high power laser glass and its application facilities bulit with nd:laser glass finished facility...
TRANSCRIPT
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High power laser glass and its application
Lili Hu
Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics,CAS, China
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Outline
History and basic theory of laser glass
High power Nd:phosphate laser glass and its
application
High power Nd:glass fabrication technologies
High power Yb:silica fiber and its fabrication
Outlook on next generation high power laser material.
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1 What’s laser glass
Laser glass is a material which can lase under
xenon lamp or laser diode pumping;
In glass, laser has been mostly observed in rare
earth ion doped case;
Nd:glass is an important high power laser glass;
Laser glass works in both bulk and fiber forms.
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History of laser glass
In 1960, Snitzer in US found first Nd:silicate glass;
In 1960, Snitzer found laser in Nd, Er doped glass fiber;
A.O company in US first developed ED-2 Nd:silicate glass;
In late 1970s, Hoya company in Japan developed
Nd:phosphate glass.
Er:phosphate glass was developed in 1980s;
High power Yb:silica fiber laser was developed since 2000.
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Application of Laser Glass and Fiber
Laser glass and fiber
Optical communication
Fusion energyInertial
confinementfusion (ICF)
Materialprocessing
Medicine
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Rare earth ions in glass
Glass is a good host for rare earth ions
Rare earth ion concentration can be widely adjusted in glass;
The spectroscopic properties of rare earth ions in glass host can be modified by composition through ion-host interaction.
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Three widely used rare earth ions in glass
The most popularly used rare earth ions in glass are neodymium, erbium and ytterbium.
Nd3+ doped phosphate glass is widely used in ICF facility;
Er3+ doped silica fiber is commercially applied in optical communication.
Yb3+ doped silica fiber is now getting use in industrial material processing.
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Splitting of energy level is caused by electron-electron and electron- host interaction
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Main parameters of laser glass
Stimulated emission cross section;
Effective absorption of pumping light;
Fluorescent lifetime of up-energy level;
Quantum efficiency.
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Precondition of laser oscillation
Population inversion of lasing ion;
Enough gain to overcome the loss from material and resonator;
High stimulated emission cross section and long fluorescent lifetime;
Small loss at lasing wavelength.
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Basic properties of Nd3+ ion
Four energy level rare earth ion with lower
laser threshold;
Efficient lasing at 1050-1060nm wavelength;
Relative large stimulated emission cross
section and short fluorescent lifetime
(hundreds of microsecond).
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Energy levels of Nd3+ ion
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Absor pt i on spect r um of Nd3+
gl ass
0
0. 5
1
1. 5
350 450 550 650 750 850 950
Wavel engt h ( nm)
Op
tica
l d
en
sity
Absorption spectrum of Nd3+ ion in glass
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Fl uor escence of Nd3+
phosphat e gl ass
0
0. 5
1
1. 5
2
2. 5
950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200
Wavel engt h ( nm)
Intensity
Main fluorescent spectrum of Nd3+ ion in glass(Usually three fluorescent peaks are detected in Nd:glass)
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The evaluation of spectroscopic properties of Nd3+ ions
Judd-Oflet theory is commonly used to
calculate the spectroscopic properties of
Nd3+ ion.
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Basic properties of Er3+ ion
Three energy level with high laser threshold;
Long fluorescent lifetime (several mini-second)
and small emission cross section;
Lasing at 1530-1550nm wavelength range;
Small absorption at pumping wavelength, co-
doping with Yb3+ is needed.
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Energy level of Er3+ ion
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0
0. 1
0. 2
0. 3
0. 4
0. 5
0. 6
800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700
Wavel engt h ( nm)
Optical density
Absorption spectrum in IR range of Er3+,Yb3+ co-doped phosphate glass
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0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1400 1500 1600 1700
Wavel engt h ( nm)
Intensity
Fluorescent spectrum of Er3+,Yb3+ co-doped phosphate glass
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The evaluation of emission cross section of Er3+ ion
McCumber method
k : Boltzman constant;
ε: transition energy from 4I15/2 to 4I13/2
]/)exp[()()( kThae
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Gain of Er3+ ion at different pumping power
absemg )1()(
is the ratio of ion concentration at upper energy level to lower energy level
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-0 .2 0
-0 .1 5
-0 .1 0
-0 .0 5
0 .0 0
0 .0 5
0 .1 0
0 .1 5
0 .2 0
0 .2 5
0 .3 0
g(
)
1 5 0 0 1 5 2 0 1 5 4 0 1 5 6 0 1 5 8 0 1 6 0 0 1 6 2 0
-0 .1 5
-0 .1 0
-0 .0 5
0 .0 0
0 .0 5
0 .1 0
0 .1 5
0 .2 0
0 .2 5
0 .3 0
b
= 0 .7
= 0 .6
= 0 .5
= 0 .4
g(
)
W a v e le n g th ( n m )
a
= 0 .7
= 0 .6
= 0 .5
= 0 .4
a: Gain of Er3+
doped
fluorophosphate
glass at various
pump power
b: Gain of Er3+
doped phosphate
glass at various
pump power
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Basic properties of Yb3+ ion
Two energy level ions;
Large laser threshold and lower energy level population sensitive to temperature;
Long fluorescent lifetime (0.5-2ms)
Lasing at 1000-1200nm range;
Large absorption at both 940nm and 980nm;
High laser efficiency can be obtained in Yb:silica fiber.
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Energy level of Yb3+ ion in different matrix
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)exp()()(
1
kT
hcE
Z
Zzl
u
l
absemi
Stimulated emission cross section of Yb3+ ion
Zl/Zu is partition function of lower and up levels,
Ezl is zero-line energy.
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Absorption and emission cross sections of Yb3+ doped bismuth glass
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2 High power Nd:phosphate laser glass and its application
Nd:phosphate glass is a widely used high power laser glass since its application in early 1980s.
Nd:phosphate laser glass is mainly used as amplifier material in high peak power laser facility.
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Laser system in NIF, US
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The advantages of phosphate glass as laser matrix
High rare earth ion solubility;
Large stimulated emission cross section;
Medium phonon energy;
Good thermal optical property;
Lower nonlinear refractive index;
Lower contents of Pt inclusions.
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Disadvantages of phosphate glass as laser matrix
Poor chemical and mechanical properties;
Poor fabrication property.
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Mission of large high power laser facility
Inertial confinement fusion for future nuclear energy generation;
Basic scientific researches on astrophysics and plasma physics.
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ICF concept
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The nuclear fusion reaction
D and T are isotopes of hydrogen,He is helium nuclei,n is neutron。
2D1+3T1→
4He2+1n0+17.6MeV
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Target of 192 beam laser in NIF,US
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By 1980, multibeams, multiterawatts 1um laser facilities built for ICF research
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Nova facility in LLNL built with Nd:phosphate laser glass
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OMEGA EP finished in 2008 with 60 laser beams
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NIF facility in LLNL finished in last March
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ICF facilities bulit with Nd:laser glass
Finished Facility Glass used Beams Nd:glass volume
Omega-EP in
US
LHG-8, 60 15L
NIF in US LHG-8,LG-770 192 15L
Shen Guang II in
China
N21,N31 8+1 3-7L
Shen Guang III
proto-type
N31 8 7.6L
Firex in Japan LHG-8 24 15L
Under
building
Shen Guang III N31 48 15L
LMJ in France LHG-8,LG-770 240? 15L
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The development of Nd:glass
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The main requirements on Nd:glass in high peak power laser facility
High stimulated emission cross section and long
fluorescent lifetime----high gain
Efficient stored energy
High energy extraction efficiency
High laser damege threshold,lower Pt inclusions,
Small nonlinear refractive index;
Excellent optical homogenity (2x10-6) and small
wavefront distortion.
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FOM for high peak power Nd:glass
2
0)(
n
QFOM
exemabs
laser
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Relation between absorption peak and line strength
'
22
0
23
9
)2(
)12(3
8
JJS
n
Jnch
Nekd
Relation between integrated absorption cross section and SJJ’ according to J-O theory
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Line strength calculation
2
6,4,2
)(
'')''(4)(4
t
NN
tJJJLSfUJSLfS
t is determined by glass composition,
line strength SJJ’ can be calculated from
measured absorption spectrum, density and
refractive index of glass
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Spontaneous emission probability
'
2
3'
22
'
9
)2(
)12(3
64
JJJJS
n
Jh
neA
Spontaneous emission probability from manifold |(S’,L’)J’> to manifold|(S,L)J>
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Effective fluorescent bandwidth
)(
)(
pI
dI
eff
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The stimulated emission cross section
It is most important parameter of laser
material. Its peak value can be calculated
from the following formula for Nd3+:
eff
JJA
ch
'
3
4
8
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A simplified method to calculate stimulated emission cross section
Stokowski proposed a simpified method
σ = 18.9 [(n2+2)2/9n] S750/Δλeff
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)(1
nrradWA
τ=τ0/(1+(N/Q)2)
Fluorescent lifetime
Measured fluorescent lifetime:
Relation between fluorescent lifetime and Nd3+ ion concentration
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Quantum efficiency
rad
nrrad
radA
WA
A
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Radiative and non-radiative transitions
Transition from high energy level to low
energy level includes radiative and non-
radiative transitions.
Fluorescence occurs in the former,
while heat effect is accompanied in the
non-radiative transitions.
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Non-radiative transition
There are three main factors which
affect non-radiative transition:
Rare earth ion interaction;
The interaction between rare earth ion and
impurities (such as OH, transition metal
ions, other rare earth ions);
The phonon energy of matrix.
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m
j
RE
n
i
TMOHNdmpnrji
WWWWWW
11
Total nonradiative decay rate
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Nonradiative transitions of Nd3+ ion
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Stored energy of Nd:glass
NhEg
N is inversion density of Nd-ion.
Eg is usually 0.25J/cm3.
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Saturated fluence of Nd:glass
/lsat
hF
It is usually 5J/cm2.
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Energy extraction efficiency
σgs is corss section calculated from measured gain saturation , σem is spectroscopically
determined cross section.
gsemex /
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Small signal gain
])[exp(0
NzG
Alpha is transmission loss coefficient,
Z is length of gain medium.
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Nonlinear refractive index and B factor
IdZB
2
Nonlinear refractive index r:
Nonlinear refractive index n2 in 10-13esu :
nc
n2
40
2/1
2
22
2
6/)1)(2(517.1
)1()2(68
ddd
dd
nnn
nnn
Cumulative nonlinear phase retardation: B factor
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Thermal optical property
( 1)d n
W nd T
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Relation between glass composition and laser
properties for Nd doping
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Composition research
Most of composition research was done in the early period of laser glass research.
Commercial laser glasses are meta-phosphate glass with P:O=1:3.
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6
S il ic a te
Ty
pe
of
gla
ss
P e a k s t im u la te d e m is s io n c ro s s s e c t io n (1 0-2 0
c m2
)
G e rm a n a te
B o ro s i l ic a te
B o ra te
T e l lu r i te
P h o s p h a te
F lu o ro p h o s p h a te
F lu o ro z irc o n a te
F lu o ro b e ry l la te
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1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 0 4 5
Ty
pe
of
gla
ss
E m is s io n b a n d w id th , F W H M (n m )
S il ic a te
G e rm a n a te
B o ro s i l ic a te
B o ra te
T e l lu r i te
P h o s p h a te
F lu o ro p h o s p h a te
F lu o ro z irc o n a te
F lu o ro b e ry l la te
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2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0
F lu o ro b e ry l la te
F lu o ro z irc o n a te
F lu o ro p h o s p h a te
P h o s p h a te
T e llu r i te
B o ra te
B o ro s i l ic a te
G e rm a n a te
Ty
pe
of
gla
ss
4
F1 1 /2
L ife t im e ( s )
S il ic a te
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Nd:glass for high power laser application
LHG-8 from Hoya;
LG-750,LG-760,LG-770 from Schott;
Q88 from Kigre in US;
N21 and N31 glasses from SIOM, China.
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Companies and Institute who develop high power laser glasses
Hoya company, Japan;
Schott company, Germany;
Kigre Company in USA;
SIOM in China
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Properties of Nd:phosphate glass from SIOM
Properties N21 N31
Laser properties
Nd2O3(wt%)
Nd3+ ion conc.(1020ions/cm3)
σem(10-20cm2)
Fluorescent lifetime(μs)
FWHM(nm)
Laser wavelength(nm)
2.2
2.68
3.4
330
24.0
1053
2.2
2.26
3.8
340±10
20.1
1053
Optical properties
nd
nL
n2(10-13esu)
Abbe No.
dn/dT(10-6/°C)(20-100°C)
ds/dT(10-6/°C)(20-100°C)
1.57581.56521.3±0.1
65.2
-4.2
1.9
1.53571.52801.1±0.1
66.2
-4.3
1.4
Physical properties
density(g/cm3)
E(kg/mm2)
ν
Knoop hardness(kg/cm2)
3.40
5640
0.27650
2.83
5270
0.27330
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Properties N21 N31
Properties of N21 and N31 glasses from SIOM (continued)
Thermal properties
Tg(°C)
α(10-6/°C)(20-100°C)
α(10-6/°C)(100-300°C)
K(W/m.K)
Cp(25°C) (J/cm3.°C)
500
110
120
0.5530.75
450
107
127
0.5580.75
Chemical durability
Dw(H2O,100°C,1hr,wt loss%)
DA(HNO3,pH2.2,100°C,1hr
Wt. Loss%)
0.06
0.30
0.09
0.40
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3 Fabrication technology of Nd:phosphate laser glass
Fabrication technology is very important to laser glass because many properties of Nd:glass is concerning with fabrication processing
By now there are two melting technologies of Nd:phosphate laser glass
Pot melting
Continuous melting
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Properties concerning to fabrication processing
Fluorescent lifetime;
Optical loss at laser wavelength;
Optical quality;
Bubbles;
Platinum inclusions;
Absorption at 400nm;
Residual stress
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Advantages of continuous melting
Lower cost of laser glass;
High efficiency of production;
Less change of properties among different glass slabs;
Better optical homogenity;
Less micro-crack on glass surface after annealing.
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Pot melting process of laser glass
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Continuous melting process of laser glass
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Nd:glass from continuous melting in Hoya
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Key technologies of Nd:phosphate glass fabrication
Dehydroxylation;
Elimination of Pt inclusions
Forming
Cladding with Cu ion doped phosphate glass.
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Mechanism of dehydroxylation
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Mechanism of eliminating Pt inclusions
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Forming
Forming is very important for both pot melting and continuous melting.
It affects the optical homogenity especially in forming large size glass.
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Cladding of laser glass
Cladding is an effective method to
remove amplified spontaneous emission
and get high gain in Nd:glass.
Residual reflection in cladding surface
less than 0.1% is required.
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Nd:phosphate glass disk after cladding
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4 High power fiber laser
Yb:silica is a widely used high power fiber laser material because of its high quantum efficiency.
Up to now several thousands watt power has been achieved in a single Yb:silica fiber.
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Advantage of silica fiber matrix
Its extreme low loss is the main advantage of silica fiber.
Good thermal property and mechanical strength of silica.
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Fabrication of Yb:silica fiber
MCVD and solution doping method are used to prepare Yb doped silica preform and then fiber is drawn from the preform.
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(a)Energy diagram of Yb3+ in silica
(b)Absorption and emission cross section of Yb3+
in silica
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Structure of fiber laser
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Spectra and output power of fiber lasers by 2004
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Output and input relation of a single mode Yb:silica fiber in 2003
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5 Outlook on next generation high power laser material
Laser Fusion Energy (LFE) research
project aimed on laser power plant is
proposed by US and European scientists
in recent years.
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LFE requirements on laser material
Work in several Hz repetition rate (up to 10Hz),
High efficiency, 20-30%;
Good thermal properties;
Can be produced in large size.
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Possible next generation laser material for LFE
Laser ceramics?
Nd3+ or Yb3+ doped SiO2 bulk?
Multi-component glass?
Special optical fiber?
Yb3+ doping?
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Relation between thermal shock parameter and stimulated emission cross section
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Thanks for your attention!
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Main references
M.J.F.Digonnet, Rare earth doped fiber lasers and amplifiers,1993 edition;
Fusion’s great bright hope, Science, 2009, Vol.324, p.326;
J.H.Campbell et al, J.Non-Cryst.Solids, 2000, Vol.263&264, p.342;
K.Lu, et al, J.Appl.Phys. 2002, Vol.91,No.2,p.576
J.H.Campbell, LLNL research report, UCRL-JC-124244