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ELEVATORING

ISSUES

AFFECTING

HIGH

RISE

BUILDINGS

IN

INDIA

Johannes de Jong

Director ‐

Technology, Major

Projects/KONE

,


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Elevatoring issues affecting high rise buildings

Traffic planning

(Ride Comfort)

Piston effect

Stack effect


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CIBSE Guide D

Guide D will assist practitioners

,

and maintenance of transportation

systems; including architects,,

managers who need to understand

the advice given to them by

spec a s s.

2005 • 256 pages • Order code: GVD

- - -

ISBN 13: 978-1-903287-61-3


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Vertical Transportation Parameters

AVERAGE TIME BETWEEN ELEVATORS

LEAVING FROM THE LOBBY

HANDLING CAPACITYNUMBER OF PASSENGERS

TRANSPORTED UP

TRAVEL HEIGHT DIVIDED BY

THE RATED SPEED

OF THE ELEVATORMarina Bay Sands, Singapore


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Vertical Transportation ParametersInterval

Commercial Buildings

and Hotels

AVERAGE TIME BETWEEN ELEVATORS

LEAVING FROM THE LOBBY

INTERVAL:

Quality Interval (s)

Level Incoming

------------- --------------

Excellent 20 - 25

Good 25 - 32

TOO SHORT

Cars don't

CORRECTINTERVAL TOO LONGSatisfactory 32 - 40

have enough

time to get

loaded,

waiting

times INTERVAL:Quality Interval (s)

Level Incoming

------------- --------------

Excellent 20 - 40

-

Satisfactory 80 - 100


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Vertical Transportation ParametersHandlin Ca acit

NUMBER OF PASSENGERS

TRANSPORTED UP WITH

HANDLING CAPACITY % OF

POPULATION IN 5 MIN.:

Type of Working Transp. Capacity

80 % CAR LOAD IN FIVE MINUTES Building Hours Excellent Good------------- -------- ------------------------

Offices:

- - -

TOO BIGTOO SMALLPROPERLY

DIMENSIONED

ELEVATOR CROUP

- one company flexible 16 – 20 13 - 16- diversified common 16 - 20 13 - 16

- diversified flexible 15 – 18 12 - 15

Cannot

absorb traffic

Too

expensive

Hotels: 16 - 20 12 – 16

Residential: > 7.5 5 - 7.5

,

queuing Hospitals:- personnel 16 - 20 13 - 16


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Parameter selection Actual traffic measurements

Single tenant office with common working hours

10.00

12.00

Incoming

12.00

Outgoing

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

.

0.00

7 : 0 0

8 : 0 0

9 : 0 0

1 0 : 0 0

1 1 : 0 0

1 2 : 0 0

1 3 : 0 0

1 4 : 0 0

1 5 : 0 0

1 6 : 0 0

1 7 : 0 0

1 8 : 0 0

1 9 : 0 0

0.00

7 : 0 0

8 : 0 0

9 : 0 0

1 0 : 0 0

1 1 : 0 0

1 2 : 0 0

1 3 : 0 0

1 4 : 0 0

1 5 : 0 0

1 6 : 0 0

1 7 : 0 0

1 8 : 0 0

1 9 : 0 0

10.00

12.00

Interfloor Single Tenant Office Build ing

Per Cent of Population in 5 Minutes

14.00

16.00 Incoming Interfloor Outgoing

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

.

0.00

7 : 0 0

8 : 0 0

9 : 0 0

1 0 : 0 0

1 1 : 0 0

1 2 : 0 0

1 3 : 0 0

1 4 : 0 0

1 5 : 0 0

1 6 : 0 0

1 7 : 0 0

1 8 : 0 0

1 9 : 0 0

0.00

7 : 0 0

8 : 0 0

9 : 0 0

1 0 : 0 0

1 1 : 0 0

1 2 : 0 0

1 3 : 0 0

1 4 : 0 0

1 5 : 0 0

1 6 : 0 0

1 7 : 0 0

1 8 : 0 0

1 9 : 0 0


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Parameter selection Actual traffic measurements

Multi Tenant Office BuildingPer Cent of Po ulation in 5 minutes

Residential Bu ildingPer cent of Population in 5 Minutes

8.00

10.00

12.00Incoming Interfloor Outgoing

33.5

44.5

5Incoming Interfloor Outgoing

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

00.5

11.5

22.5

0 7 0 0

0 8 0 0

0 9 0 0

1 0 0 0

1 1 0 0

1 2 0 0

1 3 0 0

1 4 0 0

1 5 0 0

1 6 0 0

1 7 0 0

1 8 0 0

1 9 0 0

6 : 0 0

7 : 4 5

9 : 3 0

1 1 : 1 5

1 3 : 0 0

1 4 : 4 5

1 6 : 3 0

1 8 : 1 5

2 0 : 0 0

2 1 : 4 5

2 3 : 3 0

1 : 1 5

3 : 0 0

4 : 4 5

Outgoing

8,0

10,0

12,0

% of

Population/

5 min

Interfloor

Incoming

High Rise Hotel

0,0

2,0

4,0

6,0

0 :

0 0

1 :

4 5

3 :

3 0

5 :

1 5

7 :

0 0

8 :

4 5

1 0 :

3 0

1 2 :

1 5

1 4 :

0 0

1 5 :

4 5

1 7 :

3 0

1 9 :

1 5

2 1 :

0 0

2 2 :

4 5


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Vertical Transportation ParametersNominal Travel Time

Commercial Buildings

and Hotels TRAVEL HEIGHT DIVIDED BY

THE RATED SPEED OF THE ELEVATOR

NOMINAL TRAVEL TIME:

Quality Travel

------------- --------------

Excellent 15 - 20

Good 20 - 25

TRAVEL HEIGHT

RATED SPEEDTOO SHORT TOO LONG


Residential Buildin s

Unnecessarily

high speed(expensive, ride

Speed too slow

(long journeytimes)

NOMINAL TRAVEL TIME:

Quality Travel

comfort issues)

------------- --------------

Excellent 20 - 25

Good 25 - 32



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Vertical Transportation Parameters in India

Different situations encountered:

Offices:

- 50000 sq ft per elevator (architect in Mumbai)

- Handling Capacity for offices, 10% of the population in 5 minutes

Interval 40 seconds (local consultant in Mumbai)- Calculated handling capacity 5 % of the population in 5 minutes

(Several large buildings in Mumbai)

- Speed of 1,5 m/s for a scenic elevator traveling 300 m, passengerelevators traveling the same height 4 m/s

,

Hotels:

- Travel 130 m, speed 2.5 m/s (Delhi, design phase)

Elevator Systems are often heavily under dimensioned

practice


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Vertical Transportation Parameters in IndiaHandlin Ca acit

Simulated Waiting Times with daily multi tenant office profile

Medium Rise Office

Under dimensioning with

50.000 sq ft / elevator rule(about 5% Handling Capacity in 5 minutes)

will cause very long waiting times,


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Vertical Transportation Parameters in IndiaNominal Travel Time

High Rise Hotel in Delhi

Simulated Waiting and Transit Times with daily hotel profile

76.0 %

88.8 %

4 m/s

21.8 %

Waiting Times

2.17 %

0.346 %

.

2.5 m/s

41.3 %

55.5 %

54.7 %

33.6 %

4m/s

3.17 %

0.911 %

10.7 %

Transit Times

.

2.5m/s


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Traffic planning

(Ride Comfort)

Piston effect

Stack effect


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Piston Effect

In single shafts, the air displaced by the car isushed into the narrow a around the car.

This can increase the speed of the air around the

car to levels more than twice the speed of the car,causing noise.


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Piston Effect

Common ractice in India:Each Elevator is running in a fully

enclosed hoistways, even at high

s eeds.

This pushes the air around the car at

high speed causing a strong Piston

Prevent Piston effect:

.

separation walls in elevator banks

Use divider beams

instead of


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Piston Effect

Single Hoistways

To reduce the noise level created by the air

speed, pressure relief holes are needed.

Pressure relief holes can only be used if wehave an adjacent hoistway or an adjacent air

duct.

If pressure relief holes are applied in fire

Pressurerelief holesPressurerelief holes

protected hoistways, the holes must besupplied with automatic fire dampers.

Noise, buffeting, whistling are common effectsif pressure relief holes cannot be applied insingle hoistways at high speeds.


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Traffic planning

(Ride Comfort)

Piston effect

Stack effect


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Building Sway

Building sway may cause excessive swayin compensation ropes, overspeed

governor ropes, suspension ropes and.

In over 200m tall buildings and in slenderbuildin s over 150m tall this ma have animpact on the elevator design.

Rope resonance and traveling cable

in high rise buildings.

To minimize otential roblems the swabehavior of ropes and cables must beconsidered.


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Building Sway

Adjustfrequency

with

Use ropeprotection

equipment

compensation

device weight

Use Building

Use a

Follower Carriage

way e ec or

to park and

stop elevators

weight gets toobig


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Traffic planning

(Ride Comfort)

Piston effect

Stack effect


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Stack Effect

Stack effect is the movement of air intoand out of buildings, and is driven bybuoyancy.

Warm indoor air Buoyancy occurs due to a difference in

indoor-to-outdoor air density resulting from

temperature and moisture differences.Cold indoor air

Especially in case of fire, the stack effectneeds to be controlled to prevent thespread of smoke.

Cold outdoor air Hot outdoor air

buoyancy)

buoyancy)

Elevator doors can be open at differenteve s a e same me. s w en orce

the stack effect.

It is essential that all elevator lobbies are

.


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Building Sway combined with Stack Effect

Elevator lateral quacking going up

1. Low windda

2. hi h wind da

(70-80 km/h)

The lateral quacking curves shown above, have been measured in a high riseelevator with a travel of about 350 m, moving upwards from ground to the topfloor. The top floors of the building are not yet sealed.

On da with low wind conditions ride comfort is maintained throu hout the full

ride. On a windy day the draft at the unsealed top floors will dramatically affectride comfort.


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Summary

for High Rise Buildings as elsewhere:

The design rules for dimensioning vertical transportation of High Rise

in India must be changed. It would be advisable to use rules similar to

those shown in CIBSE Guide D.

The practice of using single hoistways must be changed for high

speed passenger elevators to prevent ”Piston Effect”.

Building sway, and Stack effect must be considered.

There are a lot of excellent International VT Consultants available.

PLEASE USE THEM !


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