L'électronique de puissance du coeur du stockage de demainNicolas Cherix, Simon Delalay

HEVS Afterwork Energy ‑ Nov. 10 2016

BUILD YOUR OWN CONVERTERSCut down your development time by using our power modules. Ideally com-bined with the BoomBox, our modules are built with best-in-class and freely select-able LF/MF 600/1200 V IGBTs and contain all the necessary on-board subsystems.

HIGHLIGHTS» » kHz control frequency» Software-independent protections» Power electronics control libraries» Modular and scalable design

THE ULTIMATE TOOL FOR FAST POWER ELECTRONIC DEVELOPMENTS

BOOMBOX

BUILD YOUR OWN CONVERTERS

Simplify your implementation efforts by using our power mod‑ules to build your own converters. The PowerTrench modules are available in both air‑cooled and water‑cooled versions and are rated 5‑15 kW per phase‑leg.

ASK FOR A CUSTOM-MADE CONVERTER

For those who prefer ready‑made systems, our power mod‑ules are available in pre‑assembled enclosures, with active fan control and LCD display. Up to 8 phase‑legs can be assembled together, corresponding to about 30‑80 kW in a 4U chassis.

DISCOVER OUR TURNKEY SOLUTIONS

Imperix is able to provide complete solutions made of con‑verter assemblies, control hardware and optionally custom soft‑ware developments, system integration and commissioning in the 25‑250kW range.

LOW-VOLTAGE POWER ELECTRONICS

Electrical energy storage systems

Mechanical

Pumped hydro - PHS

Compressed air - CAES

Flywheel - FES

Secondary batteriesLead acid / NiCd / NiMh / Li / NaS

Double-layerCapacitor - DLC

Superconductingmagnetic coil - SMES

Flow batteriesRedox �ow / Hybrid �ow

HydrogenElectrolyser / Fuel cell / SNG

Sensible heat storageMolten salt / A-CAES

Electrochemical

Chemical

Electrical

Thermal

THERE IS NO CONVERSION-LESS SOLUTION » Some physical conversion always exists » Electrical technologies are DC

ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES

EXISTING SOLUTIONS

Name Energy density

Power density

Cycle life (high DoD)

Lifetime Lifetime-based cycle length

Bulk cost

[Wh/kg] [W/kg] [cycles] [years] [ ∙ ] [$/kWh]

Supercapacitors (EDLC) 3 ‑ 10 1k ‑ 8k 10k ‑ 1M 30 15 min ‑ 2.5 h 15k ‑ 80k

Mid‑ & high‑speed Flywheels 5 ‑ 30 < 300 10k ‑ 100k 15 1 ‑ 15 h 1k ‑ 2k

Lead‑Acid 30 ‑ 50 200 200 ‑ 500 5 ‑ 15 30 ‑ 650 h 150 ‑ 350

Nickel‑Metal Hydride (NiMH) 40 ‑ 100 250 ‑ 1k 600 ‑ 1.5k ? ? 250 ‑ 500

Lithium‑Ion 60 ‑ 200 1k ‑ 2.5k 300 ‑ 8k < 10 10 ‑ 300 h 400 ‑ 2k

Sodium‑Sulfur (NaS) 100 ‑ 250 150 2.5k ‑ 5k 15 50 ‑ 100 h 150 ‑ 250

Pumped‑hydro (PHS) NA NA > 10k 40 ‑ 70 20 ‑ 50 h 10 ‑ 15Sources: Schoenung et. al. (US DOE), Akhil et. al. (EPRI), J. Burke.

EXISTING SOLUTIONSTe

chni

cal a

dequ

acy

Frequency1/2h45 1/16’ 1/1’40’’ 1/10’’ 1Hz

Flywheels

Elec

troly

tic ca

ps

NaS

VRLA

Ni/Cd

Lithium Ion

SMES

NiMH

Flow batteries

Super

caps (

EDLC

)

Long-term storage Short-term storage!THERE IS NO GOOD “NATURAL” SOLUTION IN-BETWEEN

» Oversizing in energy / power leads to size / weight / cost issues » Careful management is essential

INTEGRATION CHALLENGES

ELEMENTARY DEVICES ARE “SMALL” » Few volts » Few watts

APPLICATIONS ARE VERY DIVERSE » Households or E‑mobility to utility‑scale

INTEGRATION CHALLENGES

ELEMENTARY DEVICES ARE “SMALL” » Few volts » Few watts

APPLICATIONS ARE VERY DIVERSE » Households or E‑mobility to utility‑scale

NEEDSScalability

Modularity

» kW to GW » kWh to GWh

» Energy‑to‑Power ratio » Cost optimization

» Balancing » Redundancy » Power flow control, SoC management, etc.

AUXILIARY NEEDS

+

CONVENTIONAL SOLUTIONS

AC

DC

AC

DC

AC

DC

AC

DC

AC

DC

AC

DC

AC

DC

AC

DC

AC

DC

AC

DC

AC

DC

AC

DC

AC

DC

AC

DC

AC

DC

AC

DC

AC

DC

AC

DC

abc

energystorage

d

e

module

DC

ACBMS

abc

» The converter is independent from the energy storage

» Limited scalability of the converter » Additional Battery Management System (BMS) is needed » Additional challenges with overall paralleling

SPLIT STORAGE SYSTEMS

AC

DC

AC

DC

AC

DC

AC

DC

AC

DC

AC

DC

AC

DC

AC

DC

AC

DC

AC

DC

AC

DC

AC

DC

AC

DC

AC

DC

AC

DC

AC

DC

AC

DC

AC

DC

abc

energystorage

d

e

module

DC

ACBMS

abc

» The energy storage facilitates the converter balancing and operation (slower dynamics)

» The converter intrinsically provides BMS functions (balancing and power flow control)

C.+Bat.

C.+Bat.

LB

I B,tot

E B,

m 21

2m ∆,de m Σ,de

21

2-AC

LL,tot

1 1

I L,α E L,α

I L,αVac

I B,α

E B,α

2 2 2 2 1

2 22 2 1

E

I

1

I

I B,de E ∆L,de

E ΣB,dem 21

LB

I B,tot

E B,

m 21

2m ∆,abc m Σ,abc

21

L

3-AC

I L,αβ

Vac

LL,totE L,αβ

I L,αβ 2 2

I B,αβ

E B,αβ

33 331

3 3 332

E

I

1

E ∆L,abc

I

I B,abc

Em 2

1

Sup.

Leq

m sc∆,de

CarmV∆,deΣ

I sc∆,deΣV∆,de

Σ

I ∆,deΣ

2 2 2

I sc∆,de

E sc∆,de I sc∆,de

Vsc∆,de

Sup.

Leq

m

CarmVΣ

IΣVΣ

IΣ

2 2 2

I

E I

V

2

2

V∆,abcΣI ∆,abc

Σ

VΣ IΣ

3

3

2-AC 3-AC

DISTRIBUTED » Power conversion & storage » Intelligence

CENTRALIZED » Supervision » Coordination

MODULAR POWER ELECTRONICS

It is all about enabling : » High scalability (>1000 nodes) » Modularity (series, parallel, modules in modules)

» Fast global control loops » Evolutivity over time and space

DISTRIBUTED » Power conversion & storage » Intelligence

CENTRALIZED » Supervision » Coordination

MODULAR POWER ELECTRONICS

It is all about enabling : » High scalability (>1000 nodes) » Modularity (series, parallel, modules in modules)

» Fast global control loops » Evolutivity over time and space

MODULAR CONTROL INFRASTRUCTURE

Synchronization accuracy of < 20‑50ns

Low latencyHigh data bandwidth

Simple wiringGalvanic isolation

RedundancyGPS‑independent

Operation of parallel and series power modules and / or switches

Control bandwidth

High scalability

Reliability

Bandwidth Reliability

Synchronization Latency

WhiteRabbit-like1

Modi�ed GbE

Dispatching

Redundancy

1http://www.ohwr.org/projects/white-rabbit/wikiBandwidth Reliability

Synchronization Latency

WhiteRabbit-like1

Modi�ed GbE

Dispatching

Redundancy

1http://www.ohwr.org/projects/white-rabbit/wiki

Bandwidth Reliability

Synchronization Latency

WhiteRabbit-like1

Modi�ed GbE

Dispatching

Redundancy

1http://www.ohwr.org/projects/white-rabbit/wiki

Bandwidth Reliability

Synchronization Latency

WhiteRabbit-like1

Modi�ed GbE

Dispatching

Redundancy

1http://www.ohwr.org/projects/white-rabbit/wiki

APPLICATION EXAMPLES

ALTERNATIVE APPLICATIONS » Advanced scada » Differential protection » GPS substitution

ANCILLARY SERVICES » Renewables integration » UPS

TRULY SMART GRIDS » Interleaved operation » Fast control loops (DC or non‑inertial systems)

THE SOLUTION

1) Patent pending WO2016IB54226

RealSync is aTime distributionLow latency communication

technology

» Multi‑gigabit Ethernet and UDP » Clock dissemination over Ethernet1)

» Modified data switching » Reduced latency

» Pyramid‑shaped redundant network tree » Complete compatibility with IP

USB

ControlMaster• • • • • • • • • • •

CORE

SYNC

RUNIN

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FAULT

MAST

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CONFIG. & STATUSREALSYNC 0

Dispatcher• • • • • • • • • • •

CORE

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RUNIN

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FAULT

MAST

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NETWORK A

REALSYNC 0

REALSYNC 2

REALSYNC 1

REALSYNC 3

NETWORK B

I/OUnit• • • • • • • • • • •

CORE

SYNC

RUNIN

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FAULT

MAST

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NETWORK A NETWORK B

A4 A5 A6 A70/8 1/9 2/10 3/11 4/12 5/13 6/14 7/15

MODULINK™ INPUTS

A0 A1 A2 A3

DIGITAL IO 0 DIGITAL IO 1

I/OUnit• • • • • • • • • • •

CORE

SYNC

RUNIN

HIB.

FAULT

MAST

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R.

NETWORK A NETWORK B

A4 A5 A6 A70/8 1/9 2/10 3/11 4/12 5/13 6/14 7/15

MODULINK™ INPUTS

A0 A1 A2 A3

D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7

H

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H

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H

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H

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H

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H

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H

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H

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D8 D9 D10 D11

H

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H

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USB

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CONFIG. & STATUSREALSYNC 0

Dispatcher• • • • • • • • • • •

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NETWORK A

REALSYNC 0

REALSYNC 2

REALSYNC 1

REALSYNC 3

NETWORK B

I/OUnit• • • • • • • • • • •

CORE

SYNC

RUNIN

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FAULT

MAST

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A4 A5 A6 A70/8 1/9 2/10 3/11 4/12 5/13 6/14 7/15

MODULINK™ INPUTS

A0 A1 A2 A3

DIGITAL IO 0 DIGITAL IO 1

I/OUnit• • • • • • • • • • •

CORE

SYNC

RUNIN

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FAULT

MAST

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NETWORK A NETWORK B

A4 A5 A6 A70/8 1/9 2/10 3/11 4/12 5/13 6/14 7/15

MODULINK™ INPUTS

A0 A1 A2 A3

D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7

H

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H

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H

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H

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H

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H

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D8 D9 D10 D11

H

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USB

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FAULT

MAST

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CONFIG. & STATUSREALSYNC 0

Dispatcher• • • • • • • • • • •

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FAULT

MAST

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NETWORK A

REALSYNC 0

REALSYNC 2

REALSYNC 1

REALSYNC 3

NETWORK B

I/OUnit• • • • • • • • • • •

CORE

SYNC

RUNIN

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FAULT

MAST

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R.

NETWORK A NETWORK B

A4 A5 A6 A70/8 1/9 2/10 3/11 4/12 5/13 6/14 7/15

MODULINK™ INPUTS

A0 A1 A2 A3

DIGITAL IO 0 DIGITAL IO 1

I/OUnit• • • • • • • • • • •

CORE

SYNC

RUNIN

HIB.

FAULT

MAST

.SL

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R.

NETWORK A NETWORK B

A4 A5 A6 A70/8 1/9 2/10 3/11 4/12 5/13 6/14 7/15

MODULINK™ INPUTS

A0 A1 A2 A3

D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7

H

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H

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H

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H

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H

L

H

L

H

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H

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D8 D9 D10 D11

H

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H

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H

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H

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USB

ControlMaster• • • • • • • • • • •

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FAULT

MAST

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CONFIG. & STATUSREALSYNC 0

Dispatcher• • • • • • • • • • •

CORE

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RUNIN

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FAULT

MAST

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NETWORK A

REALSYNC 0

REALSYNC 2

REALSYNC 1

REALSYNC 3

NETWORK B

I/OUnit• • • • • • • • • • •

CORE

SYNC

RUNIN

HIB.

FAULT

MAST

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R.

NETWORK A NETWORK B

A4 A5 A6 A70/8 1/9 2/10 3/11 4/12 5/13 6/14 7/15

MODULINK™ INPUTS

A0 A1 A2 A3

DIGITAL IO 0 DIGITAL IO 1

I/OUnit• • • • • • • • • • •

CORE

SYNC

RUNIN

HIB.

FAULT

MAST

.SL

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R.

NETWORK A NETWORK B

A4 A5 A6 A70/8 1/9 2/10 3/11 4/12 5/13 6/14 7/15

MODULINK™ INPUTS

A0 A1 A2 A3

D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7

H

L

H

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H

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H

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H

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H

L

H

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H

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D8 D9 D10 D11

H

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H

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H

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H

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USB

ControlMaster• • • • • • • • • • •

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FAULT

MAST

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CONFIG. & STATUSREALSYNC 0

Dispatcher• • • • • • • • • • •

CORE

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FAULT

MAST

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NETWORK A

REALSYNC 0

REALSYNC 2

REALSYNC 1

REALSYNC 3

NETWORK B

I/OUnit• • • • • • • • • • •

CORE

SYNC

RUNIN

HIB.

FAULT

MAST

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R.

NETWORK A NETWORK B

A4 A5 A6 A70/8 1/9 2/10 3/11 4/12 5/13 6/14 7/15

MODULINK™ INPUTS

A0 A1 A2 A3

DIGITAL IO 0 DIGITAL IO 1

I/OUnit• • • • • • • • • • •

CORE

SYNC

RUNIN

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FAULT

MAST

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R.

NETWORK A NETWORK B

A4 A5 A6 A70/8 1/9 2/10 3/11 4/12 5/13 6/14 7/15

MODULINK™ INPUTS

A0 A1 A2 A3

D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7

H

L

H

L

H

L

H

L

H

L

H

L

H

L

H

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D8 D9 D10 D11

H

L

H

L

H

L

H

L

ControlMastere.g. BoomBox

DispatchersNetwork switches

Real-worldinterfaces

THIRD GENERATION HARDWARE

APPLICATION EXAMPLE

APPLICATION EXAMPLE

CTRLnode CTRLnode

CTRLnode

CTRLnode

CTRLnode

CTRLnode

CTRLnode

CTRLnode

CTRLnode

ControlMaster

USB

ControlMaster• • • • • • • • • • •

CORE

SYNC

RUNIN

HIB.

FAULT

MAST

.SL

AVEER

R.

CONFIG. & STATUSREALSYNC 0

Dispatcher• • • • • • • • • • •

CORE

SYNC

RUNIN

HIB.

FAULT

MAST

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R.

NETWORK A

REALSYNC 0

REALSYNC 2

REALSYNC 1

REALSYNC 3

NETWORK B

I/OUnit• • • • • • • • • • •

CORE

SYNC

RUNIN

HIB.

FAULT

MAST

.SL

AVEER

R.

NETWORK A NETWORK B

A4 A5 A6 A70/8 1/9 2/10 3/11 4/12 5/13 6/14 7/15

MODULINK™ INPUTS

A0 A1 A2 A3

DIGITAL IO 0 DIGITAL IO 1

I/OUnit• • • • • • • • • • •

CORE

SYNC

RUNIN

HIB.

FAULT

MAST

.SL

AVEER

R.

NETWORK A NETWORK B

A4 A5 A6 A70/8 1/9 2/10 3/11 4/12 5/13 6/14 7/15

MODULINK™ INPUTS

A0 A1 A2 A3

D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7

H

L

H

L

H

L

H

L

H

L

H

L

H

L

H

L

D8 D9 D10 D11

H

L

H

L

H

L

H

L

TYPICAL PERFORMANCE RESULTS

switch

ENDNode » Artix 7 FPGA » 12x 1Msps 12bits ADCs » 2x GbE on SFP » Hardware PTP » 200MHz MCU » 50pin I/O extension

» Error below ±30 ns » No data traffic » Patented

» 0.9 μs direct link » 3.9 μs / level standard switch » Trade secret (yet...)