High and Late Middle Ages1050-1450

Chapter 8

Royal Power Grows

Section 1

William the Conqueror

• Who: King of England• What: conquered England & set out to control

the land• Where: England (Normandy, France) • When: 1028-1087; 1066*• Why: he conquered England to defeat his

cousin & became king; change the power of England to the Normans

William the Conq (wksht)

• King of England- Edward- died w/o an heir• His brother Harold inherited it• But William said it was his• = conquer England to take the throne• = Anglo-Saxons gone- Normans are in charge

Common Law

• Who: Royal courts, Henry II• What: a legal system based on customs & court

rulings • Where: England• When: 1154 AD• Why: unlike local feudal laws, this applied to all of

England instead of just local; ppl brought disputes to royal courts instead of church; centralized the law

Henry II (workbook)

• Inherited the throne in England• Claimed rights to rule clergy (church officials)

& the royal courts—• He developed common law & a jury system-

unifying the legal system under one power• - no longer local law but one central law

Jury

• Who: group of men that spoke the truth, Henry II• What: group of men determined what cases

would be brought to trial • Where: England• When: 1154• Why: this was an early form of today’s Grand

Jury; this led to trial jury- an accused person is judged by 12 of his neighbors

King John

• Who: son of Henry II, King of England• What: a clever, cruel, & untrustworthy ruler• Where: Enlgand • When: 1205• Why: lost a war = lost land & popularity;

argued w. the Pope over his choices; angered his nobles w. oppressive taxes & abuses = Magna Carta (limited his power)

King John (workbook)

• He abused power & overtaxed his nobles• = ppl unhappy• =Magna Carta = limited royal power

Magna Carta

• Who: King John, groups of rebellious barons (nobles)• What: a document that limited the king’s power due to

his abuses• Where: England• When: 1215*• Why: this shaped the future of English government--

this said nobles had rights (eventually given to all ppl not just nobles), made it so that the monarch had to obey the law; also introduced due process of law & Habeas Corpus

Due Process of Law

• Who: King John, townspeople• What: a clause that prpotected freemen from

arbitrary arrest, imprisonment, &other legal actions

• WherE: England• When: 1215• Why: formed the basis of the rights we know

&have today- we have rights even when being arrested

Habeas Corpus

• Who: citizens, people that are arrested• What: a right that no person can be held in prison

without first being charged with a specific crime• Where: England, WE• When: 1215-today• Why: this right was later confirmed in the

Petition of Right & is still around today protecting citizens from unjust arrest

Parliament

• Who:• What:• Where:• When:• Why:

The Holy Roman Empire and the Church

Section 2

Holy Roman Empire

• Who: Charlemagne; Otto I• What: empire that ruled throughout WE from

Germany to Italy• Where: Central & Eastern Europe (Germany, Italy)• When: 1077-• Why: The Pope was the most powerful man on

earth = he gave power of this Empire to the most trustworthy leaders (the Empire was “Holy”) ; largest Empire in Europe since the fall of Rome

Henry IV

• Who: King of Germany, Holy Roman Emperor• What: leader of the HRE; was excommunicated by

Pope in 1076 b.c. not following rules of Gregory VII• Where: Germany, HRE, WE• When: 1054-• Why: Henry fought w Pope Gregory VII; was

excommunicated; later repented & was forgiven but he led an army to Rome to force Pope into Exile (fought about Lay Investiture)

Henry IV (Workbook)

• Actions: fought w. Pope Gregory VII about Lay Investiture; later repented but led an army to Rome to kick the Pope out

• Effects: he was excommunicated by the Pope but later brought back into church; he signed the Concordat of Worms= took away his power to appoint religious leaders (= Pope more powerful)

Gregory VII

• Who: Pope• What: Pope that instituted many church reforms

such as banning Lay Invest. • Where: Rome, Italy (WE)• When: 1054-1077• Why: he banned the practice of Lay Investiture

which caused an issue w. Henry IV; his policies created hatred & contempt b.c. ppl wanted to be independent from the church (secular)

Gregory VII (Workbook)

• Actions: caused controversy when he banned Lay Invest. ; excommunicated Henry IV for arguing about it

• Effects: he wanted to make the church independent of secular rulers so he banned Lay Invest- making him the most powerful b.c. he now appointed all religious officials

Lay Investiture

• Who: Gregory VII vs. Henry IV• What: a church practice where an Emperor or lay

person (not relig) vested a person as a religious official or presented bishops w. rings that symbolized their office

• Where: Rome, Italy, (WE)• When: 1054-1077• Why: this caused conflict b.n Greg VII & Henry IV which

led to Henry’s excommunication; ppl were mad about Gregory VII banned this- they rebelled

Frederick Barbarossa• Who: Holy Roman Emperor, known as “Red Beard” ,

ambitious German ruler• What: fought to bring cities into Italy under his control so he

joined w. the Pope to have more control; he wanted to expand his Empire

• Where: Germany, Italy• When: 1100-1200 • Why: he wanted to build an Empire from Baltic to Adriatic

Seas ; he succeeds in expanding his Empire through marriage = German Emp. Are more deeply involved in Italian affairs

Frederick Barbarossa (workbook)

• Actions: he fought to expand his Empire & succeeded in bringing Northern Italy under his power

• Effects: b.c. of his expansion Germany was more deeply involved in Italian affairs

Pope Innocent III

Pope Innocent III (Workbook)