hevs: future of alternative vehicles?

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Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) The next big thing in energy crisis and reduced pollution? A presentation by Tousif Ahmed Graduate Student Department of Mechanical Engineering

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A course presentation on HEV. Presented as required course work of MECH 6340

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  • Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) The next big thing in energy crisis and reduced pollution?

    A presentation by Tousif Ahmed Graduate Student Department of Mechanical Engineering

  • Overview

    Introduction

    HEVs and their types

    Technologies offered by HEVs for waste energy recovery

    Comparison between HEVs and conventional vehicles

    Consumer views on HEVs: A survey study

    Recommendations

    2

  • Introduction

    Expansion of cities, growth of population and increased annual travel distance.

    44 millions of LDVs were sold only in the year 2014

    Increasing at a rate of 3.4% per year

    Regions 2012 2013 2014

    Europe 9,893,574 9,200,506 9,448,752

    America 11,633,356 12,430,755 12,486,009

    Asia/Middle East 19,267,063 20,201,507 21,347,806

    Africa 742,884 809,256 790,695

    All countries 41,536,877 42,642,024 44,073,262

    Source: International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers website

    3

  • Introduction (contd.) Increasing energy consumption leading to energy crisis and pollution

    Source: Official website of EPA

    4

    Source: Transport, energy and CO2, IEA publications

  • Introduction (contd.) Enforcing new emission standards by governments

    5

    Fuel Nationwide Average Fuel Price July 2014/USG

    Nationwide Average Fuel Price April 2014/USG

    Gasoline (regular) $3.70 $3.65

    Diesel $3.91 $3.97

    CNG $2.17 $2.15

    Ethanol (E85) $3.23 $3.41

    Propane $3.07 $3.31

    Biodiesel (B20) $3.98 $4.01

    Electricity $2.34 $2.34 Source: US Department of Energy

    Pollutant % reduction Pollutant % reduction

    SO2 43 NOx 13

    CO 22 particulate matter 8

    Switching to alternative fuel technologies

  • Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)

    First appeared commercially in 1997

    Utilizes both conventional fuel and electricity

    Offers different energy recovery system

    6

    Toyota Prius XW10 (First Generation) fuel economy of 47.5 mpg Power Engine: 58 hp Motor: 40 hp CO2 Emission : 138 gm/km

    Image: Wikipedia.org

  • HEV Types

    The degree of hybridization (DOH) factor (Lukic SM et. al)

    Based on operation

    Based on powertrain configuration

    7

    Mild HEV Full HEV

    Parallel Series

    Hybrids Mild HEV Full HEV

    Engine Downsized Downsized

    Motor Power 10-20kW 15-100kW

    Operating voltage 60-200V 200-600V

    Fuel Economy Improvement 15-20% 20-30%

    Source: autocaat.org

  • Technologies for energy recovery

    Regenerative braking

    Can recover upto 70% of the wasted energy from braking system

    8

    Source: cvel.clemson.edu

  • Regenerative braking (contd.) Energy storage

    mechanism

    Energy converter Recovered energy

    from braking

    Example current

    application

    Fuel EPA

    Electric energy

    storage

    Electric

    motor/generator

    ~50% HEV, AEV 20%

    Flywheel energy

    storage

    Rotational kinetic

    energy

    >70% F1 43%

    Gravitational energy

    storage

    Spring storage

    system

    - Train 5%

    9

    KERS (Kinetic Energy Recovery System)

    Driveshaft Generator/Motor

    Motor attached to flywheel

    Electricity

    Electricity Motor/Generator Driveshaft

  • Technologies for energy recovery (contd.)

    Automotive Thermoelectric Generators (ATEG)

    Exhaust manifold can have temperature as high as ~1200oC

    ATEG converts this heat into electricity using Seebeck effect

    Can be 40% to 70% efficient

    10

    Source: clarkson.edu

  • HEVs vs Conventional Vehicles (CVs)

    Study conducted by R. Graham

    Used HEVX notation for different HEVs under consideration

    All Electric Range (AER) is denoted by X

    Series HEVs were not considered in the study

    Vehicles considered (mid-sized)

    11

    A conventional vehicle HEV0 HEV20 HEV60

  • HEVs vs CVs

    Comparison of fuel economy

    Standards used

    12

    Vehicle (compact sedans) Total Fuel Cost (U.S. Dollars)

    Conventional $12.10

    Hybrid Electric $7.95

    Plug-in Hybrid Electric $7.25

    Source: US department of energy website

    UF Weighted J1711 UF Weighted

  • Fuel economy (contd.) Gasoline only fuel economy is applicable for both CV and HEV0 at all driving

    modes

    13

    HEV0 is 45% more efficient than CV

    HEV20 and HEV60 has better fuel

    efficiency than CV and HEV0 Electric Only efficiency of HEV20 And HEV60 exceed CV efficiency by 300%

    Source: Comparing HEV options by R. Graham

  • HEVs vs CVs

    Emissions

    Smog precursor and greenhouse gas emissions were examined

    Smog emission reduces with increasing DOH

    14 Source: Comparing HEV options by R. Graham

  • Emissions (contd.)

    CO2 Emission

    15 Source: Comparing HEV options by R. Graham

    Vehicle (compact

    sedans)

    Greenhouse Gas

    Emissions

    (pounds of CO2

    equivalent)

    Conventional 87 lb CO2

    Hybrid Electric 57 lb CO2

    Plug-in Hybrid

    Electric

    62 lb CO2

  • Blue Map Scenario

    Energy Information Administrations (EIA) Blue Map Scenario

    A targeted 50% reduction of CO2 by 2050

    Requires very aggressive market penetration with yearly 50 million sales

    16

    Source: EIA Technology perspectives 2010

  • Consumer views (contd.)

    A survey study by M. Kubik in January, 2006

    Set of questions were asked to vehicle owners

    17

    Payback period of HEV for higher fuel economy

    Majority of public wants payback in 2 years Average payback period is 9 years

    Extra cost of HEV for higher fuel economy

    Majority of public wants pay do not want to pay more and average want to pay $2800 Average extra payment necessary is $4000

  • Consumer Views (contd.)

    18

    To choose 50% fuel efficient HEV base on availability of charging station

    66% public wants conventional vehicles if only 1 charging stations in 10 gas stations 62% public wants conventional vehicles if only 1 charging stations in 5 gas stations 43% public wants conventional vehicles if only 1 charging stations in 3 gas stations

    Only about 9 million hybrid electric vehicles have been sold worldwide

    by September 2014 (International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers website)

    Higher market price

    Lower power

    Time required to charge the battery

    Space required for the battery

  • Recommendations

    Subsidize industries those are producing HEVs

    Easy loan and reduced insurance for the consumers

    Invest more on super-capacitor and other energy storage technology

    research

    19

  • Thank You

    Questions

    20