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HighSchoolWorldHistoryCycle4Week7Lifework

ThispacketisdueMonday,May15th

CompleteandturninonFRIDAY5/12for5pointsofEXTRACREDIT!

LifeworkAssignment Completeoneveningof

IntroductiontoMuhammad&IslamReading&Questions Monday,May8

ReligionsReviewCrosswordPuzzle:Christianity&Islam Tuesday,May9

QuestioningSkills:Jihad Wednesday,May10

InterimReview Thursday,May11

InterimReview Friday,May12

Pleasecompleteassignmentswithexcellenceusingcompletesentences,correctpunctuationand

capitalization.

Ms.Bush:314-348-7588 Ms.Wiedemann:636-692-1800

http://bushwiedemannworld.weebly.com/

An Introduction to Muhammad and the Faith of Islam

USHistory.org,adaptedbyNewselastaff

AmanmeditatingaloneinacavenearMeccareceivedareligiousvision.Thisvisionlaidthefoundationsforanewreligion.TheyearwasC.E.610andtheman'snamewasMuhammad.Hisideasbecamethebasisforoneoftheworld'smostwidelypracticedreligions:Islam.

MuhammadwasbornaroundC.E.570inthecityofMecca,locatedontheArabianPeninsula.BothofhisparentsdiedbeforeMuhammadwas6andhewasraisedbyhisgrandfatheranduncle.HisfamilybelongedtoapoorclanthatwasactiveinMeccapolitics.

Followingthetraditionsofwealthyfamilies,hespentpartofhischildhoodlivingwithaBedouinfamily.BedouinsweretravelingherderswholivedintheharshArabiandesert.Muhammad'sexperiencesamongthesepeoplemostlikelyhadastronginfluenceonthedevelopmentofIslam.

Inhis20s,Muhammadbeganworkingasamerchantandsoonmarriedhisemployer,arichwomannamedKhadijah.Overthenext20yearshebecameawealthyandrespectedtrader,travelingthroughouttheMiddleEast.Heandhiswifehadsixchildren:twoboys(whodidnotliveintoadulthood)andfourgirls.Bythetimehewas40,hebeganhavingreligiousvisionsthatwouldchangehislife.Arevelationoffaith

WhilemeditatinginacaveonMountHira,Muhammadhadasuddenvision.HecametobelievethathewascalledonbyGodtobeamessengerandteacherofanewfaith,Islam,whichliterallymeans"submission."

ThisnewfaithincludedideasfromJudaismandChristianityandrespectedtheholybooksofthesereligionsanditsgreatleaders,Abraham,Moses,Jesusandothers.MuhammadcalledAbraham"Khalil"("God'sfriend")andidentifiedhimasoneofIslam'sfoundingfathers,alongwithhissonIshmael.MuhammadbelievedthathehimselfwasGod'sfinalmessenger.Muslims,JewsandChristiansallworshipthesamegod,butMuslimscallhimAllah.Allahmeans"TheGod"inArabic.CentraltoIslamicbeliefsaretheFivePillarsofFaith,whichallfollowersofIslam,who

arecalledMuslims,mustfollow:1.Thereisonlyoneuniversalgod:Allah.2.FollowersofIslam(Muslims)areexpectedtoprayfivetimeseachdaywhilefacingMecca.3.AllMuslimsareexpectedtopayayearlytaxthatismostlyintendedtohelpthepoorandneedy.4.FortheentiremonthofRamadan,Muslimsmustnoteat,smoke,drinkorhavesexualrelationsfromsunrisetosunset.5.AllableMuslimsmustmakeapilgrimage(hajj)toMeccaatleastonceintheirlifetimes.MeccahousesIslam'sholiestsite,theKaaba.ItwasbelievedtohavebeenbuiltforGodbyAbraham.Jihadbetterexplained

BeliefinjihadisacommonthreadtomanyIslamicgroups.AlthoughtheexactmeaningoftheArabicisdifficulttoexpressinEnglish,jihadismostaccuratelytranslatedas"struggle."FormostMuslims,jihadisapersonalstruggleagainstevil.TheholybattlesofthisreligiousstrugglearefoughtinsidethemindsandsoulsofMuslimbelievers.

Sometimes,thestrugglecantaketheformofaphysicalwarinthenameofself-defense.AlthoughthiskindofjihadisoftenreferredtoinEnglishasa"holywar,"mostMuslimsbelievethereisnothingholyaboutwarandthatwarsshouldonlybefoughtagainstoppressorsandaggressors.

AverysmallgroupofMuslims,however,feelthatMuslimsmustwagewaragainstallnon-believers.ItisthisideaofjihadthathasinspiredIslamicextremistterrorism,actsofviolencecommittedbyradicalizedMuslimswhobelievetheymustadvancetheirgoalsthroughdisruption.Unfortunately,duetomediacoverage,thisistheinterpretationofjihadthatmostWesternersarefamiliarwith.

ItshouldbereiteratedthatmainstreamIslamispeacefulandrejectstheideaofunprovokedwar.Althoughtheideaofjihadiswidespread,ithasnotbeenacceptedbythegeneralIslamiccommunityasoneofthePillarsofIslam.FromMeccatoMedinaandback

Muhammad'smessagewasespeciallywellreceivedbypoorpeopleandslaves.Manypeopleofotherreligionswereopposedtohismessage,though.Thisoppositiononlyseemedtomakehimmoredetermined.Afteryearsofpubliclypromotinghisideas,hebecamesodislikedthatsomebeganplottinghismurder.

InC.E.622,fearingforhislife,MuhammadfledtothetownofMedina.ThisflightfromMeccatoMedinabecameknownastheHegiraorHijra,Arabicfor"flight."

InMedina,thelocalpeoplewelcomedMuhammadandhisfollowers.There,Muhammadbuiltthefirstmosque,orIslamictemple,andbegantoworktoseparateIslamfromJudaismandChristianity,whichhadoriginallyinfluencedhim.WhereashisfollowershadoriginallyprayedwhilefacingtowardJerusalem,henowhadthemfacetowardMecca.MuhammadcontinuedtohavevisionsfromAllah.Throughthesevisions,hecameupwithapoetictextcalledtheQuran,whichcontainsthefundamentalideasofIslam.

MuhammadfoughtanumberofbattlesagainstthepeopleofMecca.InC.E.629,hereturnedtothecitywithanarmyof1,500believersandenteredthecityunopposedandwithoutbloodshed.Beforehisdeathtwoyearslater,heforcefullyconvertedmostoftheArabianPeninsulatohisnewfaithandbuiltasmallempire.

Unfortunately,MuhammadhadnotpickedsomeonetoleadIslamafterhedied.ThestruggleoverleadershipthatfollowedhisdeathhasdividedMuslimstothisday,creatingadivisioninIslambetweentheSunnisandShiites.Despitetheseproblems,avastIslamicempirewascreatedoverthenext12centuries.Overtime,thereligionbuiltamassivebaseofworshipersacrosstheworld.MONDAY ComprehensionQuestions:

1. DescribehowthefoundationsofIslamweremade.

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2. WhowasMuhammad?Whatwashisearlylifelike?

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3. Muhammadhad_________________________inacave.AtthistimeGodtoldMuhammadthathewastobea

_____________________________________andteacherofIslam.WhatdoesIslammean?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. ****HowareIslam,JudaismandChristianityrelated?USEAQUOTETOSUPPORTYOURANSWER.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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5. WhoisAllah?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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6. CompletethechartabouttheFivePillarsofFaith:

FirstPillar SecondPillar ThirdPillar FourthPillar FifthPillar

Drawing/Sketch:

Drawing/Sketch: Drawing/Sketch: Drawing/Sketch: Drawing/Sketch:

7. ***WhichoftheFivePillarsofIslamdoyouthinkisthemostinteresting?USEAQUOTETOSUPPORT

YOURANSWER.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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8. Whatisjihad?Doesjihadmeanthesamethingtoeveryone?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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9. Muhammad’smessagewasreceivedbothpositivelyandnegatively,describethetheseresponses.

Positive:_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Negative:

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10. MuhammadestablishedmanyofthefoundationsofIslamperAllah’sinstruction.DescribetwootherimpactshehadfromtheFromMeccatoMedinaandbacksectionofthepassage.

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TUESDAY CrosswordPuzzle(attached)WEDNESDAY QuestioningSkills

Directions:READthesectionsofthearticlebelow.Foreachsection,youmayneedtoansweraquestionorwriteaquestion.Usethequestionexamplesbelowtohelpyouwritebetterquestions!

QuestionStarters

WHO•WHAT•WHEN•WHERE•WHY•Whatwouldhappenif…?•Whyisitactually….?

•Whatdoestheauthormeanby…?•HowisitthattheHanukkahis…?•WhydotheJewishfollow/practice…?

Overview:Jihad

Bloomberg, adapted by Newsela staff

ANSWER:Whatisjihad?

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Extremistgroupssuchasal-QaedaandIslamicStatecalltheirviolentattacksjihad—aholywarfoughtforIslam.MainstreamMuslimsarguethatjihadismostlyaspiritualexperienceinvolvinganinternalstruggle,tobeabetterMuslim,forexample.Inthisview,violentjihadisallowedonlyinextremecasesandmustbeapprovedbylegitimateauthorities.Nevertheless,themilitantjihadisarewinningrecruits.

GlossaryJihadholywarfoughtforIslam;canalsomeanpersonalstruggle.Martyrapersoniskilled,orchoosestodie,fortheirreligiousbeliefsSharialawthereligionlaw,orrules,followedbymembersoftheIslamicfaith

TheSituationAstudybyRandCorporation,aglobalpolicynonprofitorganization,foundthatthenumberofviolentjihadigroupsgrewdramaticallyina25-yearperiod.In1988,therewerejustthreeviolentjihadigroups.In2013,therewere49.ThegoalofthisviolentkindofjihadistocreateapureIslamicsociety.JihadissaytheywanttopracticeIslamasProphetMuhammad’searlyfollowersdid.MuhammadstartedIslamabout1,400yearsago.Jihadiswantcountriestoberuledbysharia.ThesearetherulesandlawsintheQuranandweretakenfromtheprophet’slife.ArabscholarsandreligiousofficialshavecondemnedthesegroupsandsaythattheirkindofviolentjihadisagainstMuslimtheology.However,manyMuslimsdonotlistentothereligiousofficialsbecausetheyarecloselyconnectedtothegovernmentandpeopledon'tthinktheyareindependent.

1.WhatweretheresultsoftheRandCorporationstudy?2.Howhavejihadigroupsjustifiedtheiractions?3.WriteaquestionyouhaveforTheSituationpassage:

TheBackgroundJihadliterallymeans“tomakeaneffort.”Itcanmeanaspiritual,verbal,scholarlyormilitaryattempttoserveGod.ManyIslamictextsdiscussthequestionofwhenwarisjustified.JihadfirstappearedintheQuranwhenGodpermittedMuhammadandhisearlyfollowerstofighttheirpersecutorsinArabia.Inrecentyears,terroristleadershaveusedtheideaofmilitaryjihad.Inthelate1980s,jihadispushedtheSovietUnionarmyoutofAfghanistan.SomeMuslimswhowerenotfromAfghanistanfoughtwiththejihadis.Thentheyreturnedtotheirhomecountriestocontinueholywar.AmongthemwasOsamabinLadenfromSaudiArabia.Hisgroup,al-Qaeda,declaredwarontheU.S.anditsalliesin1998,andkilledalmost3,000peopleinattacksontheU.S.onSeptember11,2001.

4.Howistheactualmeaningofjihaddifferentfromthewaygroupshaveusedjihad?5.Writeaquestionyouhaveaboutthesecondparagraph:

TheArgumentSomejihadissaythatMuslimsshouldfightuntilallnon-MuslimsconverttoIslamorfollowIslamicrule.OthersclaimtheirmilitarycampaignsareaimedatpurifyingMuslimlandsortakingbackterritoryonceunderMuslimrule.Bothpositionsgoagainsttheviewofmainstreamscholars.TheysaythatMuslimsshouldonlyeverusejihadtodefendMuslim-ruledterritoryfromattackorprotectpersecutedMuslims.Scholarssaythatonlyheadsofgovernmentshavethepowertodeclarewar,butjihadisdothisallthetime.Criticsalsodenouncejihadisforkillingcivilians,whichisforbiddeninIslamictexts.Defendersofjihadissaythatthecivilianswereaccidentallykilledwhilefightingtherealenemy.Randestimatedthatthenumberofjihadifighterswasasmanyas105,000in2013,upfrom1,900in1988.Studiesofcapturedandformerjihadisshowthattheyhavemanydifferentreasonsforjoiningjihadigroups.Theywanttobecomefamous,belongtoagroup,orexperienceadventure.Theymayalsowanttoexpressfrustrationoversomethingthathappenedtothemthattheythinkwasunfair.Manyjihadifightersespeciallyliketheideaofbeingamartyr,apersonwhodiesforareligion.Onestudyfoundthatvolunteersgenerallydon’tcomefromveryreligiousfamilies.OnetheorysaysthatmanyofthesevolunteersthinktheMuslimworldisunderthreatandthatIslamiclawrequireseveryableMuslimmantodefendit.

6.WRITEAQUESTIONafterreadingthefirstparagraphorgraph(above).7.InTheArgumentcriticsandscholarsthoughtsonjihadisarediscussed.Pickoneexampleofanissueandcompletethischart

Issue

Jihadiviewpoint

Scholarsviewpoint

8.Whydopeoplejoinjihadigroups?