber diets benefit some

cases of coli tb If a high-fiber diet is ineffective,

a dietary trial using a low-residue> diet is indicated

For a food-allergy-induced colitis, a hypoallergenic diet is indir.aled


Normal Feline Colon

'�--A.\---·��

,] DP.scending colon ·�

Descending colon

Small intestine

Rectum

Ascending colon


Constipation/Colonic Impaction

<onstlpatlon/Coloitic Impaction

Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Rcclal palpation Abdominal palpation Abdominal x-rays

Therapeutic Plan Fluid therapy Laxativ� Enemas Manual removal of

impacted stool Surgery Treat primary cause, if possible Stool softeners Pro-motility medic�tion

Extreme dilation of the descending colon due to impacted feces

Dietary Plan A moderate- to high-fiber diet

if no neurologic or obstructive lesions; chronic cases may benefit from low residue food

Ensure adequate water intake

Duodenum


Normal Canine Pancreas

Esophagus

Left lobe or lhe p<�ncrea)

Ileum jejunum

-

-

,_


Acute Canine Pancreatitis

Swollen, Inflamed pancreas with areas of hemorrhage

Acute Pancreatitis

Diagnostic Plan History PhysiCill examination Blood work Urinaly�is Abdominal x-rays

Therapeutic Plan fluid therapy No oral medication or rood Antibact�rials Drugs to suppress vomiting Analgesics

Dietary Plan When reruminq enteral nutrition,

small portions of a diet low in fat and r�iduc

Af�r the imhal ep1sod1', manage hyperhpidem1a, 1f necessary


Normal Pancreas

Left lobe or U1e pancreas

Riqht lobe or lhc pancre�s

Duodenum

Ileum Jejunum

Esophagu�

Stomach

TranSVt>rse colon

-

-

-


Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency

Shrunken pancreatic lobes with reduced production of digestive Cn"}'mcs

Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency

DlagnostJc Plan History Physi<;<�l t'X<lmination Stool analysis Absorption tests Blood work Intestinal biopsy

Therapeutic Plan Pancreatic enzymes Mooium-chain fats Antacids Drugs that inhibit

acid secretion in Lhe stomach

Dietary Plan A highly digestible diet Consider overall body condition Feed quantities sufficient to

maintain normal body weight Avoid excess fat


Normal liver

Left lateral lobe

Papillary process of caudate lobe

Gallbladder

Kidney -----.�..

liver

Gallbladder

Caudate process of caudate lobe

Portal vein

�- Right lateral lobe

---- R1ght medial lobe

lungs

( - Heart

Diaphragm

-


End-Stage Liver Disease

fibrou.s connective tissue between regenerative noduiC!.

Regenerative nodules

FatLy change or liver cells

Reduced number or normal liver cells

Fibrous connective tissue separating parenchymal nodules

End-Stage Liver Disease

Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Abdominal palpation Blood work Abdominal X·r<lys Blood clotting time Urinalysis Liver biopsy Abdominal ultrasonography

Therapeutic Plan Fluid therapy Cage rest Corticosteroids

Dietary Plan A diet that will reduce Lhe

need for certain liver functions Provide adequate protein, but

avoid excess Consider possible need for

controlled sodium int.ake


Normal liver

Left lateral lobe

Hepatic artery

Papillary proce55 of caudate lobe

Gallbladder

Omentum

Caudal vena cava

Gallbladder

Caudate process of caudate lobe

Portal vein

�- Right lateral lobe

'-------- Right medial lobe

Quadrate lobe

lungs

Heart

Diaphragm

-


Hepatic Neoplasia

lnh:rlobular conneclive tissue

Central vein

Tumors

Disn.1ption of norm al liver tissue by shecls or neoplasti<: <:ells

Hepatic Neoplasia

Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination B lood work Urinalysis X-ray or lhe liver Ultr<�sound Liver biopsy ExploraLory surgery

Therapeutic Plan Supportive care Chemotherapy Surgery

Dietary Plan A dieL based on individual

patient evaluation including body condition and other organ �yslem involvemenL

Spedal attention should be given to protein levels and amino-acid balance of the diet


Normal Skin/Perineal Anatomy

Levator ani muscle

Coccygeus muscle

External anal sphincter

BtJibospongiosus muscle Retractor penis muscle

Scrotum

-


Anal Sac Abscess

Enlarged, innamcd anal sac Ruptured anu l sac abscess

Anal Sac Abscess

Diagnostic Plan Hislory Physical examination Abscess culture

Therapeutic Plan lancing of Lhc abscess Anal sac expression Hot soaks Antiseptic solutions Antibacterials Anal sac removal

Dietary Plan Postsurgically, a diet adequate for

tissue repair


Skin Abscess

Slophylococcus intermedlu5 organisms

Skin Absceu

Diagnostic Plan History Phy5ical examination Abscess culrure X-rays

Therapeutic Plan Hot compresses Abscess drainage Dead tissue removal Antibacterial therapy Surgery

Ruptured ab�cess caused by a bite wound

Collection of pus in the walled-oft ilbscess

Thick�ned skin walls around the absce�

Dietary Plan A diet adequate for tissue repair

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Flea-Allergy Dermatitis

Self-inflicted trauma results in erythema, papules, pustules, uw.ts, and hair loss in areas where fleas feed.

Sequence of flea-allergy dermatitis

Flea puncture5 skin to teed.

Flea-Allergy Dermatitis

Diagnostic Plan History Physic;,! eX<Jmination

Detection ot fleas, flea dirt, and tapeworm segments

Intradermal skin testing

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Flea saliva 5ets up an antigenantibody rt>.a<:I.Jon.

Excoriation and Acute bacterial

inflammation infection results.

result from self-

inflicted trauma.

Therapeutic Plan Flea control

Dietary Plan A diet adequate for tissue r epair

Short-term cortico>Leroids


Normal Vertebrae/Spinal Cord

� / 7 Transverse process 1 l rt b 1 d. k nerve e m IS

/ Sponous process

Spinal nerve

Vertebral body

Intervertebral disk

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Intervertebral Disk Disease

Prolap>ed intervertebral disk

Intervertebral Disk Disease

Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Neurologic examination X-ray of Lhe spine

Therapeutic Plan Enforced re�t Anti-inflammatory dn.1gs Analgesics Muscle relaxants Surgery Physical therapy


tissue repair If obesity is a complicating fattor,

restrict caloric intake so the patient reaches and maint<Jins an ideal body weight

Humerus


Normal Shoulder

Scapula

Humeral head


Osteochondritis Dissecans

Free-noaling fragment of cartilage and bone within the shoulder joint

Site of detachment

Osteochondritis Dlssecans

Diagnostic Plan Hi> Lory Physical examination X-rays

Therapeutic Plan Surgery


tissue repair and patient growth Avoid overfeecling throughout life Avoid excess calcium and energy in

growing large and giant-breed pups


Normal Elbow

Radius


Ununited Anconeal Process/Panosteitis

g..!....---;J--- Anconeal process that has fai led

Lesions ot panosteitls In the proximal radius

to unite with the ulna

Ununited Anconeal Process

Diagnostic Plan History Physical examin�lion X-rays of the elbow


Dietary Plan Postsurgic<>lly, a diet adequate

for tissue repair and patient growth

Avoid P.xcess caldum and energy i n growing large and giant-breed pups

Avoid ov<;.Yfeeding throughout life

Panosteltls

Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Palpation X-rays

Therapeutic Plan Analges io

Dietary Plan A d iet adequate for growth Avoid overfeeding throughout life


Normal Hip Joint

/ Ilium

Femoral head

Well-formed, deep hip joint I

Pelvis


Hip Dysplasia

Decjeneral.ive joinl disease in older dogs

Shallow hip joint with subluxaled femoral head in younger dogs

Hlp Dysplasia

Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Palpation of the hips X-rays of the hips

Therapeutic Plan Enforced rest Mild analgesics Anti-inflammatory drugs Surgery


tissue repair If obc£ily is a complicating factor,

restrict caloric intake so the patient reaches and mainta ins an idecll body weight


Normal Rear Leg

PE>Ivis

Femur

nbia

Patella

-


Femoral Fracture

Hemorrhage into the muS<Ie

Femoral Fracture

Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Palpation of Lhe femur X-ray'


Dietary Plan A diet adequate for tissue repa1r


Normal Stifle

Femur

lateral collateral ligament

Caud�l cruclate ligament

Cranial cruclate ligament

Lateral mffiixus

Medial coilaLeral ligament

Fibula -------

Tibia

-

-

-

-

-

-

-


Ruptured Cranial Cruciate ligament

Ends of the ruptured crdnial cruciate ligament

Ruptured Cranial Crudate Ugament

Diagnostic Plan History Physical e><amination Palpation of the knee X-rays of the knee

Therapeutic Plan Enforced rest Analgesics Surgery

Dietary Plan l'ostsurgically, a diet adequate for

I issue repair It obesity Is a complicating factor,

restrict caloric intake so the palicrit reaches and maintains an ideal body weight


Normal Stifle

Quadriceps tendon

Palclla

Cranial border of the tibia

Fibula


Patellar luxation

Sh�llow trochlear groove

Medial luxation of the patella

Inward rotation of the tibia

Patellar Luxation

Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Stifle palpation Stifle x-rays


Dietary Plan Postsurgic;ally, a diet adequate for

tissue repair If obesity is " cornplicating factor,

restrict caloric intake so the patient reaches and maintains an ideal body weight

Esophagus

Larynx


Normal Mouth/Upper Airway

Nasal cavity

Hard palate

Soft palate

Cpiglottos Tonsol

Tongue

-

-

-

-

-


Tonsillitis

Tonsillitis

Diagnostic Plan His Lory Physical examination Examination ot the tonsils Culture of the Lonslls Cytologic study of tonsillar

exudate X-rays

Inflamed tonsils protruding from Lhe pharynx

Reddened pharynx

Therapeutic Plan Elimination of the cause Antibacterials Tonsillectomy

Dietary Plan A diet based on overall patient

evaluation Including body condition and other organ �ystem involvement

A sott diet may minimire postsurgical p�in

Trachea

Scapula


Normal Canine Thorax

J

Cranial lobe of the lung

larynx

Cervical vertebrae

Middle lobe or Lhc lung

Cut away sect ion or Lhe ribs

Diaphragm

Caudal lobe or the lung

-

-

-

-

-


Collapsing Trachea

Grade JV collapsed tr�chea; the airway lumen is essentially obliterated

The tracheal cartilage is inverted dorsally and contacts the tracheal membrane

Normal trad1eal ring

�- I

Collapsing Trac:h�a

Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Tracheal palpation Chest auscultation CheSL x-rays Tracheoscopy Cultures of tracheal wash fluid

Therapeutic Plan Activity restriction Corticosteroids Steam vapori7ation Bronchodilators Antitussives Antibacterials Surgery

Dietary Plan If surgery is performed, a diet

adequate for tissue repair If obesity is a complicating factor,

restrict caloric intake so the p<�tient reaches and maintains an ideal body weight


Normal Feline Thorax

Cervic.al vertebrae

Hyoid apparatus

Larynx

Esophagus

\ \ Humerus

Trachea

Crdnial lobe of the lung

Heart

Caudal lobe of the llmg

Middle lobe of U1c lung

Cut away section of the ribs


Pulmonary Edema

Fluid in the alveoli

Normal lung !"issue

lung tissue is enlarge<! and heavy

Nom1al alveoli

Pulmonary Edema

Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Chest auscultation Chest x-rays Electrocardiography Blood work Urinalysis

Therapeutic: Plan Activity restriction Oxygen therapy Morphine Diuretics Corticosteroids Nebuli"ation Bronchodilators Vasodilators Drugs Lo slrengLhen

the heart

Dietary Plan A diCL uased on individual

patient evaluation including body cond iti on and other organ sy�tcm invulvemenl or disease

Avoid excess sodium


Normal Canine Kidney

Rena l artery

Renal vein

Fat in the Ureter renal sinus

Renal pelvis

Renal Cut Surface

Cortex

Capsule

Medulla


Chronic Renal Disease

Chronic Renal Disease

Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Abdominal palpation Urinalysis Blood work Blood pressure measurement Abdominal x-rays Kidney biop.sy Ultrasound

Pale, shrunken, firm kidney with a pilted •urfacc

Therapeutic Plan Fluid therapy Sodium bicarbonate Drugs to control •tomach acidity Phosphate binders Blood transfusions Anabolic st�!foids Peritoneal dialysis

Scarring

Dietary Plan A diet with controlled

and appropriate levels or pro tein, phosphoru•, sodium, and calories


Normal Canine Kidney

Renal artery

�al in the Ureter renal sinus

Renal pelvis

Renal Cut Surface

Capsule

-

Medulla

-

-

-


Acute Renal Failure

Pale, swollen kidney

Acute Renal Failure

Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Abdominal P<Jipation Urina lysis Blood work Abdominal x-rays Kidney biopsy Ullrasound

Therapeutic Plan Fl uid therapy Diuretics Phosphate binders Sodium bicarbonate Drugs to control

stomach acidity Peritoneal dialysis

Dietary Plan A dit:>t with controlled and

appropriate levels of protein, phosphorus, sodium, and caloriP.s


Normal Urinary Bladder

Prostate gland

Urinary bladder

Urethra

-

-

-

Struvite


Bladder Stones

t

Calcium oxalate dihydrate

Cystine

Cul �urface of a bladder showing strwite calculi

Bladder Stones

Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Palpation of the urethra

and urinary bladder Urinalysis Urine culture Blood work X-rays of the urinary tract Quanlilalive analysis of

passed bladder stones

Therapeutic Plan• fluid Utt!!rapy Antibacterials Urease inhibitOr>

Ammonium urate Silica

x�nthine oxidase inhibitors Urine alkalizers Thlol-conlaining drugs Surgery

C<�lcium oxalate monohydrate

Voiding urohydropropulsion

Dietary Plan' For dissolution, the proper

calculolylic dJCl To aid in prevention or

recurrence, a diet th�t allows the body to produce the appropriate urine p H and avoids excesses of the urolith's precursors

If surgery is necessary, a diet adequate for tissue repair

'Determined by .,lone type


Normal Canine Lower Urinary System

Descending colon

Testicular vessels

Urinary blddder Ureter

Rectum

Ductus deferens

Pelvic symphysis

Penis Testicle

Prepuce

Bulbourethral gland

-

-

-

-


Canine U rethral Obstruction

Hemorrhages on the surface of the bldtldcr Distended urinary bladder

caused by an obstructing urethral calc:ulus

Urethral c;.,kulw immediately behind the os penis; the calculus is obstructing the outflow of urine from the bladder 1

<anlne Urethral Obstruction

Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Urethral palpaLion Abdominal palpation X-rays of the unnary tract Urinalysi\ Urine culture Blood work Analysis of pM�

bladder stones

Therapeutic Plan Emptying of the bladder Fluid therapy Flushing of the urethral

calculi onto the blddtler Surgery

Dietary Plan For dissolution, the proper

c:alculolytic diet To aid In prevention or

recurrence, a diet that allows the body to produce the appropriate urine pH dntl avoids excesses of tht> urolith's precursors

If surgery is necessary, a diet adequate for tiSS\IP repair


Normal Feline Lower Urinary System

Pelvic symphysis - --- �,::. 1

Descending colon

Testicular vessels Rectum

Ureter Prostate gland

-

--�== Penis Glans penis

Urinary bladder Ductus deferens Prepuce

'

)


Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease

Distended urinary bl�dder caused by an obstf\JCting urethral plug

Feline Urologic Syndrome

Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Abdominal palpallon Urethral palpation Urinalysis Urine culture X-rays of lhe urinary tract Blood work

Hemorrhages on the surface of the bladder

Therapeutic Plan Emptying or Lhe bladder Fluid therapy Removal of the

urinary obstruction

Urethral plug obstructing lhc Lip of Lhe penis

Dietary Plan For dissolution, the proper

calculolytic diel To aid in prevention or

recurrence, a diet that allows the body to produce the appropriate urine pH and avoids cxccss;:s of the urolith's precursors

If surgery is necessary, a diet adequate for tissue repair


Normal Prostate Gland

DucllJ.'> derereru Descending colon

��-A�

Prostate gland

Urethra

-


Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

'

Diffuse enlargement of the prostate gland due to epithelial or glandular hyperplasia

The enlarged prostate gland may Impinge on U)e rectum

Benign Prostatic Hypet"plasia

Diagnostic Plan History Physical examonation Rectal palpiltiOn Abdommal J>illpatlon X-rays Ultrasound Urinalysis Urine culture Blood work Prostate biopsy

Therapeutic Plan Emptying of the bladder Enemas Stool softeners Castrotion Medical therapy

Dietary Plan If surgery is necessary, a diet

adequate for tissue repair A low residue food


Ovariohysterectomy

Double ligature around I.IH: ovarian pedicle

Uterine horn

Uterine body

Ovariohysterectomy

Indications Sterilization Ovarian disease Ulerin<' dbca )C Behavioral problems Vaginal hyperplasia Diabetes Epilepsy

Colon

Mammary tumor prevention

Dietary Plan Pmtsurgically. a diet adequate

lor LiSiiuc repair

Double ligdlurc around uterine vessels

-

Normal Anatomy

Uterine horns

Body of the uterus

Cervix

Vagina


Pyometra

Congestion of uterine body walls

Cut section showing an enlarged, pus-filled uterus

The tissue is fri�ble and easily torn

Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Vaginal cytologic study Abdominal palpation Rectal palpation Blood work Urinalysis Urine culture Abdominal x-rays Ultrasound

Therapeutic Plan Fluid therapy Surgery Antibacterials Pro�taglandins

Dietary Plan A diet based on individual

patient evaluation including body condition and other organ system involvement

Post.surgically, a diet adequate for tissue repair


Canine Castration

Castration

Sutures cranial to the �crolum

Ducl.u� deferens

.1, Urinary bladder

Tesltcular vein

Canine Castration

Indications Sterilization Testicular disease Pro,Latic diloell�C Behavioral problems Retained testicles

Dietary Plan Postsurgically, a diet adequate

for tissue repair


Testicular Tumors

Scrtoli-ccll tumor

Leydig-ccll tumor

Seminoma

Normal l P.stis

Testicular Tumors

Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Testicular palpation X-rays of the abdomen Biopsy

Therapeutic Plan Surgery Chemotherapy

Dietary Plan Postsurgkally, a diet

adequate tor tissue repair Consider body condition;

feed a diet approprialt� to maintain ideal body weight

Cornea

� /( Anterior chamber

Vitreous body


Normal Canine Eye

1..111a1ry body

--- Opllc nerve

Optic. disk

,,


Nuclear Sclerosis/Cataracts

Nuclear sclerosis is a normal aging change that results from compaction and hardening of the lens libers

A cataract is an opacity or Lhc lens [ibers or c�psule

Nuclear Sclerosis/Cataracts

Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Ophthalmic examination Blood tests Urinalysis

Therapeutic Plan Surgery Therapy for any concurrent disease No therapy is necessary r or

nuclear sclerosis


evJiualion including body condition and other organ system involvement or disease


Normal Feline Eye

Vitreous body

Ciliary body-------#---

Lens ____ _,_(_ ��---optic nerve

Optic disk

Anterior chamber

Filtration angle -


Glaucoma

Cloudy, edematous, lnsensftlve cornea

�

\,{ I

/' Intraocular pressure is increased due to a disorder of the drainage angle

Glaucoma

Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Ocular examination Measurement of

intraocular pressure

Therapeutic Plan Drugs that relieve

inlrd<>cular pn�ssure Surgery

Increase in intraocular pressure

The globe is enlarged, pain may be prcscn L, the cpisdcraJ vessels are congested, and vision loss occurs.

Dietary Plan A diel ba,ed on individual

patient evaluation including body condition and other organ system involvement or disease

Antenor chamber


Normal Feline Eye

Iris Co mea

"" -

• :....__ ___ Retma � Optic disk

� Optic nerve

Filtration angle

J

J J J j { J

�

Corneal Ulceration

Diagnostic Plan History Physical cxamindtion Oculdr examinCltion Fluorescein stain Culture


Corneal Ulceration

Central corneal ulcer

/

Therapeutic Plan Antibactcri.tf Otntrm'nt and solutions Drugs that dilate the pupil Surgery Drugs to l�n I hE' nsk of pigment

formation in the cornea

Dietary Plan A diet based on individuC�I

palienl Pllaluatoon rncfudrng body condition and other organ system involvement or disea>e

Cytologic examination


Normal Hearing Apparatus

Auricular carlilage

Vertical canal --Hf.r----Temporalis muscle

Auditory ossides

Tympanic membrane

Middle ear cavily Tympanic bulla


Otitis Externa, Media, lnterna

Inflamed reddened ear structures

Otitis Externa

Inflamed, reddened ear

Partial occlusion of the ear canal due lo cellular hyperplasia

Otitis Extema, Media, lnterna

Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Ear examination Ear cultures Thyroid hormone levels Intradermal skin testing X-rays Therapeutic trials with insecticides

and hypoallergenic diets

Otitis lnterna

Neurologic d1anges Head tilt and circling

Therapeutic Plan Removal of ear canal hair ear cleaning Topical application of

antibacterials/corticosteroids Systemic antibacterials Systemic corticosteroids Surgery

Otitis Media

Inflammatory exudate in the tympanic bulla

Osteomyelitis due to the infectious process

Dietary Plan A diet based on individual

patient evaluation including body co ndition and other organ system Involvement or disea.se

Hypoallergenic diets


Heartworms

Infected mosquitoes deposit heartworm larvae into the animal's hemolymph by puncturing the animal's skin.

larvae migrate to subcu taneous tissues where they mature to a young-adult stage.

Heartworms

Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Heartworm check Chest x-rays Blood work Urinalysis

Mature fem�les release microfilariae into the bloodstream where lhey are picked up by mosquitoes.

Young adults migrate to lhe pulmonary arteries and heart.

Therapeutic Plan Drugs to kill adult worms Aspirin

Dietary Plan A diet wilh controlled levels of

protein, phosphon1s, and sodium Consider body condition Corticosteroids

Restricted exercise Drugs to kill larvae in

lhe bloodstream Prevention Surgery

......


Giardia

Giardia species exist as motile tropho£oitcs and nonmotile cysts. Both torms are transmitted by ingestion and are passed intermittently in the host's feces.

Glordlo

Diagnostic Plan Ill story Phj'\it<JI ex�mination Stool analysis Analysis of inte.,tinal Krapings

c.ollecled during endoKopy Blood test

(Giardia antigen test)

Therapeutic Plan Drugs to kill the parasite

Dietary Plan A diet based on •ndiVidual patient

evaluation Including body condlt1on and other organ system involvl!mtml or disease

Pups m�y ingesl. milk containing larvae.


Hookworms

lntec tive larvae are ingested or penetrate the skin.

Aduil hookworms are bloodsuc:king parasi Les of the small intestine.

lnfec:tive lhird-stage larvae in the environment

Hookworms

Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Stool analysis Blood work

Therapeutic Plan Dcwormers Blood tran�sions Supportive therapy


evalua tion indud1ng body condition and other organ system involvement or disease

-


Whipworms

The adult whipworm is embedded In the wall of the large inlc>liuc anti tt..><-urn.

lnfeclt!d larva develops inside the egg but does not hatch unless the egg is swallowed.

Whipworms

Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Stool analysi> Colono$c;opy ThE-rapeutic dE-worming

Therapeutic Plan Dewormcrs Supportive Lhernpy

�ggs are passed in the fl'Cl'S.


evaluation including body condition and other organ system involvement or disease


Roundworms

larvae may be shed in the milk and ingested by neonates. 'I

The host either ingests eggs containing infective larvae or an intermediate hml with larvae arrested in its tissues.

Adult roundworm in the small intestine

Egg containing inte<::tive larvil

Eggs are passed in the feces.

Roundworms

Diagnostic Plan History Physkal examination Stool analysis

Therapeutic Plan Dewom1ers Supporlive therapy


<:'Valuation including body <;ondilion �r1d ()lher On:Jal1 system involvement or disease


Tapeworms (Taenia)

The oncosphere hatches in the intermediate host and differentiates in to a metacestode.

/ I

Proglollids shed in the feces.

Adult tapeworm in the small intestine

The host becomes infected by eating an infected intermediate host.

Tapeworms (Toenlo) �� Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Detection of tapeworm segments

in the stool

Therapeutic Plan Dewormers Control of patient's hunting and

ea Ung habi 1.>


<:valuation including body condition and other organ system involvement or disease


Tapeworms (Dipylidium caninum)

Ingestion of fleas containing infe<tive cysts resulu in infection.

Adult tapeworms attach to the mucosa of the small inl�llnc.

Tapeworm larvae encyst in flea larvae and become Infective.

Terminal proglottids laden with eggs are shed in the feces.

Dipylidillm eggs arc ingested by the larvae of fleas.

Tapeworms (Dipylidium canioum)

Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Dele<lion of tapeworm segments

in the stool Detection of fleas or flea dirt

Therapeutic Plan Dewormers Flea control

Dietary Plan A diet based on individual p.�ticnl

evaluation including body condition and other organ system involvement or disea5e

-


Fleas

The adult Ilea emerges from the cocoon and seck> a host on which to reed.

Adult fleas lay eggs on pet then eggs fall off into the environmenL

Eggs hatch into larvae that moiL Lhree Urnes.

The third molt produces a while larva that spins a cocoon in which the larva pupates for up to one year.

Fleas

Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Stool inspection for tapeworm

segments

Therapeutic Plan Flea control


evaluation including body condition and other organ system involvement or di�case


Ticks

Adult tick5 lay thousands ol eggs, which undergo two molts: larva to nymph and nymph to adult.

l..Jrvae, nymphs, and adulu feed on blood and lymph.

Df!rmacentor variabilis larvae and nymphs feed on small mammab and drop off between molts.

Adults feed on pets.

Rhipicephalus sanguineus larvae, nymphs, and adulb all teed on pets.

1-

Ticks

Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination

Therapeutic Plan Tick removal Insecticide baths or dips Topical Insecticide dips or baths

Dietary Plan A diet based on individudl patient

-

ev.tluation includinq body J condition and other organ system involvement or disease J


Sarcoptes

Female mites burrow into the sl<in and lay eggs in the tunnels that they lorm.

Larvae and nymphs develop in these tunnels.

The patient response is often severe self-inflicted trauma.

Sarcoptes

Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Skin scrapings Skin biopsy Therapeutic trial

Therapeutic Plan Coat dipping Parasiticidal dips Antibacterials

Dietary Plan A diet baS(!d on individual patient



Demodex

Demodex is part of the normal skin fauna and is usually present in small numbers in healthy anim�ls.

\

The entire life cycle is spent on the host in the hair follicles or sebaceous glands.

Adult Di!modex mite

Demodex

Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Skin scraping� Skin biopsy Skin culture

Therapeutic Plan Topical keratolytic agents Antibacterials Topical drugs lo kill the mile

Dietary Plan A diet adequate for tissue repair A diel based on individual patient

evaluation induding body condition and other organ system involvement or disease

Medication to kill the mite


Cheyletiella

These mites live in keratin on the skin's surface and feed on tissue fluids.

The entire life cycle is thought to occur on U1c host.

Cheyletlella

Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Skin scrapings Skin biopsy Acetate tape impressions Direct visualization of the parasite

Therapeutic Plan Parasiticidal dips



Nymph

larva

Eggs

Ear Mites

Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Ear e.xaminalion Mic;roscopic examination

of ear canal exudate


Ear M ites

The entire life cycle occurs on 1 he host.

Therapeutic Plan Ear canal cleaning Drugs to kill the mites Surgical repair of

aural hematomas Antibacterials, it needed

Adult mites live on the surface or the skin, most commonly in the ear c;anal�.

. )f'' l"'

Dietary Plan A diel adequate for tissue repair A diet based on individual patient


-

Bibliography

1. Evans, H.£.; Christensen, G. C.: Mill£>r's Anatomy of the Dog, 2nd Ed. W.&. Saunders, Phlladelpia, Pa., 1979.

2. fox, P.R. (cd.): Canine and Feline Cardiology. Churchill Living�tone, New York, N.Y., 1988.

3. Ceorgi, J.R.: Parasitology for Ver erinariatiS, 4th Ed. W. B. Saunders, Philadetphia, Pa., 198S.

4. Harvey, C. E.: Veterinary Dentistry. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, Pa., 1985.

5. Holt.worlh, J. (cd.): Diseases of the Cat: Medl r.IM. & Surgery. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, Pa., 1987.

6.Jones, B.D. (ed.): Conine and Feline Gostroenteruloyy. W.B. Saurxlers, Philadelphia, Pa., 1986.

7. Key to Dietary Management With Prescription Diet" PtiXltKis. Hill's Pt't Products, Topeka, Kan.

8. Kirk, R. W.; Bistner, S.l.: Vl'terinary Procedures & Emergency Treatment, 4th Ed. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, P� .• 1985.

9. Kirk, R.W. (ed.): Current Veterinary Therapy IX: Small Animal Proctice. W.B. Saunde;s, Philadelphia, � .• 1986.

10. Lew��. 1 .D. et al: Small An imal Clinical Nutrition Ill. Mark Morrls Associates, Topeka, Kan., 1987.

1 1 . Magrane, W.C.: Canine Ophthalmology, 3rd Fd. Lea & febiger, Philadelphia, Pa., 1977.

12. Managing Canine and Feline Urolithiasis. Veterinary Medicine Publishing, lenexa, Kan., 1989.

B. Managing Fli>Cr-Re;pomive Diseases. Veterinary Mt'dicine Publishing, Lenexa, K,m., 1988.

14.Morgan, R.V. (ed.): Handbook of Small Animo/ Practice. Churchill Uvingstone, New York, N.Y., 1987.

15. Muller, G. H.; Kirk, R. W.: Small Animal Dermatology, 2nd Ed. W.B. SaundM;\, Philadelphia, Pa., 1976.

16. Proc. Sth Ann. Vet. Med. Forum, ACVIM. San Diego, Calif., 1987.

17. Proc. 6th Ann. Vet. Med. Forum, ACVIM. Washington, D.C., 1988.

1 ll.f>roc. 7th Arm. Vet. Med. rorum, ACVIM. San Diego, Calif., 1989.

19.Rawlings, C.A.: Heartworm Disease in Dog.< and Cots. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, Pa., 1986.

20. Sdentific Proceedings, 56th Arlrr. Mty., MHA, St. louis, Mo., 1989.

21.5herding, R.G. (ed.): Medical Emergencies. Churchill Livingstone, New York, N.Y., 1985.

22. Shcrding, R.G. (ed.): The Cat: Di<eo<P..I and Cfrniral Monogement. Churchill Uvingstone, New York. N.Y., 1989.

23.Siatter, D.H. (ed.): Textbook of Small Animal Surgery. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, Pa., 1 985.

24.Soulsby, E.].l.: Helminths, Arthmpod< and Proto;oo of Dom�sticated Animols, 7th Ed. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, Pa., 1982.

hill's atlas of veterinary clinical anatomy (scan)

Documents

dietary plan

disease hill

hill

gt

rays

sodium

heart

chet