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N E T W O R K I N G

Networking is the concept of sharing resources,services and applications.

or

Sharing of

RESOURCES + SERVICES + APPLICATIONS=

NETWORKING

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Hierarchy of network types

Types of network

LAN (Local Area Network)

MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

WAN (Wide Area Network)

HYBRID Network

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WAN

MAN MAN LAN LAN

LAN LAN LAN

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LAN

a group of computers and network communicationdevices interconnected within a geographicallylimited area such as building or campus.

Characteristics of LANThey exists in limited geographical area. (within 10

km)

Data transfer speed in high from thousand bits persecond to 10 million bits per second.

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computers are connected using any physicaltransmission media.

commonly used LAN for microcomputers is

Ethernet, Novell PC network,ARC Network(Attached Resource Computing

Networking developed by data point corporation.)

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MAN

This covers comparatively lager geographical areathan LAN but restricted to a town or city.(10km -100km)

It has capacity to link up different LANs withincity area.

It requires different hardware and differenttransmission media to cover the distance.

Data transmission speed is slower than LAN.

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Data transfer capacity is more than LAN

This network setup is more complicated than LAN.

N:B- It is called as middle network in between LAN

and WANEx:T.V cable,Telephone network

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WAN

Characteristics

It covers a very large geographical area hence called globalnetwork.

It is interconnection of LAN & MAN.

Data transmission speed is slower .kbits/sec.Data transfer capacity is more.

Wireless communication media is used for data transfer.

Most advanced technologies are used for data transfer.

Installation cost is high as compared to others.Ex: internet

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Network models

Types

1. Centralized

2. Decentralized

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Centralized

All processing takes place in the central main framecomputer.

Terminals are connected to the central computer and

function only as input/output devices. They do nothave any independent memory or processor.

The central computer is of high power ie high speed& large storage capacity.

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computers are connected to central computer onlybut not to each other.

Thus these terminals cannot communicate with each

other directly.Advantage

This model worked well in large organization.

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Disadvantages

Not suitable for small organizations.

If central computer fails, whole network is damaged.

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Mainframe

100% computing

No computing No computingNo computing

Dumb

terminal

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Decentralized

All stand-alone computers are interconnected toeach other.

Multiple computers can operate independently.

Tasks are completed locally on various computers.

Network enabled the computers to exchange dataand services between each other.

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Advantages

Suitable for small organizations.

Increases storage capacity with security.

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30% of the

processing

70% of the processing

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HYBRID Network

Hybrid Networks :- Modern Microsoft operating systems such asWindows for Workgroups, Windows 95 and Windows NTWorkstation and NT server straddle(REMOVE) the boundarybetween peer- to- peer and server-based networks. Because each

of these operating systems can function as a peer in a peer to peernetwork and all above mentioned three operating systems can actas clients on a server-based network.

In hybrid networks, workstations function simultaneously as

peers on peer-to-peer networks and as clients on server-basednetworks. Hybrid networks are also called as combinationnetworks.

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Advantages of Hybrid Network

(a) Hybrid network elements provide both data and opticaltransport to deliver bandwidth and service enhancement morerapidly.

(b) Hybrid network offers integrated view of the network. It movestraditional barrier between data and optical transport.

(c) It helps to make the most of available resources that use thinclient technology to fit customer needs.

(d) Lock file and database records: Hybrid network allows tochoose applications that allows you to lock in use files that morethan one user can access simultaneously. Locking these files

prevents simultaneous accesses from corrupting the files.

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Limitations in Hybrid network

1.Some new services introduced are not supported.

2.Hybrid networks are complicated to administer

3.It creates a strain on non-mainframe servers, since the lesspower you allow for clients, then more power you must give toservers.