heritage xiv

M F H S D T K E H BM F H S D T K E H BM F H S D T K E H BM F H S D T K E H BM F H S D T K E H BV T V R D B L H T J , FV T V R D B L H T J , FV T V R D B L H T J , FV T V R D B L H T J , FV T V R D B L H T J , F

K A R T V E L I A NH E R I T A G E

XIV

ISSN 1512-09-53

2010

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AKAKI TSERETELI STATE UNIVERSITY

MFHSDTKEHBMFHSDTKEHBMFHSDTKEHBMFHSDTKEHBMFHSDTKEHBVTVRDBLHTJ<FVTVRDBLHTJ<FVTVRDBLHTJ<FVTVRDBLHTJ<FVTVRDBLHTJ<F

XIV

quTaisiquTaisiquTaisiquTaisiquTaisi

2010K u t a i s i

eZRvneba sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis,mcxeTa-Tbilisis mTavarepiskoposis,

biWvinTisa da cxum-afxazeTis mitropolitis,uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meoris

dabadebidan 77-e da aRsaydrebidan 33-e wlisTavs

Dedicated to the 77th anniversary of the birth and 33rd anniversaryof the enthronement of Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia,

the Archbishop of Mtskheta-Tbilisi and Metropolitan Bishopof Abkhazia and Pitsunda, His Holiness and Beatitude Ilia II

81.2 UH809.463.1-800.87 q.279

"qarTveluri memkvidreobis" XIV tomi eZRvneba sruliadsaqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, mcxeTa-TbilisismTavarepiskoposis, biWvinTisa da cxum-afxazeTis mitropolitis,uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meoris dabadebidan 77-e daaRsaydrebidan 33-e wlisTavs.

krebulSi ibeWdeba: uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meorisqadagebani (qarTuli enis Sesaxeb), statia: "qarTuli ena -qarTvelTa erovnuli sicocxle sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meoris epistoleebis,qadagebebisa da sityvaTa mixedviT"; istoriuli dokumentebi:XIX saukunis qarTveli sasuliero da saero moRvaweebis mier qarTulienis dasacavad warmoebuli brZolis amsaxveli masalebi; agreTverecenzirebuli q arTvelologiuri (enaTmecnieruli,literaturaTmcodneobiTi, folkloruli, istoriografiuli,kulturologiuri, eTnologiuri...) gamokvlevebi.

saredaqcio sabWo:saredaqcio sabWo:saredaqcio sabWo:saredaqcio sabWo:saredaqcio sabWo:

ioseb asaTiani (inglisuri teqstis redaqtori), nomadibarTaia, Tamaz beraZe, merab beriZe, Teimuraz gvancelaZe,rozeta gujejiani, eka dadiani (swavluli mdivani), rubenenoxi, roland TofCiSvili, qevin TuiTi, nino kvirikaZe,merab naWyebia, avTandil nikoleiSvili (pasuxismgebeliredaqtori), manana tabiZe, tariel futkaraZe (mTavariredaqtori), giorgi qavTaraZe, marine qacarava, revaz Serozia,nino CixlaZe, beJan xorava.

redaqciis misamarTi: 4600, q. quTaisi, Tamar mefis 59awsu qarTveluri dialeqtologiis instituti, tel.: 4-28-83

el-fosta: [email protected] krebulis el-versia ix.: www.kartvelology.ge www. scribd.com/kartvelian heritage XIV

© akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba, 2010

Kartveluri Memkvidreoba (“Kartvelian Heritage”), volume XIV, isdedicated to the 77th anniversary of the birth and 33rd anniversary of theenthronement of Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, the Archbishopof Mtskheta-Tbilisi and Metropolitan Bishop of Abkhazia and Pitsunda,His Holiness and Beatitude Ilia II.

The present collection has an article: ‘The Georgian language – NationalLife of Georgians written according to the epistles, sermons and speeches ofHis Holiness and Beatitude Ilia II;’ His Holiness and Beatitude Ilia II’s Sermons(about the Georgian language), historical documents: materials featuring thestruggle for the protection of the Georgian language carried out by religious andpublic men in the 19th century, as well as reviewed Kartvelologian researches (inlinguistics, literary studies, folklore, culture studies, ethnology and more..).

EDITORIAL BOARD:

Ioseb Asatiani (editor of the English texts), Nomadi Bartaia,Tamaz Beradze,Merab Beridze, Teimuraz Gvantseladze, Rozeta Gujejiani, Eka Dadiani (scientificsecretary), Ruben Enokhi, Marine Katsarava, Giorgi Kavtaradze, Nino Kvirikadze,Merab Nachkebia, Avtandil Nikoleishvili (managing editor), Manana Tabidze, RolandTopchishvili, Kevin Tuite, Tariel Putkaradze (Editor -in chief), Revaz Sherozia,Nino Chikhladze, Bejan Khorava.

Address of the Editorial Office; 59, Tamar Mepe str., Kutaisi

© Kutais i State Univers i ty Press , 2010

SinaarsiSinaarsiSinaarsiSinaarsiSinaarsi

tariel futkaraZe - tariel futkaraZe - tariel futkaraZe - tariel futkaraZe - tariel futkaraZe - qarTuli ena - qarTvelTa erovnulisicocxle (sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, mcxeTa-Tbilisis mTavarepiskoposis, biWvinTisa da cxum-afxazeTismitropolitis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meorisepistoleebis, qadagebebisa da sityvaTa mixedviT)............................... 9Tariel Putkaradze - The Georgian language – national life of Georgians(According to epistles, sermons and speeches of Catholicos-Patriarch of AllGeorgia, the Archbishop of Mtskheta-Tbilisi and Metropolitan Bishop ofAbkhazia and Pitsunda, His Holiness and Beatitude Ilia II)............................35

LELA AVALIANI, LUIZA KHACHAPURIDZE, OMAR AKKAM -Expressions related to God in the Arabic and languages ................................36lela avaliani, luiza xaWapuriZe, omar aqamilela avaliani, luiza xaWapuriZe, omar aqamilela avaliani, luiza xaWapuriZe, omar aqamilela avaliani, luiza xaWapuriZe, omar aqamilela avaliani, luiza xaWapuriZe, omar aqami - RmerTTandakavSirebuli gamonaTqvamebi arabulsa da qarTulSi .................38

oTar gogoliSvili - oTar gogoliSvili - oTar gogoliSvili - oTar gogoliSvili - oTar gogoliSvili - baTumis olqi saqarTvelosdemokratiuli respublikis SemadgenlobaSi ................................... 39Otar Gogolishvili - Batumi Region the Member of the DemocraticRepublic .....................................................................................................53

nato gulua - nato gulua - nato gulua - nato gulua - nato gulua - akaki wereTeli da rusuli mwerloba(werilis "nekrasovis dakrZalvis" mixedviT) ....................................54Nato Gulua - Akaki Tsereteli and the Russian Literature (According tothe aricle “Nekrasov’s Funeral”) ..................................................................57

darejan dvali-demetraZe - darejan dvali-demetraZe - darejan dvali-demetraZe - darejan dvali-demetraZe - darejan dvali-demetraZe - Sveicariuli dResaswaulebi(paralelebi qarTul dResaswaulebTan) ............................................58Darejan Dvali-Demetradze - Dvali -Holidays in Switzerland (parallelsto Georgian holidays) ..................................................................................61

luka dvaliSvililuka dvaliSvililuka dvaliSvililuka dvaliSvililuka dvaliSvili ----- akaki wereTeli da aWaris SemoerTebisproblema ...............................................................................................62Luka Dvalishvili - Akaki Tsereteli and the problem of reunion ofAchara to Georgia ......................................................................................67

ia vaia vaia vaia vaia vaSakiZeSakiZeSakiZeSakiZeSakiZe - "ucxos" mniSvnelobis cvlisaTvis rusulimperiul sivrceSi ...............................................................................68Ia Vashakidze - On the semantic change of “utskho” (foreign) related tolanguage in the Russian imperial space .........................................................72

zurab Toria -zurab Toria -zurab Toria -zurab Toria -zurab Toria - "eri dedaa enisa".................................................73Zurab Toria - "Nation is Mother of Language" ..........................................79

rusudanrusudanrusudanrusudanrusudan kakakakakaSia,Sia,Sia,Sia,Sia, daviTdaviTdaviTdaviTdaviT SavianiZeSavianiZeSavianiZeSavianiZeSavianiZe - imeruli leqsikisaTvis(xonisa da okribis masalebis mixedviT) ...........................................80Rusudan Kashia, Davit Shavianidze - On the Lower-Imeretian(Khoni and Okriba) words ...........................................................................85

igor kekeliaigor kekeliaigor kekeliaigor kekeliaigor kekelia - martvilis raionis tyisa da saZovrebiszonis toponimiidan .............................................................................86Igor Kekelia - From the place-names of Martvili region woodsand pastures ...............................................................................................90

zeinabzeinabzeinabzeinabzeinab kikviZekikviZekikviZekikviZekikviZe - lazares saxis mxatvrulitransformaciisaTvis qarTul mwerlobaSi ........................................91Zeinab Kikvidze - On the fictional transformation of the Lazarusimage in the Georgian literature ....................................................................98

mamuka menabde -mamuka menabde -mamuka menabde -mamuka menabde -mamuka menabde - qarTuli samefo-samTavroebisSidapolitikuri urTierTobebis istoriidan XVI saukunis40-50-ian wlebSi ...................................................................................99Mamuka Menabde - From the history of internal political relations of theGeorgian kingdoms and principalities in the 40-50s of the 16th century ..........104

maia miqautaZe -maia miqautaZe -maia miqautaZe -maia miqautaZe -maia miqautaZe - [~] V-XVIII ss. qarTulsa daTanamedrove qarTvelur kiloebSi ....................................................105Maia Mikautadze - [j] in the Georgian language of 5th-18th cc. and in themodern Kartvelian dialects .........................................................................116

nora nikolaZe-lomsianiZe - nora nikolaZe-lomsianiZe - nora nikolaZe-lomsianiZe - nora nikolaZe-lomsianiZe - nora nikolaZe-lomsianiZe - legendebi "akakiskrebulSi" ............................................................................................117Nora Nikoladze-Lomsianidze - Legends in “Akaki’s Collections”..............122

avTandil nikoleiSvili - avTandil nikoleiSvili - avTandil nikoleiSvili - avTandil nikoleiSvili - avTandil nikoleiSvili - galaktion tabiZisSemoqmedebis teqstologiuri istoriis zogierTi sakiTxi ..........123Avtandil Nikoleishvili - On some questions form the textual studyhistory of Galaktion Tbidze’s works ...........................................................138

nato niqabaZe -nato niqabaZe -nato niqabaZe -nato niqabaZe -nato niqabaZe - noe Jordania da erovnuli sakiTxi ............139Nato Nikabadze - Noe Zhordania and the national question .......................142

neli siWinava - neli siWinava - neli siWinava - neli siWinava - neli siWinava - msoflios erovnuli da universalurisuraTis asaxva frazeologizmebis TargmanSi .................................143Íåëëè Ñè÷èíàâà - Ïåðåâîä ôðàçåîëîãèçìîâ êàê ñïîñîáîòðàæåíèÿ íàöèîíàëüíîé è óíèâåðñàëüíîé êàðòèí ìèðà ...........................149

neli ugrexeliZeneli ugrexeliZeneli ugrexeliZeneli ugrexeliZeneli ugrexeliZe - qarTuli damwerlobis istoriidan(numizmatikuri masalis mixedviT)......................................................150

Neli Ugrekhelidze - From the history of the Georgian writing (accordingto the numismatic materials) ......................................................................153

JuJuna feiqriSvili, rusudan saRinaZe,JuJuna feiqriSvili, rusudan saRinaZe,JuJuna feiqriSvili, rusudan saRinaZe,JuJuna feiqriSvili, rusudan saRinaZe,JuJuna feiqriSvili, rusudan saRinaZe,eka dadianieka dadianieka dadianieka dadianieka dadiani - imeruli kilos leqsikisaTvis(l. uklebas saleqsikono masala) ...........................................................154Zhuzhuna Peikrishvili, Rusudan Saghinadze, Eka Dadiani - For thevocabulary of Imeretian dialect (material of L.Ukleba's dictionary)....................160

kaxaber qebulaZe - kaxaber qebulaZe - kaxaber qebulaZe - kaxaber qebulaZe - kaxaber qebulaZe - giorgi zdanoviCisa da noe Jordaniaspolemika quTaisis saadgilmamulo bankTan dakavSirebiT ....................161Kakhaber Kebuladze -Polemics between Giorgi Zdanovic and NoeZhordania on the Kutaisi Nobility Bank ......................................................166

daviT SavianiZe - daviT SavianiZe - daviT SavianiZe - daviT SavianiZe - daviT SavianiZe - qarTuli gvarsaxelebi (zemo aWarisramdenime soflis eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT) .....................167David Shavianidze - Georgian family-names (On the exampleof ethnographic materials of some upper-Acharan villages) .........................173

revaz Seroziarevaz Seroziarevaz Seroziarevaz Seroziarevaz Serozia - - - - - qarTveluri etimologiurimasalisaTvis. III ......................................................................................174Revaz Sherozia - On the Kartvelian etymology material. III ...................177

mzeqala Canqseliani - mzeqala Canqseliani - mzeqala Canqseliani - mzeqala Canqseliani - mzeqala Canqseliani - mdinare Beleduras xeobismikrotoponimia ..................................................................................178Mzekala Chankseliani - Microtoponyms of the Beladura river valley ........181

gela xarSilaZe - gela xarSilaZe - gela xarSilaZe - gela xarSilaZe - gela xarSilaZe - kacTmoyvareobis zogierTiStrixi vaJasTan ...................................................................................182Gela Kharshiladze - On some expressions of philanthropy in VazhaPshavela’s works ......................................................................................185

luiza xaWapuriZe - luiza xaWapuriZe - luiza xaWapuriZe - luiza xaWapuriZe - luiza xaWapuriZe - liturgikuli xatebi zviadgamsaxurdias poeziaSi.........................................................................186Luiza Khachapuridze - Liturgical images in ZviadGamsakhurdia’s poems. . . . . .........................................................................189

ramaz xaWapuriZe - ramaz xaWapuriZe - ramaz xaWapuriZe - ramaz xaWapuriZe - ramaz xaWapuriZe - abrakadabrebi qarTul SelocvebSi ...........190Ramaz Khachapuridze - Abracadabra in Georgian spells ..........................195

gia xoferia - gia xoferia - gia xoferia - gia xoferia - gia xoferia - akaki wereTlis literaturul-kritikuliSexedulebebis zogierTi sakiTxi ......................................................196Gia Khoperia - On some questions of Akaki Tsereteli’sliterary-critique views .................................................................................203

danarTidanarTidanarTidanarTidanarTi

guria-samegrelos episkoposis, uwmidesi grigolis gankargulebissafuZvelze Seqmnili komiiis dadgenileba megrul kilozelocvaTa Targmanis mizanSewonilobis Sesaxeb (1895) ....................204

Tedo (Tevdore) saxokia - soxumSi arsebuli enobrivisituaciis Sesaxeb (1900 w. 1 ivlisi) .............................................236

kavkasiis mxaris samxedro gubernator gerSelmanis werilimTavarmmarTeblis kancelariis ufross (1900 w. 3 agvisto)........239

quTaisis samxedro gubernator gerSelmanis moxseneba `soxumisolqSi qarTuli moZraobis Sesaxeb" (1900 w. 2 seqtemberi).........244

saidumlo werili kavkasiis samoqalaqo nawilis mTavarmmarTeblissabWos (1904 w. 12/15 marti) .............................................................248

dekanozi ioane vostorgovi - saeklesio skola amierkavkasiaSi...273

kavkasiis samoqalaqo nawilis mTavarmmarTeblis sabWosdadgenileba (1904 w. 1 maisi) ...........................................................287

XIX saukunis qarTveli sazogado moRvaweebi (st.ZimistaraSvili,al.naneiSvili, n.dadiani, v.masxulia, r.sajaoxeli /xundaZe/,d.RambaSiZe, l.lolua) ruseTis antiqarTuli politikisSesaxeb ..................................................................................................289

senakeli t. k-li - megrulis enis gamo(1904 w. 17 ivlisi) ............................................................................302

iakob fancxava - qarTuli ena samegrelos samrevlo skolebSida batoni Tedo Jordania (1905 w. 23 marti) ..............................305

Tedo Jordania - qarTuli enisTvis brZola1882-1910 wlebSi .................................................................................317

Tedo Jordania - vin daicva qarTuli ena samegrelossamrevlo skolebSi? (1913 w.) ...........................................................336

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis wmida sinodis ganCineba(2005 w. 23 dekemberi) ..................................................................350

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa daunetaresis ilia meoris sakvirao qadageba daviTobisdResaswaulze (2006 w. 8 Tebervali) ..............................................351

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa daunetaresis ilia meoris misalmeba saqarTvelos sapatriarqos,iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetisada k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa institutis erToblivisamecniero konferenciis "svaneTi - qarTuli kulturis savane"monawileebisadmi (2006 w. 19 ivnisi) ...............................................352

saqarTvelos sapatriarqos, iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisissaxelmwifo universitetisa da k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTainstitutis erToblivi samecniero konferenciis "svaneTi -qarTuli kulturis savane" memorandumi ........................................353

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa daunetaresis ilia meoris qadageba zugdidis laqernis yovladwmidaRTismSoblis xatis saxelobis taZarSi (2007 w. 3 ivnisi) ..........355

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa daunetaresis ilia meoris saSobao epistole (2010 w.) ..................358

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisada unetaresis ilia meoris sakvirao qadageba(2010 w. 10 oqtomberi) .....................................................................366

9

tariel futkaraZetariel futkaraZetariel futkaraZetariel futkaraZetariel futkaraZe

qarTuli ena -qarTuli ena -qarTuli ena -qarTuli ena -qarTuli ena -

qarTvelTa erovnuli sicocxleqarTvelTa erovnuli sicocxleqarTvelTa erovnuli sicocxleqarTvelTa erovnuli sicocxleqarTvelTa erovnuli sicocxle

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis,mcxeTa-Tbilisis mTavarepiskoposis,

biWvinTisa da cxum-afxazeTis mitropolitis,uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meoris

epistoleebis, qadagebebisa da sityvaTa mixedviT

kacobriobis istoria xalxebis gaCenisa da daRupvis mZime qronikaa.am fonze saswauls hgavs qarTveli eris 33-saukunovani sicocxle, romelic,pirvel rigSi, qarTuli eniTaaqarTuli eniTaaqarTuli eniTaaqarTuli eniTaaqarTuli eniTaa ganxorcielebili.

bolo 2000 wlis ganmavlobaSi qarTvelTa erovnuli arsobaqristianobam rom asazrdova, esec ueWvelia. dampyrobelTa Semosevisdros qarTvelTa brZolasqarTvelTa brZolasqarTvelTa brZolasqarTvelTa brZolasqarTvelTa brZolas Seupovars xdida rwmenis dauTmobloba,vinaidan qristianoba qarTvelisTvis ar iyo mxolod cxovrebis filosofiada arsebobis wesi: droTa ganmavlobaSi qristianuli taZrebi damonastrebi iqca qarTveluri (qarTulenovani) kulturis aqtiurcentrebad da erovnuli cnobierebis RvTiur nakadulebad.erovnuli cnobierebis RvTiur nakadulebad.erovnuli cnobierebis RvTiur nakadulebad.erovnuli cnobierebis RvTiur nakadulebad.erovnuli cnobierebis RvTiur nakadulebad. gardaamisa, roca saxelmwifoebriobas gviSlida mteri, saqarTvelosavtokefaliuri eklesia inarCunebda erTian eklesiur da erovnul-saxelmwifoebriv sivrces da saxavda swor erovnul orientirebs. aseadResac, rodesac mtris mier okupirebuli da aneqsirebulia msofliosmier aRiarebuli saqarTvelos teritoriis 20%.

dResac, imperiuli Tu globalisturi didi agresiebis periodSi,sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesi da unetaresiuwmidesi da unetaresiuwmidesi da unetaresiuwmidesi da unetaresiuwmidesi da unetaresiilia meorisilia meorisilia meorisilia meorisilia meoris sityvani naTlad gamokveTs qarTvelTa erovnuli gadarCenisgzas.

naSromSi warmodgenilia uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meorisxedva qarTvelTa enobriv-kulturuli istoriisaqarTvelTa enobriv-kulturuli istoriisaqarTvelTa enobriv-kulturuli istoriisaqarTvelTa enobriv-kulturuli istoriisaqarTvelTa enobriv-kulturuli istoriisa da TanamedrovesafrTxeebissafrTxeebissafrTxeebissafrTxeebissafrTxeebis Sesaxeb.

marTali lazare - qarTveli eris simbolomarTali lazare - qarTveli eris simbolomarTali lazare - qarTveli eris simbolomarTali lazare - qarTveli eris simbolomarTali lazare - qarTveli eris simbolomravali saukunis win, savaraudod, axali welTaRricxvis VIII-IX

saukuneebSi RvTivkurTxeulma adamianma dawera "Sesxmai qarTvelTai daqarTvelTa enisai" ("qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisai"). iovane zosimesdabadebamde daweril am mistiur leqsSi qarTveli eris sicocxle qristesmegobar lazares bedTanaa gaigivebuli.

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis mier lazares SabaTilazares SabaTilazares SabaTilazares SabaTilazares SabaTigamocxadebulia qarTuli enis erovnul dResaswaulad; qarTuli enis erovnul dResaswaulad; qarTuli enis erovnul dResaswaulad; qarTuli enis erovnul dResaswaulad; qarTuli enis erovnul dResaswaulad; kerZod,amis Sesaxeb 1986 wels, 13 (26) aprils, lazares SabaTis qadagebaSisruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqma ilia meoremilia meoremilia meoremilia meoremilia meorem brZanabrZanabrZanabrZanabrZana:

KARTVELIAN HERITAGE

XIV 2010qarTveluri memkvidreobaqarTveluri memkvidreobaqarTveluri memkvidreobaqarTveluri memkvidreobaqarTveluri memkvidreoba

10

"...iveriis yovlad wmida RvTismSoblis xatis winaswarmetyvelebiT,saqarTvelo gabrwyindeba ukanasknel Jams.

saeklesio gadmocemis Tanaxmad, cnobilia da Cven viciT, rom XsaukuneSi yovelive es xilviT euwyaT wmida mamebs iveronis qarTvelTa

savaneSi... roca mTeli qveyana dakargavs rwmenas, siyvaruls, saTnoebas,saqarTvelo gabrwyindeba sarwmunoebiT, siyvaruliT, siwmidiT. am drosqarTveli erisTvis uflismieri jildo iqneba is, rom meored mosvlisJams ufali kacobriobas gansjis qarTuli eniT.

mas Semdeg, roca cnobili gaxda es didi saidumlo, mas Semdeg,roca ufalma gamoucxada Cvens winapars, rom "saxarebasa Sina amas enasa

lazare hqvian", qarTveloba zeimobda qarTuli enis dResaswauls -lazares SabaTs. magram qveynis avbedobam, misma mZime warsulma waSalaes kurTxeuli da wmida tradicia. dRes kvlav dadga Jami dadRes kvlav dadga Jami dadRes kvlav dadga Jami dadRes kvlav dadga Jami dadRes kvlav dadga Jami da

aRvadgineT es dResaswauli"aRvadgineT es dResaswauli"aRvadgineT es dResaswauli"aRvadgineT es dResaswauli"aRvadgineT es dResaswauli" 1.saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis ilia II-is am qadagebis Semdeg

saqarTveloSi aRdga ZvelqarTuli tradicia - lazares aRdginebis dRes

qarTuli enis dResaswauli2; 1986 wlidan dRemde, "saqarTvelos eklesiiskalendris" mixedviT, yovel lazares SabaTs eklesiis mier sazeimodaRiniSneba qarTuli enis dRe.

2003 wlis qadagebaSi saqarTvelos patriarqma brZana: "wmida da"wmida da"wmida da"wmida da"wmida da

marTali lazares aRdginebis dRe aris Cveni didi erovnulimarTali lazares aRdginebis dRe aris Cveni didi erovnulimarTali lazares aRdginebis dRe aris Cveni didi erovnulimarTali lazares aRdginebis dRe aris Cveni didi erovnulimarTali lazares aRdginebis dRe aris Cveni didi erovnuli

dResaswauli - qarTuli enis zeimi"dResaswauli - qarTuli enis zeimi"dResaswauli - qarTuli enis zeimi"dResaswauli - qarTuli enis zeimi"dResaswauli - qarTuli enis zeimi" 3.....aqve arsebiTia imis aRniSvna, rom fraza: "saxarebasa Sina amas"saxarebasa Sina amas"saxarebasa Sina amas"saxarebasa Sina amas"saxarebasa Sina amas

enasa lazare hqvian"enasa lazare hqvian"enasa lazare hqvian"enasa lazare hqvian"enasa lazare hqvian" mocemulia didi mniSvnelobis mqone ZeglSi:"qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisai", romlis sxva saxelia: qebaiqebaiqebaiqebaiqebai

qarTvelTai da qarTvelTa enisai; qarTvelTai da qarTvelTa enisai; qarTvelTai da qarTvelTa enisai; qarTvelTai da qarTvelTa enisai; qarTvelTai da qarTvelTa enisai; kerZod, peterburgis sajarobiblioTekis wignTsacavis xelnawerTa fondis berZnul koleqciaSidaculia iovane zosimes "liturgikul enciklopediad" cnobili xelnawerikrebuli; mis sarCevSi "qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisai" Sesulia

rogorc: "Sesxmai"Sesxmai"Sesxmai"Sesxmai"Sesxmai... qarTvelTai da qarTvelTa enisai"qarTvelTai da qarTvelTa enisai"qarTvelTai da qarTvelTa enisai"qarTvelTai da qarTvelTa enisai"qarTvelTai da qarTvelTa enisai". sxvaxelnawerebSic sxvaobs leqsis saTauri da sarCevSi warmodgenili varianti;mag., miqael dekanozis krebulis sarCevSi (zandukSi) me-10 Txzulebaa

"qebai qarTulisa enisai" "qebai qarTulisa enisai" "qebai qarTulisa enisai" "qebai qarTulisa enisai" "qebai qarTulisa enisai" (miqael dekanozis TxovniT, sarCevi daiwera

1 sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meorisqadageba lazares SabaTs (13/26 aprili, 1986 w.); jvari vazisa, #1, 1986 w.2 am TvalsazrisiT aseve sainteresoa amonaridi 1997 wlis qadagebidan: "lazare qarTulenasTanaa dakavSirebuli. qarTulma eklesiam lazares SabaTs qarTuli enisqarTulma eklesiam lazares SabaTs qarTuli enisqarTulma eklesiam lazares SabaTs qarTuli enisqarTulma eklesiam lazares SabaTs qarTuli enisqarTulma eklesiam lazares SabaTs qarTuli enisdResaswauli daawesa.dResaswauli daawesa.dResaswauli daawesa.dResaswauli daawesa.dResaswauli daawesa..." (saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresisilia meoris qadageba lazares SabaTs {aprili, 1999 w.}; saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II, epistoleni, sityvani, qadagebani, wigni II, Tb., 1997, gv. 299).3 sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meorisqadageba lazares SabaTs (19 aprili, 2003 w.), sapatriarqos uwyebani, #16, 25aprili - 01.05. 2003 w.

t. futkaraZe

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iovane-zosimes xeliT) magram sakuTriv teqstSi, romelic sxva gadamwerisxeliTaa dawerili, leqsis saxelia: "qarTulisa enisaTvis""qarTulisa enisaTvis""qarTulisa enisaTvis""qarTulisa enisaTvis""qarTulisa enisaTvis"4.....

logikuria davaskvnaT: mematianeTa azriT, lazare aris qarTvelimematianeTa azriT, lazare aris qarTvelimematianeTa azriT, lazare aris qarTvelimematianeTa azriT, lazare aris qarTvelimematianeTa azriT, lazare aris qarTvelierisa da qarTuli enis simboloerisa da qarTuli enis simboloerisa da qarTuli enis simboloerisa da qarTuli enis simboloerisa da qarTuli enis simbolo. Sesabamisad, lazares aRdginebis dRearis qarTuli enisa da qarTveli eris dRe.

romeli saukunidan vdResaswaulobTromeli saukunidan vdResaswaulobTromeli saukunidan vdResaswaulobTromeli saukunidan vdResaswaulobTromeli saukunidan vdResaswaulobTqarTuli enis dRes?qarTuli enis dRes?qarTuli enis dRes?qarTuli enis dRes?qarTuli enis dRes?

pirvel rigSi, mokled am wmida tradiciis wmida tradiciis wmida tradiciis wmida tradiciis wmida tradiciis Sesaxeb:"qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisai" wyaroebSi Cndeba X saukunidan,

kerZod, 4 xelnaweriT Semogvenaxa; amaTgan erTi varianti, romelic mmmmmiqaeliqaeliqaeliqaeliqaeldekanozisdekanozisdekanozisdekanozisdekanozis surviliT Seqmnil hagiografiul TxzulebaTa krebulzeadarTuli, kaligrafiuladac da redaqciuladac gansxvavdeba iovane zosimesmier gadawerili sami sxva xelnawerisgan. es gvaZlevs safuZvels, vTqvaT:iovane zosime ar aris "qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisais"iovane zosime ar aris "qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisais"iovane zosime ar aris "qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisais"iovane zosime ar aris "qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisais"iovane zosime ar aris "qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisais"avtori.avtori.avtori.avtori.avtori. es cxadia CvenTvis cnobil pirvel qarTul TariRianxelnawerSi ("sinuri mravalTavi", 864 w.) CarTuli "qebais" teqstze arsebuliminaweriTac:

"qriste, Seiwyale mCxrekeli amisi iovane, amen"."qriste, Seiwyale mCxrekeli amisi iovane, amen"."qriste, Seiwyale mCxrekeli amisi iovane, amen"."qriste, Seiwyale mCxrekeli amisi iovane, amen"."qriste, Seiwyale mCxrekeli amisi iovane, amen".aRsaniSnavia, rom "gaCxreka" gamowvlilviT ganxilvas (saba),

redaqtorobas, Ziebas niSnavs da ara avtorobas5; Sdr.: Sdr.: Sdr.: Sdr.: Sdr.: mCxrekali - - - - -igivea rac mwerali, gadamweri igivea rac mwerali, gadamweri igivea rac mwerali, gadamweri igivea rac mwerali, gadamweri igivea rac mwerali, gadamweri (i. abulaZe). sinuri mravalTavis kideverTi fraza: "SemindveT wmidano RmTisano, ucbad CxrekisaTvis, "SemindveT wmidano RmTisano, ucbad CxrekisaTvis, "SemindveT wmidano RmTisano, ucbad CxrekisaTvis, "SemindveT wmidano RmTisano, ucbad CxrekisaTvis, "SemindveT wmidano RmTisano, ucbad CxrekisaTvis,arais Tu mwerali viyav".arais Tu mwerali viyav".arais Tu mwerali viyav".arais Tu mwerali viyav".arais Tu mwerali viyav".

Zveli teqstebi asxvavebs "ucbad mCxrekelsa" da mwerals; Cans, mweralimweralimweralimweralimweraliteqstis profesionali gadamweria (kaligrafia), mCxrekali ki - Semmosveli,mCxrekali ki - Semmosveli,mCxrekali ki - Semmosveli,mCxrekali ki - Semmosveli,mCxrekali ki - Semmosveli,amkinZveli, teqnikuri redaqtori amkinZveli, teqnikuri redaqtori amkinZveli, teqnikuri redaqtori amkinZveli, teqnikuri redaqtori amkinZveli, teqnikuri redaqtori (romelic zogjer kaligrafobs kidec;ix. qvemoT).

faqtia isic, rom "qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisai" IX saukuneSiukve popularuli iyo sazRvargareTis qarTuli kulturis centrebSic:ierusalimsa (sabawmidasa) da sinas mTaze. Cveni Semdgomi msjelobisTvis arsebiTia "sabawmiduri mravalTavis""sabawmiduri mravalTavis""sabawmiduri mravalTavis""sabawmiduri mravalTavis""sabawmiduri mravalTavis"Seqmnisa da Semosvis istoria:

yvelasTvis cnobili "sinuri mravalTavi" warmoadgens "sauflo da"sauflo da"sauflo da"sauflo da"sauflo dadid saeklesio dResaswaulebze"did saeklesio dResaswaulebze"did saeklesio dResaswaulebze"did saeklesio dResaswaulebze"did saeklesio dResaswaulebze" wasakiTx homiletikur TxzulebaTa(zepirad Tqmul Zvel saeklesio qadagebaTa, moZRvrebaTa) krebuls. krebuliSeqmnilia ierusalimSi, ierusalimSi, ierusalimSi, ierusalimSi, ierusalimSi, wmida sabas lavraSi, 864 wels6 (iniciatori daerT-erTi gadamweria makar leTeTelimakar leTeTelimakar leTeTelimakar leTeTelimakar leTeTeli - grigol xanZTelis erT-erTi

4 variantebis SepirispirebisaTvis vrclad ix. krebuli: "qebai da didebai qarTu-lisa enisai" (Semdgenel-redaqtori t. futkaraZe), quTaisi, 2000.5 krebuli: "qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisai" (Semdgenel-redaqtori t. futkaraZe),quTaisi, 2000, gv. 93-94.

qarTuli ena - qarTvelTa erovnuli sicocxle

6 Semdeg xelnaweri autaniaT sinas mTaze; Sdr.: ufro samarTliani iqneboda, amxelnawers darqmeoda "sabawmiduri mravalTavi" (i. imnaiSvili, sinuri mravalTavi,Tb., 1975).

12

mowafe). swored am uZveles, IX saukuneSi ukve tradiciul sadResaswaulosakiTxav krebulSia CarTuli "qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisai".

cnobilia, aseve, rom Cvenamde moRweuli xelnaweri 981 wels mesamedmesamedmesamedmesamedmesamedSemosaSemosaSemosaSemosaSemosa iovane zosimem. zosimes xeliTvea gadawerili "qebai da didebaiqarTulisa enisais" aqve warmodgenili varianti; swored amitomvaraudoben, rom "sinur mravalTavs" qarTuli enis (qarTveli eris)qarTuli enis (qarTveli eris)qarTuli enis (qarTveli eris)qarTuli enis (qarTveli eris)qarTuli enis (qarTveli eris)qeba qeba qeba qeba qeba daamata iovane zosimem. Tavis anderZSi iovane zosime ambobs, romman moxucebulobis Jams Semosa "ese wigni mravalTavi".

logikuria, vifiqroT, rom Tuki iovane zosime romelime tradiciulkrebuls, miT umetes aswlovan, ierusalimSi Seqmnil kanonikursadResaswaulo homiletikuri Txzulebebis homiletikuri Txzulebebis homiletikuri Txzulebebis homiletikuri Txzulebebis homiletikuri Txzulebebis krebuls Tavisi iniciativiTraimes daumatebda, amis Sesaxeb miuTiTebda kidec; kerZod, iovane zosimesxva SemTxvevaSi aRniSnavs xolme, Tuki raimes amatebs; sxva SemTxvevaSi aRniSnavs xolme, Tuki raimes amatebs; sxva SemTxvevaSi aRniSnavs xolme, Tuki raimes amatebs; sxva SemTxvevaSi aRniSnavs xolme, Tuki raimes amatebs; sxva SemTxvevaSi aRniSnavs xolme, Tuki raimes amatebs; mag.:imave periodSi (983 w.) sxva xelnaweris Semosvis dros "iovane-zosimemkrebuls daumata erTi mcire moculobis Txzuleba: "da kualad sxuaihambavi RamisTevisaTvisve" SeniSvniT: SeniSvniT: SeniSvniT: SeniSvniT: SeniSvniT: "eseai ukuanais vpove da aqaSevCxrike. SemindveT da locva-yavT"7.

vfiqrobT, ar unda gamovricxoT, rom "mravalTavis" ierusalimurvariantSive iyo "qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisai". ufro sarwmunodgveCveneba is, rom 864 wels gadawerili didi xelnaweris bolo furceli bolo furceli bolo furceli bolo furceli bolo furcelidroTa ganmavlobaSi metad Seilaxa, droTa ganmavlobaSi metad Seilaxa, droTa ganmavlobaSi metad Seilaxa, droTa ganmavlobaSi metad Seilaxa, droTa ganmavlobaSi metad Seilaxa, ris gamoc Semmosvelma igi 981wels xelaxla gadawera - gaaaxlagadawera - gaaaxlagadawera - gaaaxlagadawera - gaaaxlagadawera - gaaaxla.

Sdr., zemoT citirebuli fragmentidan ("eseai ukuanais vpove daaqa SevCxrike. SemindveT da locva-yavT") Cans, rom termini "mCxrekeli"SeiZleba gaviazroT, rogorc "dammatebelic" (SevCxrike - davamate):mCxrekeli - "cudad" gadamweri; daCxreka - "dawera"; daCxrekili -"dawerili"; Cxerka - "CiCqna"/"wera8.

yovel SemTxvevaSi, faqtia, rom IX saukuneSi Tu ara, X saukuneSimainc qarTuli qristianuli kulturis upirveles sazRvargareTulcentrSi - sinas mTaze - sauflo da did saeklesio dResaswaulebzesauflo da did saeklesio dResaswaulebzesauflo da did saeklesio dResaswaulebzesauflo da did saeklesio dResaswaulebzesauflo da did saeklesio dResaswaulebzeikiTxeboda xolmeikiTxeboda xolmeikiTxeboda xolmeikiTxeboda xolmeikiTxeboda xolme "qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisai".

maSasadame, mravali saukunis win sruliad saqarTvelossruliad saqarTvelossruliad saqarTvelossruliad saqarTvelossruliad saqarTvelossamociqulo eklesiaSi aqtualurisamociqulo eklesiaSi aqtualurisamociqulo eklesiaSi aqtualurisamociqulo eklesiaSi aqtualurisamociqulo eklesiaSi aqtualuri iyo idea: qarTuli enis (/qarTvelieris) simbolo - uflis megobari lazare.uflis megobari lazare.uflis megobari lazare.uflis megobari lazare.uflis megobari lazare.

amas cxadyofs Semdegi faqtebic:- iovane zosimem "qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisaiT" daamTavra

sabawmidis lavraSi mis mier Sedgenili "liturgikuli enciklopedia"(950-965 wlebSi);

- sinawmidis dekanozis, kvirike miZnaZorelis surviliT, "qebai dadidebai qarTulisa enisai" daerTo sinas mTaze gadawerili oTxTavissrul nusxas (979 wels);

- sinas mTaze moRvawe miqael dekanozma "qebai da didebai qarTulisaenisai" CarTo hagiografiul TxzulebebSi (981-983 wlebSi).

7 krebuli "qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisai", quTaisi, 2000, gv. 41.8 Cxrek- Ziris variantebisaTvis ix. z. sarjvelaZe, Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni, Tb.,1995.

t. futkaraZe

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swored winaprebis xedvis gaTvaliswinebiT brZanebs uwmidesi daunetaresi ilia meore:

"adreul saukuneebSi qarTveloba sazeimod acxadebda: "da"da"da"da"dasaxarebasa Sina amas enasa lazare hrqvian"saxarebasa Sina amas enasa lazare hrqvian"saxarebasa Sina amas enasa lazare hrqvian"saxarebasa Sina amas enasa lazare hrqvian"saxarebasa Sina amas enasa lazare hrqvian"... qveynis avbedobam,misma mZime warsulma waSala es kurTxeuli da wmida tradicia. Cven undaaRvadginoT es dResaswauli"9.

"qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisais" ucnobi avtoris kvalad,sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi, uwmidesi da unetaresiilia meore miiCnevs, rom lazare aris jvarcmuli qarTveli erislazare aris jvarcmuli qarTveli erislazare aris jvarcmuli qarTveli erislazare aris jvarcmuli qarTveli erislazare aris jvarcmuli qarTveli erissimbolo; kerZod, erTi mxriv, qarTveli eris daniSnulebaaqarTveli eris daniSnulebaaqarTveli eris daniSnulebaaqarTveli eris daniSnulebaaqarTveli eris daniSnulebaasimarTliTa da siyvaruliT ganmsWvaluli sicocxle10; meore mxriv ki,qarTveli eriqarTveli eriqarTveli eriqarTveli eriqarTveli eri dadadadada qarTuliqarTuliqarTuliqarTuliqarTuli enaenaenaenaena urTierTganmsazRvreli cnebebiaurTierTganmsazRvreli cnebebiaurTierTganmsazRvreli cnebebiaurTierTganmsazRvreli cnebebiaurTierTganmsazRvreli cnebebia11.

dRes zogi fsevdoliberali cdilobs, rom gaakritikos "qebai dadidebai qarTulisa enisai", rogorc qarTuli mesianisturi ideiswarmomCeni poeturi qmnileba; garda amisa, uaryofiTad afasebensaqarTvelos eklesiis gadawyvetilebas, romlis mixedviTac lazaresSabaTs sazeimod aRiniSneba qarTuli enis dRe.

yoveli eri da pirovneba eZebs Tavis daniSnulebas ;yoveli eri da pirovneba eZebs Tavis daniSnulebas ;yoveli eri da pirovneba eZebs Tavis daniSnulebas ;yoveli eri da pirovneba eZebs Tavis daniSnulebas ;yoveli eri da pirovneba eZebs Tavis daniSnulebas ;Sesabamisad, ara awmyoSi (Tundac amqveyniur velSi), aramed meoredmosvlis Jams qarTveli eris sulierad amaRlebis ndomasulierad amaRlebis ndomasulierad amaRlebis ndomasulierad amaRlebis ndomasulierad amaRlebis ndoma vinmes mierratom unda iyos kritikis sagani?

meored mosvlis Jams amaRleba yoveli qristianis ocnebaa.analogiurad, "qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisais" Semoqmedi gveubneba,rom uflisgan Semkuli da kurTxeuli qarTveli eri (qarTuli ena) -siyvaruliT mcxovrebi eri, romelicsiyvaruliT mcxovrebi eri, romelicsiyvaruliT mcxovrebi eri, romelicsiyvaruliT mcxovrebi eri, romelicsiyvaruliT mcxovrebi eri, romelic amqveyniur samyaroSi (odiTgan"dResamomde") Zlier imperiaTagan tanjulia ("damarxulia", "mdabalia","dawunebulia"), amaRldeba gankiTxvis JamsamaRldeba gankiTxvis JamsamaRldeba gankiTxvis JamsamaRldeba gankiTxvis JamsamaRldeba gankiTxvis Jams... igive surT am leqsisCvenTvis cnobil pirvel damfasebelT: iovane zosimes, dekanoz iovane zosimes, dekanoz iovane zosimes, dekanoz iovane zosimes, dekanoz iovane zosimes, dekanozkvirikes, dekanoz miqaelskvirikes, dekanoz miqaelskvirikes, dekanoz miqaelskvirikes, dekanoz miqaelskvirikes, dekanoz miqaels... amasve ambobs Cveni Tanamedrove, uwmidesida unetaresi ilia meore; es eocnebeba bevr sxva qarTvels12...

9 lazares aRdginebis xati X saukunisaa (xatebis eleqtronuli versiebi mogvawodab-nma l. togoniZem).10 sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis iliameoris qadageba lazares SabaTs, lazares aRdginebis saxelobis taZarSi (kinostu-diisezoSi) 2005 wlis 23 aprils; sapatriarqos uwyebani, #28, 28 aprili - 11 maisi, 2005w., saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II, epistoleni, sityvani, qadagebani, wigniII, Tb., 1998, gv. 2.11 ilia II: "vin warmoSva qarTuli ena? qarTvelma erma warmoSva qarTuli ena, TuqarTulma enam warmoSva qarTveli eri? RvTis kurTxeviT, maTi Soba erTad moxda:warmoiSva qarTuli ena da warmoiSva qarTveli eri"; sruliad saqarTveloskaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meoris qadageba lazaresSabaTs (13/26 aprili, 1986 w.); jvari vazisa, #1, 1986 w."qebais" teqstSi enisa da eris mimarTebis Sesaxeb vrclad ix. krebuli: qebai dadidebai qarTulisa enisai, , , , , quTaisi, 2000.


12rac dro gadis, ufro meti qarTveli, gansakuTrebiT, axalgazrdoba xdeba morwmune,aRmsarebeli; gana es ar aris xiluli niSani, rom qarTveloba lazares kvals mihyveba?!

14

aqve SevniSnavT: fsevdoliberalebi bolo periodSi ufro aqtiuradcdiloben, mZafrad "gaakritikon" adreqristiaanuli xanis qarTulimesianizmi da dRes aqtiurad gamoyenebuli fraza: iveriaiveriaiveriaiveriaiveriagavrwyindebagavrwyindebagavrwyindebagavrwyindebagavrwyindeba!

Cveni winapris xedva Tu sxvadasxva Taobis qarTvelTa surviliqarTvelTa surviliqarTvelTa surviliqarTvelTa surviliqarTvelTa survilimomavalSi qarTveli eris gabrwyinebisamomavalSi qarTveli eris gabrwyinebisamomavalSi qarTveli eris gabrwyinebisamomavalSi qarTveli eris gabrwyinebisamomavalSi qarTveli eris gabrwyinebisa ar aris is mesianizmi,romelic unda vakritikoT; metic, es unda gaviazroT rogorces unda gaviazroT rogorces unda gaviazroT rogorces unda gaviazroT rogorces unda gaviazroT rogorceris arCevani, eris arCevani, eris arCevani, eris arCevani, eris arCevani, iaros qristes gziT; asevea: lazareoba "daflviTnaTlisRebaa", eris/pirovnebis arsebobis qristianuli gaazrebaa, eris/eris/eris/eris/eris/pirovnebis mier sakuTari pirovnebis mier sakuTari pirovnebis mier sakuTari pirovnebis mier sakuTari pirovnebis mier sakuTari misiis qristianuli aRqmaaqristianuli aRqmaaqristianuli aRqmaaqristianuli aRqmaaqristianuli aRqmaa da aramkrexeluri mesianizmi13.

saqarTvelos eklesiis mier lazares SabaTs qarTuli enisdResaswaulis daweseba unda gavigoT, rogorc qarTveli eris samaradJamosvlis myari kalapotis - lazares gzis- lazares gzis- lazares gzis- lazares gzis- lazares gzis - simboluri gamosaxva: awmyoSiTavmdabloba, momavalSi - gabrwyineba, "mkvdreTiT" aRdgoma "mkvdreTiT" aRdgoma "mkvdreTiT" aRdgoma "mkvdreTiT" aRdgoma "mkvdreTiT" aRdgoma (qristes"mkvdreTiT aRdgoma").

14 aprili - saqarTvelos saxelmwifo enis dRe14 aprili - saqarTvelos saxelmwifo enis dRe14 aprili - saqarTvelos saxelmwifo enis dRe14 aprili - saqarTvelos saxelmwifo enis dRe14 aprili - saqarTvelos saxelmwifo enis dRe1978 wlis 14 aprils saqarTvelos studentobam, zogadad

saqarTvelos sazogadoebam, saSualeba ar misca sabWoTa xelisuflebas,qarTuli enisTvis waerTmia saxelmwifo enissaxelmwifo enissaxelmwifo enissaxelmwifo enissaxelmwifo enis isedac damcrobili statusi;amdenad, wesiT, 14 aprili oficialurad unda iyos qarTuli enis,qarTuli enis,qarTuli enis,qarTuli enis,qarTuli enis,rogorc saqarTvelos saxelmwifo enis, dRe.rogorc saqarTvelos saxelmwifo enis, dRe.rogorc saqarTvelos saxelmwifo enis, dRe.rogorc saqarTvelos saxelmwifo enis, dRe.rogorc saqarTvelos saxelmwifo enis, dRe.

saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier 14 aprili iwodeba xan qarTulienis dRed, xan ki - dedaenis dRed (lazares aRdginebis dRes, rogorcqarTuli enis dRes, ki saTanado yuradReba ar eqceva)14.

amasTan dakavSirebiT Cndeba kiTxva:- Tuki 14 aprili qarTvelTa dedaenis dRed damkvidrdeba,

saqarTvelos is moqalaqe, romelic Tavis eTnikur dedaenad miiCnevs:somxurs, rusuls, azerbaijanuls, ramdenad iqneba motivirebuli,ramdenad iqneba motivirebuli,ramdenad iqneba motivirebuli,ramdenad iqneba motivirebuli,ramdenad iqneba motivirebuli,rom 14 aprilirom 14 aprilirom 14 aprilirom 14 aprilirom 14 aprili izeimos?

14 aprili Tuki gamocxaddeba qarTuli enis, rogorcqarTuli enis, rogorcqarTuli enis, rogorcqarTuli enis, rogorcqarTuli enis, rogorcsaqarTvelos saxelmwifo enis, dRed,saqarTvelos saxelmwifo enis, dRed,saqarTvelos saxelmwifo enis, dRed,saqarTvelos saxelmwifo enis, dRed,saqarTvelos saxelmwifo enis, dRed, saqarTvelos yvela moqalaqeTbilisSic, quTaisSic, axalqalaqSic da TelavSic valdebuli da moxaruliiqneba, izeimos Tavisi saxelmwifo enissaxelmwifo enissaxelmwifo enissaxelmwifo enissaxelmwifo enis dRe.

vfiqrobT, yvela safuZveli gvaqvs, vTqvaT:

13 rasakvirvelia, miuRebeli "mesianizmia" konkretul awmyoSi eris (pirovnebis,partiis, saxelmwifos, religiuri dajgufebis...) mier Tavis warmodgena kacobriobismxsnelad; mag., realur awmyoSi kacobriobis mxsnelis rolSi Tavis warmodgenam Sva:faSizmi, komunizmi, antisazogadoebrivi (e.w. fsevdoliberaluri, antierovnuli)globalizmi, religiuri fanatizmi.14 sakiTxis istoriisaTvis ix., t. futkaraZe, 14 aprili - qarTuli enis dRe TusaqarTvelos saxelmwifo enis dRe? samecniero-popularuli gazeTi "qarTuli!.. #3,1999 w.; ix. agreTve, aqve (#1, 1998 w.): t. futkaraZe, saxelmwifo ena - qveynisRirsebis sazomi.

t. futkaraZe

15

I. bzobis wina SabaTiI. bzobis wina SabaTiI. bzobis wina SabaTiI. bzobis wina SabaTiI. bzobis wina SabaTi - lazares aRdginebis SabaTi, romelicsaqarTvelos eklesiis mier aRiarebulia qarTuli enis sazeimo dRed,oficialurad unda gamocxaddes saqarTvelos erovnul dResaswauladsaqarTvelos erovnul dResaswauladsaqarTvelos erovnul dResaswauladsaqarTvelos erovnul dResaswauladsaqarTvelos erovnul dResaswaulad----- qarTvelTa dedaenis - qarTuli enis qarTuli enis qarTuli enis qarTuli enis qarTuli enis dRed. am dRes mniSvnelovaniiqneba Tema: qarTuli ena qarTuli ena qarTuli ena qarTuli ena qarTuli ena da qarTveli eri. qarTveli eri. qarTveli eri. qarTveli eri. qarTveli eri.

II.II.II.II.II. 14 aprils 14 aprils 14 aprils 14 aprils 14 aprils oficialurad unda mieces is statusi, romelic1978 wlis 14 aprilis ambebiT TavisTavad ganisazRvra: saqarTvelossaqarTvelossaqarTvelossaqarTvelossaqarTvelossaxelmwifo enis saxelmwifo enis saxelmwifo enis saxelmwifo enis saxelmwifo enis (qarTuli samwignobro enis) dRe. dRe. dRe. dRe. dRe. am dRes mniSvnelovaniiqneba Tema: ena da saxelmwifo.ena da saxelmwifo.ena da saxelmwifo.ena da saxelmwifo.ena da saxelmwifo.

qarTuli samwignobro ena - qarTveli erisqarTuli samwignobro ena - qarTveli erisqarTuli samwignobro ena - qarTveli erisqarTuli samwignobro ena - qarTveli erisqarTuli samwignobro ena - qarTveli erisurRvevi saZirkveliurRvevi saZirkveliurRvevi saZirkveliurRvevi saZirkveliurRvevi saZirkveli

qarTvelTa dedaena - qarTuli enaqarTvelTa dedaena - qarTuli enaqarTvelTa dedaena - qarTuli enaqarTvelTa dedaena - qarTuli enaqarTvelTa dedaena - qarTuli ena sxva enaTagan aSkaradgamorCeulia erTi niSniT:

msoflioSi ar arsebobs sxva ena, romelic, rogorc saeklesio dasamwignobro ena, uwyvetad funqcionirebs, sul mcire, bolo 15 saukunismanZilze da misi fonetika, gramatika da leqsika Tvisobrivad ar Secvlila...logikuri safuZvlebi arsebobs, vTqvaT isic, rom arqauli qarTuliqarTuliqarTuliqarTuliqarTulisamwignobro ena da asomTavruli anbani qristeSobamdelsamwignobro ena da asomTavruli anbani qristeSobamdelsamwignobro ena da asomTavruli anbani qristeSobamdelsamwignobro ena da asomTavruli anbani qristeSobamdelsamwignobro ena da asomTavruli anbani qristeSobamdelqarTvelTa saerTo-erovnuliqarTvelTa saerTo-erovnuliqarTvelTa saerTo-erovnuliqarTvelTa saerTo-erovnuliqarTvelTa saerTo-erovnuli Semoqmedebaa Semoqmedebaa Semoqmedebaa Semoqmedebaa Semoqmedebaa15.

erTi ram ki ueWvelia: saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxis qarTvelmoRvaweTa (iovane lazi, Wyondidlebi, iovane minCxi, giorgi aToneli,eqvTime aToneli, iovane petriwi, SoTa rusTaveli...) mier CamoZerwiliqarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis enamarTlmadidebeli eklesiis enamarTlmadidebeli eklesiis enamarTlmadidebeli eklesiis enamarTlmadidebeli eklesiis ena axali welTaRricxvis pirvelisaukuneebidanve warmoadgens qarTvelTa erTobis urRvev fundamentsurRvev fundamentsurRvev fundamentsurRvev fundamentsurRvev fundaments.

uflis nebiT, qarTvel ers odiTganve sacxovrisad aqvs dedamiwismSvenieri, geopolitikurad mniSvnelovani miwa-wyali - amierkavkasia;amierkavkasia;amierkavkasia;amierkavkasia;amierkavkasia;sxva xalxebi mudam cdilobdnen da dResac cdiloben, Tavadac daemkvidronaq; amgvari survili xSirad gadadis Cvendami mtrobasa da moSurneobaSi.araiSviaTad, momxduri cdilobs, daSalos qarTvelTa enobriv-qarTvelTa enobriv-qarTvelTa enobriv-qarTvelTa enobriv-qarTvelTa enobriv-kulturuli erTobakulturuli erTobakulturuli erTobakulturuli erTobakulturuli erToba, am gziT daasustos qarTvelTa Zliereba damiitacos saqarTvelos teritoria. rogorc wesi, pirvel rigSi mterimterimterimterimtericdilobscdilobscdilobscdilobscdilobs, qarTvelebs wagvarTvas an gagviucxoos dedaena dadedaena dadedaena dadedaena dadedaena damarTlmadideblobamarTlmadideblobamarTlmadideblobamarTlmadideblobamarTlmadidebloba.

bolo saukuneebSi qarTvelTaTvis tradiciuli samwignobrokulturis gaucxoebis erT-erT nacad gzas warmoadgens qarTvelTaenobrivi danawevreba: calkeuli qarTveluri dialeqtebiscalkeuli qarTveluri dialeqtebiscalkeuli qarTveluri dialeqtebiscalkeuli qarTveluri dialeqtebiscalkeuli qarTveluri dialeqtebisdamoukidebel enebad gamocxadeba da maT bazaze axalidamoukidebel enebad gamocxadeba da maT bazaze axalidamoukidebel enebad gamocxadeba da maT bazaze axalidamoukidebel enebad gamocxadeba da maT bazaze axalidamoukidebel enebad gamocxadeba da maT bazaze axalisamwignobro enebis Seqmna.samwignobro enebis Seqmna.samwignobro enebis Seqmna.samwignobro enebis Seqmna.samwignobro enebis Seqmna.

ruseTis imperiis mxridan amgvari antiqarTuli mcdelobebi iyo:me-19 saukunis meore naxevarSi ("luSnu anbani", "megruli anbani") da

15 iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani Tormet tomad, t. I, Tb., 1979, gv. 154-156: qarTuli enaqarTlel-kaxel-imerel-gurulebisa da megrel-svanebisTvis saerTo enaa...warmarTobisdroindeli saerTo Semoqmedebaa... sakiTxis mimoxilvisaTvis ix., agreTve:t.futkaraZe, qarTvelebi, naw. I (qristianobamdeli epoqa), quTaisi, 2005, gv. 298-386.


16

XX saukunis dasawyisSi ("yazaxiSi gazeTi"). procesi gaaqtiurda XXsaukunis 90-ian wlebSi, roca aSkara gaxda, rom saqarTvelo gavidodaimperiuli sivrcidan; swored am periodSi xelaxla Seiqmna: megruli dalazuri "dedaenebi"... megrul-svanur kiloebze iTargmna saxareba, locvani.

problema aqtualuria dResac, vinaidan qarTvelTa enobriv-eTnikuridaSlisaTvis Zalebs ar zogaven mravalmilioniani ucxouri dafinansebismqone jgufebi; viTarebas arTulebsviTarebas arTulebsviTarebas arTulebsviTarebas arTulebsviTarebas arTulebs isic, rom am etapze qarTuliam etapze qarTuliam etapze qarTuliam etapze qarTuliam etapze qarTulisamecniero azri gaorebuliasamecniero azri gaorebuliasamecniero azri gaorebuliasamecniero azri gaorebuliasamecniero azri gaorebulia16.....

bolo periodSi problema gaamwvava evrosabWos dokumentebisevrosabWos dokumentebisevrosabWos dokumentebisevrosabWos dokumentebisevrosabWos dokumentebisarasworma interpretaciam;arasworma interpretaciam;arasworma interpretaciam;arasworma interpretaciam;arasworma interpretaciam; kerZod:

1992 wlis 5 noembers evrosabWos wevrma saxelmwifoebmastrasburgSi miiRes "evropuli qartiaevropuli qartiaevropuli qartiaevropuli qartiaevropuli qartia regionaluri an umciresobaTaenebis Sesaxebenebis Sesaxebenebis Sesaxebenebis Sesaxebenebis Sesaxeb", xolo 1995 wlis 1 Tebervals aqve xeli moewera"CarCo konvenciasCarCo konvenciasCarCo konvenciasCarCo konvenciasCarCo konvencias erovnul umciresobaTaerovnul umciresobaTaerovnul umciresobaTaerovnul umciresobaTaerovnul umciresobaTa dacvis Sesaxeb". qartiaqartiaqartiaqartiaqartiada konvencia iTxovs, da konvencia iTxovs, da konvencia iTxovs, da konvencia iTxovs, da konvencia iTxovs, rom enobrivi umciresobis enaze umciresobis enaze umciresobis enaze umciresobis enaze umciresobis enaze moxdessaxelmwifo saqmiswarmoeba (Sesabamis regionSi), swavleba baga-baRSi,skolasa da umaRles saswavlebelSi17.

1999 wels saqarTvelos xelisuflebam aiRo valdebuleba, miuerTdes"evropul qartias regionaluri an umciresobaTa enebis Sesaxeb"."evropul qartias regionaluri an umciresobaTa enebis Sesaxeb"."evropul qartias regionaluri an umciresobaTa enebis Sesaxeb"."evropul qartias regionaluri an umciresobaTa enebis Sesaxeb"."evropul qartias regionaluri an umciresobaTa enebis Sesaxeb".

es qartia iTvaliswinebs umciresobaTa enebze swavla-ganaTlebas,

saxelmwifo kancelarias, sasamarTlo warmoebas...

"evropuli qartia regionaluri an umciresobaTa enebis"evropuli qartia regionaluri an umciresobaTa enebis"evropuli qartia regionaluri an umciresobaTa enebis"evropuli qartia regionaluri an umciresobaTa enebis"evropuli qartia regionaluri an umciresobaTa enebisSesaxeb" Sesaxeb" Sesaxeb" Sesaxeb" Sesaxeb" uflebas aZlevs yvela saxelmwifos, Tavad daadginosumciresobaTa enebis statusi da CamonaTvali; iqvea rekomendaciac:saxelmwifo enis saxesxvaobebs, dialeqtebsa da migrantTa enebssaxelmwifo enis saxesxvaobebs, dialeqtebsa da migrantTa enebssaxelmwifo enis saxesxvaobebs, dialeqtebsa da migrantTa enebssaxelmwifo enis saxesxvaobebs, dialeqtebsa da migrantTa enebssaxelmwifo enis saxesxvaobebs, dialeqtebsa da migrantTa enebs"umciresobaTa enebis" statusi ar unda mieniWos."umciresobaTa enebis" statusi ar unda mieniWos."umciresobaTa enebis" statusi ar unda mieniWos."umciresobaTa enebis" statusi ar unda mieniWos."umciresobaTa enebis" statusi ar unda mieniWos.

1999 wlis Semdeg - umciresobaTa enebis Sesaxeb evropulumciresobaTa enebis Sesaxeb evropulumciresobaTa enebis Sesaxeb evropulumciresobaTa enebis Sesaxeb evropulumciresobaTa enebis Sesaxeb evropulqartiasa da konvenciaze saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mierqartiasa da konvenciaze saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mierqartiasa da konvenciaze saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mierqartiasa da konvenciaze saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mierqartiasa da konvenciaze saqarTvelos xelisuflebis miervaldebulebis aRebis Semdegvaldebulebis aRebis Semdegvaldebulebis aRebis Semdegvaldebulebis aRebis Semdegvaldebulebis aRebis Semdeg - qarTul samecniero wreebSi diskusiadaiwyo kiTxviT: "saqarTveloSi romelia migrantTa Tu enobriv"saqarTveloSi romelia migrantTa Tu enobriv"saqarTveloSi romelia migrantTa Tu enobriv"saqarTveloSi romelia migrantTa Tu enobriv"saqarTveloSi romelia migrantTa Tu enobrivumciresobaTa ena?"umciresobaTa ena?"umciresobaTa ena?"umciresobaTa ena?"umciresobaTa ena?"

magaliTad, germaniis moqalaqe 4-5 milioni Turqi germaniaSi armiiCneva eTnikur da enobriv umciresobad, vinaidan Turqebi am qveyanaSiam qveyanaSiam qveyanaSiam qveyanaSiam qveyanaSiar arian avtoqTonebi;ar arian avtoqTonebi;ar arian avtoqTonebi;ar arian avtoqTonebi;ar arian avtoqTonebi; am dros zogi cdilobs, saqarTveloSi

17 ix., mag., qartiis me-8 muxlis I. e. punqti: saxelmwifom unda miiRos zomebi, raTa"xelmisawvdomi gaxados sauniversiteto da sxva saxis umaRlesi ganaTleba Sesabamisregionalur da umciresobaTa enebze"; vrclad ix. t.futkaraZe, "evropuli qartiaregionuli an umciresobis enebis Sesaxeb" da saqarTveloSi enobrivi politikisdagegmvis sakiTxi, kavkasiologiuri seria, V, Tb., 2009; http://www.scribd.com/doc/12621676/T-Putkaradze-European-Charter-for-Regional-or-Minority-Languages-and-An-Issue-of-Plannig-Linguistic-Policy-in-Georgia.

t. futkaraZe

16 Sdr.: XX saukunis pirvel meoTxedamde qarTveli mematianeni, sazogadomoRvaweni Tu mecnierebi ar iyvnen gaorebulni; zogi ucxoelisigan gansxvavebiT,qarTvelebi adekvaturad xedavdnen qarTvelur enobriv samyaros da Tvlidnen,rom qarTvelebs erTi dedaena da mravali kuTxuri dialeqti gvaqvs.

17

umciresobaTa enebad gamoacxados: azerbaijanuli, somxuri da a.S. CveniazriT, mxolod afxazurs unda mieniWos umciresobis enis statusi(Sesabamisad, afxazeTSi, qarTulTan erTad, saxelmwifo enis statusic);sxva araqarTvel da araavtoqTon eTnikur jgufTa enebi ki migrantis(diasporis) enis statusiT unda aRiWurvos18.

diskusia grZeldeba qarTvelTa saSinao metyvelebebisqarTvelTa saSinao metyvelebebisqarTvelTa saSinao metyvelebebisqarTvelTa saSinao metyvelebebisqarTvelTa saSinao metyvelebebiskvalifikaciiskvalifikaciiskvalifikaciiskvalifikaciiskvalifikaciis Sesaxebac:

mecnierTa erTi nawili (maT Soris am striqonebis avtoric) miiCvevs,rom lazuri, megruli da svanuri arqauli qarTuli samwignobroarqauli qarTuli samwignobroarqauli qarTuli samwignobroarqauli qarTuli samwignobroarqauli qarTuli samwignobroenis saxesxvaobania,enis saxesxvaobania,enis saxesxvaobania,enis saxesxvaobania,enis saxesxvaobania, saerToerovnuli qarTuli enis dialeqtebia; maTi"enebad" kvalifikacia ruseTis imperiisruseTis imperiisruseTis imperiisruseTis imperiisruseTis imperiis mieraa Tavsmoxveuli.

mecnierTa meore jgufi seriozuli argumentaciis gareSe Tvlis,rom qarTuli, megrul-Wanuri da svanuri "damoukidebeli qarTvelurienebia"19. am dausabuTebeli Teoriis propagandiT isini, nebsiT TuuneblieT, safuZvels qmnian, evrosabWos moTxovnebis Sesabamisaduniversitetebi Tu skolebi gaixsnas qarTvelTa kiloebis mixedviT;ratomRac isini ar iTvaliswineben, rom am gziT megrel-svanebs waerTmevaTtradiciuli samwignobro ena, tradiciuli samwignobro kultura,SeizRudeba qarTvelTa gamaerTianebeli samwignobro enis gavrcelebisareali da funqcia, safuZveli Caeyreba qarTvelTa enobriv-eTnikurdanawevrebas da qarTuli eklesiis daSlas.

qarTuli samecniero velis msgavsad, megrulis, lazurisa da svanurisstatusis Sesaxeb gaorebulia qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azric; ucxoelmecnierTa da eqspertTa mosazrebebi ki dRemde ufro rusul "samecniero"azrs eyrdnoba20.18 vrclad ix.: t. futkaraZe, "evropuli qartia regionuli an umciresobis enebisSesaxeb" da saqarTveloSi enobrivi politikis dagegmvis sakiTxi, kavkasiologiuriseria, V, Tb., 2009; http://www.scribd.com/doc/12621676/T-Putkaradze-European-Charter-for-Regional-or-Minority-Languages-and-An-Issue-of-Plannig-Linguistic-Policy-in-Georgia19 zogis azriT, kidev ufro meti "qarTveluri ena" gvaqvs: axali qarTuli, ZveliqarTuli, saSualo qarTuli, megruli, lazuri, svanuri, mesxuri da a.S.


20 sakiTxis istoriisa da msjelobisaTvis ix.: a. jafariZe, qarTuli saeklesio enis Camoya-libebis sakiTxisaTvis (ioane lazi), Tb., 2002; t. futkaraZe, qarTvelebi, Tb., 2005; m.tabiZe, enobrivi situacia saqarTveloSi da qarTuli enis funqcionirebis sakiTxebi,Tb.,2005; m. naWyebia, megrulisa da lazuris urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxisaTvis, qarTvelolo-giuri krebuli, IV, Tb., 2005; T. gvancelaZe, enisa da dialeqtis sakiTxi qarTvelologiaSi,Tb., 2006; r. Serozia, qarTveluri saliteraturo enisa da sulxan-sabas "sityvis konis"zogi sakiTxisaTvis, qarTveluri memkvidreoba, XI, quTaisi, 2007; r. gujejiani, qarTvelmTielTa mentalobis istoriidan (svaneTi), Tb., 2008; r. TofCiSvili, qarTvelTa eTno-genezisa da eTnikuri istoriis problemebi, Tb., 2008; T. beraZe, qarTuli identobisZiriTadi etapebi, eTnologiuri krebuli, Tb., 2008; m. lorTqifaniZe, yoveli qarTveliwirva-locvas mudam qarTulad asrulebda, axla ki megrulad da svanurad undavilocoT? "jorjian taimsi", 19-25 dekemberi, 2005; n. barTaia, iqneb ganStoeba sjobdes,"mwerlis gazeTi", 01.06.2007; g. kuWuxiZe, qarTul sityvaTa Semnaxvelni, "mwerlis gazeTi",2007, 16-31 dekemberi; T. beraZe, b.xorava, qarTuli saliteraturo ena da qarTulikultura -saqarTvelos yvela eTnografiuli mxaris Semoqmedebis nayofi, qarTvelurimemkvidreoba, XII, quTaisi, 2008; a. gamzardia, megrul-svanuri eskizebi anu cota ramori deda enis Teoriis Sesaxeb, Jurn."literatura da xelovneba", XII, 2009; r.gujejiani, b. xorava, qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azris istoriidan ("erTobilisaqarTvelosTvis"), qarTveluri memkvidreoba, XIII, quTaisi, 2009; r. kaSia, d. SavianiZe,eTnikur-eTnografiuli terminebi da qarTuli istoriuli sinamdvile; qarTvelurimemkvidreoba, XIII, quTaisi, 2009...

18

Sesabamisad, dRes realuri saSiSroebaasaSiSroebaasaSiSroebaasaSiSroebaasaSiSroebaa, rom qarTvelTa erTnawils nebsiT Tu uneburad waerTvas, sul mcire, 15-saukunovanisamwignobro tradicia - didi kulturuli warsuli da moxdes Cvenieris danawevreba.

am fonze arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis pozicias.

uflis rCeuliuflis rCeuliuflis rCeuliuflis rCeuliuflis rCeulisaqarTvelos istoriis yvela etapze ufaliufaliufaliufaliufali warmoaCens xsniswarmoaCens xsniswarmoaCens xsniswarmoaCens xsniswarmoaCens xsnis

gzas da pirovnebebs,gzas da pirovnebebs,gzas da pirovnebebs,gzas da pirovnebebs,gzas da pirovnebebs, vinc aqtiurad win aRudgeba xolme qarTvelTaenobriv-kulturul-teritoriuli daSlis mosurneTdaSlis mosurneTdaSlis mosurneTdaSlis mosurneTdaSlis mosurneT; bolo saukuneebSierovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebisaTvis warmatebiTibrZodnen: wmida ilia marTali, wmida ambrosi aRmsarebeli, levandadeSqeliani, dekanozi iovane margiani, Tedo saxokia, konstantine dazviad gamsaxurdiebi...

dRes saqarTvelo cdilobs sakuTari teritoriuli mTlianobisaRdgenas; am brZolaSi warmateba miiRweva mxolod qarTvelTa sulierida enobriv - kulturuli erTianobis pirobebSi ; srulisrulisrulisrulisrulipasuxismgeblobiT SemiZlia vTqva:pasuxismgeblobiT SemiZlia vTqva:pasuxismgeblobiT SemiZlia vTqva:pasuxismgeblobiT SemiZlia vTqva:pasuxismgeblobiT SemiZlia vTqva:

XX saukunis dasasrulsa da XXI saukunis dasawyisSi saqarTvelossulieri da enobrivi mTlianobisTvis brZolassulieri da enobrivi mTlianobisTvis brZolassulieri da enobrivi mTlianobisTvis brZolassulieri da enobrivi mTlianobisTvis brZolassulieri da enobrivi mTlianobisTvis brZolas warmarTavssaqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi, uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II. misiRvawli Tanamedrove gamoxatulebaaTanamedrove gamoxatulebaaTanamedrove gamoxatulebaaTanamedrove gamoxatulebaaTanamedrove gamoxatulebaa istoriuli faqtisa: "Cvenisamociqulo eklesia amTlianebda da aduRabebda qarTvel ers... eklesiaaris sulieri Zala da sayrdeni Cveni qveynisa".21

zemoTqmuliszemoTqmuliszemoTqmuliszemoTqmuliszemoTqmulis naTelsayofadnaTelsayofadnaTelsayofadnaTelsayofadnaTelsayofad mokled warmovadgenT saqarTveloskaTolikos-patriarqis mier epistoleebSi, qadagebebsa da sxvadasxvasityvaSi warmoCenil enobriv da saganmanaTleblo koncefciebsenobriv da saganmanaTleblo koncefciebsenobriv da saganmanaTleblo koncefciebsenobriv da saganmanaTleblo koncefciebsenobriv da saganmanaTleblo koncefciebs; ammimarTulebiT patriarqis mier danaxul Tanamedrove safrTxeebs, amsafrTxeebis Tavidan acilebis gzebs da patriarqis mier ganxorcielebulmraval saqmeTagan ramdenimes.

pirvel rigSi imis Sesaxeb, Tu raoden Rrmad Caswvda saqarTveloskaTolikos-patriarqi samecniero diskusiassamecniero diskusiassamecniero diskusiassamecniero diskusiassamecniero diskusias da ra sibrZniT gadmoscaman Tavisi Tvalsazrisi.

"iqneb vTqvaT ase:iqneb vTqvaT ase:iqneb vTqvaT ase:iqneb vTqvaT ase:iqneb vTqvaT ase:qarTuli ena Tavisi ganStoebebiTqarTuli ena Tavisi ganStoebebiTqarTuli ena Tavisi ganStoebebiTqarTuli ena Tavisi ganStoebebiTqarTuli ena Tavisi ganStoebebiT"2007 wlis 13 maisis 2007 wlis 13 maisis 2007 wlis 13 maisis 2007 wlis 13 maisis 2007 wlis 13 maisis sakvirao qadagebaSi uwmidesma da unetaresma

ilia meorem brZana:"...mecnierTa erTi jgufi amtkicebs, rom Tavidanve gansxvavebuli

iyo qarTuli enisgan megrul-svanuri da ase paralelurad viTardeboda.me vkiTxe maT: erTi xelnaweri mainc Tu arsebobs megrulad an svanuraddawerili? cxadia, ar arsebobscxadia, ar arsebobscxadia, ar arsebobscxadia, ar arsebobscxadia, ar arsebobs. maT sxva mecnierebi umtkiceben, rom

t. futkaraZe

21 saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, ilia meoris sityva sveticxovelSi 1999 wlis25 oqtombers; sapatriarqos uwyebani, #43, 30 oqtomberi - 5 noemberi, 1999 w.

19

arsebobs erTi qarTuli ena da SemdgomSi misgan warmoiSva gansxvavebulidialeqtebi.

me mecnierebs SevTavaze, iqneb vTqvaT ase - qarTuli ena TavisiqarTuli ena TavisiqarTuli ena TavisiqarTuli ena TavisiqarTuli ena TavisiganStoebebiT.ganStoebebiT.ganStoebebiT.ganStoebebiT.ganStoebebiT. msgavsad imisa, rogorc Sto amouva xes, - aseadialeqtebic, magram maTi saerTo Ziri da fuZe aris qarTuli ena.uZvelesi droidan arc erT megrels an svans TavSi azrad ar mosvlia,rom Tavisi dialeqtisTvisTavisi dialeqtisTvisTavisi dialeqtisTvisTavisi dialeqtisTvisTavisi dialeqtisTvis calke damwerloba Seeqmna, radgan Tavsmudam qarTvelad moiazrebda da misi mSobliuri ena qarTuli iyo.misi mSobliuri ena qarTuli iyo.misi mSobliuri ena qarTuli iyo.misi mSobliuri ena qarTuli iyo.misi mSobliuri ena qarTuli iyo.

gana dRes rame Seicvala?.."22

Semoqmedi, moyvasi, mamuli da enaSemoqmedi, moyvasi, mamuli da enaSemoqmedi, moyvasi, mamuli da enaSemoqmedi, moyvasi, mamuli da enaSemoqmedi, moyvasi, mamuli da enasaqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, ilia II-is azriT, adamians gamo-

rCeulad oTxi ram unda uyvardes: Semoqmedi, moyvasi, mamuli daSemoqmedi, moyvasi, mamuli daSemoqmedi, moyvasi, mamuli daSemoqmedi, moyvasi, mamuli daSemoqmedi, moyvasi, mamuli daenaenaenaenaena; kerZod, didsa mowames, wmida giorgis uwmindesi mokrZalebiT mimarTavs:

"didmowameo giorgi, gangvinaTle goneba, rom vcnaT ufali, viTarcagza, WeSmariteba da sicocxle; aRgvavse RvTaebrivi sibrZniTa, raTayovliTa arsebiTa SeviyvaroT: Semoqmedi, moyvasi, mamuli da enaSemoqmedi, moyvasi, mamuli da enaSemoqmedi, moyvasi, mamuli da enaSemoqmedi, moyvasi, mamuli da enaSemoqmedi, moyvasi, mamuli da ena..."23

uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia meoreilia meoreilia meoreilia meoreilia meore saSvilTaSvilo WeSmaritebadsaxavs wmida ilia marTalis cnobil triadas da, amave dros, axali, gacilebiTmZlavri globalizmis epoqaSi, am mrwamss am mrwamss am mrwamss am mrwamss am mrwamss qarTveli adamianis sulisqarTveli adamianis sulisqarTveli adamianis sulisqarTveli adamianis sulisqarTveli adamianis sulisgadarCenisaken mimaval erTaderT gzad acxadebs:

"Cvens erovnul arss, Cvens erovnul mTlianobas, rogorc brZanebswmida ilia marTali, sami mZlavri fesvi asazrdoebs: sakuTari miwa,sakuTari miwa,sakuTari miwa,sakuTari miwa,sakuTari miwa,qristianoba qristianoba qristianoba qristianoba qristianoba da ena qarTuliena qarTuliena qarTuliena qarTuliena qarTuli... maT TvalisCiniviT unda gavufrTxildeT,radgan Tu qarTvelTa Soris daikarga grZnoba da gancda am WeSmaritebisa,WeSmaritebisa,WeSmaritebisa,WeSmaritebisa,WeSmaritebisa,verasodes mivagnebT im erTaderT gadamrCenel biliksgadamrCenel biliksgadamrCenel biliksgadamrCenel biliksgadamrCenel biliks, romelsac Cvenisuli suli suli suli suli daeZebs..." (1990)24

saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, ilia meoris epistoleebSi,qadagebebsa da sityvebSi sakuTriv qristianuli swavlebis gverdiT didadgils iWers cnebebi: saxelmwifo, dedasamSoblo, eri, erovnulisaxelmwifo, dedasamSoblo, eri, erovnulisaxelmwifo, dedasamSoblo, eri, erovnulisaxelmwifo, dedasamSoblo, eri, erovnulisaxelmwifo, dedasamSoblo, eri, erovnulisuli suli suli suli suli da dedaena. dedaena. dedaena. dedaena. dedaena.

piradad me RirsebiT aRvivseme RirsebiT aRvivseme RirsebiT aRvivseme RirsebiT aRvivseme RirsebiT aRvivse, roca aRmovaCine, rom Cveni patriarqisabWoTa imperiis dros xazgasmiT mijnavda dedasamSoblosa dedasamSoblosa dedasamSoblosa dedasamSoblosa dedasamSoblosa dasaxelmwifossaxelmwifossaxelmwifossaxelmwifossaxelmwifos, xolo avtokefaliisa da saqarTvelos damoukideblobisaRdgenis Semdeg es cnebebies cnebebies cnebebies cnebebies cnebebi misTvis sinonimuri gaxda; Sdr.:sabWoTa periodis epistoleebis dasawyisi:sabWoTa periodis epistoleebis dasawyisi:sabWoTa periodis epistoleebis dasawyisi:sabWoTa periodis epistoleebis dasawyisi:sabWoTa periodis epistoleebis dasawyisi: - "saaRdgomo epistole: saqarTvelos wmida marTlmadidebeli samociquloeklesiis yvela RvTivkurTxeul Svils, mcxovrebs dedasamSobloSidedasamSobloSidedasamSobloSidedasamSobloSidedasamSobloSi damis sazRvrebs gareT" (1980)...25

23 saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II, epistoleni, sityvani, qadagebani, wigniI, Tb., 1997, gv. 8.


24 iqve, gv. 11125 iqve, gv. 181

22 2007 wlis 13 maisis sakvirao qadageba wmida samebis sapatriarqo taZarSi; sapatriarqos

uwyebani, #16 (416), 17-23 maisi, 2007 w.

20

- "moskovis konferenciis Semdeg msoflio mowme gaxda Cveni saxelmwifossaxelmwifossaxelmwifossaxelmwifossaxelmwifosmier aRebuli samSvidobo iniciativisa" (1983)26...Sdr. damoukideblobis periodis saaRSdr. damoukideblobis periodis saaRSdr. damoukideblobis periodis saaRSdr. damoukideblobis periodis saaRSdr. damoukideblobis periodis saaRdgomo da saSobaodgomo da saSobaodgomo da saSobaodgomo da saSobaodgomo da saSobaoepistoleebis dasawyisi:epistoleebis dasawyisi:epistoleebis dasawyisi:epistoleebis dasawyisi:epistoleebis dasawyisi: - "saaRdgomo epistole yovelTa qarTvelTa, mkvidrTa saqarTveloisamkvidrTa saqarTveloisamkvidrTa saqarTveloisamkvidrTa saqarTveloisamkvidrTa saqarTveloisada samSoblos sazRvrebs da samSoblos sazRvrebs da samSoblos sazRvrebs da samSoblos sazRvrebs da samSoblos sazRvrebs gareT mcxovrebTa" (1990)27... - "- "- "- "- "qristesmier sayvarelno mRvdelmTavarno, moZRvarno, diakonno, ber-monazonno, didad pativcemulno xelisufalno, marTlmorwmuneno, mkvidrnomkvidrnomkvidrnomkvidrnomkvidrnosaqarTvelosaqarTvelosaqarTvelosaqarTvelosaqarTveloiiiiisa da samSoblossa da samSoblossa da samSoblossa da samSoblossa da samSoblos sazRvrebs gareT mcxovrebnoTanamemamuleno, siyvaruli da sixaruli gangmravlebodeT, rameTu CvenTanars RmerTi!"28

- "- "- "- "- "qristesmier sayvarelno mRvdelmTavarno, moZRvarno, diakonno, ber-monazonno, pativcemulno xelisufalno, marTlmorwmuneno, mkvidrnomkvidrnomkvidrnomkvidrnomkvidrnosaqarTvelosaqarTvelosaqarTvelosaqarTvelosaqarTveloiiiii sa da samSoblos sazRvrebssa da samSoblos sazRvrebssa da samSoblos sazRvrebssa da samSoblos sazRvrebssa da samSoblos sazRvrebs gareT mcxovrebnoTanamemamuleno, siyvaruli da sixaruli gangmravlebodeT, rameTu CvenTanars RmerTi!"29

- "uwmidesisa da unetaresis, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, ilia meoris saSobao epistole RvTivkurTxeul qarTvelRvTivkurTxeul qarTvelRvTivkurTxeul qarTvelRvTivkurTxeul qarTvelRvTivkurTxeul qarTvelers da yovelTa mkvidrTa saqarTvelosTaers da yovelTa mkvidrTa saqarTvelosTaers da yovelTa mkvidrTa saqarTvelosTaers da yovelTa mkvidrTa saqarTvelosTaers da yovelTa mkvidrTa saqarTvelosTa30....... yovladsamRvdelonomRvdelmTavarno, Rirsno moZRvarno, diakonno, ber-monazonno,yovelno saero dasno, mkvidrno saqarTveloisa da droebiT Cvenimkvidrno saqarTveloisa da droebiT Cvenimkvidrno saqarTveloisa da droebiT Cvenimkvidrno saqarTveloisa da droebiT Cvenimkvidrno saqarTveloisa da droebiT Cveniq v e y n iq v e y n iq v e y n iq v e y n iq v e y n i s s azRvrebs g areT mcxovrebnos s azRvrebs g areT mcxovrebnos s azRvrebs g areT mcxovrebnos s azRvrebs g areT mcxovrebnos s azRvrebs g areT mcxovrebno, C v e no ZvirfasoTanamemamuleno!"31

aqve aRsaniSnavia isic, rom patriarqis TiTqmis yoveli epistole,qadageba, sityva, locva moicavs erT azrs: ufalma (wmida samebam)dalocos da gaamTlianos qarTveli eri, sruliad saqarTvelo32...

xazgasasmelia isic, rom patriarqi yovelTvis gansakuTrebulisityvebiT amkobs qarTvel ers, rac vlindeba eris cnebiseris cnebiseris cnebiseris cnebiseris cnebis msazRvrelisSerCevisas da qarTvelebis daxasiaTebisas; Sdr.: - "Cven vulocavT Cvens sicocxlisunarian ersCvens sicocxlisunarian ersCvens sicocxlisunarian ersCvens sicocxlisunarian ersCvens sicocxlisunarian ers Sobas"... "CvenikacTmoyvarekacTmoyvarekacTmoyvarekacTmoyvarekacTmoyvare eri..."(1981)33

26 saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II, epistoleni, sityvani, qadagebani, wigni I,Tb., 1997, gv. 21027 iqve, gv. 11028 sapatriarqos uwyebani, #2, 10 ianvari, 200629 sapatriarqos uwyebani, #2, 10 ianvari, 2007

t. futkaraZe

30 araiSviaTad, saqarTvelos nacvlad iverias iyenebs: `iveriis wmida miwis RvTiv-kurTxeul Svilebs" (saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II, epistoleni, sityvani,qadagebani, wigni I, Tb., 1997, gv. 281)31 sapatriarqos uwyebani, #1, 10-16 ianvari, 200832 ix., mag.: uwmidesisa da unetaresis, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis,ilia meoris qadageba naTlisRebis dResaswaulze (19.01.1999); sapatriarqos uwyebani#3, 22-28 ianvari, 199933 saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II, epistoleni, sityvani, qadagebani, wigni I,Tb., 1997, gv. 189

21

"qarTvel ers dRemde SerCa cxovrebis oromtrialisgangamobrZmedili mravalmxrivi Sinagani eSinagani eSinagani eSinagani eSinagani energianergianergianergianergia" (1977)34

- "Cveni eri zRapruli ZaliTazRapruli ZaliTazRapruli ZaliTazRapruli ZaliTazRapruli ZaliTa da energiiTenergiiTenergiiTenergiiTenergiiT ebrZoda mudam mterTaurdoebs"...35

- "pirvel yovlisa, Cvens xalxs swyuroda ara mxolod Tavis gadarCena,aramed gadarCena im didi madlisadidi madlisadidi madlisadidi madlisadidi madlisa, romelic qristes wmida kvarTs,mociqulTa aq mobrZanebas da RvTismSoblis mier qalwuli ninosTvisboZebul vazis jvars Semohyva CvenSi"...36

- "Cveni eri jvarcmuli eriajvarcmuli eriajvarcmuli eriajvarcmuli eriajvarcmuli eria; es aris qveyana, romelic aerTebsevropasa da azias... bevrs surda Cveni dapyroba, Cveni mospoba, magrammterma ver wagvarTva: qristianul niadagze aRzrdili Cveni suli daCveni qarTuli enaCveni qarTuli enaCveni qarTuli enaCveni qarTuli enaCveni qarTuli ena" (1981)37... saqarTvelo sul brZolaSi iyo; ambrZolaSi SevinarCuneT Cveni rwmena, Cveni miwa (Tumca mTlianad vera)da Cveni sayvareli enaCveni sayvareli enaCveni sayvareli enaCveni sayvareli enaCveni sayvareli ena - is Sinagani energia, romliTac Semoqmedmadagvajildova..."38

qarTuli idea da qarTuli enaqarTuli idea da qarTuli enaqarTuli idea da qarTuli enaqarTuli idea da qarTuli enaqarTuli idea da qarTuli ena"zeerovnuli" moZraobebisa da "globaluri qselis""zeerovnuli" moZraobebisa da "globaluri qselis""zeerovnuli" moZraobebisa da "globaluri qselis""zeerovnuli" moZraobebisa da "globaluri qselis""zeerovnuli" moZraobebisa da "globaluri qselis"

saukuneSisaukuneSisaukuneSisaukuneSisaukuneSi saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi, ilia meore xSiradsaubrobs erovnuli suliserovnuli suliserovnuli suliserovnuli suliserovnuli sulis Sesaxeb. misi naazrevidan aSkaraa, romqarTvelTa erovnuli sulis safuZvelia qarTvelTa dedaena -erovnuli sulis safuZvelia qarTvelTa dedaena -erovnuli sulis safuZvelia qarTvelTa dedaena -erovnuli sulis safuZvelia qarTvelTa dedaena -erovnuli sulis safuZvelia qarTvelTa dedaena -qarTuli ena.qarTuli ena.qarTuli ena.qarTuli ena.qarTuli ena. patriarqi saocrad STambeWdavad akavSirebs qarTulerovnul sulsa da qristianobas:

"Cvenma erovnulma sulmaCvenma erovnulma sulmaCvenma erovnulma sulmaCvenma erovnulma sulmaCvenma erovnulma sulma qristianobis miRebis Semdeg ise SeiyvaramxolodSobili Ze RvTisa, rom daunaneblad vswiravdiT Tavs CvensqveyanaSi qristianobis gadasarCenad"39... "Cven SevinarCuneT qristianobasaqarTveloSi, da misiT SevinarCuneT TviTmyofadoba da erovnulierovnulierovnulierovnulierovnuliCveni sicocxleCveni sicocxleCveni sicocxleCveni sicocxleCveni sicocxle" (1981)40.

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqs ilia meores qarTuliqarTuliqarTuliqarTuliqarTuliena ena ena ena ena miaCnia qarTveli eris mTavar sasicocxlo ZaladmTavar sasicocxlo ZaladmTavar sasicocxlo ZaladmTavar sasicocxlo ZaladmTavar sasicocxlo Zalad:

"saqarTvelos yovelTvis hqonda udidesi Sinagani Zala, Tavisimowameebis, ganmanaTleblebis, poetebis, mxatvrebisa da Tavisi uSiSarida Tavisuflebismoyvare xalxis saxiT. erTi mTavari wyaroTagani,erTi mTavari wyaroTagani,erTi mTavari wyaroTagani,erTi mTavari wyaroTagani,erTi mTavari wyaroTagani,saidanac qarTvelebi iRebdnen TavianT sulier Zalebs - esaasaidanac qarTvelebi iRebdnen TavianT sulier Zalebs - esaasaidanac qarTvelebi iRebdnen TavianT sulier Zalebs - esaasaidanac qarTvelebi iRebdnen TavianT sulier Zalebs - esaasaidanac qarTvelebi iRebdnen TavianT sulier Zalebs - esaa

34 saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II, epistoleni, sityvani, qadagebani, wigni II,Tb., 1998, gv. 535 saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II, epistoleni, sityvani, qadagebani, wigni I,Tb., 1997, gv. 18936 iqve, gv. 18937 saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II, epistoleni, sityvani, qadagebani, wigni I,Tb., 1998, gv. 2638 iqve, gv. 66


39 saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II, epistoleni, sityvani, qadagebani, wigni I,Tb., 1997, gv. 18949 iqve, gv. 189

22

uZvelesi da madliani qarTuluZvelesi da madliani qarTuluZvelesi da madliani qarTuluZvelesi da madliani qarTuluZvelesi da madliani qarTuli ena,i ena,i ena,i ena,i ena, romelzec saocrad mdidariliteratura Seiqmna, esaa ena,ena,ena,ena,ena, romlis Sesaxeb Rirsma mamam Tqva: "yoveli"yoveli"yoveli"yoveli"yovelisaidumlo amas enasa Sina damarxul ars"saidumlo amas enasa Sina damarxul ars"saidumlo amas enasa Sina damarxul ars"saidumlo amas enasa Sina damarxul ars"saidumlo amas enasa Sina damarxul ars" (1982)41...

"Cven bednierni varT imiT, rom aRsdgeba qarTuli enaaRsdgeba qarTuli enaaRsdgeba qarTuli enaaRsdgeba qarTuli enaaRsdgeba qarTuli ena,gabrwyindeba saqarTvelo da am enaze ganikiTxeba yvela"42.

patriarqi yvelas gvmoZRvravs: samSoblos ukeTesi momavlisTvismecadineoba yoveli Cvenganis valia, raTa "iveri aRsdges Zlieri dadadges erad sxva erTa Soris. wmidiT saydariT, eniT mdidariT,swavlisa SuqiT ganaTebuli!"43... es, pirvel yovlisa, exeba qarTulqarTulqarTulqarTulqarTulenasenasenasenasenas (1982)...44

uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meoris epistoleebsa da qadagebebSiuaRresad STambeWdavia, uaRresad STambeWdavia, uaRresad STambeWdavia, uaRresad STambeWdavia, uaRresad STambeWdavia, agreTve, qarTuli ideisa qarTuli ideisa qarTuli ideisa qarTuli ideisa qarTuli ideisa da qarTuliqarTuliqarTuliqarTuliqarTulienisenisenisenisenis mimarTeba:

araerT sityvasa da qadagebaSi kaTolikos-patriarqi saubrobsqarTuli ideis qarTuli ideis qarTuli ideis qarTuli ideis qarTuli ideis Sesaxeb; kerZod, kerZod, kerZod, kerZod, kerZod, misi azriT, arsebobs gamokveTiliqarTuli idea, qarTuli idea, qarTuli idea, qarTuli idea, qarTuli idea, romelsac ori umTavresi sveti ori umTavresi sveti ori umTavresi sveti ori umTavresi sveti ori umTavresi sveti aqvs (ori svetisori svetisori svetisori svetisori svetissinonimad sxvagan gamoyenebulia: ori saunje, ori Zala...ori saunje, ori Zala...ori saunje, ori Zala...ori saunje, ori Zala...ori saunje, ori Zala...):

"yoveli eri, misi bunebidan gamomdinare, erTi garkveuli ideisganxorcielebas emsaxureba... qarTuli ideaqarTuli ideaqarTuli ideaqarTuli ideaqarTuli idea istoriis manZilzec damomavalSic siyvarulis samsaxuriasiyvarulis samsaxuriasiyvarulis samsaxuriasiyvarulis samsaxuriasiyvarulis samsaxuria! swored siyvarulis samsaxurmasiyvarulis samsaxurmasiyvarulis samsaxurmasiyvarulis samsaxurmasiyvarulis samsaxurmagadaarCina Cveni eri da qveyanagadaarCina Cveni eri da qveyanagadaarCina Cveni eri da qveyanagadaarCina Cveni eri da qveyanagadaarCina Cveni eri da qveyana"45

qarTuli ideis umTavresi svetebiaqarTuli ideis umTavresi svetebiaqarTuli ideis umTavresi svetebiaqarTuli ideis umTavresi svetebiaqarTuli ideis umTavresi svetebia (saunjenia): - sulieri Rirebulebebi, rac gulisxmobs marTlmadideblursarwmunoebas da mis wes-Cveulebebs; - erovnul-kulturuli faseulobebi, riTac ase mdidaria Cveni qveyana.erovnul-kulturul faseulobebs Soris upirvelesia qarTulierovnul-kulturul faseulobebs Soris upirvelesia qarTulierovnul-kulturul faseulobebs Soris upirvelesia qarTulierovnul-kulturul faseulobebs Soris upirvelesia qarTulierovnul-kulturul faseulobebs Soris upirvelesia qarTuliena. . .ena . . .ena . . .ena . . .ena . . .

Sdr.: uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meoris 1999 wlis 25 ivlisissakvirao qadageba46:

qarTveli adamianis saunjeni:qarTveli adamianis saunjeni:qarTveli adamianis saunjeni:qarTveli adamianis saunjeni:qarTveli adamianis saunjeni: I. ukvdavi suli I. ukvdavi suli I. ukvdavi suli I. ukvdavi suli I. ukvdavi suli; II. yovladwmida RvTismSoblis wilxvedri samSobloII. yovladwmida RvTismSoblis wilxvedri samSobloII. yovladwmida RvTismSoblis wilxvedri samSobloII. yovladwmida RvTismSoblis wilxvedri samSobloII. yovladwmida RvTismSoblis wilxvedri samSoblo, sadacaris: wmida ilia winaswarmetyvelis xaleni (romelic wmida iliam Tavismowafes - elises - dautova), kvarTi uflisa, perangi RvTismSoblisa,

41 saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II, epistoleni, sityvani, qadagebani, wigni I,Tb., 1997, gv. 20042 sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meorisqadageba lazares SabaTs (1999 wlis 21 marts/3 aprils); sapatriarqos uwyebani, #14,9-15 aprili, 1999 w.43 imowmebs grigol orbelians44 saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II, epistoleni, sityvani, qadagebani, wigniI, Tb., 1997, gv. 341

t. futkaraZe

45 saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II, epistoleni, sityvani, qadagebani, wigni II,Tb., 1998, gv. 9746 sapatriarqos uwyebani, #30, 31 ivlisi - 6 agvisto, 1999 w.

23

lursmani macxovrisa, saflavni mociqulTa da mociqulTa sworisa wmidaninosi da sxva siwmideni; garda amisa, Cveni miwa gapoxierebulia mamulisada qristesTvis asiaTasobiT wamebulis sisxliT... III. qarTuli ena;III. qarTuli ena;III. qarTuli ena;III. qarTuli ena;III. qarTuli ena; am eniT ganikiTxeba mTeli msoflio. es ar arisgadameteba: am sityvebSi didi saidumloa; IV. Cveni saunjenia IV. Cveni saunjenia IV. Cveni saunjenia IV. Cveni saunjenia IV. Cveni saunjenia agreTve: taZrebi, monastrebi da xatebi...

2005 wlis 13 noembers yovladwmida samebis sapatriarqo taZarSi,asi aTasi mowamis xsenebis dRes sakvirao qadagebis dros patriarqma asewarmoadgina Tavisi xedva:

"dRes Zalian rTuli droa: e.w. globalizaciis periodie.w. globalizaciis periodie.w. globalizaciis periodie.w. globalizaciis periodie.w. globalizaciis periodi.globalizacia - es aris kulturaTa daaxloeba, es aris civilizaciaTadialogi da daaxloeba. magram am daaxloebis dros Cven araviTarSemTxvevaSi ar unda davkargoT Cveni erovnuli saunjear unda davkargoT Cveni erovnuli saunjear unda davkargoT Cveni erovnuli saunjear unda davkargoT Cveni erovnuli saunjear unda davkargoT Cveni erovnuli saunje. Cveniudidesi da upirvelesi saunje - es aris Cveni erovnuli faseulobani, esaris Cveni qarTuli ena,Cveni qarTuli ena,Cveni qarTuli ena,Cveni qarTuli ena,Cveni qarTuli ena, es aris Cveni kultura, es aris Cveni xelovneba,es aris Cveni musika, es aris Cveni sagaloblebi, es aris Cveni xatwera, esaris Cveni minanqari - es aris yvelaferi is, rac Seuqmnia Cvens winaprebs47.

aseve ar unda davkargoT Cveni sulieri saunje _ Cveni rwmenasulieri saunje _ Cveni rwmenasulieri saunje _ Cveni rwmenasulieri saunje _ Cveni rwmenasulieri saunje _ Cveni rwmena,Cveni siyvaruli, Cveni TanagrZnobis niWi. qarTveli adamiani mudamTanaugrZnobs gaWirvebul adamians. es saunjenies saunjenies saunjenies saunjenies saunjeni unda SevinarCunoT da esgadaarCens saqarTvelos!"

yovladwmida samebis taZarSi 2006 wlis 5 Tebervlis sakviraoqadagebaSi ki saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqma brZana:

"Cveni gadarCena, qarTuli ideaqarTuli ideaqarTuli ideaqarTuli ideaqarTuli idea - es aris dacva sulierebisa, dacvarwmenisa... unda SevinarCunoT da gavufrTxildeT Cvens erovnulfaseulobebs, Cvens tradiciebs. da es ori Zalaes ori Zalaes ori Zalaes ori Zalaes ori Zala: suliereba -suliereba -suliereba -suliereba -suliereba - CvenimarTlmadidebeli sarwmunoeba da Cveni erovnuli faseulobaerovnuli faseulobaerovnuli faseulobaerovnuli faseulobaerovnuli faseuloba gadaarCenssaqarTvelos. Cven unda gavufrTxildeT maT, miT umetes axla, rocaucxo kultura da fsevdokultura Zalian aqtiurad Semodis CvensqveyanaSi... unda gvqondes swori xedva".

qarTulma ideamqarTulma ideamqarTulma ideamqarTulma ideamqarTulma ideam rom xorci Seisxas da ganviTardes, patriarqisswavlebis mixedviT, saWiroa gaerTiandes: saxelmwifos, sazogadoebisa daeklesiis Zalisxmevani48. es erTiani Zala, pirvel rigSi, mimarTul undaiqnas qarTvelTa dedaenis dasacavad, vinaidan qarTuli ena dadasacavad, vinaidan qarTuli ena dadasacavad, vinaidan qarTuli ena dadasacavad, vinaidan qarTuli ena dadasacavad, vinaidan qarTuli ena daqarTveli eri, qarTuli ena da qarTuli locva, qarTuliqarTveli eri, qarTuli ena da qarTuli locva, qarTuliqarTveli eri, qarTuli ena da qarTuli locva, qarTuliqarTveli eri, qarTuli ena da qarTuli locva, qarTuliqarTveli eri, qarTuli ena da qarTuli locva, qarTuli enaenaenaenaena daqarTuli eklesia urTierTganmsazRvreli cnebebiaqarTuli eklesia urTierTganmsazRvreli cnebebiaqarTuli eklesia urTierTganmsazRvreli cnebebiaqarTuli eklesia urTierTganmsazRvreli cnebebiaqarTuli eklesia urTierTganmsazRvreli cnebebia49; ; ; ; ; aq patriarqis

47 "qarTuliqarTuliqarTuliqarTuliqarTuli galobagalobagalobagalobagaloba iseTive saunjea CvenTvis, rogorc Cveni ena, mwerloba, poezia,literatura..." - uwmidesisa da unetaresis, saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqisilia meoris sityva galobis saRamosgalobis saRamosgalobis saRamosgalobis saRamosgalobis saRamos, 2003 wlis 4 maiss; sapatriarqos uwyebani,#18, 9-15 maisi, 2003 w. Sdr., agreTve: "qarTuliqarTuliqarTuliqarTuliqarTuli galobagalobagalobagalobagaloba saswaulTmoqmedi Zalaa...qarTul saeklesio sagaloblebsa da xalxur simRerebs erTi fuZe da erTi suli aqvs";sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meorisqadageba mariamobis dResaswaulze, sionis sapatriarqo taZarSi 2005 wlis 28 agvistos;sapatriarqos uwyebani, #30, 8-14 seqtemberi, 2005


48 sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis iliameoris saSobao epistole (2006 w.)49 saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II, epistoleni, sityvani, qadagebani, wigni I,Tb., 1998, gv. 21; ix. agreTve: saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II, episto-leni,sityvani, qadagebani, wigni I, Tb., 1998, gv. 29-36

24

mxolod erT frazas davimowmeb: "qarTveli eri, uZvelesi qarTuli"qarTveli eri, uZvelesi qarTuli"qarTveli eri, uZvelesi qarTuli"qarTveli eri, uZvelesi qarTuli"qarTveli eri, uZvelesi qarTuliena saTaves preistoriuli xaena saTaves preistoriuli xaena saTaves preistoriuli xaena saTaves preistoriuli xaena saTaves preistoriuli xanidan iRebs".nidan iRebs".nidan iRebs".nidan iRebs".nidan iRebs".50

uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meoris azriT, "Cveni ena SeiZlebaSevadaroT sinaTles, romelic Tavis TavSi moicavs cisartyelas ferebs.es ferebi msgavsia Cveni samSoblos sxvadasxva kuTxis sametyveloCveni samSoblos sxvadasxva kuTxis sametyveloCveni samSoblos sxvadasxva kuTxis sametyveloCveni samSoblos sxvadasxva kuTxis sametyveloCveni samSoblos sxvadasxva kuTxis sametyveloenisa:enisa:enisa:enisa:enisa: xevsurulisa da svanuris, megrulisa da TuSuris, gurulisa daingilouris, mesxurisa da raWulis, klarjulisa da moxeuris, imerulisada mTiuluris, romelnic Senakadebis msgavsad qmnian erTiani qarTuliSenakadebis msgavsad qmnian erTiani qarTuliSenakadebis msgavsad qmnian erTiani qarTuliSenakadebis msgavsad qmnian erTiani qarTuliSenakadebis msgavsad qmnian erTiani qarTulienis simdidresenis simdidresenis simdidresenis simdidresenis simdidres, romliTac uZvelesi droidan Cvens miwa-wyalze "JamiSeiwirvis da locvai yoveli aResrulebis"...51

saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia meore vrclad saubrobsqarTveluri anbanisqarTveluri anbanisqarTveluri anbanisqarTveluri anbanisqarTveluri anbanis Sesaxebac; misi azriT, "qarTuli enis damwerlobaSeiqmna jer kidev qristes xorcielad Sobamde III saukuneSi... qarTvelieri da qarTuli ena erT-erTi uZvelesia msoflioSi" (1981).52 araiSviaTad,patriarqi wuxs, rom asomTavrulsa da nusxa-xucurs dRes bevri qarTveliveRar kiTxulobs da amis gamo ver wvdeba RvTiuri madliTRvTiuri madliTRvTiuri madliTRvTiuri madliTRvTiuri madliTgasxivosnebul saRvTismetyvelo bunebas, gasxivosnebul saRvTismetyvelo bunebas, gasxivosnebul saRvTismetyvelo bunebas, gasxivosnebul saRvTismetyvelo bunebas, gasxivosnebul saRvTismetyvelo bunebas, yru kedliT mijnavs Taviswarsulsa da momavals:

madloba ufals, Cvens kurTxeul miwa-wyalze winaparTa nakvaleviwinaparTa nakvaleviwinaparTa nakvaleviwinaparTa nakvaleviwinaparTa nakvalevisanTliT saZebari ara gvaqvs. miwieri saqarTvelos mTa-baridan 15 aTaszemeti istoriuli Zegli SeRaRadebs zecier saqarTvelos! qarTvelikaci sadac bars dahkravs, dRis sinaTleze gardasuli didebisutyvi mowmeni amobrwyindebianutyvi mowmeni amobrwyindebianutyvi mowmeni amobrwyindebianutyvi mowmeni amobrwyindebianutyvi mowmeni amobrwyindebian. yoveli maTganis mdidar istoriasmxolod Zunwi warwera gvamcnobs. dgas qarTveli kaci didebuliqarTuli taZris winaSe da raoden savalaloa, rom masze amotvifrulsavalaloa, rom masze amotvifrulsavalaloa, rom masze amotvifrulsavalaloa, rom masze amotvifrulsavalaloa, rom masze amotvifrulwarweras ver kiTxulobs.warweras ver kiTxulobs.warweras ver kiTxulobs.warweras ver kiTxulobs.warweras ver kiTxulobs. samwuxaroa, rom dRes qarTveluri anbaniqarTveluri anbaniqarTveluri anbaniqarTveluri anbaniqarTveluri anbani(asomTavruli da nusxa-xucuri) mxolod enaTmecnierebis saqmed iqca.

gvaxsovdes, asomTavruli da nusxa-xucuri damwerlobisgvaxsovdes, asomTavruli da nusxa-xucuri damwerlobisgvaxsovdes, asomTavruli da nusxa-xucuri damwerlobisgvaxsovdes, asomTavruli da nusxa-xucuri damwerlobisgvaxsovdes, asomTavruli da nusxa-xucuri damwerlobisxmarebidan gandevniT Cvenive nebiT vaSenebT yru kedels warsulsaxmarebidan gandevniT Cvenive nebiT vaSenebT yru kedels warsulsaxmarebidan gandevniT Cvenive nebiT vaSenebT yru kedels warsulsaxmarebidan gandevniT Cvenive nebiT vaSenebT yru kedels warsulsaxmarebidan gandevniT Cvenive nebiT vaSenebT yru kedels warsulsada momavals Soris.da momavals Soris.da momavals Soris.da momavals Soris.da momavals Soris. Tanamedrove qarTveli kacisaTvis TandaTan ucxoda gaugebari xdeba uZvelesi qarTuli gamocemebi, TumcaRa isini imaveRvTiuri madliT gasxivosnebuli, dinji da darbaisluri qarTuliTgviamboben eris gardasuli cxovrebis Wirsa da dalxinebas..."53

50 saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis ilia II-is 2007 wlis saaRdgomo epistole;sapatriarqos uwyebani, #11, 12-18 aprili, 2007; ix. agreTve: ilia II: "qarTuli ena -msoflio saocrebaa! is aris musika, magram ara miwieri, aramed zecidan gardmosulisulieri musika! igia Cveni erisa da qveynis gadamrCeni"; sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis ilia II-is qadageba lazares aRdginebis SabaTs (sionis sapatriarqo taZari,3 aprili, 2004 w.); sapatriarqos uwyebani, #13, 8-13 aprili, 200451 saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis ilia meoris 2006 wlis saaRdgomo epistole52 saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II, epistoleni, sityvani, qadagebani, wigni I,Tb., 1998, gv. 21-36;

t. futkaraZe

53 saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II, epistoleni, sityvani, qadagebani, wigniI, Tb., 1997, gv. 342; ix. aqve: jer kidev X saukuneSi Cvens did winaprebs mTeli siRrmiTSeucvniaT mSobliuri enis saRvTismetyvelo buneba da religiuri Zalisxmeva: “damarxulars enai qarTuli dRemde meored mosvlisa misisa sawameblad, raiTa yovelsa enasaRmerTman amxilos amiT eniTa”. RvTis STagonebiT aseTi ganuzo-meli misia daakisresqarTul enas qristianobis SesaniSnavma apologetebma, raic avalebs yovel qarTvels,uZveles anbanTa - asomTavrulisa da nusxa-xucuris codnas

25

ilia meoreilia meoreilia meoreilia meoreilia meore:"vTxov qarTvel morwmuneT, gamoiCinon sibejiTe da gulmodgineba,

Seiswavlon asomTavruli da xucuri damwerlobaasomTavruli da xucuri damwerlobaasomTavruli da xucuri damwerlobaasomTavruli da xucuri damwerlobaasomTavruli da xucuri damwerloba. ar moSalonxidi _ akveduki, gadebuli saxelovan warsulsa da bednier momavalsSoris, rogorc erTaderTi gza, romliTac moaRwia Cvenamde enamCvenamde enamCvenamde enamCvenamde enamCvenamde enam,rwmenam da qarTveli kacis geniam. ZvelqarTuli damwerlobis codnayoveli qarTvelisTvis valia. igi farad da maxvilad epyra mociqulTaswor wmida ninos, romelmac qarTveli eri sabolood aziara qristesrwmenas. ZvelqarTul enaze metyvelebdnen qarTveli wmidanebiZvelqarTul enaze metyvelebdnen qarTveli wmidanebiZvelqarTul enaze metyvelebdnen qarTveli wmidanebiZvelqarTul enaze metyvelebdnen qarTveli wmidanebiZvelqarTul enaze metyvelebdnen qarTveli wmidanebi;Rirsni mamani da dedani, romelTa Rvawli ganuzomelia RvTismSobliswilxvedri saqarTvelosTvis, misi warsulis, awmyosa da momavlisnaTelyofaSi".54

Tanamedrove safrTxeebi da orientirebiTanamedrove safrTxeebi da orientirebiTanamedrove safrTxeebi da orientirebiTanamedrove safrTxeebi da orientirebiTanamedrove safrTxeebi da orientirebisaqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia meore naTlad xedavs

saqarTvelos Tanamedrove safrTxeebs, maT warmomavlobas da gvisaxavsprevenciis gzebsac. warmodgenil monakveTSi mxolod im problemebsSevexebiT, romlebic ukavSirdeba qarTvelTa enobrivi istoriisqarTvelTa enobrivi istoriisqarTvelTa enobrivi istoriisqarTvelTa enobrivi istoriisqarTvelTa enobrivi istoriiscodnas, zogadad, akademiuri codnis SeZenis saWiroebas.codnas, zogadad, akademiuri codnis SeZenis saWiroebas.codnas, zogadad, akademiuri codnis SeZenis saWiroebas.codnas, zogadad, akademiuri codnis SeZenis saWiroebas.codnas, zogadad, akademiuri codnis SeZenis saWiroebas.

I. "moyvrad" mosuli mteriilia II: ilia II: ilia II: ilia II: ilia II: "...1811 wels ruseTis imperatoris arakanonieriarakanonieriarakanonieriarakanonieriarakanonieri

brZanebiTbrZanebiTbrZanebiTbrZanebiTbrZanebiT saqarTvelodan gawveul iqna kaTolikos-patriarqi, uwmidesida unetaresi anton II, erekle meoris Ze da Zma giorgisa, Cveni ukanasknelimefisa da aRarc Rirsebia Camosvla saqarTveloSi. da ai, im droidan,1811 wlidan, iwyeba gansacdeli saqarTvelos eklesiisa da Cveni erisa.imperatoris brZanebiT, saqarTvelos eklesias saTaveSi Caudga egzarqosi.pirveli egzarqosi, mitropoliti varlam erisTavic male ruseTSigaiwvies da amis Semdeg yoveli egzarqosi, Tanaxmad ruseTis imperatorisbrZanebisa, rusi unda yofiliyo. aikrZala sionSi qarTuli wirva-aikrZala sionSi qarTuli wirva-aikrZala sionSi qarTuli wirva-aikrZala sionSi qarTuli wirva-aikrZala sionSi qarTuli wirva-locva.locva.locva.locva.locva. Tbilisis sasuliero seminariebSi leqciebi ikiTxeboda rusulenaze, weliwadSi mxolod erTxel hqondaT ufleba qarTvel studentebswirva qarTulad CaetarebinaT. ase grZeldeboda 1917 wlamde".55

ilia II:ilia II:ilia II:ilia II:ilia II: "roca Cvenma samSoblom dakarga saxelmwifoebrividamoukidebloba, saqarTvelos eklesias Tavi mohkveTes da daumorCilesruseTis eklesiis sinods"56... "egzarqosebi eklesiaSi rusifikatorulipolitikis gatarebas cdilobdnen. sionSi, sveticxovelsa da sxvasionSi, sveticxovelsa da sxvasionSi, sveticxovelsa da sxvasionSi, sveticxovelsa da sxvasionSi, sveticxovelsa da sxvataZrebSi wirva-locva slavur enaze mimdinareobdataZrebSi wirva-locva slavur enaze mimdinareobdataZrebSi wirva-locva slavur enaze mimdinareobdataZrebSi wirva-locva slavur enaze mimdinareobdataZrebSi wirva-locva slavur enaze mimdinareobda; Tbilisis

54 saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II, epistoleni, sityvani, qadagebani, wigniI, Tb., 1997, gv. 343


55 iqve, gv. 8456 sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia II-issakvirao qadageba, 2003 w. 20 ivlisis (2 agvistos) qadageba; sapatriarqos uwyebani,#30, 1-7 agvisto, 2003 w.

26

sasuliero seminariaSi leqciebs rusulad kiTxulobdnen, zedizeduqmdeboda eparqiebi, monastrebi da taZrebi..."57

uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia meore ase TvalnaTliv bevrjerwarmoaCens "moyvrulad mosuli mtris" namdvil saxes. sainteresoa isic,rom ruseTis imperiuli gegmebis Sesaxebimperiuli gegmebis Sesaxebimperiuli gegmebis Sesaxebimperiuli gegmebis Sesaxebimperiuli gegmebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi afxazebsac afrTxilebsafxazebsac afrTxilebsafxazebsac afrTxilebsafxazebsac afrTxilebsafxazebsac afrTxilebs; mag., 1993 wlis erT-erT qadagebaSiis brZanebs:

"Cven pativs mivagebT im afxaz axalgazrdebsac, romelnic TiTqosTiTqosTiTqosTiTqosTiTqossamSoblos TviTmyofadobisaTvis brZolis rwmeniTsamSoblos TviTmyofadobisaTvis brZolis rwmeniTsamSoblos TviTmyofadobisaTvis brZolis rwmeniTsamSoblos TviTmyofadobisaTvis brZolis rwmeniTsamSoblos TviTmyofadobisaTvis brZolis rwmeniT daecnen,sinamdvileSi ki gareSe Zalebis boroti zraxvebis msxverplnigareSe Zalebis boroti zraxvebis msxverplnigareSe Zalebis boroti zraxvebis msxverplnigareSe Zalebis boroti zraxvebis msxverplnigareSe Zalebis boroti zraxvebis msxverplnigaxdnengaxdnengaxdnengaxdnengaxdnen..."58

II. "RmerTi aerTianebs, xolo eSmaki hyofs":enobriv-eklesiuri dayofa, romelsac e.w. federaciisa daenobriv-eklesiuri dayofa, romelsac e.w. federaciisa daenobriv-eklesiuri dayofa, romelsac e.w. federaciisa daenobriv-eklesiuri dayofa, romelsac e.w. federaciisa daenobriv-eklesiuri dayofa, romelsac e.w. federaciisa da

konfederaciis gziT mohyveba saqarTvelos daSlakonfederaciis gziT mohyveba saqarTvelos daSlakonfederaciis gziT mohyveba saqarTvelos daSlakonfederaciis gziT mohyveba saqarTvelos daSlakonfederaciis gziT mohyveba saqarTvelos daSla"mteri mudam cdilobda, gaeyo Cveni xalxi, daenawevrebina Cveni

miwa-wyali"59. momxduris fizikur agresiaze ufro saSiSia cnobieridiversia: erTiani sazogadoebis dayofa-dapirispireba ama Tu im niSniT.am TvalsazrisiT XX-XXI saukuneebis mijnaze saqarTvelos winaSe arsebulisafrTxe orgvaria: safrTxe orgvaria: safrTxe orgvaria: safrTxe orgvaria: safrTxe orgvaria: eklesiis gaxleCa da dedaenis daSla calkeulerTeulebad:

a. eklesiis gaxleCis mcdelobailia II:ilia II:ilia II:ilia II:ilia II: ..."unda vifiqroT imaze, Tu rogor gavufrTxildeT

Cvens eklesias. minda icodeT, rom dResac arian adamianebi, romelnicebrZvian eklesias da amiT ebrZvian qarTvel ers, dResac arian adamianebi,romlebic gegmaven saqarTvelos eklesiis gaxleCas da RmerTma ar moaswrosisini am dRes. qarTveli eri amas arasodes dauSvebs. qarTvel ers esmis,ra aris misTvis saqarTvelos eklesia"60.

59 sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis iliameoris sakvirao qadageba, 2006 w. 9 ivlisis qadageba; sapatriarqos uwyebani, #27, 13-19 ivlisi, 2006 w.; Sdr., agreTve: "saukuneebis manZilze gareSe Zala yovelTviscdilobda qveynis dayofas da kuTxurobis niSniT dapirispirebis Seqmnas. dResacTbilissa da aWaras Soris warmoqmnili politikuri dapirispireba garkveulmapirebma scades, warmoeCinaT, rogorc dapirispireba saqarTvelos kuTxeebs Soris. amprovokacias Cvenma xalxma, maT Soris aWaris mosaxleobam, sakadrisi pasuxi gasca, - CvenvarT erTi eri, erTi saxelmwifo, gvaqvs erTi kultura da erTi istoria. Cveniganuyofeli nawilia afxazeTic da samaCabloc". sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meoris 2004 wlis saaRdgomo epistole;sapatriarqos uwyebani, #14, 22-28 aprili, 2004 w.60 sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meorissityva saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenis dRisadmi miZRvnil samecnierokonferenciaze; sapatriarqos rezidencia, 24 marti, 2006 w.

t. futkaraZe

57 saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II, epistoleni, sityvani, qadagebani, wigniI, Tb., 1997, gv. 9458 iqve, gv. 144

27

b. enobrivad dayofis mcdeloba2006 wlis 19 ivniss sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqma,

uwmidesma da unetaresma ilia meorem mimarTa svaneTisadmi miZRvnilisvaneTisadmi miZRvnilisvaneTisadmi miZRvnilisvaneTisadmi miZRvnilisvaneTisadmi miZRvnilikonferenciiskonferenciiskonferenciiskonferenciiskonferenciis monawileebs. man brZana:

"kargad mogexsenebaT, rom, samwuxarod, arseboben iseTi adamianebi,romelTac surT gahyon qarTveli eri da aqvT survili,surT gahyon qarTveli eri da aqvT survili,surT gahyon qarTveli eri da aqvT survili,surT gahyon qarTveli eri da aqvT survili,surT gahyon qarTveli eri da aqvT survili,warmoaCinon svaneTi da svanuri dialeqti, rogorc qarTveliwarmoaCinon svaneTi da svanuri dialeqti, rogorc qarTveliwarmoaCinon svaneTi da svanuri dialeqti, rogorc qarTveliwarmoaCinon svaneTi da svanuri dialeqti, rogorc qarTveliwarmoaCinon svaneTi da svanuri dialeqti, rogorc qarTvelierisagan damoukidebeli, gansxvavebuli kultura.erisagan damoukidebeli, gansxvavebuli kultura.erisagan damoukidebeli, gansxvavebuli kultura.erisagan damoukidebeli, gansxvavebuli kultura.erisagan damoukidebeli, gansxvavebuli kultura. es aseve Seexebasamegrelos da sxva kuTxeebsac. Cven kargad viciT, saidan momdinareobses. es jer kidev 200 wlis win daiwyo, roca ruseTi cdilobda, gaeyoruseTi cdilobda, gaeyoruseTi cdilobda, gaeyoruseTi cdilobda, gaeyoruseTi cdilobda, gaeyoqarTveli eri.qarTveli eri.qarTveli eri.qarTveli eri.qarTveli eri. vfiqrob, rom is adamiani, romelic cdilobs warmoadginossvanuri kultura, rogorc damoukidebeli qarTuli kulturisagan, -aris mteri ara martomteri ara martomteri ara martomteri ara martomteri ara marto svanebisa svanebisa svanebisa svanebisa svanebisa, aramed mTeli qarTveli erisa"61.

qarTvelTa enobriv-kulturuli dayofis mcdelobas uwmidesi daunetaresi Seexo 2007 wlis 13 maisis sakvirao qadagebaSic, sadac uwmidesmakidev erTxel ganacxada, rom megruli, lazuri da svanurimegruli, lazuri da svanurimegruli, lazuri da svanurimegruli, lazuri da svanurimegruli, lazuri da svanuridialeqtebi qarTuli enis ganStoebebia da ara damoukidebelidialeqtebi qarTuli enis ganStoebebia da ara damoukidebelidialeqtebi qarTuli enis ganStoebebia da ara damoukidebelidialeqtebi qarTuli enis ganStoebebia da ara damoukidebelidialeqtebi qarTuli enis ganStoebebia da ara damoukidebelienebi:enebi:enebi:enebi:enebi:

"""""dResac cdiloben, qarTvelTa es dialeqtebi damoukidebel enebadgamoacxadon; metic, surT, maT mixedviT Seiqmnas samwignobrio enebi:biblia da locvebi Targmnon megrulad da svanurad... es aris udidesies aris udidesies aris udidesies aris udidesies aris udidesidanaSauli eris winaSe!..danaSauli eris winaSe!..danaSauli eris winaSe!..danaSauli eris winaSe!..danaSauli eris winaSe!.. es kidev erTxel mowmobs imas, rom CvenZalian fxizlad unda viyoT. amas akeTebs mteri:amas akeTebs mteri:amas akeTebs mteri:amas akeTebs mteri:amas akeTebs mteri: RmerTi aerTianebs,xolo eSmaki hyofseSmaki hyofseSmaki hyofseSmaki hyofseSmaki hyofs, amitom Cven yvelam kargad unda gaviazroT dasxvasac davumtkicoT, rom qarTuli ena aris erTi, megruli da svanuridialeqtebi ki misgan gamomdinare ganStoebebia. gansakuTrebiT undamovufrTxildeT Cvens siamayes - uZveles da mSvenier qarTul enas."62

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa daunetaresis ilia meoris mier ilia meoris mier ilia meoris mier ilia meoris mier ilia meoris mier enobriv-kulturuli daqucmacebismcdeloba aseve mkacradaa Sefasebuli laqernis yovladwmidaRvTismSoblis xatis saxelobis taZarSi warmoTqmul sakvirao qadagebaSi(zugdidi, 2007)63:

"zogi, vinc aris mtrulad ganwyobili saqarTvelos mimarT,cdilobs, rom rogorRac dayos Cveni samSoblo. cdiloben, undobloba,bzari Seitanon qarTvelebs Soris, magram maT araferi gamouvaT. imdenadaraswori midgoma aqvs zogierTs, rom fiqrobs, raRac "sakuTarimwerloba" hqondeso samegrelos. Cvens win didi adamianebi iyvnen: iovane

61 sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis iliameoris misalmeba samecniero konferenciis monawileebisadmi, sapatriarqo reziden-cia, 19 ivnisi 2006 weli (sruli teqstisaTvis ix. danarTi #3)


62 2007 wlis 13 maisis sakvirao qadageba samebis sapatriarqo taZarSi; "sapartiarqosuwyebani", #16 (416), 17-23 maisi, 2007 w.63 sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis iliameoris qadageba 2007 wlis 3 ivniss laqernis yovladwmida RTismSoblis xatissaxelobis taZarSi (zugdidi); audiomasala mogvawoda sapatriarqos telekompania"iveriis" reJisorma soso tyebuCavam

28

lazi, iovane minCxi, Wyondidlebi... ambrosi xelaia, kirioni, leonide,qristefore, kalistrate, melqisedeki... aravis mosvlia azrad, romsvanurad an megrulad gadmoRebuliyo biblia, an momxdariyomRvdelmsaxureba! Tundac aviRoT Cveni xelnawerebi:

samegrelosa da svaneTSi Seqmnil mraval xelnawerTaganac ki arcerTi ar aris arc svanuri, arc megruli, imitom rom eseni arianganStoebani qarTuli enisa! qarTuli enis, genis, kulturis, simReris,galobis es erToba Cven unda SevinarCunoT da, amave dros, unda gviyvardesCveni misi sxvadasxva formiT gamovlineba: dideba ufals, romelic gvaZlevsCven am mravalferovnebas. Tundac aviRoT mTa; mTas Tavisi saxe aqvs,bars - Tavisi; imereTs - Tavisi, kaxeTs - Tavisi, magram Cven erTni varT,erTni unda davrCeT.

amisTvis SevTxovT ufals mis wyalobas, mis madls; madli yvelaferzeZlieria da mteri verafers daaklebs saqarTvelos" (sruli teqstisaTvisix. danarTi).

aqve vityvi, rom Cveni samwignobro enis istoriuli uwyvetiistoriuli uwyvetiistoriuli uwyvetiistoriuli uwyvetiistoriuli uwyvetiwyaroniwyaroniwyaroniwyaroniwyaroni: lazuri, megruli, svanuri, taouri, fereidnuli, heruli,TuSuri da sxva dialeqtebi rac ufro daSorebulia dedaenas, miTufro met ganZs inaxavs; amitom Cveni mizani unda iyos, SevqmnaT aramegrul-qarTuli, svanur-qarTuli da msgavsi ulogiko dasaxelebisleqsikonebi Tu dialeqturi "dedaenebi", aramed, gansakuTrebiT,saqarTvelos amJamindel sazRvrebs miRma darCenili qarTveluri kiloebismflobelTaTvis droulad unda movamzadoT qarTuli enis

saxelmZRvaneloebi qarTuli enis am ganStoebaTa leqsikis gamoyenebiT;am gziT iolad moxdeba samwignobro enisadmi (dedaenisadmi) gaucxoebuliqarTvelebis istoriuli damokidebulebis aRdgena da erovnul-eTnikurimeobis (identobis) dabruneba.

garda amisa, aucilebelia, momzaddes qarTuli (samwignobro) enis

ganmartebiTi leqsikonis axali redaqciaganmartebiTi leqsikonis axali redaqciaganmartebiTi leqsikonis axali redaqciaganmartebiTi leqsikonis axali redaqciaganmartebiTi leqsikonis axali redaqcia, sadac samwignobro

qarTulis sabazo leqsikad Seva megrul-lazur da svanur kiloebSidavanebuli leqsika.

aqve aRvniSnavT, rom sabWoTa imperiis zeobis dros gamocemul"qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis" rvatomeulSi gasagebi mizezebisgamo (imperia cdilobda qarTvelTa enobriv-eTnikur dayofas) leqsikonSiar Seitanes megrul-Wanuri da svanuri masala; qarTvelTa am kiloebis

sityvebi gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris arc axlaxan gamocemul SevsebulvariantSic. arada, rogorc Zveli qarTuli samwignobro tradicia, isearasabWouri mwerloba megrul-svanur-lazur leqsikas qarTuli enisorganul nawilad Tvlida. am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa konstantinegamsaxurdias enobrivi koncefcia; kerZod, is wers:

"iliam qarTul enas SesZina qarTluri bunebis sidarbaisle, xolo

akakim imerulis silbo. XX saukunis mwerlobam unda mogvces iliasqarTluris, akakis imerulis, vaJas fSauris, megrulisa da gurulienobrivi elementebis sruli sinTezi. ai, es iqneba idealuri. ai, es iqneba idealuri. ai, es iqneba idealuri. ai, es iqneba idealuri. ai, es iqneba idealuri

t. futkaraZe

29

literaturuliliteraturuliliteraturuliliteraturuliliteraturuli qarTuli. . .qarTuli. . .qarTuli. . .qarTuli. . .qarTuli. . . undaundaundaundaunda SemouSvaT qarTul enaSiSemouSvaT qarTul enaSiSemouSvaT qarTul enaSiSemouSvaT qarTul enaSiSemouSvaT qarTul enaSirogorc megrul-rogorc megrul-rogorc megrul-rogorc megrul-rogorc megrul-svanuri dialeqtebis sityvebi , ise fSav-svanuri dialeqtebis sityvebi , ise fSav-svanuri dialeqtebis sityvebi , ise fSav-svanuri dialeqtebis sityvebi , ise fSav-svanuri dialeqtebis sityvebi , ise fSav-xevsuruli kilodan. vaJa-fSavelam am mxriv didi samsaxurixevsuruli kilodan. vaJa-fSavelam am mxriv didi samsaxurixevsuruli kilodan. vaJa-fSavelam am mxriv didi samsaxurixevsuruli kilodan. vaJa-fSavelam am mxriv didi samsaxurixevsuruli kilodan. vaJa-fSavelam am mxriv didi samsaxurigauwia qarTul enas..."gauwia qarTul enas..."gauwia qarTul enas..."gauwia qarTul enas..."gauwia qarTul enas..."64.

marTlac, qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi Tuki aqtiuradSeva svanur-megrul-lazuri, aWarul-livanur-taour-imerxeuli Tufereidnul-heruli dialeqturi leqsikac, amiT ufro gaZlierdebaufro gaZlierdebaufro gaZlierdebaufro gaZlierdebaufro gaZlierdebaCveni erovnuli samwignobro ena, rogorc qarTvelTa erTobisCveni erovnuli samwignobro ena, rogorc qarTvelTa erTobisCveni erovnuli samwignobro ena, rogorc qarTvelTa erTobisCveni erovnuli samwignobro ena, rogorc qarTvelTa erTobisCveni erovnuli samwignobro ena, rogorc qarTvelTa erTobisurRvevi fundamenti.urRvevi fundamenti.urRvevi fundamenti.urRvevi fundamenti.urRvevi fundamenti.

III. "eri uswavleli", "urwmuno mecnieri"saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia meore Tavis qadagebebSi

did adgils uTmobs rwmenisa da mecnierebis mimarTebas, ramdenadacumecreba umecreba umecreba umecreba umecreba da boroteba, umecreba da gaTiSuloba Tanamdevi boroteba, umecreba da gaTiSuloba Tanamdevi boroteba, umecreba da gaTiSuloba Tanamdevi boroteba, umecreba da gaTiSuloba Tanamdevi boroteba, umecreba da gaTiSuloba Tanamdevimovlenebia;movlenebia;movlenebia;movlenebia;movlenebia; kerZod, am mimarTulebiT igi or debulebas aviTarebs:

a. umecari adamiani karg SemTxvevaSi aris mona RvTisa,a. umecari adamiani karg SemTxvevaSi aris mona RvTisa,a. umecari adamiani karg SemTxvevaSi aris mona RvTisa,a. umecari adamiani karg SemTxvevaSi aris mona RvTisa,a. umecari adamiani karg SemTxvevaSi aris mona RvTisa,Tumca aris didi safrTxe, uswavleli kaci Surma/borotmaTumca aris didi safrTxe, uswavleli kaci Surma/borotmaTumca aris didi safrTxe, uswavleli kaci Surma/borotmaTumca aris didi safrTxe, uswavleli kaci Surma/borotmaTumca aris didi safrTxe, uswavleli kaci Surma/borotmaSeipyras.Seipyras.Seipyras.Seipyras.Seipyras.

ilia II:ilia II:ilia II:ilia II:ilia II: "Tqven kargad mogexsenebaT, rom jer kidev pirvelsaukuneebSi iyo msjeloba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra urTierTdamokidebulebaSiarwmena da codna. amas Seexo iseTi didi mecnieri, rogoric iyo klimentialeqsandrieli. man Tqva, rom pirveladi aris rwmenapirveladi aris rwmenapirveladi aris rwmenapirveladi aris rwmenapirveladi aris rwmena da codnacodnacodnacodnacodnarwmenaze unda iyos dafuZnebuli"rwmenaze unda iyos dafuZnebuli"rwmenaze unda iyos dafuZnebuli"rwmenaze unda iyos dafuZnebuli"rwmenaze unda iyos dafuZnebuli"65.

es azri saxarebidan modis: gacemis win ieso qriste eubnebaes azri saxarebidan modis: gacemis win ieso qriste eubnebaes azri saxarebidan modis: gacemis win ieso qriste eubnebaes azri saxarebidan modis: gacemis win ieso qriste eubnebaes azri saxarebidan modis: gacemis win ieso qriste eubnebamociqulebs: mociqulebs: mociqulebs: mociqulebs: mociqulebs: "arRara getyvi Tquen monad, rameTu monaman ara icin,rasa iqmn ufali misi; xolo Tquen garqu megobrad, rameTu yoveliraodeni mesma mamisa Cemisagan, gauwye Tquen" (iovane, 15, 14-15). swored swored swored swored sworedamis safuZvelze agebs klimenti aleqsandrieli Tavis msjelobasamis safuZvelze agebs klimenti aleqsandrieli Tavis msjelobasamis safuZvelze agebs klimenti aleqsandrieli Tavis msjelobasamis safuZvelze agebs klimenti aleqsandrieli Tavis msjelobasamis safuZvelze agebs klimenti aleqsandrieli Tavis msjelobasda ambobs: da ambobs: da ambobs: da ambobs: da ambobs: "mxolod morwmune adamiani aris mona RvTisa, xolo morwmuneganaTlebuli adamiani aris megobari RvTisa... mona Tavis movaleobas... mona Tavis movaleobas... mona Tavis movaleobas... mona Tavis movaleobas... mona Tavis movaleobasufro SiSiT asrulebs, xolo megobari - siyvaruliT. aqveufro SiSiT asrulebs, xolo megobari - siyvaruliT. aqveufro SiSiT asrulebs, xolo megobari - siyvaruliT. aqveufro SiSiT asrulebs, xolo megobari - siyvaruliT. aqveufro SiSiT asrulebs, xolo megobari - siyvaruliT. aqvegavixsenoT esaia winaswarmetyveli: gavixsenoT esaia winaswarmetyveli: gavixsenoT esaia winaswarmetyveli: gavixsenoT esaia winaswarmetyveli: gavixsenoT esaia winaswarmetyveli: "Surman Seipyras eri uswavleli"66.

morwmune adamianisgan codnis SeZena aris srulyofis kibe.srulyofil adamians ki eSmaki ver ereva... roca adamians codna ara

64 k. gamsaxurdia, TxzulebaTa aTtomeuli, tomi, VII, axali sityvebi, gv. 411, 499).analogiuria saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis pozicia (ix. misi gamosvlis teqsti"qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis" "axali redaqciis" prezentaciisas (romelicSedga samebis axalgazrdul centrSi 2008 wels).


65 klimenti aleqsandrieli: "ubralo rwmena adamians hyofs monad, xolo rwmenagaazrebuli - megobrad RvTisa"; saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II,epistoleni, sityvani, qadagebani, wigni I, Tb., 1997, gv. 2066 sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meorissakvirao qadageba, 15 agvisto, 1999 w; sapatriarqos uwyebani, #33, 21-27 agvisto, 1999w.

30

aqvs, ar icis Tavisi eris kulturuli istoria; Sesabamisad, mas ioladuucxoveben warsuls, ukargaven erovnul meobas da apirispirebenTanamoZmesTan... garda amisa, umecrebaSi ibudebs garda amisa, umecrebaSi ibudebs garda amisa, umecrebaSi ibudebs garda amisa, umecrebaSi ibudebs garda amisa, umecrebaSi ibudebs radikalizmi radikalizmi radikalizmi radikalizmi radikalizmi67.....

b. "urwmuno adamianebi mecnierebaSi saSiSi Zalaa"ilia II:ilia II:ilia II:ilia II:ilia II: "gadadgmulia uzarmazari nabijebi mecnierebasa damecnierebasa damecnierebasa damecnierebasa damecnierebasa da

teqnikaSi winteqnikaSi winteqnikaSi winteqnikaSi winteqnikaSi win, magram amave dros gadadgmulia uzarmazari nabijebiukan rwmenasa da sulier saqmeSiukan rwmenasa da sulier saqmeSiukan rwmenasa da sulier saqmeSiukan rwmenasa da sulier saqmeSiukan rwmenasa da sulier saqmeSi. Tqven kargad mogexsenebaT, rommecniereba da teqnika es aris RvTis didi madli. magram Zalian saSiSiaZalian saSiSiaZalian saSiSiaZalian saSiSiaZalian saSiSiamecnierebamecnierebamecnierebamecnierebamecniereba da teqnika arasulieri adamianis, urwmuno adamianis xelSi68...

saqarTveloSi mimdinare ganaTlebis reformisganaTlebis reformisganaTlebis reformisganaTlebis reformisganaTlebis reformis Suq-Crdilebisfonze kaTolikos-patriarqis ilia meoris koncefcia aseTia: adamianiadamianiadamianiadamianiadamianiunda aRizardosunda aRizardosunda aRizardosunda aRizardosunda aRizardos morwmuned da paralelurad unda miiRos akademiuriganaTleba, raTa man SeZlos ganyenebuli azrovneba - patiosani daanalitikuri gansja69. "mecnierebas didi da seriozuli Sedegebi eqnebaim SemTxvevaSi, Tu is iqneba morwmune da sulierad Zlieri adamianebisxelSi. urwmuno adamianebi mecnierebaSi saSiSi Zalaa!". urwmuno adamianebi mecnierebaSi saSiSi Zalaa!". urwmuno adamianebi mecnierebaSi saSiSi Zalaa!". urwmuno adamianebi mecnierebaSi saSiSi Zalaa!". urwmuno adamianebi mecnierebaSi saSiSi Zalaa!"70

IV. "Cveni winaprebi sxvanairebi iyvnen"sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da

unetaresis ilia meoris azriT, bevri informaciis floba ar niSnavsdid ganaTlebas, Rrma azrovnebasRrma azrovnebasRrma azrovnebasRrma azrovnebasRrma azrovnebas; amis Sesaxeb Cveni patriarqi wers:"bolo wlebSi adamianma SeiZina bevri codna. xazs vusvam - bevri codnada ara Rrma codna; da masTan erTad, SedarebiT, zerele azrovnebazerele azrovnebazerele azrovnebazerele azrovnebazerele azrovneba..."Zalian xSirad, araswori, zerele msjelobiT varTulebT Cvens"Zalian xSirad, araswori, zerele msjelobiT varTulebT Cvens"Zalian xSirad, araswori, zerele msjelobiT varTulebT Cvens"Zalian xSirad, araswori, zerele msjelobiT varTulebT Cvens"Zalian xSirad, araswori, zerele msjelobiT varTulebT Cvenscxovrebas. xSirad geubnebiT, rom saWiroa Rrma azrovnebacxovrebas. xSirad geubnebiT, rom saWiroa Rrma azrovnebacxovrebas. xSirad geubnebiT, rom saWiroa Rrma azrovnebacxovrebas. xSirad geubnebiT, rom saWiroa Rrma azrovnebacxovrebas. xSirad geubnebiT, rom saWiroa Rrma azrovneba71...............

66 Sdr.: wmida sinodma ganaCina: saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia emijnebaradikalizmis yovelgvar gamovlinebas, rogorc fsevdokonservatizms, ise fsevdo-liberalizms da mouwodebs mrevls sameufo gzaze svlas. "ara midrke arca marjul,arca marcxul, aramed gzasa sameufosa vidode" (wm. abba doroTe); saqarTvelosmarTlmadidebeli eklesiis wmida sinodis sxdomis oqmi, 14 dekemberi, 2004 weli,Tbilisi.

t. futkaraZe

68 saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis didi sabWos 2001 wlis 19 oqtombris sxdomazewarmoTqmuli sityva; saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis `Teologiis kaTedra 5wlisaa (samecniero konferenciis masalaTa krebuli), Tb., 2007, gv. 1569 ganyenebuli azrovnebis Sesaxeb ilia meoris msjelobisTvis ix., sruliadsaqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meoris sityvaxonis konferenciaze: "eklesia da sazogadoeba"; sapatriarqos uwyebani, #41, 11-22oqtomberi, 1999 w.70 sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis, ilia meorisqadageba daviTobis dResaswaulze 2006 wlis 8 Tebervals; sapatriarqos uwyebani, #8, 2-8 marti, 2006 w. (vrclad ix. danarTi)71 sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis, ilia meorissakvirao qadageba 2002 wlis 10 noembers; sapatriarqos uwyebani, #46, 10 noemberi,2002 w.

31

Cveni winaprebi sxvanairebi iyvnen. maT Tumca naklebi icodnen, magramRrmad hqondaT nafiqri da maTi gansja siRrmiseuli iyo. da es ZalianexmarebodaT..."72

V. "amgvari gayalbebuli istoriiT cdiloben qarTvelTadaqucmacebas"mecnierebis Temas saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia meore

politizebis kuTxiTac ganixilavs; kerZod, 2006 wlis saSobao epistoleSigveubneba: "istoriografia, enaTmecniereba, arqeologia... nawilobrivpolitizebuli mecnierebebia da bunebrivia, yoveli qveyana Tavisiinteresebidan gamomdinare, iyenebs maT. es gansakuTrebiTdamaxasiaTebelia imperiebisaTvis, romelnic am meTodiT cdiloben,gaimyaron Tavisi poziciebi"73. am TvalsazrisiT araerT qadagebasada epistoleSi patriarqi Cveuli simarTliTa da siRrmiT ganixilavsdReisTvis or mtkivneul problemas: _ _ _ _ _ konfliqtebi afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regionSi; _ _ _ _ _ megrulad da svanurad saRvTismsaxuro wignebis Targmna.

patriarqi brZanebs:_____ sabWoTa imperiis istoriografiam cru warmodgenebi Seuqmna

afxazebsa da osebs: TiTqosda afxazeTi da cxinvalis regioni araqarTuliteritoriebia. afxazTa da osTa erT nawils qarTvelebisadmi mtrobaCamouyalibdaT, magram didi nawili ar motyuvda: afxazTa da osTaafxazTa da osTaafxazTa da osTaafxazTa da osTaafxazTa da osTadidi nawili dResac qarTvelebTan erTad megobrul-naTesauraddidi nawili dResac qarTvelebTan erTad megobrul-naTesauraddidi nawili dResac qarTvelebTan erTad megobrul-naTesauraddidi nawili dResac qarTvelebTan erTad megobrul-naTesauraddidi nawili dResac qarTvelebTan erTad megobrul-naTesauradcxovrobscxovrobscxovrobscxovrobscxovrobs... miuxedavad amisa, imperiis msaxurni cdiloben, arsebulikonfliqtebi monaTlon eTnokonfliqtad moZme xalxebseTnokonfliqtad moZme xalxebseTnokonfliqtad moZme xalxebseTnokonfliqtad moZme xalxebseTnokonfliqtad moZme xalxebs Soris. mtermamizans bolomde ver miaRwia: miuxedavad yvelafrisa, afxazeTsa dacxinvalis regionSi mimdinare omi ganixileba saqarTvelos dapirispirebadagresor gare ZalasTan74... _ _ _ _ _ peterburgis universitetSi Seqmnili antiqarTuliistoriografiuli Teoriis mizania, qarTvelTa erT nawils gauucxovosistoriuli kultura; mavanni dResac acxadeben, rom qarTuli mwignobrobamxolod aRmosavleT qarTvelebisaa. isini umwignobro xalxebadumwignobro xalxebadumwignobro xalxebadumwignobro xalxebadumwignobro xalxebadacxadeben megrelebs, lazebs, svanebs... amgvari gayalbebuli istoriiTcdiloben qarTvelTa daqucmacebas da erTmaneTTan dapirispirebas...

72 sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meorissakvirao qadageba 2004 wlis 26 dekembers; sapatriarqos uwyebani, # 1, 7-13 ianvari,2006 w.


73 uwmidesi da unetaresi, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II, saSobaoepistole, Tbilisi, 2006, gv. 10.74 uwmidesi da unetaresi, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II, saSobaoepistole, Tbilisi, 2006, gv. 10-11; afxazeTis Sesaxeb xSirad msjelobs ilia II; 2003wlis 27 seqtembers, jvarTamaRlebas ki brZana; "...11 weli viyavi mRvdelmTavari afxazeTSida yvelafers vakeTebdi imisaTvis, rom qarTveli xalxi mosuliyo taZarSi da verafriTmivaRwie amas. urwmuno qarTveli xalxi iqidan wamovida da Sin morwmune dabrundeba"...sapatriarqos uwyebani, #38, 26 seqtemberi-2 oqtomberi, 2003 w.

32

rogorc adre, axlac qarTuli sazogadoeba maT sakadris pasuxs gascems75.amave Temas exeba wmida sinodis ganCinebis erTi punqtic: `ganaCines: dauSvebelia istoriis gayalbeba - megrelebisaganaCines: dauSvebelia istoriis gayalbeba - megrelebisaganaCines: dauSvebelia istoriis gayalbeba - megrelebisaganaCines: dauSvebelia istoriis gayalbeba - megrelebisaganaCines: dauSvebelia istoriis gayalbeba - megrelebisada svanebis mwignobrobisa da qristianuli kulturis armqoneebadda svanebis mwignobrobisa da qristianuli kulturis armqoneebadda svanebis mwignobrobisa da qristianuli kulturis armqoneebadda svanebis mwignobrobisa da qristianuli kulturis armqoneebadda svanebis mwignobrobisa da qristianuli kulturis armqoneebadgamocxadeba da am kuTxis SvilebisaTvis XXIgamocxadeba da am kuTxis SvilebisaTvis XXIgamocxadeba da am kuTxis SvilebisaTvis XXIgamocxadeba da am kuTxis SvilebisaTvis XXIgamocxadeba da am kuTxis SvilebisaTvis XXI saukuneSi bibliissaukuneSi bibliissaukuneSi bibliissaukuneSi bibliissaukuneSi bibliisTargmna, rac, upirveles yovlisa, miznad isaxavs eris gaTiSvasTargmna, rac, upirveles yovlisa, miznad isaxavs eris gaTiSvasTargmna, rac, upirveles yovlisa, miznad isaxavs eris gaTiSvasTargmna, rac, upirveles yovlisa, miznad isaxavs eris gaTiSvasTargmna, rac, upirveles yovlisa, miznad isaxavs eris gaTiSvasda qveynis mTlianobis darRvevis mcdelobas"da qveynis mTlianobis darRvevis mcdelobas"da qveynis mTlianobis darRvevis mcdelobas"da qveynis mTlianobis darRvevis mcdelobas"da qveynis mTlianobis darRvevis mcdelobas"76.....

VI. Svilebis dakargvasaqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis ilia meoris mier did

safrTxedaa miCneuli qarTvelTa wasvla ucxoeTSi; es safrTxec realuria,vinaidan: ucxoobaSi kvlav davkargavT dedaenas, dedakulturas,dedareligias; ucxoeTSi dabadebuli Svilebi ver SeiZenen im codnas,romelic adamians qarTvelad ayalibebs; droTa ganmavlobaSi maT STamo-mavlebsac daekargebaT erovnulierovnulierovnulierovnulierovnuli meobismeobismeobismeobismeobis masazrdoebeli mTavari ZarRvi...

kerZod, patriarqi brZanebs: "minda gamovTqva Cemi, da saerTod,yvelas gulistkivili imis gamo, rom bolo dros mravali qarTveliaxalgazrda wavida ucxoeTSi. umetesoba gaWirvebam waiyvana... raodensamwuxaroc ar unda iyos, faqtia, rom zogierTi ver an ar dabrundebasamSobloSi. es imas niSnavs, rom mas daekargeba ena, erovneba, yvelaferiis, riTac amayobda qarTveli"... "faqtiurad, isini dakarguli SvilebiSeiZleba gaxdnen CvenTvis"77.

dRes saqarTveloSi bevri problemaa; problemebis gamo tovebensamSoblos qarTvelebi. sanam gadaxvewili Svilebi samSobloSi dabrunebasSeZleben, maTi rwmenisa da enis SenarCunebis (zogadad, qarTuli identobis)mizniT sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqma, uwmidesmasruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqma, uwmidesmasruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqma, uwmidesmasruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqma, uwmidesmasruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqma, uwmidesmada unetaresma ilia meoremda unetaresma ilia meoremda unetaresma ilia meoremda unetaresma ilia meoremda unetaresma ilia meorem maTTvis daaarsa "dasavleT evropiseparqia" (mitropoliti abraam garmelia), centriT briuselSi78.

VII. ugnuri liberalizmiilia II: "Tu pirovnebas, xalxs, saxelmwifos ar aqvs swori religiuri

da erovnuli ideologia, liberalizmi aucileblad mtrebis sasargeblodimuSavebs da Sinaganad mTlianad daangrevs qveyanas.... ugnuri liberalizmi,rogorc wesi, saTavea mravali negatiuri movlenisa"79... aq mxolod

75 uwmidesi da unetaresi, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II, saSobaoepistole, Tbilisi, 2006, gv. 10.

t. futkaraZe

76 saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis wmida sinodis sxdomis oqmi, 23 dekemberi, 2005weli, Tbilisi; sapatriarqos uwyebani, #45, 29 dekemberi - 4 ianvari, 2005 w. (teqstisTvisix. agreTve, danarTi).77 sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meorissakvirao qadageba, 5 ianvari, 2003 w; sapatriarqos uwyebani, # 1, 10-16 ianvari, 2003 w.,sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meoris qadagebanaTlisRebis dResaswaulze 19 ianvari, 2003 w; sapatriarqos uwyebani, #3, 24-30 ianvari,2003 w.78 sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meorissityva dasavleT evropis eparqiis prezentaciis dros; sapatriarqos uwyebani, #3, 24-30,ianvari, 2003 w.79 sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis ilia meoris 2001wlis saaRdgomo epistole; sapatriarqos uwyebani, #16, 21-27 aprili, 2001 w.

33

aRvniSnavT, rom ugnuri, ugonuri liberalizmiugonuri liberalizmiugonuri liberalizmiugonuri liberalizmiugonuri liberalizmi xSirad zerele codniszerele codniszerele codniszerele codniszerele codnisSedegia, zogjer ki - gaazrebuli mavneblobisa.

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi kidev bevrisaSiSroebis Sesaxeb gvafrTxilebs...

daskvnis nacvlad:daskvnis nacvlad:daskvnis nacvlad:daskvnis nacvlad:daskvnis nacvlad: 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. mamuli, ena, sarwmunoeba ara mxolod saunje, aramed cxovrebiswesic unda iyos qarTveli erisTvis:

wuTisofeli adamianis gamocdaa da, bunebrivia, dRevandelisaqarTvelo, qarTvelis eris amJamindeli Taobac (gamo)vicdebiT.qarTvelebi gamocdis gzas warmatebiT gavivliT da ufro Zlierni daerTianni viqnebiT, Tuki saqarTvelos eqneba Tavisi ideologia. ideologiasaSiSi sityva ar aris; isev Cvens patriarqs movusminoT:isev Cvens patriarqs movusminoT:isev Cvens patriarqs movusminoT:isev Cvens patriarqs movusminoT:isev Cvens patriarqs movusminoT:

"dRes xSirad saubroben, Tu rogori unda iyos ideologiasaqarTveloSi, rogori unda iyos qarTuli idea... mimaCnia, rom, upirvelesyovlisa, wina planze unda iyos wamoweuli erovnuli faseulobani,erovnuli kultura, "ena, mamuli, sarwmunoeba", Cveni damwerloba, CvenixuroTmoZRvreba..."80

patriarqis sxva gamosvlebSic xSiradaa xazgasmuli, rom qarTvelers qmnis : erTi ena , erTiani samSoblo da tradiciulierTi ena , erTiani samSoblo da tradiciulierTi ena , erTiani samSoblo da tradiciulierTi ena , erTiani samSoblo da tradiciulierTi ena , erTiani samSoblo da tradiciulimarTlmadidebluri rwmena...marTlmadidebluri rwmena...marTlmadidebluri rwmena...marTlmadidebluri rwmena...marTlmadidebluri rwmena...

2. qveyanas sWirdeba obieqturi da Tanamedrove qarTvelologia:saqarTvelos mosaxleobisa da mTeli msofliosadmi kaTolikos-

patriarqis ilia meoris locva, siyvaruli locva, siyvaruli locva, siyvaruli locva, siyvaruli locva, siyvaruli da marTali sityva marTali sityva marTali sityva marTali sityva marTali sityvadidi Rvawlia; Tumca uwmidesi da unetaresi konkretuli saqveynosaqmeebiTac aqtiurad cdilobs, rom Cvenma erma droulad daaRwiosTavi urwmunobas, umecrebas, gayalbebuli istoriebis tyveobasaurwmunobas, umecrebas, gayalbebuli istoriebis tyveobasaurwmunobas, umecrebas, gayalbebuli istoriebis tyveobasaurwmunobas, umecrebas, gayalbebuli istoriebis tyveobasaurwmunobas, umecrebas, gayalbebuli istoriebis tyveobasada mterTagan dagebul xafangebs.da mterTagan dagebul xafangebs.da mterTagan dagebul xafangebs.da mterTagan dagebul xafangebs.da mterTagan dagebul xafangebs.

am mizniT sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia IIdidad uwyobs xels qarTvelologiis ganviTarebasqarTvelologiis ganviTarebasqarTvelologiis ganviTarebasqarTvelologiis ganviTarebasqarTvelologiis ganviTarebas; igi iRvwis, raTagadaisinjos imperiis velSi Seqmnili politizebuli "samecniero"debulebebi; garda amisa, patriarqi dReniadag zrunavs, rom xalxSipopularuli gaxdes Tanamedrove qarTvelologiuri kvlevebis Sedegebi.

patriarqis Rvawli gansakuTrebulia qarTuli enisqarTuli enisqarTuli enisqarTuli enisqarTuli enis warmoCenismimarTulebiT; magaliTad, uwmidesisa da unetaresis kurTxeviT gamoica:

- krebuli: "qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisai""qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisai""qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisai""qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisai""qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisai" (I Tavi -lili xevsuriani, II-V Tavebi - tariel futkaraZe, sagalobeli - iosebkuWuxiZe, mxatvari - ilia WrelaSvili; quTaisi, 2000);

- krebuli:"mamuli, ena, sarwmunoeba" Tb., 2007 (redaqtorebi:monazoni nino (grigolaZe) da lali daTaSvili)...


80 sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmidesisa da unetaresis iliameoris qadageba mirqmis dResaswaulze (sionis sapatriarqo taZari, 15 Tebervali, 2004w.); sapatriarqos uwyebani, #7, 19-25 Tebervali, 2004 w.

34

2005 wlis 1 nombers sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqisxelmZRvanelobiT Seiqmna "saqarTvelos saeklesio enis istoriis"saqarTvelos saeklesio enis istoriis"saqarTvelos saeklesio enis istoriis"saqarTvelos saeklesio enis istoriis"saqarTvelos saeklesio enis istoriiskvlevis centri". kvlevis centri". kvlevis centri". kvlevis centri". kvlevis centri". am centrTan funqcionirebs "qarTuli enisa da"qarTuli enisa da"qarTuli enisa da"qarTuli enisa da"qarTuli enisa dakulturis kvlevis samecniero sabWkulturis kvlevis samecniero sabWkulturis kvlevis samecniero sabWkulturis kvlevis samecniero sabWkulturis kvlevis samecniero sabWooooo" (xelmZRvaneli mitropolitianania), romelic organizebas uwevs saeklesio enisa da qarTveluri ena-kiloebis istoriuli mimarTebis Seswavlas"81.

2007 wels Seiqmna telemauwyebloba "iveria"; patriarqs surs, romam televiziam axalgazrdebSi Camoayalibos saxelwifoebrivi azrovnebada SemecnebiTi gadacemebiT mTel saqarTvelos misces obieqturi codnaCveni qveynis istoriisa da kulturis Sesaxeb82.

2008 wels daaarsa andria pirvelwodebulis saxelobisa da tbelabuseriZis saxelobis universitetebi da mravali sxv.

3. ena - qarTuli, rwmena - WeSmariti:wigns davamTavrebT sinas mTaze sinas mTaze sinas mTaze sinas mTaze sinas mTaze 1984 wels saqarTvelos kaTolikos-

patriarqis ilia II-is uflisadmi locvis erTi fragmentiT: "msgavsadwmidisa mamisa Cvenisa iovane oqropirisa, me codvili mona Seni, ilia II,yovelTa qarTvelTa saxeliTa vxmob:

"gadideb Sen da gmadlob Sen, mowyaleo, rameTu gvqmen msgavsadSenda, rameTu mogvaniWe ena qarTuli da rwmena WeSmaritimogvaniWe ena qarTuli da rwmena WeSmaritimogvaniWe ena qarTuli da rwmena WeSmaritimogvaniWe ena qarTuli da rwmena WeSmaritimogvaniWe ena qarTuli da rwmena WeSmariti"...83

t. futkaraZe

81 sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis ilia meoris brZaneba #11982 sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis ilia meoris 2007 wlis saaRdgomoepistole; sapatriarqos uwyebani, #11, 12-18 aprili, 200783 saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II, epistoleni, sityvani, qadagebani, wigni I,Tb., 1997, gv. 4

35

TARIEL PUTKARADZE

THE GEORGIAN LANGUAGE –NATIONAL LIFE OF GEORGIANS

According to epistles, sermons and speeches of Catholicos-Patriarchof All Georgia, the Archbishop of Mtskheta-Tbilisi and Metropolitan Bishop

of Abkhazia and Pitsunda, His Holiness and Beatitude Ilia II

The history of the humankind chronicles the birth and death of various peoples.On the background of the serious events of arising and vanishing of the societies thethirty-three thousand years of life and survival history of the Georgian people couldbe passed for a miracle, which, above all, has been performed by means of theGeorgian language. It is also an unmistakable fact that during the last two-thousandyears the Georgian national identity has been nurtured by the Christian faith. AsChristianity here was not only the philosophy of life and the way of existence, whenfacing the invasions of enemies Georgian people held uncompromised attitudes totheir faith that made them intrepid and unbroken; gradually, through the flow ofcenturies, Christian churches and monasteries turned into active Kartvelian (Georgianlanguage) cultural centers and divine sources for strengthening and sharpening thesense of national unity. In case of certain successes of Georgia’s enemies in theweakening or crumbling of the country in various periods of history the GeorgianChurch managed to maintain the common Church and the national and state spaceand drew up correct national guidelines for its people under the given circumstances.Nowadays when 20% of the present Georgian state territories, recognized by theworld commonwealth, has been occupied and annexed to the enemy state the GeorgianChurch provides the same guidance.

In the present era of great imperial aggressions and of globalization the wordsof His Beatitude Ilia II, Catholicos-patriarch of all Georgia, clearly determine theways for the Georgia’s national survival.

The present book reflects His Beatitude Ilia II’s visions about the language andculture history of Georgians and modern threats pending on the country. In particular,the book discusses the following issues:

- Righteous Lazarus – the symbol of the Georgian nation;- Since when do we celebrate the Day of the Georgian Language?- April 14th - the Day of the state language of Georgia;- The literary Georgian language as the unshakable foundation of the Georgian

nation, and more.


36

LELA AVALIANI,LUIZA KHACHAPURIDZE,OMAR AKKAM

EXPRESSIONS RELATED TO GOD IN THE ARABICAND LANGUAGES

In the speech of every people there are expressions containing the name ofgod. People usually refer to such speech patterns to express various kinds of emotions,both in everyday situations and in very special cases.

We have compared the phrases containing the word ”god ” in Arabic andGeorgian to show what common and different motivations underlay of such utterancesin the speeches of the peoples of different faiths and nationalities.

The materials for the illustrations had been taken from the records collectedby us in Aleppo, Syrian Arab Republic and in the west Georgia and also from the dataof the Dialctology Institute at the Akaki Tsereteli University.

– in the name of god – is uttered before starting any job to do. InGeorgian corresponding phrase in the similar situation is used the phrase “gmertiskhseneba//kristes shedgoma” - Mentioning of God// Follow Christ (mentioning ofGod- according to the teachings of the Saint Fathers’ one should glorify god beforebeginning of any undertaking, ask for the grace and cross oneself; ”kristesshedgoma”(to follow Christ) is a phrase used at baptism rituals. It is a kind of adialogue held between the priest and the person to be baptised, like:”Will you followChrist?” ”I will follow Christ”, meaning “I will begin the new life”.

Before engagement in any work Georgians say:”vakhsenot gmerti da shevudgetsakmes” (let us mention the name of god and get down to business) (CD, Fund E).or”akhsene gmerti da nu zarmatsob” (mention the god and do not stand idle); (CD,fund C). ”ras shvreba mag, kidev ar shedgomia kristes, mase moikvans tskhovrebas?”(CD fund A) (What is he doing, has not yet he followed Christ, how is he going toget fortune?”).

– thanks God – People say after accomplishing any task. The samephrase is used in Georgian. ”madloba gmerts” or sometimes replaced by ”madlobaupals” (thanks God) or ”mogvarda sakme” (CD fund E) (Thanks to the Lord, wehave got round to it);” madloba upals dasrulda gzis sheketeba” (=thanks to the Lord,the road repairing works are over) - as an expression of relief or pleasure.

- if it is the God’s will – the phrase is used when talking overcertain plans/projects. In the analogous situation in Georgian there occurs anexpression: ”gmertma inebos” meaning ”may it be the Lord’s will”. ”gmertma inebosda ase tu gagrdzelda kalaki dzalian galamazedeba” (CD fund E), May it be the Lord’swill but if it keeps it up the city will become beautiful” .

- God protect us from the evil eye. For the protectionfrom the evil”Alah Qapina” is also used when expressing repulsion or antipathy;and when yawning, the expression”aqzbil lahi” – (May the God protect us)

- is uttered. In Georgia for the purpose of evasion of all troublesthey say:”upalma gmertma dagviparos kovelgvari avisagan tvalisagan/pekhisaza (may

بسم الله

الحمد لله

اللهإن شاء

يخزي العين

(ذايعلاو هللاب) أعوذ بالله

KARTVELIAN HERITAGE


37

the Lord protect us from all the evil/ from evil eye/ evil foot.etc” The Georgiancongregation say also the paraphrased psalm lines: ”gmerto shetsevnasa chemsamokheden” (psalm 69). ”Graciously rescue me, God, come quickly to help me,Lord”. Or ”gmerto nu ganmeshorebi chemgan” (Ps. 70, 12) (God, do not stand farfrom me”); As for the moment of yawing, the believers cross themselves on theirlips to be protected from the evil, as according to the old belief evil spirit can cometo lodge into the body.

– God, (you) bless the prophet; the phrase is used inArabic to express great surprise praise or curse, in the similar situation in Georgianwe find”dideba upals” ( Glory to God); ”dideba upals, ra bedineri dge gamitenda”(CD fund E) ( Glory to god , what a fine day it has begun)... ”dideba shenda upalo,ratom gamamtsare ase ”(D fund A); (Glory to you, God why have you embitteredmy life).

– I swear by God or I ask you to swear by your God; in Georgia theanalogous phrase is but rarely used to assert one’s truthfulness. Georgians say: ”gmertikhati, rjuli, gmertia motsame ( god, icon, faith , God is witness) e.g. gmerti, khati, rjulitu rame gamegebodes mag sakmis (CD fund E) (.= God, icon, faith if I knew anythingabout it, or God is the witness. If I knew what the mather is).

– ask and God will give it to you. A correspondingexpression in Georgian is, like: ”itkhove da mogetsema, daakakune dagagegheba”(And I tell you. Ask and you will receive, seek and you will find, knockand the door will be open to you) – the phrases originate from the New Testament.(Luke. 11. 9).

– entrust your affairs to the God ,trust the god /rely on God – is used to express sympathy for the sad or for consolationof the people in trouble. The same is said in Gerogian ; ”gmerts miende/ gmertiamotsqale (Trust the God, god is gracious” e.g. Gmerts miende da kvelaperi mogvardeba9CD, fund E) (Trust in God and everything will be all right).

– by way of god’s encouragement, by god’s grace – is saidas a response to thanks to make it a point that it is god to whom we should bethankful and not to a man. e.g. ”Thank you for your assistance. - Thanks to God”.In the same manner the Georgians respond to thanks. However, completely identicalphrase is found only in the speech of believers, and the more secular version for thecommon public is ”ras brdzanebt, arafris” (Think nothing of it).

– wrongly suspected man is innocent beforethe god – is said to console a person who was unfairly treated or humiliated. InGeorgian in the same purpose they say ”gmertia magla/ gmerti khedavs mtquan-martals” (god looks from height/god sees the guilties and the innocents ); also ”godis among the seed of the innocent”.

– may the god give you patience – is used toencourage the one in enduring the troubled times. In Georgian along with the sameexpression they say”With your patience...” (New Testament) / ’upalma gagadzlieros’(may the god give you strength.).

– without god’s will the efforts are groundless.In the same situation a phrase from”The Man in the Panther’s Skin” That what goddoes not wish, no such efforts can be fulfilled”. The similar paraphrase is found inPsalms:”Unless the Lord build the house, they labour in vain who build”(127.1).

اللهم صل ع النبي

هللاب

أجت و الله جابا

اعتمدت ع الله و عليك / أمري ل ألله

الفضل ل الله

نيال المتهوم عند ربو بريء

الله يجيبك يا طولة البال

ال حول و ال قوة إال بالله

RmerTTan dakavSirebuli gamonaTqvamebi arabulsa da qarTulSi

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– literary, ”May the god give you benefit in the formof laughter.” The similar expression as a form of blessing can be traced in Georgian:”upalma samkhiarulod mogtset sakme” , (May the god give you the mood (affairs)for rejoicing); ”gmertma sul karg khasiatze gamqofod” (CD E;C) (May the god keepyou in your high mood). As for the laughter and the excess rejoicement the believersin Georgia would say: ”gmertma shegvargos da mogviteos”, (May the god do it forour good and forgive us) as according to the teachings of the Saint Fathers’ toomuch fun and laughter is regarded as sin (Confession, Tbilisi 1989). As for theArabic”May the god provide you benefits” its corresponding expression in Georgian,as a form of blessing is: ”gmertma kheiri mistses shens ojakhs”, ”kheiri shens saqmes”(CD. Fund E;C) (May the god give benefit to your family, may you derive benefitfrom your business).

The collation and discussion of the materials has shown that in both languagesthe expressions are based on religious visions. Besides, in Arabic the similar phrasesstem from popular beliefs and imaginations while in Georgian speech, apart from thefolk expressions containing the name of god, there are some originated directly fromPsalms and the New Testament.

الله يعطينا خير هاضحك

lela avaliani, luiza xaWapuriZe, omar aqami

RmerTTan dakavSirebuli gamonaTqvamebi arabulsa da qarTulSi

yvela xalxis metyvelebaSi gvxvdeba RvTis saxelis Semcveli

gamonaTqvamebi. adamianebi mas ZiriTadad ama Tu im emociis gamosaxatavad iyeneben rogorc yoveldRiur urTierTobaSi, aseve konkretul situaciaSi.

statiaSi ganxilulia is gamonaTqvamebi, romlebic orive enaSi dasturdeba: بسم الله _ vaxsenoT RmerTi; الحمد لله _ madloba RmerTs; إن شاء cudi Tvalisagan RmerTma _ يخزي العين ;Tu RmerTi inebebs _ هللاdagvifaros; هللاب ;RmerTo, Sen daloce winaswarmetyveli _ اللهم صل ع النبي_ RmerTs gaficeb; أجت و الله جابا _ iTxove da RmerTi mogcems; / أمري ل ألله

RmerTs miande saqme, RmerTs miende, RmerTs _ اعتمد ت ع الله و عليكdaeyrdeni; ال سمح الله / الله ال يروينا _ RmerTma nu gagvagonos, RmerTma ar inebos, RmerTma nu qnas; الفضل ل الله _ RmerTis SemweobiT, RvTis wyalobiT; نيال المتهوم عند ربو بريء_ arasworad eWvmitanili sufTaa uflis winaSe; الله يجيبك يا طولة البال _ RmerTma mogces moTmineba; ال حول و ال ق وة إال بالله_ RvTis gareSe mcdeloba usafuZvloa; الله يعطينا خير هاضحك _ sityvasityviT : "RmerTma mogvces xeiri sicilis saxiT".

masalis ganxilvam aCvena, rom saanalizo leqsemebs orive erSi safuZvlad religiuri xedva udevs. unda aRiniSnos, rom arabulSi msgavsi frazebi ZiriTadad rwmena-warmodgenebidan momdinareobs, qarTvelTa metyvelebaSi ki RvTis saxelis Semcveli msgavsi gamonaTqvamebis gverdiT gvxvdeba fsalmunebidan da axali aRTqmidan momdinare frazebic.

l. avaliani, l. xaWapuriZe, o. aqami

36

oTar gogoliSvili

baTumis olqi saqarTvelosbaTumis olqi saqarTvelosbaTumis olqi saqarTvelosbaTumis olqi saqarTvelosbaTumis olqi saqarTvelos

demokratiuli respublikisdemokratiuli respublikisdemokratiuli respublikisdemokratiuli respublikisdemokratiuli respublikis

SemadgenlobaSiSemadgenlobaSiSemadgenlobaSiSemadgenlobaSiSemadgenlobaSi

1920 wlis ivlisSi baTumis olqis saqarTvelos demokratiulirespublikis SemadgenlobaSi dabrunebas mTeli baTumis olqis mosaxleobadidi aRfrTovanebiT Sexvda. qarTul jars misi msvlelobis manZilzesixaruliT egebeboda mosaxleoba da yvavilebis Taigulebs esroda.barcxanasTan jars Sexvda ̀ samuslimano saqarTvelos ganmanTavisuflebeliorganizaciis’’ delegacia da mTeli mosaxleobis saxeliT miuloca maT esdidmniSvnelovani gamarjveba. delegaciis saxeliT jars miesalmnen: memedabaSiZe, jemal qiqava, muxamed wulukiZe da sxvebi. qalaqSi iyo sazeimoganwyobileba. ukravda musika. iyo namdvili zeimi. bulvarSi gaimarTa didiseirnoba, romelSic monawileoba miiRo qalaqis mTelma mosaxleobam.imarTeboda saxeldaxelo mitingebi, sadac oratorebi sixaruliTsaubrobdnen am RirsSesaniSnavi movlenis Sesaxeb. sayuradReboa aziziesmoedanze (Tavisuflebis moedani) gamarTuli mitingi. aq sityviT gamovidaqeTevan miqelaZe, romelmac xalxs mouTxro im didi tanjva-wamebis Sesaxeb,romelic aqaurma mosaxleobam gadaitana Tavisi xangrZlivi istoriis manZilzeda miuxedavad mravali dampyroblis mcdelobisa, rom es ZirZveli kuTxemoewyvitaT deda-saqarTvelosaTvis, adgilobrivma mosaxleobam ar dakargaqarTveloba. maT gauZles xocva-Jletas, darbevas, awiokebas da es ZirZveliqarTuli mxare kvlav daubrunes mis mSobel saqarTvelos (acsa, f. 21-6,aRw. 1, saq. 703, furc. 55).

am zeimSi monawileobas iRebdnen ingliselebi iuliam silvestri dajimi harti. isini gaocebulni Secqerodnen am mdgomarobas, radgan, uiliamsilvestris TqmiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom baTumis olqi didi xnis ganmavlobaSiar iyo saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi da arc aqauri mosaxleobaa qristiani,isini ise zeimobdnen am dRes (e.i. saqarTvelos dabrunebas - o.g.), rogorces namdvil dResaswauls Sehferiso. jimi harti ki aRniSnavda: "ar vici, raunda momxdariyo aq iseTi, rom adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi aseTi aRfrTovanebada zeimi gamoewvia, rogorc es gamoiwvia saqarTvelosTan dabrunebam" (acsa,furc. 62). es namdvili saxalxo zeimi TiTqmis erTi kviris ganmavlobaSigagrZelda. xalxs imedi mieca. yvela mxiaruli da sazeimod ganwyobilniiyo.

baTumis olqis sagangebo komisrad dainiSna cnobili pirovneba beniaCxikviSvili . mas didi avtoriteto hqonda adgilobriv partiulorganizaciebSi. man baTumSi CamosvlisTanave daayena sakiTxi baTumis olqismarTva-gamgeobis organizaciis Sesaxeb. am mizniT moiwvia TaTbiri, sadacgaimarTa msjeloba, Tu ra meTodebi unda gamoeyenebinaT adgilobrivi mxarismarTvaSi. upirveles yovlisa, saWiro iyo ingliselebis mier SemoRebulimmarTvelobis stilis Secvla. gansakuTrebiT didi yuradReba mieqca qalaq

KARTVELIAN HERITAGE


37

baTums. gadawyda, rom baTumis samarTavad unda Seqmniliyo saqalaqo sabWo,xolo qalaqisTvis unda exelmZRvanela qalaqis mouravs, romelicangariSvaldebuli unda yofiliyo saqalaqo sabWos winaSe. aseve undagadanawilebuliyo funqciebi qalaqis mouravsa da sabWos Soris. iyo azri,rom qalaqis sabWo Tavisi gauTavebeli sxdomebiT ar miscemda mouravsTavisuflad muSaobis saSualebas. ambobdnen imasac, rom Tu mxolod qalaqismouravis xelSi aRmoCndeboda mTeli Zalaufleba, es daarRvevdademokratiul normebs da xalxis TvalSi avtoriteti Seelaxebodaadgilobriv xelisuflebas. bolos gadawyda, SeeqmnaT qalaqis sabWo mouravismeTaurobiT.

unda aRiniSnos, rom baTumis olqi am dros marTlac mZimemdgomareobaSi iyo. ingliselebma aq moSales cxovrebis normalurifunqcionireba. qalaqi baTumi maT pirwmindad gaZarcves. gaitanes yovelgvarifaseuli. 1920 wlis 24 ivniss inglisurma gemma baTumidan gazida sxvadasxvasaxis samrewvelo, sasoflo da sayofacxovrebo saqoneli. aseve maT waaxalisesda gaaTamames sxvadasxva rjulis avantiuristebi, mZarcvelebi da sxv. racufro sakvirvelia, ingliselebma bolSevikebs misces qalaqSi Tu mis olqSiTavisuflad parpaSis ufleba. ufro metic, gubernatorma kuk-kolsmabolSevikebis delegacias ganucxada, rom baTumis olqi mainc ruseTTaniqnebao. amasTan, Turqofilebis Tavgasulobas sazRvari ar hqonda.ingliselebma kidev ufro gaaZlieres proTurquli organizacia "sedaimileTi". am organizacias maT misces fulic da iaraRic. Seuqmnes filialebibaTumis olqis mTel teritoriaze. mouwyves stamba, sadac ibeWdebodaTurqul da rusul enebze antiqarTuli mimarTulebis gazeTebi. Turqebisemisrebis parpaSs dasasruli ar uCanda. ai, aseTi antiqarTuli garemo Seqmnesingliselebma im momentSi, rodesac baTumis olqi daubrunda deda-saqarTvelos da, ra Tqma unda, axlad arCeuli qarTuli xelisuflebaaRmoCnda didi sirTuleebis winaSe.

1920 wlis 26 ivliss gamosces brZaneba"qalaqSi wesrigis" Sesaxeb. ambrZanebiT mkacrad daisjeboda yvela, vinc ar daemorCileboda xelisuflebasda daarRvevda simSvides. am brZanebam Sedegic ki gamoiRo. qalaqis miliciamgvardielebTan erTad daiwyo patrulireba. mag., 28 ivliss maT baTumiserT-erT ubanSi Seipyres da sastikad scemes sami mZarcveli. aseve, 27 ivlissdaakaves qurdebis jgufi , romlebic binebs Zarcvavdnen . aseve,administraciuli sasjeli daedo maT, vinc arRvevda aRniSnuli brZanebismuxlebs. Tumca, rogorc Semdgom dadasturda, es ar aRmoCnda sakmarisimdgomareobis gamosasworeblad, radgan cxovrebis dezintegraciis kvaliZalian Rrma da sagrZnobi iyo. baTumis olqis xelisufleba social-demokratiuli (menSevikuri) iyo. maT daundobeli brZola gamoucxadesyvela gaerTianebebs Tu organizaciebs, romlebsac gansxvavebuli poziciaeWiraT. upirveles yovlisa, "TvalSi amoiRes" bolSevikebi, romlebic iqmomravlebulni iyvnen 1920 wlis dasawyisidan. bolSevikebi marTlac romZirgamomTxrel saqmianobas eweodnen xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg da cdilobdnenmosaxleobis mimxrobas. am moqmedebam metad saxifaTo xasiaTi miiRo 1920

o. gogoliSvili

38

wlis meore naxevarSi, amitom mTavrobam 1920 wlis agvistos gamosca kideverTi brZaneba "antisaxelmwifoebrivi saqmianobis aRmkveTi RonisZiebebisSesaxeb". brZanebaSi miTiTebuli iyo: "baTumis olqSi moqmedi zogierTipolitikuri dajgufeba cdilobs mosaxleobaSi saxeli gautexos saqarTvelosxelisulebas da am mizniT eweva antisaxelmwifoebriv saqmianobas. isini xalxSiavrceleben proklamaciebs da surT gamoiwvion areuloba... amitom saWiroadauyovnebliv aRkveTil iqnas aseTi moqmedeba”. am brZanebas bolSevikebmaprotestiT upasuxes. amis gamo maTi delegacia ewvia b. CxikviSvils,romelsac moaxsenes, rom es aris ruseT-saqarTvelos Soris 1920 wlis 7maisis xelSerulebis darRveva. bolSevikebis delegacias, romlisSemadgenlobaSi iyvnen: a. volkovi, i. simoniSvili da sxvebi, b. CxikviSvilmaganucxada, rom xelSekrulebas Tqven, bolSevikebi, arRvevT, radgan xalxSidezorganizacia SegaqvT da eweviT ZirgamomTxrel saqmianobas. amitomicodeT, rom, marTalia, Cven am xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad ar vkrZalavT Tqveniorganizaciis saqmianobas, magram ar mogcemT Tavisuflad parpaSisuflebaso". amas Sedegad is mohyva, rom gaZlierda represiebi. daapatimresramdenime aTeuli kaci. bevri maTgani saerTod gadaasaxles baTumis olqissazRvrebidan "antisaxelmwifoebrivi saqmianobisTvis" (acsa, saq. 704, furc.29-30). rac Seexeba Turquli orientaciis organizaciebs, aq SedarebiTsifrTxile gamoiCines, radgan imxanad Zlieri iyo Turquli orientaciisorganizaciebis zegavlena mosaxleobaSi da erTbaSad maTze ieriSis mitanasasurveli ar iqneboda, Tumca zogierTi aseTi organizaciis wevridaapatimres antisaxelmwifoebrivi saqmianobisTvis. isic unda aRiniSnos,rom aseTma mdgomareobam gaarTula viTareba (acsa, furc. 37).

am sirTulem Tavi iCina ukve agvistos meore naxevaridan. TiTqos sadRacgaqra is eiforia, romelsac adgili hqonda aq 1920 wlis ivlisSi, rodesacbaTumis olqi qarTvelma jarma daikava. swored amas mieZRvna 1920 wlis 9agvistos saqalaqo sabWos sxdoma, romelsac xelmZRvanelobda qalaqismouravi gizo anjafariZe. man aRniSna, rom baTumSi SeimCneva mosaxleobiserTi nawilis ukmayofileba Cvendami. amiT sargebloben mtrebi da cdilobenkidv ufro daiZabos viTareba; saqmes represiebic ver Svelis. saWiroagadaudebeli RonisZiebebis gatareba. sxdomaze vrceli sityviT gamovidasaqalaqo sabWos gamgeobis wevri, cnobili social-demokrati (menSeviki)kapiton gogolaZe, romelmac ganacxada: "pirdapir gasakviria, ras undamoelodos mosaxleobis erTi nawili ase swrafad Cvengan, Cveni xelisuflebaaq sul erTi Tvea funqcionirebs da am mokle xanSi romeli mTavroba SeZlebsyvelafris gakeTebas. jer amisTvis droa saWiro. nabijebi am mimarTulebiTidgmeba da momavalSic ase gagrZeldeba. nurc is dagvaviwydeba, Tu ra rTulpirobebSi gviwevs muSaoba. yvela Cveni xelisSemSlelia, yvela Zirs gviTxrisda am dros kidev pretenziebis gamoTqma marTebuli ar aris".

metad saintereso da, Cveni azriT, yuradsaRebi iyo qalaqis sabWosgamgeobis wevris i. gorgaSvilis gamosvla. man aRniSna, rom is Sexvda qalaqisgavlenian mahmadianebs, romlebmac mas sTxoves saqalaqo sabWos winaSedaeyenebina sakiTxi baTumis olqis avtonomiis Sesaxeb, radgan, maTi azriT,

baTumis olqi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis SemadgenlobaSi

39

swored avtonomiis sakiTxis droulad gadaWras SeeZlo mdgomareobisgamosworeba.

avtonomiis Sesaxeb sakiTxis dayenebam kamaTi gamoiwvia. kapitongogolaZis azriT, avtonomiis Sesaxeb sakiTxis dayeneba naadrevi iyo. Tumcman isic aRniSna, rom am sakiTxis gadawyvetis ufleba adgilobrivxelisuflebas ara aqvs, radgan is saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebisprerogativaao. metad sayuradRebo Cans qalaqis mouravis moadgilis ziabegabaSiZis gamosvla. misi azriT, "avtonomia aris aucilebeli da Tu esdroulad gadawyda, kidevac moeReba bolo am avantiurizms, romelsac aqaqvs adgili. saWiroa xalxis momzadeba amisaTvis, magram jer kidev sxvamniSvnelovani sakiTxebi gvaqvs gadasawyveti". mas ar daukonkretebia, Turas gulisxmobda is am sxva mniSvnelovan sakiTxebSi.

bolos sxdomis Sedegebi Seajama gizo anjafariZem, romelic avtonomiissakiTxsac Seexo da aRniSna, rom olqis komisari b. CxikviSvili avtonomiisSesaxeb esaubra saqarTvelos xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebs. isiniwinaaRmdegni ar arian am sakiTxis irgvliv msjelobisa, magram amisTvis jerkidev dro iyo saWiro. amJamad komisari TbilisSi imyofeba (b.CxikviSvilibaTumis olqis sagangebo rwmunebulis movaleobaTan erTad asrulebda q.Tbilisis Tavis movaleobasac - o.g.) da rodesac is baTumSi dabrundeba,masTan am sakiTxebzec gveqneba saubario. g. anjafariZis azriT, qalaqis sabWosaqvs mxolod sakiTxis dasmis ufleba, magram gadawyveta am sakiTxisa ukveTbilisis xelisuflebis movaleobaSi Sedioda (acsa, furc. 44-48).

avtonomiis sakiTxi kidev gaxda saqalaqo sabWos sxdomis msjelobissagani. am sakiTxze gamarTulma debatebma mTeli qalaqi moicva. bolos komisarib. CxikviSvili iZulebuli gaxda weriliT ecnobebina saqalaqo sabWosTvis,rom maT SeewyvitaT am Temaze saubari da Tu vinme kvlav mas wamoWrida,maSin is provokatori iqneboda, radgan am SemTxvevaSi is mtrebis wisqvilzeasxamda wyals. avtonomiis micema rTuli sakiTxia, jer unda Catardesmosaxleobis gamokiTxva, mzad arian Tu ara isini "zedmeti warmonaqmnisaTvis".rodesac Tavis droze mTavrobas xelT eqneba aseTi gamokiTxvis Sedegebi,maSin SeiZleba am sakiTxis irgvliv saubario.

avtonomiis sakiTxi im momentisaTvis, rogorc Cans, mosaxleobis erTnawilSi momwifebuli iyo da moiTxovda mis dauyovnebliv gadaWras. am sakiTxsisini uyenebdnen ratomRac saqalaqo sabWos da ara komisars. etyoba, komisariCxikviSvili ar Tvlida saWirod am sakiTxis gadaWras, radgan es misTvismiuRebeli iyo, Tanac imJamad baTumis olqi mZime mdgomareobaSi imyofebodada misi am mdgomareobidan gamosayvanad didi dro iyo saWiro.

TandaTan daiwyes baTumis olis mTel teritoriaze saxelisufleboorganoebis Camoyalibeba. es procesi mtkivnuli iyo. bevr adgilas xalxi"mtrulad ganewyo" menSevikuri xelisuflebisadmi. am mimarTulebiT undaiTqvas, rom xelisuflebam dauSva Secdoma. SearCia iseTi kadrebi, romlebicver idgnen mowodebis simaRleze. gansakuTrebiT daiZaba viTareba arTvinisolqSi, sadac ufrosad dainiSna polkovniki wulukiZe, romelsac arcTuise saxarbielo warsuli hqonda. wulukiZis daniSvna erTsulovnad ar

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momxdara, radgan mas mowinaaRmdegeebi gamouCndnen. isini aRniSnavdnen, romiseT rTul adgilas, rogoric arTvinia, am kacis daniSvna yovladgaumarTlebelia. am sityvebis siswore mogvianebiT gamoCnda, rodesacwulukiZis mouqneli politikis gamo arTvinis olqi kinaRam "mTlianaddaikarga". ai, ras werdnen arTvinis olqidan baTumis sagangebo komisars:"Tqven mier daniSnuli wulukiZe Seuferebelia TanamdebobisaTvis. es kaciaseve uniWoa administraciul saqmianobaSi. mas aqvs Zalian bevri SeuferebeliuaryofiTi Tviseba. aris uxeSi da mouqneli. bilwsityvaobs. administraciaaavso usaqmuri xalxiT, romlebic pirwavardnili meqrTameebi arian. yovladaRmaSfoTebelia miliciis TviTneboba, romelTa mxridan xalxis SeviwrovebaCveulebrivi movlenaa... Tu es kaci ar moSorda arTvins, icodeT, arTvinSigamousworebeli mdgomareoba iqneba" (acsa, saq. 706, furc. 14).

miuxedavad aseTi gamafrTxilebeli Setyobinebisa, baTumis olqisxelisuflebam is uyuradRebod datova. am uyuradRebobam ki Tavisi SedegebigamoiRo. 1920 wlis agvistos bolos arTvinis olqis administraciulSenobasTan mivida xalxis jgufi da ufrosisgan moiTxova pirveladimoTxovnilebis saqonelze fasis dakleba, magram imis nacvlad, rom xalxisTvismoesminaT da mdgomareobis gamosworebaze erTad ezrunaT, xalxs miliciamiusies da Zalis gamoyenebiT garekes. es faqti Semdeg gaxda dramatulimovlenebis ganviTarebis mizezi. saRamos administraciul Senobas Tavs daesxaramdenime aTeuli SeiaraRebuli piri da cecxli gauxsna SigniT myofT. amasSedegad is mohyva, rom erTi adamiani daiRupa, xolo ramdenime daiWra. Semdeges SeiaraRebuli jgufi gaemarTa yazarmebisaken, sadac gvardielebi iyvnendabanakebulni da maT cecxli gauxsnes. atyda ormxrivi srola. bevri daiRupa,ramdenime aTeuli ki daiWra. metad kritikuli viTareba Seiqmna, magramisev gonebam gaimarjva. adgilobrivi mahmadianebis mxridan ramdenime cnobilmapirovnebam aiZula Tavisianebi cecxli Seewyvita. es moTxovna Sesrulda.Semdeg es pirovnebebi gaemarTnen olqis ufrosTan Sexvedraze. damfrTxaliwulukiZe iZulebuli iyo daTanxmebuliyo maTi moTxovnis Sesrulebaze.isargebles ra amiT, rom olqis xelisufleba uunaro aRmoCnda, daiwyo Turqiemisrebis eniT auwereli, Tavgasuli parpaSi. isini daufaravad moZraobdnenmTel arTvinSi da atarebdnen antiqarTul agitaciebs. ufro metic, emisrebiise gaTavxeddnen, TviT ufrosis Senobidan ramdenime aTeul metrSic kimosaxleobasTan atarebdnen saubrebs adgilobriv mahmadianebSi da xalxsmouwodebdnen TurqeTTan SeerTebaze. xolo olqis xelmZRvaneloba viTomverafers amCnevda da, rac yvelaze metad aRmaSfoTebeli iyo, iaraRiTa datyvia-wamliT ukanonod vaWrobda. am binZur saqmeSi gareuli iyo yvela -dawyebuli olqis ufrosidan damTavrebuli rigiT gvardielamde. iseTimdgomareoba Seiqmna, rom im droisaTvis iaraRi ufro iolad iSoveboda,vidre kvebis produqti. iaraRiT vaWroba gaxda Semosavlis erT-erTi wyaro,xolo Sedegi am windauxedavi politikisa is iyo, rom 1920 welis 6 seqtembersarTvinSi, dRisiT, xalxis Tvalwin daxoces oTxi qarTveli milicieli.mkvlelebi miimalnen. mosaxleobisaTvis cnobili iyo is adgili, sadac isinimiimalnen, magram imxanad arapopularuli iyo xelisufleba xalxis TvalSi,


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rom mas aravin ar acnoba mkvlelebis adgilsamyofeli. Tumca mTavrobamanonimuri Setyobinebidan mainc gaigo maTi samalavi, magram bandebi ise iyvnenSeiaraRebulni, rom xelisuflebam ver SeZlo jaris gagzavna. isini SiSobdnen,rom winaaRmdegoba didi iqneboda. ai, aseTi mdgomareoba iyo SeqmniliarTvinSi uniWo xelisuflebis "ZalisxmeviT". TviT adgilobrivi social-demokratiuli organizacia iZulebuli gaxda, rom eRiarebina: "arTvinsmovla sWirdeboda da Tu ar Seicvala aq mmarTvelobis struqtura,mdgomareoba umarTavi gaxdeba" (acsa, saq. 714, furc. 26).

aseTi mdgomareoba iyo Seqmnili kintriSis (qobuleTis) raionSic.aq kidev ufro mZime da autaneli mdgomareoba iyo. SeiZleba iTqvas, romqobuleTi mtrebis saxifaTo gavlenis qveS moeqca. baTumis olqisadministraciam ver moaxerxa qobuleTis raionis saxelisuflo mmarTvelobisCamoyalibeba-ganmtkiceba. maT mxolod qobuleTSi SeZles saxelisufloorganos Seqmna, magram am xelisuflebis Zalaufleba qobuleTs iqiT saerTodar vrceldeboda. qobuleTis soflebSi ar arsebobda araviTarisaxelisuflo struqtura. aq arc socialisturi organizacia iyo Zlieri.iyo mxolod agitatorebis mcire jgufi, romelic veraviTar gavlenas veraxdenda movlenaTa msvlelobaze. samagierod, rogorc arTvinSi, ise aqacZlieri iyo Turqofiluri elementebi, romlebic Tavisuflad moqmedebdnen.gansakuTrebiT gamoirCoda proTurquli organizacia "sedai mileTi".SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qobuleTis raionSi, xelisuflebis uunarobis gamo,namdvil xelisuflebas es partia flobda. xalxi ufro metad am partiasTanmidioda, vidre legitimur xelisuflebasTan. raionis centrSi, erT-erTmosaxlesTan iyo am organizaciis Stab-bina, xolo maTi filialebiqobuleTis soflebSi iyo mofenili. "sedai mileTis" xelmZRvanelipirwavardnili antiqarTveli xasan efendi buRar-oRli iyo. 1920 wlis 29agvistos qobuleTSi Sedga am organizaciis Sekreba. Sekrebis Sesaxeb acnobesadgilobriv xelisuflebas, magram am ukanasknelma ar gaatara araviTariRonisZieba Sekrebis CasaSlelad. Sekrebaze sityviT gamosulebma: buRar-oRlim, axmed Cemi-oRlim, enver efendi oRlim, suleiman cecxlaZem, ismailromanaZem, xasan oRli kobaxiZem da sxvebma isaubres im situaciaze, romelicqobuleTSi Seiqmna. aRniSnes, rom maTTvis miuRebelia gurjebis xelisufleba,radgan es aramahmadianuria, xolo buRar-oRlim Tqva, rom xelisuflebadroebiTia da mas didi xnis moqmedebis saSualeba ar eqneba. man isic aRiara,rom aucilebelia mosaxleobaSi agitaciis gaZliereba da xalxis darwmunebaimaSi, rom TurqeTi male SeZlebs am mxaris SeerTebaso. aqve erT-erTmaTurqofilma xasan oRli kobaxiZem qarTul xelisuflebas ,,matyuara" uwoda,radgan is xalxs dapirda avtonomias da araferi gaukeTebia, xolo suleimancecxlaZem cecxlze navTi daasxa da Tqva, rom me imitom Semovedi amorganizaciaSi (e.i. sedai mileTSi - o.g.), davinaxe WeSmariti siyvaruliTavisi xalxisa da mjera, Tu TurqeTi kvlav SemoierTebs Cvens mxares, isgurjebiviT xalxs ki ar moatyuebs, aramed Seasrulebs imas, rasac dapirda,mxedvelobaSi maqvs Cveni mxarisTvis namdvili avtonomiis micemao. am Sekrebazegadawyvites, rom organizaciis saxeliT adgilobriv xelisuflebasTan

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misuliyo misi ramdenime wevri da maTTvis gadaecaT "adgilobrivi mahmadianebismimarTva".

marTlac, 10 seqtembers "sedai mileTelebi" eaxlnen qobuleTis raionisufross da moiTxoves, rom qobuleTis raionSi xelisuflebis organoebSisamuSaod SeeyvanaT maTi warmomadgenlebic. es moTxovna ufrosmakategoriulad uaryo. ufro metic, man saSineli windauxedavi nabiji gadadgada am "provokatorebis" dapatimrebis brZaneba gasca. isini daakaves, magrambolos raionis ufrosi Tavisianebma daarwmunes, rom am nabijiT SeiZlebasisxlisRvra momxdariyo da Txoves maT dakavebulebis gaTavisufleba. isinigaaTavisufles, Tumca am windauxedaobam marTlac cudi roli iTamaSa.dapatimrebisas milicionrebma maT Seuracxyofa miayenes, xolo erTi maTgani,gvarad muhamed balaZe, sastikad scemes. amis Semdeg moxda araerTiaRmaSfoTebeli faqti. daiwyes soflebSi proklamaciebis gakvra, sadacxalxs mouwodebdnen ajanyebisaken. aseTi proklamaciebi didi raodenobiTgaavrceles soflebSi: xinoSi, WaxaTSi, koxSi, cxemlovanSi da sxvagan.agitatorebi soflebSi Riad atarebdnen mitingebs da mosaxleobasdaumorCileblobisaken mouwodebdnen. magaliTad, 1920 wlis 16 seqtemberssofel xucubanSi Catarebul mitingze "sedai mileTelebma” mosaxleobasmouwodes SeiaraRebisaken da xma gaavrceles, rom TurqeTis jari malebaTumSi Semova da Cveni kuTxe kvlav Cvens "TanamoZmeebs” SeuerTdebao. aqvemitingze gamosulma xusein mowyobilma xalxs uTxra, rom dReidan xucubanSixelisufleba mTlianad gadadis adgilobrivi organizaciis xelSi (e.i. "sedaimileTis” xelSi - o.g.) da yvelas vTxov, saWiroebisaTvis mas miakiTxoso.xolo is, rac 27 seqtembers moxda sofel koxSi, warmoadgenda eniT auwerelZaladobas. am Zaladobis gaCaRebaSi Tanabari wvlili miuZRviT rogorcmilicielebs, aseve "sedai mileTis” agitaciiT mowamlul mosaxleobas. koxelglexs, gunTaiSvils, milicionrebma Seuracxyofa miayenes, ris sapasuxodman isini mokla, xolo Semdeg maT yeli gamoWra. am ambavma suliT xorcamdeSeZra mTeli qobuleTi. qobuleTidan koxSi gaigzavna razmi, magram soflisSesasvlelSi maT cecxli gauxsnes da kidev ori milicioneri mokles. amanki ise aRaSfoTa milicionrebi, rom maT dakarges moqmedebis yovelgvarikontroli. maT borotebas sazRvari ar qonda. gadawves ramdenime saxli,mokles sami kaci. ramdenime daapatimres; xalxi imiT daaSines, rom uaresidRe daadgebodaT, Tu "mtrebis saqmes” gaakeTebdnen.

politikuri situacia imdenad daiZaba , rom saqarTvelosdamfuZnebelma krebam aq mdgomareobis gamosarkvevad miavlina petregeleiSvili, romelmac baTumis olqSi 12 dRe dahyo. Sexvda adgilobrivimosaxleobis warmomadgenlebs da noe Jordanias saxelze dawera vrcelimoxsenebiTi baraTi, sadac adgilobrivi xelisufleba umoqmedobisaTvissastikad gaakritika, Tumca petre geleiSvili Tavis moxsenebiT baraTSinaklebad cdilobs daasaxelos is mizezebi, romlebmac baTumis olqSi aseTimdgomareoba Seqmnes. sofel koxSi datrialebulma tragediam kidev ufrodaZaba mdgomareoba, magram bevri maTgani daaSina kidec. gaCnda imis SiSic,rom xelisuflebas SeuZlia saTanadod imoqmedos (a. silagaZe, v. guruli,1998).


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1920 wlis 30 seqtembers qobuleTSi daakaves ramdenime SeiaraRebulipiri, erTi maTgani - axmed oRli TurqeTis emisari aRmoCnda. 4 oqtombersqobuleTis milicia, ar misca "sedai mileTelebs” mitingis Catarebis ufleba,xolo organizaciis ori wevri daapatimra. amis Semdeg qobuleTis soflebSidaagzavna Tavisi momxreebi, romlebmac daiwyes mosaxleobaSi axsna-ganmartebis Catareba. zog sofelSi, magaliTad, boboyvaTSi, aseTi agitaciawarmatebuli aRmoCnda, radgan aq Seiqmna qobuleTis social-demokratiulipartiis boboyvaTis ganyofileba.

mTavrobam xalxis gulis mogebis mizniT daiwyo mosaxleobaSiproduqtebis darigeba. am saqmeSi CarTes adgilobrivi mahmadianebic. xalxisRatak fenas ufasod dauriges Saqari, fqvili, brinji da sxv. aseTi nabijebikargi da misasalmebeli iyo, magram mdgomareobis sabolood gamosworebamainc ver moxerxda, radgan didi xnis ganmavlobaSi warmarTulmaantiqarTulma muSaobam uaryofiTi daRi daasva aqauri mosaxleobis didinawilis msoflmxedvelobas. swored am dros baqoSi gaimarTa yriloba,romelic mieZRvna erTiani mahmadianuri saxelmwifos Seqmnas. am yrilobaseswrebodnen aWareli sedai mileTelebi cnobili buRaroRlis meTaurobiTda Semdeg ukan dabrunebisas maT daiwyes baqoSi miRebuli dadgenilebisdebulebebis propaganda. aseve aq Tavisuflad eweoda agitacias sedaimileTeli xoja qaTamaZe, romelic bolSevikebma fuliT moisyides da daavales"qarTvelebis" (e.i. menSevikebis) winaaRmdeg agitaciis Catareba.

ufro rTuli viTareba iyo xulosa da qedaSi, sadac cxovrobdnenaSkara Turqofilebic. xuloSi, marTalia, Seiqmna milicia, jarma daiwyosazRvrebis dacva, magram es ar aRmoCnda sakmarisi mdgomareobisgamosasworeblad . samwuxarod , aqac adgili hqonda SecdomebsmmarTvelobaSi. adgilobrivi administracia ver aRmoCnda mowodebissimaRleze situaciis dasaregulireblad. komisari gogelia imdenad uxeSipirovneba iyo, rom is xuloSi yvelas sZulda. misi mxridan adamianebisfizikuri Seuracxyofa Cveulebrivi movlena iyo. is xSirad an TviTon scemdada uswordeboda xalxs, maT Soris moxucebs, an milicias aZlevda nebarTvasaseTi moqmedebisaTvis. amitom iyo , rom xalxi zizRiT uyurebdaadministracias da maT aravin ekareboda. xulos soflebi ki saerTodmowyvetili iyo centrs. iq araviTari xelisufleba ar arsebobda da aqaurxelisuflebas warmoadgendnen xojebi, molebi da Turqebis emisrebi,romlebic, miuxedavad sazRvris viTomda dacvisa, aq TurqeTidan Tavisufladgadmodiodnen. xulos raionis administraciis umoqmedobaze ukmayofilebasgamoTqvamda baTumis olqis axlad daniSnuli komisari gr. giorgaZe (giorgaZemCxikviSvili Secvala - o.g.), romelic kidevac aRniSnavda, rom xuloSi dasxvagan Cveni xelisufleba ar arsebobso (acsa, saq. 716, furc. 62).

aseTive mdgomareoba iyo Seqmnili qedaSi, sadac xelisufleba qedisiqiT ver akontrolebda mdgomareobas. 1920 wlis 20 seqtembers qedaSigaZarcves baTumidan aqauri Cinovnikebisadmi xelfasis dasarigebladgagzavnili fosta. mZarcvelebs daedevnen da sofel cxmorisTan daewivnen,magram mZarcvelebma SeiaraRebuli winaaRmdegoba gauwies da SeZles

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mimalva. komisarma sagangebo weriliT acnoba qedis administraciis ufross,rom dauyovnebliv moeZebna mZarcvelebi da samagaliTod daesaja isini.ratomRac aq gaaxsendaT egzekuciis wesi. mZarcvelTagan erT-erTi dursunberiZe iyo zvaredan. administraciam zvareSi beriZis ojaxSi gagzavnamilicia da ojaxis wevrebs daavala, rom maT TviTon SeepyroT mZarcvelida xelisuflebisaTvis gadaecaT, magram es maT ver SeZles. amis gamoojaxis uxucesi wevri daapatimres da sapyrobileSi Casves, xolo sofelSimiliciis razmi Caayenes. miuxedavad amisa, maT mainc ver SeZlesmZarcvelebis Sepyroba. unda aRiniSnos, rom imJamad Zneldeboda baTumidandaxmarebis gawevis organizeba. es gamowveuli iyo satransportosaSualebis uqonlobiT, xolo bevr dasaxlebul punqtSi misasvleligza iseTi uvargisi iyo, rom iq misvla TiTqmis SeuZlebeli iyo,gansakuTrebiT wvimian amindebSi. amitom ver xerxdeboda centridandaxmarebis drouli gaweva, xolo adgilebze ar iyo sakmarisi Zalebimdgomareobis dasaregulireblad. bevri saswrafo Setyobineba damxmareZalebis dauyovnebliv gamogzavnis Sesaxeb upasuxod rCeboda sworedzemoT aRniSnuli mizezebis gamo. magaliTad, 1920 wlis 4 oqtombersarTvinidan baTumis olqis komisars saswrafod acnobes yaCaRTa jgufisasalagmavad damxmare Zalebis gamogzavnis Sesaxeb, magram baTumidan vergaigzavna es Zalebi. baTumis olqis xelisufleba, romelic, ra Tqmaunda, social-demokratiuli iyo, cdilobda social-demokratiuli ideebigaetarebina Tavis saqmianobaSi. aseTi ideebi ki miuRebeli aRmoCndaadgilobrivi mosaxleobis garkveuli nawilisaTvis, romlebic reaqciulisamRvdeloebisa da begebis zegavlenis qveS iyvnen moqceulni. amitomacxelisufleba naklebi popularobiT sargeblobda. 1920 wlis agvisto-seqtembris dasawyisSi xelisufleba dakavebuli iyo mosamzadebelisamuSaoebiT me-2 internacionalis beladebis CamosvlasTan dakavSirebiT.iyo gauTavebeli mimosvlebi Tbilisidan baTumSi. stumrebis dasaxvedraddgeboda gegmis sxvadasxva variantebi. nawildeboda funqciebi, romlebicxSirad icvleboda. am xnis ganmavlobaSi mTavrobas sxva saqmeebisaTvisar ecala da swored am periods emTxveva sxvadasxva xasiaTis garTulebacbaTumis olqSi. isic unda iTqvas, rom bolSevikebic cdilobdnen Tavisiwvlilis Setanas am saqmeSi. isini xSirad TanamSromlobdnen kidec.amaze metyvelebs araerTi saarqivo dokumenti. ufro metic, amSexvedrebisadmi miZRvnil TaTbirebze xSirad bolSevikebic kimonawileobdnen. ase rom, ar aris swori mtkiceba, TiTqosda bolSevikebiTavidanve mtrulad iyvnen ganwyobilni am aqciisadmi, rasac Tavis drozesabWoTa istoriografiis warmomadgenlebi amtkicebdnen (acsa, furc.69-75).

1920 wlis 14 seqtembers baTumSi Camovidnen me-2 internacionalisbeladebi: makdonaldi, vandervelde, renodali, de brukeri, giusmani dasxvebi. maT didebuli Sexvedra mouwyves. baTumis quCebi sazeimod iyomorTuli. ukravda musika. xalxi gareT iyo gamofenili. gaimarTasaxeldaxelo mitingi, romelSic stumrebmac miiRes monawileoba.


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renodalma madloba moaxsena qarTvel social-demokratebs imRvawlisaTvis, romelic maT gaswies social-demokratiuli ideebiscxovrebaSi gatarebisaTvis. aseTive samadlobeli sityvebiT gamovidnenvandervelde, makdonaldi da sxv. isini aRfrTovanebas ver malavdnen imwarmatebis gamo, romelic qarTvelma socialistebma moipoves. erT-erTSexvedraze, qalaqis saTaTbiroSi, romelsac eswreboda giusmani, sityviTgamovida adgilobrivi bolSeviki volkovi, romelmac am momentsRirsSesaniSnavi da yvela TariRisagan gamorCeuli uwoda. amis Semdegmeore internacionalis beladebi TbilisSi gaemarTnen. maT baTumidandidebuli gacileba mouwyves. aseTive Sexvedra da gacileba mouwyvesmogvianebiT cnobil social-demokrat karl kauckis (acsa, furc. 80-84). viTareba ki baTumis olqSi kvlav daZabuli iyo. gansakuTrebiTmZime mdgomareoba Seiqmna 1920 wlis oqtombris bolos. swored amasmieZRvna 1920 wlis 2 noembers saqalaqo sabWos sagangebo sxdoma. sxdomazevrceli moxsenebiT gamovida baTumis miliciis ufrosi, romelmackritikuli uwoda baTumSi Seqmnil kriminogenur viTarebas. moxsenebidancnobili gaxda, rom marto oqtombris TveSi adgili hqonda mkvlelobisaT SemTxvevas, xolo Zarcva yoveldRiuri movlena iyo da ar Candamdgomareobis stabilizaciis SesaZlebloba. miliciis ufrosis moxsenebiTaRSfoTebuli qalaqis mouravi g.anjafariZe gaocebas ver malavda daambobda, rom ,,pirdapir gansacvifrebelia, Turme amden xans sul tyuiladSegvinaxavs miliciis is uzarmazari Stati, romelic baTumSia. Turme isdidi raodenobiT Tanxa, romelic miliciis Sesanaxad iyo gamoyofili,wyalSi gadagviyria. imis magivrad, rom miliciis ufrosi gzebs eZebdesam krizisuli mdgomareobidan gamosayvanad, acxadebs, rom ver movaxerxebstabilizaciaso, e.i. pirdapir gveubneba, rom muSaoba ar SemiZlia dagadamayeneTo, ra Tqma unda, Cvenc amasve gavakeTebT". TaTbirze g. anjafariZispozicia gaiziara k. gogolaZem, romelmac miliciis ufrosis gancxadebasuprincipo uwoda da daeTanxma mis gadawyvetilebas, xolo z. b. abaSiZemaRniSna, rom ,,miliciaSi mdgomareoba sagangaSoa. cota saeWvod Cans,sad wavida is Tanxebi, romelic milicias unda moxmareboda. miliciauxelfasobas Civis da maTi mxridan kanonis darRvevebi Cveulebrivimovlenaa. amas adasturebs araerTi Setyobineba, romelic Cvens saxelzeTiTqmis yoveldRiurad Semodis". miiRes dadgenileba. am sxdomaze miliciisufrosi ar gauTavisuflebiaT, ukanasknelad gaafrTxiles da aRniSnes,rom am sakiTxs ramdenime kviraSi kvlav daubrundebodnen (acsa, saq. 718,furc. 70-73). 1920 wlis 19 noembers gaimarTa kidev erTi sxdoma,romelsac olqis sagangebo komisaric eswreboda. ganixiles sakiTxi baTumSisasursaTo mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. am sakiTxze moxsenebiT gamovida baTumissasursaTo komisiis Tavmjdomare petrosiani. misi moxsenebidan naTeligaxda, rom sasursaTo mdgomareoba katastrofulia. spekulantebi TavslaRad grZnobdnen da xalxis gaWirvebaze xels iTbobdnen. amiTsargeblobdnen avismzraxvelebi da cdilobdnen socialuri sakiTxebismouwesrigebloba politikuri miznebisTvis gamoeyenebinaT. olqis komisari

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daemuqra, rom yvela provokators da SantaJists daapatimrebda, xolosasursaTo komisiis Tavmjdomares usayvedures pasiuroba,upasuxismgebloba, uiniciativoba da masve daavales, rom daewyodauyovnebliv muSaoba mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad. qalaqis mouravski sTxoves, rom piradad exelmZRvanela komisarTan erTad am saqmisaTvisda Sedegebi moexsenebina uaxloes droSi. msgavsi Sekrebebi xSiradimarTeboda, isini sxvadasxva problemur sakiTxebs exeboda. magram,samwuxarod, naklebi iyo gamosworebis SemTxvevebi. viTareba ki baTumisolqSi kvlav daZabuli iyo (scssa, f. 1864, aRw. 12, saq. 624, furc. 32).yuradsaRebia erTi garemoeba: baTumis olqis xelmZRvaneloba ratomRacerideboda adgilobrivi mahmadiani inteligenciis warmomadgenlebs.upirveles yovlisa , es iTqmis samuslimano saqarTvelosganmaTavisuflebeli komitetis wevrebze. isini gaugebari mizezebis gamoar CarTes saxelmwifo saqmianobaSi. marTalia, progresuli mahmadianimoRvaweni, romlebsac lomis wili miuZRodaT baTumis olqisdedasamSoblosTan dabrunebaSi, amis gamo ukmayofilo iyvnen, magram amukmayofilebas aSkarad ar gamoxatavdnen. amaze metyvelebs erT-erTiaqtiuri moRvawis, jemal efendi qiqavas Sexvedra baTumis olqis sagangebokomisarsa da qalaqis mouravTan. Sexvedraze isaubres olqis winaSemdgar saWirboroto sakiTxebze da, ra Tqma unda, baTumis olqispolitikur statusze saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi. g. anjafariZem aRniSna,rom am mimarTulebiT mimdinareobs muSaoba da rodesac mTelisaqarTvelo SedarebiT stabilur mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeba, albaTxelisufleba centrSi am sakiTxebs daubrundebao. qalaqis sabWos zogierTiwevri ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamda adgilobrivi mahmadiani inteligenciismoqmedebis gamo. magaliTad, kapiton gogolaZe aRniSnavda, rom:,,mosaxleobas kargad ar esmis, ra aris avtonomia. avtonomias moiTxovenswored is inteligentebi, romlebsac me Zalian kargad vicnob da maTTanZalian kargi urTierToba maqvso". i. gorgaSvilis azriT, ,,axla amTemaze saubari mtkivneul adgilze fexis daWeras niSnavs. es Casafrebulikacis pozicias ufro hgavs, radgan zogierTebi sargebloben xelisuflebismZime mdgomareobiT da cdiloben es viTareba gamoiyenon Tavissasargeblod, Tanac am sakiTxs mxolod da mxolod centralurixelisufleba wyvetso". vfiqrobT, rom swored avtonomiis sakiTxi undayofiliyo erT-erTi umTavresi mizezi imisa, rom ver gamoinaxa saerToena adgilobriv xelisuflebasa da mahmadian inteligencias Soris. TanaczogierTi inteligenciis warmomadgeneli, magaliTad, jemal-beg ximSiaSviliwinaaRmdegi iyo baTumis olqis (aWaris) avtonomiisa da mxars uWerda ammxaris saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi yofnas yovelgvari avtonomiis gareSe.amasve iziarebdnen sxvebic (scssa, furc. 39-44). Cveni azriT, yvelazesaSiSi gaxldaT bolSevikebis provokaciuli, antisaxelmwifoebrivimoqmedebebi, romelTa SeCereba sul ufro SeuZlebeli xdeboda. maTigaaqtiureba TvalsaCino gaxda 1920 wlis dekembridan. isini eweodnenaSkarad ZirgamomTxrel saqmianobas xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg da am


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saqmeSi maT aqezebda sabWoTa ruseTi da misi agenti saqarTveloSi sergikirovi. xSirad imarTeboda mitingebi, vrceldeboda antisamTavroboproklamaciebi. bolSevikebi saqarTvelos mterTanac ar eridebodnenkavSiris Sekvras. maT "sedai mileTis" partias TanagrZnoba gamoucxadesda Tanxmoba ganacxades maTTan erTad ebrZolaT xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg.bolSevikebis aRviraxsnili moqmedeba imdenad autaneli gaxda, rom 1920wlis dekembris damdegs komisris gankargulebiT daapatimres bolSevikebisbaTumis komitetis mTeli Semadgenloba. aseTive mdgomareoba gagrZelda1921 wlis ianvarSi. ukve naTeli iyo, rom saqarTvelos demokratiulrespublikas aSkara safrTxe emuqreboda wiTeli ruseTis mxridan. amdros baTumis komisarma saswrafo Setyobineba miiRo saqarTvelosxelisuflebisagan, sadac iyo moTxovna, rom baTumis olqs Tavisi wvliliSeetana respublikis damoukideblobis dacvis saqmeSi (scssa, furc. 57-66). 1921 wlis 16 ianvars saqalaqo sabWos sxdomaze gadawyda, qalaqismosaxleobaSi gaZlierebuliyo propagandistuli saqmianoba, yvelgan undaCatarebuliyo axsna-ganmartebiTi samuSaoebi, romelsac Tavad qalaqismouravi Caudgeboda saTaveSi. daiwyes sainformacio biuletenebis gakvrasazogadoebis TavSeyris adgilebSi, krebebisa da mitingebis organizeba.xalxs mouwodebdnen, ar ahyolodnen provokaciebs. unda SeqmniliyomoxaliseTa razmebi saqarTvelos Tavisuflebis dasacavad. 1921 wlis 21ianvars revoluciis moedanze Sedga didi mitingi, sadac dagmesbolSevikebis antisaxelmwifoebrivi saqmianoba. iyo mowodebasaxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis dacvisaken. sityviT gamosulebiaRSfoTebas ver malavdnen im gaugonari Ralatis gamo, romelsac adgilihqonda saqarTveloSi. mitingze miiRes rezolucia, sadac mxars uWerdnenxelisuflebas da Tanadgomas aRuTqvamdnen mas. es rezolucia gaigzavnadamfuZnebeli krebis saxelze. aseTi mitingebi Sedga agreTve 25 ianvars,30 ianvars, 20 Tebervals. aRsaniSnavia 1921 wlis Tebervlis dasawyisSisagangebo rwmunebulis Casvla qobuleTSi. is Sexvda qobuleTel gavlenianmahmadian mosaxleobas da gaacno is saSiSroeba, romelic SesaZlebeliiyo damuqreboda maT qveyanas. man mimarTa Sekrebilebs da mouwoda,rom Tavisi wvlili SeetanaT samSoblos dacvis saqmeSi. aq sityviTgamovida adgilobrivi mahmadiani rejeb gogitiZe. misi TqmiT, `vercerTi dampyrobeli ver SeZlebs Cvens CamoSorebas deda-saqarTvelosTan,amitom Cven, mahmadianebi, iaraRs movkidebT xels"... man gamosvla daamTavraSemdegi sityvebiT: `maxvili mters gulSi". am Sekrebas eswreboda aseve`sedai mileTis" wevri axmed xalvaSi, romelmac daxmareba aRuTqvamTavrobas kritikul momentSi. manve aRniSna, mTeli mahmadianebi gamovalTiaraRiT xelSi mtris winaaRmdeg (acsa, saq. 721, furc. 20). qobuleTis,arTvinis, qedis, xulos raionebis ufrosebi iwvevdnen krebebs, atarebdnensaxeldaxelo mitingebs, eweodnen agitacias. gansakuTrebiT didi mitingiCaatara administraciam qedaSi 1920 wlis 9 Tebervals. sityviT gamovidakomisari doliZe, romelmac xalxs Seaxsena aWaris warsuli da isaubraim safrTxeze, romelic SeiZleba sul male damdgariyo. man bolos

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xalxs mouwoda, rom Seqmniliyo gvardia, romelic daicavda am mxaresda mters ar miscemda olqSi Tavisuflad Semosvlis saSualebas. manveaRniSna, rom ̀ visac surs Tavisi wvlili Seitanos qveynis dacvis saqmeSi,yvelas vTxov mobrZandes administraciul SenobaSi, sadac miiRebs saWiromowyobilobas. vTxov yvelas, rom nu daizarebT da SeitaneT Tqveniwvlili am didebul mamuliSvilur saqmeSi". am mitingze sityviT gamovidamahmadiani qarTveli ali osman surmaniZe, romelmac ganacxada surviligvardiaSi Caweraze da iqve, xalxis Tvalwin, kidevac Seasrula es. Semdegman sxvebsac mouwoda misTvis miebaZaT. aseTive mitingi Catarda xuloSi,sadac gamoiTqva gvardiaSi Caweris survili (acsa, furc. 25-33). miuxedavadamisa, mdgomareoba katastrofuli Seiqmna. ukve ianvris bolos aSkaragaxda, rom saqarTvelos damoukidebel saxelmwifos didi saSiSroebadaemuqra. 11 Tebervals lores raionSi dawyebuli provokaciuli,bolSevikuri ajanyeba gaxda sababi wiTeli ruseTis mxridan aSkarasaomari moqmedebis eskalaciisa. daiwyo sisxlismRvreli brZolebisaqarTvelos damoukideblobis SesanarCuneblad. miuxedavad qarTulierovnuli gvardiis medgari winaaRmdegobisa, cxadi Seiqmna, romdampyroblebi SeZlebdnen qarTveli patriotebis winaaRmdegobis daZlevas.erovnuli mTavroba iZulebuli gaxda 24 Tebervals Tbilisi daetovebinada baTumisken daexia. 25 Tebervals wiTeli armia TbilisSi Sevida.saqarTvelos xelisuflebis udidesi gaWirvebiT isargebla TurqeTma,romelmac saqarTvelos daxmarebis safasurad ardaganisa da arTvinismxareebi moiTxova. aseve, aSkara Ralati Caidines baTumelma "sedaimileTelebma", romlebmac moiTxoves baTumis olqis mTlianadTurqeTisaTvis gadacema. mdgomareoba ukiduresad daiZaba 11 marts,rodesac baTumTan TurqeTis jari gamoCnda. am jars Sexvedra gaumarTes"sedai mileTelebma". TurqeTis jarebis ufrosTan Sexvedraze "sedaimileTis" warmomadgenlebi: osman oRli, xusein CaS oRli, ibraim efenoRli da sxvebi aRfrTovanebas ver malavdnen "am udidesi istoriulimovlenis gamo", xolo osman oRlim ganacxada, rom "rogorc iqna, aRdgaistoriuli samarTlianoba da amieridan baTumi da misi mxare samudamodubrundeba deda-TurqeTs". jarebis ufrosi dainteresda, Tu ra poziciazeidgnen baTumeli bolSevikebi da dauWerdnen Tu ara mxars TurqeTs.amaze osman oRlim ganacxada, rom mas hqonda piradi Sexvedra baTumelbolSevikebTan, magram unda aRiniSnos, rom isini aRfrTovanebulniarian rusi bolSevikebiT da ocneboben baTumSic damyardes sabWoTaxelisufleba da es mxare kvlav ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi moeqceso.ibraim oRlim ki aRniSna, rom bolSevikebisa da qarTvelebis (qarTvelebSiigulisxmeboda menSevikebi - o. g.) ndoba arafriT ar SeiZleboda daTurqeTis jari unda dayrdnoboda adgilobriv mahmadianebs, xolo iunusjayelma ganacxada, rom TurqeTis jarma unda daiwyos dauyovneblivmoqmedeba, vidre xelisufleba "agoniaSia", dagvianeba ki damarcxebistolfasi iqnebao (acsa, furc. 112-118). miuxedavad imisa, rom TurqeT-sabWoTa ruseTis SeTanxmebis safuZvelze baTumi saqarTvelos (e. i.


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sabWoTa saqarTvelos) SemadgenlobaSi unda darCeniliyo, TurqeTisjarma mainc moaxerxa misi aneqsia. 17 marts TurqeTis jarebis sardalmayara beqir faSam moiTxova baTumSi jarebis ̀ ganlagebis" ufleba. mTavrobamuaryo es winadadeba. imdenad kritikuli mdgomareoba Seiqmna, imdenaddidi iyo baTumis da misi olqis dakargvis safTxe, rom n. JordaniamTanxmoba ganacxada wiTeli jarisTvis vagonebi gaegzavna baTumisgasaTavisufleblad, magram es dros moiTxovda da saWiro iyo dauyovneblivmoqmedeba. n. Jordanias TanxmobiT, cixidan gaaTavisufles yvela bolSevikis. qavTaraZis (gubeli) meTaurobiT. n. Jordania maTTan Sexvedrazesaubrobda im saSiSroebaze, romelic baTums Seeqmna da radganac isiZulebuli xdeboda daetovebina qalaqi, Tanaxma iyo misTvis gadaecaZalaufleba. dro ar iTmens, - aRniSna man, - saWiroa dauyovneblivmoqmedeba da Tu es ar moxda, icodeT, rom STamomavloba wyevla-krulviT moixseniebs Cvens saxelebso. gadawyda, rom erTiani ZaliTSebrZolebodnen mters. TurqeTis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli jarebis ufrosaddainiSna generali mazniaSvili, romelsac unda umadlodes STamomavlobaimas, rom baTumi da misi olqi kvlav deda-saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSia.man Seadgina operatiuli moqmedebis gegma, mobilizacia gaukeTa baTumSimyof yvela gvardiels. mis dasaxmareblad fexze dadga adgilobrivimahmadianebis proqarTuli jgufi axmed qiqavas, abdul TxilaiSvilisa dasxvebis meTaurobiT. baTumSi general mazniaSvilTan dauyovneblivgamocxadnen baTumis axlomaxlo soflebSi mcxovrebi mahmadianebi osmanmiqelaZis meTaurobiT. qarTuli jaris mamacobam ar misca TurqebsbaTumis dapyrobis saSualeba, xolo 19 marts barcxanasTan axlosbrZolis dros qarTvelebma sastikad daamarcxes Turqebi. Turqebmadakarges bevri meomari, xolo tyved CavardnilTa raodenobas Tvla arhqonda. aseve, baTumis gasaTavisufleblad gmirulad daeca bevri qarTveligvardieli. isini dRes ganisvenebn baTumis saZmo sasaflaoze, romelicmdebareobs qalaqis centrSi, Tavisuflebis moedanze. qarTvelma jarmaTurqebi manamde daamarcxa da gandevna baTumidan, sanam wiTeli armiaJlobas meTaurobiT baTums miaRwevda. 18 marts ki demokratiulirespublikis mTavroba baTumidan emigraciaSi gaemgzavra im imediT, romucxoeTis saxelmwifoebis daxmarebiT kvlav ukan dabrundeboda.

gamoyenebuli literatura da wyaroebi

acsa - aWaris centraluri saxelmwifo arqivi.a. silagaZe, v. guruli, 1998 - a. silagaZe, v. guruli, politikuri

situacia aWaraSi (1920), Tb., 1998.scssa - saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi.

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OTAR GOGOLISHVILI

BATUMI REGION – THE MEMBER OF THEDEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC

In July 1920 the population of the entire Batumi Region excitedly greeted thereturning of the region into the membership of the democratic republic. The marchingGeorgian army was exultantly met and thrown the bouquets of flowers by thepopulation. The delegation of liberation organization of the Muslim Georgia waitedfor the Georgian Army in Bartskhana and congratulated the great victory on behalfof the population of Batumi Region. Memed Abashidze, Jemal Kikava, MohammedTsulukidze and others made the speech. There was a solemn mood in the city ofBatumi. The music was playing. It was the real festival. A great pageant day wasarranged in Batumi Boulevard. All the population of the city participated in it. Therewere spontaneous meetings where the speakers exultantly talked about this remarkablefact. The meeting, which was held in the Azizye Square (Liberty Square), is worthof mentioning: Ketevan Mikeladze who made her speech there spoke about the anguishand torture the local population had suffered through centuries and despite the attemptsof numerous invaders to separate this land from Georgia– the motherland, the peopledid not lose their national consciousness. They endured carnages, raids, invasionsand managed to join this oldest Georgian part to the motherland.


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nato gulua

akaki wereTeli da rusuli mwerlobaakaki wereTeli da rusuli mwerlobaakaki wereTeli da rusuli mwerlobaakaki wereTeli da rusuli mwerlobaakaki wereTeli da rusuli mwerloba

(werilis `nekrasovis dakrZalvis" mixedviT)(werilis `nekrasovis dakrZalvis" mixedviT)(werilis `nekrasovis dakrZalvis" mixedviT)(werilis `nekrasovis dakrZalvis" mixedviT)(werilis `nekrasovis dakrZalvis" mixedviT)

me-19 saukuneSi saqarTvelo ruseTis erT-erT provinciad iTvlebodada, Sesabamisad, rusuli ena TandaTan devnida qarTuls saxelmwifodawesebulebebidan, saswavleblebidan, presidan. ase rom, qarTul saxelmwifoSimxolod qarTuli enis codniT SeuZlebeli iyo qveynis marTvis procesSimonawileoba, sakuTari Sexedulebis mtkiceba, Tavis dacvac ki. amitomqarTveli aristokratebi saWirod Tvlidnen rusuli ganaTleba miecaTSvilebisaTvis, raTa maT mainc SeZlebodaT adgilis damkvidrebasazogadoebaSi. am periodis qarTvel mweralTa umravlesobas rusuliganaTleba hqonda miRebuli, maT Soris cnobil poetsa da sazogadomoRvawes akaki wereTelsac, romelmac jer rusuli gimnazia daamTavra,xolo Semdeg - peterburgis universitetis aRmosavleTmcodneobisfakulteti. rusuli misTvis meore sametyvelo ena iyo, poeti SesaniSnavadflobda mas da xSirad iyenebda kidec literaturuli miznebisaTvis.

akaki, romelic qarTuli enis miviwyebis winaaRmdegi iyo da yovelnairadcdilobda mis dacvas, zogjer saWirod miiCnevda rusul enaze weras,gansakuTrebiT publikaciebisas, radgan imdroindeli presa rusulenovaniiyo. poeti, romelsac Seurigebeli pozicia eWira rusuli dampyrobluripolitikis mimarT, rusuli publikaciebiT icavda qarTveli xalxis uflebebsda qarTuli kulturis popularizaciisaTvis zrunavda, gansakuTrebuldamokidebulebas amJRavnebda rusuli kulturis, rusuli mwerlobis mimarT,rac naTlad warmoCinda mis mravalricxovan statiebsa da narkvevebSi,romelTac didi mniSvneloba aqvs qarTuli literaturis komparativistikisada literaturuli kritikisaTvis. literaturaTmcodneobisTvis Zaliansainteresoa akakis Sexedulebebi rus mwerlebze: puSkinze, lermontovze,tolstoize, gogolze, nekrasovsa da sxvebze.

miuxedavad imisa, rom akaki wereTlis Semoqmedeba safuZvlianadaaSeswavlili da iseTi sakiTxi, rogoricaa poetis damokidebuleba cnobilirusi mwerlebis mimarT, sakmao siRrmiT aris mimoxiluli mkvlevarTa mier,faqtiurad aravin Sexebia mis rusulenovan Txzulebebs, romlebicTavmoyrilia 1963 wels gamocemul akaki wereTlis TxzulebaTa srulikrebulis XV tomSi. arada, akakis rusulenovani Txzulebani misi Semoqmedebisorganuli nawilia da maTi Seswavlis gareSe SeuZlebelia sruli warmodgenaviqonioT Semoqmedze. akakis rusulenovan TxzulebaTagan, romelTa didumravlesobas Tematurad mravalferovani publicisturi danaxevradpublicisturi nawarmoebebi warmoadgens, winamdebare naSromSiyuradRebas gavamaxvilebT werilze ̀ nekrasovis dakrZalva", romelSic naTladwarmoCinda me-19 saukunis progresulad moazrovne qarTveli studentispozicia da misi damokidebuleba rusi mwerlebisa da, saerTod, rusulisazogadoebis mimarT. es narkvevi sainteresoa imiTac, rom igi daweriliaevropuli eseisturi tradiciebis mixedviT; masSi movlenebi gadmocemuliacocxali suraTis saxiT. mniSvnelovania agreTve imiTac, rom avtori

KARTVELIAN HERITAGE


37

Seulamazeblad gvawvdis nekrasovisa da misi Semoqmedebis mimarT T.dostoevskisa da a. kraevskis damokidebulebis amsaxvel faqtebs. narkvevSiSeimCneva teqstis recefciul doneTa polifonizmi; aseve, fiqsirdebadokumentalizmis, biografiisa da yofiTi fonis sinTezi. axalgazrda akakiwereTelma am patara nawarmoebiT aCvena, rom kargad hqonda gacnobierebuliyvela is procesi, romelic im drois literaturaTmcodneobaSi mimdinareobda.

formis TvalsazrisiT, Janrobrivad, es nawarmoebi unda mivakuTvnoTfiziologiur narkvevs, romelsac im droisaTvis popularobas uwevdaTavis JurnalSi nekrasovi TanamoazreebTan erTad. am formisaTvisdamaxasiaTebelia dokumentalizmi, movlenaTa obieqturi aRqma da asaxva; igimwerals saSualebas aZlevs movlenebi dagvanaxos gansxvavebuli kuTxiT daSeulamazeblad gamoxatos damokidebuleba sinamdvilisadmi.

`nekrasovis dakrZalva" daibeWda Tbilisis literaturul-politikurgazeTSi `Îáðàç" (romelic gamodioda TbilisSi 1878-1883 wlebSi. misigamomcemeli da redaqtori iyo niko nikolaZe. am gazeTSi drodadroibeWdeboda iseTi statiebi, romlebic xelisuflebis ukmayofilebas iwvevda)1878 w. 10 ianvars da mieZRvna rusi poetis n. nekrasovis gardacvalebas.akaki sxva qarTvel studentebTan erTad daswrebia poetis dakrZalvisceremonials da, rogorc am movlenis TviTmxilveli, dawvrilebiT mogviTxrobsambavs: 1877 wlis 30 dekembris dilas rogor moiyara Tavi 3-4 aTasma kacma,raTa ukanasknel gzaze gaecilebinaT n. nekrasovi. poetis cxedari dilisxuT saaTze gamousvenebiaT cnobili rusi Jurnalistisa da gamomcemlisandria kraevskis saxlidan, sadac nekrasovi cxovrobda ukanasknel xans dakraevskisTan erTad scemda Jurnal ̀ Ñîâðåìåííèê"-s, romelic me-19 saukunis60-iani wlebis rusuli revoluciur-demokratiuli moZraobis ZiriTadorganosa da ideur centrs warmoadgenda. marTalia, Jurnali mTavrobamdaxura 1868 wels, Tumca nekrasovs ar daunebebia Tavi sagamomcemlosaqmisaTvis da saltikov-SCedrinTan erTad daiwyo Jurnal `Îòå÷åñòâåííûåçàïèñêè"-is gamocema.

rogorc akaki mogviTxrobs, samgloviaro procesia novodeviCismonastris mimarTulebiT daZrula. nekrasovis talantis damfaseblebsmisi neSti sasaflaomde xeliT utarebiaT. procesias win uZRoda gvirgvinebiwarwerebiT: ̀ rusi qalebisagan", ̀ nekrasovs studentebisagan", ̀ xalxis ukvdavmegobars", `xalxis varamze momRerals" da sxv.

akaki SeniSnavs, rom es ar iyo Cveulebrivi samgloviaro msvleloba, radganigi rusulma progresulma sazogadoebam gadaaqcia usamarTlo social-politikuriwyobis sawinaaRmdego demonstraciad, romelmac ramdenime saaTs gastana.

a. wereTelma yuradReba miaqcia im faqts, rom procesias SeadgendnenZiriTadad axalgazrdebi da literatorebi da mware ironiiT SeniSnavs,rom dakrZalvas ar eswrebodnen dabali fenis warmomadgenlebi, glexebi -swored isini, vis samsaxurSic galia poetma cxovrebis umetesi nawili.`Í å âî ëüíî áðîñèëàñ â ãëàçà îòñóòñòâèå ïðîñòî ãî êëàññà" – gaocebas ar faravspoeti. amis mizezad akakis mosaxleobis dabali fenebis gaunaTleblobamiaCnia, rasac procesiis monawilesa da SemTxveviT gamvlels SorisgamarTuli iumoristuli xasiaTis dialogic adasturebs, rac, aseve,damaxasiaTebelia fiziologiuri narkvevisaTvis:

"- À êòî î í áóäåò, áàò þ ø êà?

akaki wereTeli da rusuli mwerloba

38

- Íåêðàñîâ!- Íåêðàñîâ?- Íó, äà. Íàðîä í û é ï îýò.- Ï îýò?.. Íå ìîãèì çíàòü. Íå ñëûõàëè-ñ, - îòâå÷àëè îíè, êà÷àÿ ãî ë îâîé è óõî äèëè

ñåáå ïðîäîëæàòü ïðåðâàííîå çàíÿòèå".mosaxleobis dabal fenebs verc ki warmoedginaT, rom aseTi xalxmravali

dakrZalva mouwyves adamians, romelic arc plievnasTan daRupuli jariskaciiyo, arc generali, arc policieli da arc msaxiobi, aramed ubralod poeti!

"Ïîýò?.. À ÷òî ýòî, áàòþøêà, áîëüøå èíåðàëà?" - gulubryvilod kiTxulobdaerT-erTi maTgani...

es dialogi, garda imisa, rom iumors Seicavs, gvevlineba istoriulda im droisaTvis mimdinare movlenebis kulturologiur suraTad; kerZod,masSi kargad gamovlinda ubralo xalxis damokidebuleba plievnismovlenebis mimarT da, saerTod, ruseTis mimarTeba bulgareTisadmi,sadac Tavdacvisas mravali adamiani daiRupa. am narkvevis Seqmna daemTxvaruseT-TurqeTis oms. 1877 wels ruseTma omi gamoucxada TurqeTs; didiwinaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, TurqeTma daTmo plievna. am movlenebs ki winuZRoda TurqeTis mxridan bulgareTis mosaxleobis represiebi. istoriamgamoavlina ruseTis ormagi politika am movlenebis mimarT. dialogSimoxseniebulia konkretuli istoriuli pirebi: osman-faSa da g. d. sklebovi,romlebic dakavSirebulni iyvnen ruseTis saSinao da sagareo politikurda strategiuli mniSvnelobis faqtebTan.

akakis winaswar daukavebia moxerxebuli adgili novodeviCis monastrSi,raTa kargad edevnebina Tvalyuri damswre sazogadoebisaTvis. mis dakvirvebulTvals nekrasovis Semoqmedebis damfasebelTa Soris iseTi qalbatonebicSeuniSnavs, romlebic poetis dasafaseblad da mis ukanasknel gzazegasacileblad ki ar iyvnen misulni, aramed nekrasovis sayvareli qalissilamazis sacqerlad, qalisa, romelic warmoSobiT maRal wres ar ekuTvnoda,dabali fenis warmomadgeneli iyo. akakim Tavisdauneburad moismina moseireqalbatonebis saubari imis Sesaxeb, 60-ian wlebSi Tu rogor daaxvies nekrasovsTavbru nihilistebma, poetmac siyvarulis gamo rogor Seicvala Sexedulebebida gaxda dabali fenis interesebis gamomxatveli.

narkvevis meore nawili eZRvneba nekrasovis Semoqmedebis Sefasebas,mis rolsa da adgils rusul literaturul sazogadoebaSi. aqedangamomdinare, narkvevis meore nawili gansxvavdeba gamosaxvis formiTa dasaSualebebiTac. Tu pirvel nawilSi avtori dialogis formiT gadmogvcemssaTqmels, meore nawili pirdapir gamoxatavs sakuTar pozicias.

dakrZalvis ceremonialis erT-erT monawiles waukiTxavs nawyvetinekrasovis daumTavrebeli poemidan "Ðûöàðü íà ÷àñ". Zalian simboluradJRers am nawarmoebis saTauri, radgan swored carizmis winaaRmdeg mebrZolraindad moiazreba nekrasovi am narkvevis mixedviT. akaki sagangebodamaxvilebs yuradRebas gamosaTxovar sityvebze, romlebic wamosTqvesnekrasovis axlo megobarma, rusma mweralma da Jurnalistma i. panaevma,didma rusma mweralma T. dostoevskim da sxvebma. panaevma nekrasovisdamsaxurebebze saubrisas moixsenia belinski da xazi gausva im faqts, romswored man (belinskim) 30 wlis win SeniSna nekrasovis talanti da gzazedaayena axalbeda poeti.

n. gulua

39

gansakuTrebiT saintereso aRmoCnda dostoevskis gamosvla. gardacvlilipoetis Semoqmedebis miseulma Sefasebam samarTlianad ganacvifra sazogadoebiserTi nawili. dostoevskim Tavis gamosaTxovar sityvaSi nekrasovi puSkinsada lermontovs amouyena gverdiT da maTi gzis gamgrZeleblad gamoacxada.Tumca amgvarma ganacxadmac ver daakmayofila ceremonialis monawile dademonstraciis sulisCamdgmeli revolucioneri studentebi. maT TavianTiambiciuri SeZaxilebiT sityvac ki gaawyvetines did mwerals.

akaki statiaSi ̀ nekrasovis dakrZalva" mkiTxvels aSkarad mianiSnebs imfaqtze, rom maSindeli revoluciurad ganwyobili sazogadoebisaTvis nekrasoviufro maRla idga, vidre did rusi poetebi - puSkini da lermontovi.werilSi mSvenivrad gamoCnda, agreTve, imdroindel rusul sazogadoebaSiarsebuli dapirispireba, daZabuli urTierToba sxvadasxva fenebs Soris daSexedulebaTa mravalferovneba.

Tanamedrove literaturaTmcodneobisaTvis `nekrasovis dakrZalva"saintereso da mniSvnelovani werilia imdenad, ramdenadac masSi naTladgamoikveTa avtoris damokidebuleba rusi mwerlebis mimarT, aseve, misipoziciac me-19 saukunis 70-iani wlebis ruseTSi mimdinare movlenebis mimarT,romelic man gamoamJRavna Tavis ironiul damokidebulebaSi revolucioneriaxalgazrdebis mimarT, romelTaTvis nekrasovis ideur-politikuriSexedulebani metad mniSvnelovani iyo, vidre misi poezia.

damowmebuli literatura

a. wereTeli, 1963 - a. wereTeli, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuliTxuTmet tomad; t. XV, Tb., 1963.

NATO GULUA

AKAKI TSERETELI AND THE RUSSIAN LITERATURE(ACCORDING TO THE ARICLE “NEKRASOV’S FUNERAL”)

In this paper I would like to discuss “Nekrasov’s Funeral”, one of Akaki Tsereteli’sarticle written in the Russian language. The article presents an interest fo the modernliterary studies so much so it reflects the attitudes of the progressively thinking Georgianstudent to the Russian literature and to the political process in the 70s of the 19th

century revealed in Akaki Tsereteli’s ironic demeanor to the revolutionary youth towhom Nekrasov’s ideology and political viewpoints were more important than hispoetry. The letter also features the contradiction in the Russian society of the epoch,tense relationships between the social classes and the versatility of opinions.

The article is also interesting for its European tradition of essayistic conveyanceof events in live images and for the author’s providence of the straight from the shoulderfacts about F. Dostoevsky’s and A.Kraevsky’s attitudes towards Nekrasov and hisworks. It reveals polyphonies of the text’s reception levels, as well as the synthesis ofdocumentary evidences, biography and of the mundane existence.

With this short piece of writing young Akaki Tsereteli showed that he wascognizant of all the trends and processes of the literary studies of the period

akaki wereTeli da rusuli mwerloba

darejan dvali-demetraZe

Sveicariuli dResaswaulebiSveicariuli dResaswaulebiSveicariuli dResaswaulebiSveicariuli dResaswaulebiSveicariuli dResaswaulebi

(paralelebi qarTul dResaswaulebTan)(paralelebi qarTul dResaswaulebTan)(paralelebi qarTul dResaswaulebTan)(paralelebi qarTul dResaswaulebTan)(paralelebi qarTul dResaswaulebTan)

SveicariisTvis mSfoTvare xana maSin damTavrda, roca 1291 welsmamacma da keTilsindisierma mamakacebma riustlis mTaze ormxriviTanadgoma da dacva Sehfices erTmaneTs. federaciis CamoyalibebisaTvisgadamwyveti nabiji 1848 wels gadaidga.

Sveicariuli dResaswaulebi cotaTi gansxvavdeba germanuli daavstriuli dResaswaulebisagan. oficialuri dResaswaulebia: 1 ianvari(axali weli), 2 ianvari (berhtoldis dRe), 6 ianvari (naRlisReba),vnebis kvira, aRdgoma, aRdgomis meore dRe, 1 maisi (Sromis dRe),amaRleba, sameba, samebis orSabaTi, qristes sxeulis dResaswauli, 15agvisto (mariamoba), 18 seqtemberi (monaniebis dRe), 1 noemberi (yvelawmindanis xsovnis dRe), 8 dekemberi (wminda mariamis mucladRebis dRe),25 dekemberi (Soba), 26 dekemberi (wminda stefanes dResaswauli).

tipuri Sveicariuli erovnuli dResaswauli aris 1 agvisto,romelic mudmivi kavSiris daarsebas Seaxsenebs Sveicariis konfederaciismoqalaqeebs. am erovnul dResaswauls udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs centralurSveicariaSi. gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobisaa is calkeul kantonebSi:ciurixis, bazelis mxaris, Turgausa da tesinis kantonebSi is oficialuridResaswaulia da dasvenebis dRed aris gamocxadebuli, kantoni zoloturnimxolod naxevar samuSao dRes aRiarebs, xolo danarCeni 21 naxevarkantonsaTu kantonSi 1 agvisto Cveulebrivi samuSao dRea.

SveicariaSi dResaswaulTa umravlesoba weliwadis droTaSesabamisad aris dawesebuli da isini religiur dResaswaulebs eyrdnoba.Tu gamocdilebis mixedviT vimsjelebT, rac boroti sulebisagan dacvas,Tesvas da mosavlis aRebas, wlis droTa cvalebadobas an istoriulmovlenebs gulisxmobs, yvela am dResaswauls Rrmad aqvs fesvebi gadgmulisoflis mosaxleobaSi da imis SesaZleblobas iZleva, rom maTSisolidarobis grZnoba gaaZlieros.

zamTarSi dResaswaulTa raodenoba gacilebiT metia, vidre wlissxva dros da amas Tavisi mizezic aqvs: mindvris samuSaoebi dasrulebuliada mosaxleobas meti dro aqvs zeimisaTvis. magaliTad, kustnaxtsa daartSi wminda nikolozis dRes, 6 dekembers, mTeli brwyinvalebiTaRniSnaven. wminda nikolozis pativsacemad imarTeba klausis (Tovlispapa) Zebna. dabindebisas mozeimeni mTel midamos moivlian SignidanganaTebuli TavsadgamebiT, romlebic episkoposis mitras mogvagonebs.ianvarSi, axali wlis Rames, xmaurian procesias marTaven lamazi Tovlispapebi. maTi niRbebis Tavsadgamebze sofluri yofis scenebia gamosaxuli.am dResaswaulis dros urneSSi lamazi Tovlis papebi saucxooddamuSavebul niRbebis Tavsadgamebs atareben, romlebzec gamosaxulapencelis musikosTa jgufs alpebis ialaRebis mwyemsis tansacmeli acvia,

KARTVELIAN HERITAGE XIV 2010qarTveluri memkvidreobaqarTveluri memkvidreobaqarTveluri memkvidreobaqarTveluri memkvidreobaqarTveluri memkvidreoba

ori momcro suraTi ki adgilobrivi cekvis ileTebs asaxavs. danarCenzeims ki, rogoricaa, magaliTad, Jenevis eskalada, Tavisis istoriulifesvebi aqvs: Sua dekembris kviris bolos gamarTuli brwyinvale istoriuliprocesia imis mosagoneblad imarTeba, rom Zalian didi xnis winaT (1602w.) savoiarelebma warumatebeli Tavdasxma moawyves Jenevaze. reinis midamosrituali ̀ Wis simRera" mosaxleobas axsenebs 1543 wels Wiris Camovlas. amprocess Zalian STambeWdavad marTavs Tormeti e.w. `sebastianeli Zma"Sobisa da axali wlis Rames qalaqis Svid mTavar WasTan sruli dabnelebisas.

leCenis xeobis soflebSi murisgan gaWvartlulebi xmauriT adiandidmarxvis I kviris dadgomamde, xuTSabaT dRes. maT demonis gamosaxulebianixis niRbebi ukeTiaT, gaxveulni arian Txisa da cxvris bewvSi da viTomdaborot sulebs afrTxoben.

gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia yvelieris, anu karnavalis, tradicia,romelic weliwadis civi drois me-2 naxevarSi imarTeba. yvelierisaTvisdamaxasiaTebelia mravalferovani msvlelobebi niRbebiT.

sainteresoa Sveicariis mraval mxareSi zamTrisa da boroti sulebisgandevnisadmi miZRvnili `gadacmis" (SeniRbvis mizniT sxva tansacmlisCacmis) ritualis originaluri formebi. isini gansakuTrebuli simravliTgvxvdeba germanulenovan Sveicariul kantonebSi, sadac sxvadasxva saxiTaris warmodgenili: lucernSi rogorc Sobis Ramis msvleloba, herisauSi- rogorc Sarvlebis tyorcna, xolo cugSi - eJvnebis JRaruni.

ciurixSi TebervalSi gamarTul yveliers Tavisi momxibvlelobaaqvs. daucxromeli musikosebi quCebSi dadian da zizRis gamomwvev serenadebsmRerian. kvira dRes gamarTuli didi msvleloba da niRbebis sajaro bal-maskaradebi adastureben, rom mxiarulebasa da TavaSvebulobas ciurixSicaqvs Tavisi adgili mikuTvnebuli. originaluri niRbebis demonstraciaxdeba kongresTa saxlSi gamarTul tradiciul xelovanTa niRbebis balze;magram yvelaze cnobili sakarnavalo tradicia mainc bazelSiaSenarCunebuli. is didmarxvis I kviris Semdeg, orSabaTidan oTxSabaTamdegrZeldeba. am sami dRis ganmavlobaSi kostiumirebuli da SeniRbulisakarnavalo dajgufebebi qalaqSi dadian da maT dafdafebisa da salamurebisxmebi miacilebs.

gazafxulis dadgoma mravali cnobili dResaswaulis sababiaSveicariaSi: zamTris gacilebis zeimi ciurixuli gazafxulis dResaswaulia.is, rogorc wesi, aprilis me-3 orSabaTs aRiniSneba. am dros imarTebaSemdegi RonisZiebebi: mTavari atraqcioni bavSvebisaTvis kvira dRes,istoriul kostiumebSi gamowyobili ZmabiWebis seirnoba qalaqis centrSi,Calis Tojinis (zamTris simbolo) dawva zustad 6 saaTze mTavar moedanzeda ZmabiWebis Ramiseuli stumroba fanrebiTa da musikis TanxlebiTTavianTi sazogadoebis oTaxebSi.

graubiundenSi 1 marti zeimis dRea. am dRes skolis axalgazrdobazanzalakebis JRaruniTa da maTraxebis tkacuniT acilebs zamTars.

cnobili dResaswaulia aseve "Achetringele" qalaq liupenSi, romlismosaxleoba am zeimze TeTrebSia Cacmuli da Tavze erTgvari SaqrisSlapebi adgaT. isini eJvnebis wkaruniT iReben procesiaSi monawileobas.msgavsi saxis dResaswauli SveicariaSi uamravia.

samebis Semdeg 10 dRe grZeldeba qristes sxeulis dResaswauli. amdReebSi ewyoba msvlelobebi apencelSi (erovnuli samosiT), friburSi,zaas-fiSi da beromiunsterSi (mojiriTeTa monawileobiT).

Sveicariuli dResaswaulebi (paralelebi qarTul dResaswaulebTan)

tradiciul adaT-wesebs Sveicariis mraval mxareSi jer kidev aqvsgansakuTrebiT didi mniSvneloba da xSirad wavawydebiT lokaluradcocxlad SemorCenil folklorul ritualebs, rac tradiciebisa dasamSoblos siyvarulTan kavSirze metyvelebs. Sveicariis farglebs gareTacaacnobili alpebis ialaRebis mwyemsTa dResaswauli, romelsac mravalierTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli niSani aqvs.

mravali adaT-wesi aris dakavSirebuli Zroxebis saZovarze garekvasTan.ialaRze saqonlis garekvisas, romelic Cveulebriv maisis dasasruls anivnisis dasawyisSi xdeba, Zroxebi morTulia yvavilebiT an bantebiT daSebmuli aqvT mZime eJvnebi. aseTive morTuli arian isini SemodgomazeialaRidan gadmorekvisas. alpebis mTel mxareSi (gansakuTrebiTgreiercerlandsa da apencelSi) alpur saZovrebze naxiris ayvanas erovnultansacmelSi gamowyobili alpebis mwyemsebi miacileben, winmavli ZroxayvavilebiTaa Semkuli. qvemo valisSi alpebSi wasvla imis sababia, romSejibri gaimarTos Zroxebis SerkinebaSi. gamarjvebuli Zroxa naxiriswinamZRoli xdeba. aseT sanaxaobebs Tan axlavs xalxuri cekvebi, droSebisfriali, rqisgan damzadebuli mwyemsTa bukebis kvra da Zroxebis Serkinebebi;zaignelegirSi aseTi konkursi didi mniSvnelobis mqone cxenebis bazrobisgamo saxalxo zeimad aris qceuli.

ciurixSi ̀ tbis Ramiseuli zeimi", rogorc wesi, yovel sam weliwadSierTxel, ivnisis bolos imarTeba. zeimis Catarebis adgili tbis uzarmazarinapiria. `tbis zeimi" paraskevidan kviris CaTvliT mimdinareobs da misimravalferovani da mimzidveli programis zeniti aris tbaze gamarTulifeierverki.

religiuri dResaswaulebidan unda gamovyoT feradovani msvlelobebiRvTismSoblis miZinebis dRes (15 agvisto) kaTolikur kantonebSi,gansakuTrebiT valisSi.

Semodgomaze dgeba SveicarielTaTvis sayvareli yurZnis krefisdResaswauli, romelic kulminacias sakarnavalo msvlelobisas aRwevs.dasavleT Sveicariis mevenaxeobis mxareebSi, luganosa da valisSi, aseve,mraval ufro patara adgilSi. seqtembris bolo kvira dRes an 1 oqtombersaRniSnaven rTvelis dResaswauls. maTgan yvelaze cnobili noienburgis,morgesisa da luganos rTvelia.

`moisreTa" (mSvildosanTa) dResaswauli aris saxalxo zeimi, romelicSveicariis mraval mxareSi yoelwliurad ewyoba da sadac SejibrSigamarjvebuli `srolis mefe" vlindeba.

interlakenSi (bernis alpebi) imarTeba musikosebis zeimi. amRonisZiebas, romelic cocxlad SemorCenili adaT-wesia, Tan unda axldesxalxuri musika, romelic SveicariaSi Zalian mravalferovania, risisafuZvelic sxvadasxva regionTa musikaluri folkloris mimarTulebiskulturuli memkvidreobisgan ganpirobebuli Zlier gansxvavebuli stilia;magram xalxuri musika ar aris raRac istoriuli musika. am RonisZiebisdros iTxzveba axali musikaluri kompoziciebi da isini sruldeba TavisufalstilSi Tanamedrove instrumentTa kombinaciis meSveobiT.

Tuki Sveicariul da qarTul adaT-wesebsa da tradiciebs Sorisparalelebs gavavlebT, aRmovaCenT, rom maT Soris didi msgavsebaa.gansakuTrebuli msgavsebaa Semdeg dResaswaulebs Soris: axali weli, aRdgoma,

d. dvali-demetraZe

aRdgomis meore dRe, amaRleba, mariamoba, wmindanTa moxseniebis dRe daSoba. ra Tqma unda, religiuri dResaswaulebis TariRebi erTmaneTs aremTxveva, magaliTad, Soba SveicariaSi 25 dekembers aRiniSneba,saqarTveloSi ki 7 ianvars, aseve sxvadasxva ricxvebSia aRdgomisdResaswaulic.

Sveicariis soflebisa da mTis mosaxleobis adaT-wesebi da qarTulisoflebis tradiciebi Zalian hgavs erTmaneTs: mag., SemodgomazeSveicariaSi mimdinare yurZnis krefis zeimi da saqarTveloSi rTvelisrituali. kaxeTSi rTveli xom zeimia, romlis drosac kaxel glexebsuamravi stumari hyavT, romlebic rTvelSi monawileoben da misidasrulebis Semdeg maspinZlebTan erTad ilxenen. cotaTi Tu gansxvavdebaerTmaneTisgan Sveicariuli da qarTuli saZovrebze saqonlis garekvisada maTi iqidan Camorekvis rituali.


g. ekerti, 1979 - gerhard ekerti, Sveicaria, kelni, 1979.germanulenovani qveynebis da ungreTis qveynismcodneoba, budapeSti, 1985.

DAREJAN DVALI-DEMETRADZE

HOLIDAYS IN SWITZERLAND(PARALLELS TO GEORGIAN HOLIDAYS)

In Switzerland most of the holidays are conditioned with the four seasons ofthe year and chiefly are of religious origin. The 1st of August, Swiss official NationalHoliday, is typical Swiss holiday celebrating the foundation of the Swiss Confederacy.The date has the profound importance for the central Switzerland as it reminds theestablishment of the confederacy to its citizens.

Folk rites and customs have their roots particularly in the rural areas ofSwitzerland and they are related to sowing, harvest and historical events. The majorityof the holidays serve the reinforcement of the sense of solidarity.

If one looks for the parallels between the Swiss and Georgian holidays onewill trace quite a few similarities in the ways of celebrations, particularly of thosedays as Christmas, New Year, Easter, Ascension, All Saints day; there is also but verylittle difference between the Swiss and Georgian rituals of seasonal driving away ofthe cattle to pastures and their returning back to the village.

Likewise, there is much similarity between the Vintage Day celebration patternsin Switzerland and vintage process in Georgia.

Sveicariuli dResaswaulebi (paralelebi qarTul dResaswaulebTan)

luka dvaliSvili

akaki wereTeli da aWarisakaki wereTeli da aWarisakaki wereTeli da aWarisakaki wereTeli da aWarisakaki wereTeli da aWaris

SemoerTebis problemaSemoerTebis problemaSemoerTebis problemaSemoerTebis problemaSemoerTebis problema

me-19 saukunis meore naxevarSi saqarTvelos, rogorc koloniurqveyanas, mravali problema daugrovda. dilemuri sakiTxebi xSiradiseT qveynebSic iCens Tavs, romlebic damoukidebelni arian, magramsaqarTvelosnairi qveynebisaTvis, istoriuli avbedobisa da minavlebulisazogadoebrivi cnobierebisa da bedovlaTobis gamo SeiZlebakatastrofuli aRmoCeniliyo. pirveli da umTavresi problema gaxldaTenis sakiTxi. sasaubro da saliteraturo enis erTmaneTTan daSorebamisedac usasoo mdgomareobaSi myofi sazogadoeba kidev ufro gaaucxovada erTmaneTisadmi antagonisturi gaxada. am faqtis damadasturebelimagaliTebi imdroindel qarTul mwerlobaSi bevria. daniel WonqaZis,,suramis cixeSi", ilia WavWavaZis ,,kako yaCaRis cxovrebaSi" warmoCeniliepizodebi naTlad RaRadeben isedac mcirericxovani qarTuli sazogadoebissiRrmeSi gaCenil avbediT bzarze, romelic katastrofuli progresiiTuZirovdeba da ufskrulis saxes iRebda. ,,TergdaleulTa" liderebis,iliasa da akakis uamrav umniSvnelovanes damsaxurebaTa Soris qarTvelieris winaSe, vfiqrobT, umTavresia sayovelTao erovnuli samwerlo-saliteraturo enis reformireba. eniT iwyeba yoveli mniSvnelovani TuumniSvnelo saqme. eris sikvdilamde kvdeba ena. am dros mniSvneloba araqvs, mravalricxovania Tu raodenobrivad mcire am eris warmomadgenlebi.Tu eris umTavresi saurTierTo saSualeba mSobliuri ena araa, ankidev sazogadoeba agdebulad, uxeSad epyroba mas, igi TandaTanobiTdaWknobas, daxavsebasa da zezeul sikvdils iwyebs. amitom iliasa daakakis, yoveli momdevno Taobis qarTvelis upirvelesi saesavi unda iyosmSobliuri enisa da teritoriebis movla-patronoba da SenarCuneba.

rogorc iTqva, erovnuli cnobierebis aRorZineba-ganmtkicebissafuZvelia mSobliuri ena, xolo ganmtkicebul-gafoladebuli erovnulicnobiereba - qveynis aRorZinebisa da ayvavebis garanti. enasTan erTadyoveli qveynisTvis udidesi saesavia sakuTari miwa-wylis SenarCuneba damovla. am mxriv qveynis istoriuli avbedobisa da zogierTi mmarTvelisgadagvareba-uniaTobis gamo, mcire gamonaklisis garda, saqarTvelosTiTqmis yovelTvis uWirda. da raoden saTayvanoa is pirovneba, miTufro sazogado moRvawe, romelsac mravali adamiani magaliTis asaRebadmiTvalyurebia da isic Tavis valsa da misias qveynisa da xalxis winaSepirnaTlad moixdis. swored aseTi moRvawe gaxldaT akaki wereTeli.

me-19 saukunis Sua xanebidan ruseTSi dawyebulma socialurmamRelvarebam, batonymobis gadavardnisTvis agorebulma revoluciurmatalRam garkveulwilad xeli Seuwyo ruseTis mier dapyrobil xalxebSierovnul-nacionaluri suliskveTebis gamococxleba-aRorZinebas.

KARTVELIAN HERITAGE


imperiis ganapira mxareebis damonebuli mosaxleobisTvis socialurproblemebze ufro aqtualuri yovelTvis erovnul-politikuri sakiTxiiyo. me-19 saukunis 70-iani wlebisTvis ruseTis imperiis farglebSimoqceul saqarTvelos dakarguli hqonda teritoriis mniSvnelovaninawili, maT Soris aWara. me-19 saukunis 70-ian wlamde garesaqarTveloSi,kerZod ki aWaraSi, met-naklebi simSvide iyo. imdroindel msoflioSimimdinare socialur-politikuri procesebis gamo es viTomda simSvideda rutina dairRva. kerZod, me-19 saukunis 70-iani wlebidan evropuliqveynebis kabalaSi moqceul TurqeTSi gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiurdaerovnuli burJuazia. TurqeTi im droisTis pirobiTad Tu CaiTvlebodadamoukidebel qveynad. xalxis gamosvlebiT damfrTxali sulTnisxelisufleba cdilobda masebis mRelvarebisTvis sxva mimarTulebamieca. qveynis SigniTa revoluciuri Zalebis aqtivobis gadabalansebisTvis,sxva kalapotSi gadagdebisTvis 1872 wlidan TurqeTis xelisuflebamkidev ufro SezRuda damonebuli xalxebis uflebebi. yovelivees oficialurad gaformda e.w. `moTxad faSas konstituciiT".zemoxsenebuli konstitucia oficialurad afiqsirebda TurqTa mierdapyrobil xalxTa diskriminacias. am viTomda konstituciam qveyanagayo ,,namdvil da nafic" Turqebad. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom swored amperiodidan TurqTa mier dapyrobili qveynebis gamahmadianebulma TuTavis sarwmunoebaze darCenil xalxTa udidesma nawilma saboloodirwmuna, rom sarwmunoebiTa da yalbi lozungebiT Sekowiwebuli erTobamxolod iluzia iyo.

1876 wlis kabalurma konstituciam udidesi biZgi miscagaresaqarTvelosa da iq mcxovreb qarTvelebSi miZinebuli erovnuligrZnobebis aRorZinebas. erovnuli orientacia da dedasaqarTveloskenswrafva gansakuTrebiT gaizarda qarTvelTa im nawilSi, romlebsacsamSoblosTan kavSiri jer kidev ar hqonda gawyvetili. TurquliburJuaziisa da samxedro feodaluri nawilis `osmanTa imperiisgamorCeulobisa da uZlevelobis" ideis agorebasa da praqtikulganxorcielebas dasavleTidan balkaneTis slavebis ajanyebam gauCina bzari,xolo aRmosavleTidan aWarelTa gamosvlebma. gaz. ,,droeba" (1873 w.,#9) gulmxurvaled exmaureboda 1872 wlis qobuleTelTa ajanyebas damianiSnebda amboxebulTa swor erovnul orientaciasa damamuliSvilobaze: ,,Tu Tqvenma bedma ver gaWra da ver davamarcxeTosmalTa jarebi, maSin gza mogveciT guriaSi gadmosasvlelado." TurqeTiswinaaRmdeg dawyebul erovnul moZraobas mxari dauWira ruseTis imperiamda yovelnairad Seecada adrindeli da imdroindeli Sorsmimavalisamomavlo gegmebis realizebas. magram kaTolikurma evropam Tavisimaterialuri da sarwmunoebrivi gegmebis gamo garkveul wnexsa dakalapotSi moaqcia ruseTis imperiis zraxvebi da amiT udidesi zianimiayena balkaneli slavebis brZolas erovnuli TviTmyofadobisaTvis.maSin, roca evropam reglamentirebuli gaxada balkaneTis slavebisa daruseTis imperiis aqtivoba, bunebrivad simZimis centrma aRmosavleTSi,aWaraSi gadmoinacvla. unda iTqvas, rom yovel droSi xalxebis fsiqikisa

akaki wereTeli da aWaris SemoerTebis problema

da xasiaTis formirebaSi xSirad arsebiT, gadamwyvet rols TamaSobdada TamaSobs ekonomika. me-19 saukuneSi TurqeTis mier mitacebulsaqarTvelosTan SedarebiT TvalSisacemi iyo ruseTis mier dapyrobilidedasaqarTvelos kulturul-ekonomikuri winsvla. aqedan gamomdinare,gareqarTvelebis bunebrivi ltolva mSobliuri Zirebisaken ganpirobebulida motivirebuli iyo ara marto erovnuli TviTSegnebiTa damamuliSviluri orientaciis amaRlebiT, aramed kulturul-materialuripirobebis gaumjobesebis surviliTac.

saqarTvelos gareT mcxovreb, TurqTa batonobis qveS myofqarTvelTa gamaerTianebeli gaxda saerTo-saxalxo kreba ̀ olqa", romelicSedarebiT mSvidobianobis dros am kuTxeSi SinammarTvelobasa daerovnul Seuvalobas icavda. SeiZleba iTqvas, swored es kreba iqcaajanyebis xelmZRvanel organod. `olqam" Zneli saqmis gadasawyvetaddedasamSoblodan moiwvia grigol gurieli, sasulTnos karis renegatiTavdgiriZe ki Tavidan moiSora. am periodSi gansakuTrebiT Tavi gamoiCinaSerif-beg ximSiaSvilma. igi miesalma aWaris mosalodnel SeerTebasdedasamSoblosTan: `RmerTma qnas, male daiwyebodes omi. me mzad varCemi qveyana qarTvel Svilebs SevuerTo. rogorc adre yofilasaqarTvelo, dReis Semdeg ise gaxdeso" (S. megreliZe, 1963, gv. 116).ximSiaSvilma qveynis Ralati Svilsac ki ar apatia da sakuTari xeliTgangmira igi.

aRniSnul periodSi aWaris sakiTxiT gansakuTrebiT dainteresebuliiyo bevri qarTveli sazogado moRvawe, maT Soris: i. WavWavaZe,iv. kereseliZe, istorikosi d.baqraZe, g. yazbegi, gr. gurieli, g. wereTeli,mix. mefisaSvili, i. Wyonia, n. nikolaZe, didi mgosani a. wereTeli dasxv.

1873 wlis `krebulSi" (#78) daibeWda niko nikolaZisa dag. wereTlis vrceli werilebi aWaris Sesaxeb, romelsac ruseTisa daevropis mowinave sazogadoebis farTo gamoxmaureba mohyva. xolo 1875wlis `Tbilisis vestnikSi" daibeWda niko nikolaZis werili `qariSxliswin". aWaris SemoerTebis wina periodSi daiwyo e. w. propagandistuli,`sagazeTo omi". am periodSi gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobs qarTulisazogadoebis mowinave nawili, maT Soris gamoirCeva akaki. igigareqarTvelebSi didi avtoritetiTa da popularobiT sargeblobda.`grigol gurieli akakisTan erTad moqmedebda. swored misi daxmarebiTmiscemia akakis saSualeba daaxloeboda aWarelTa gavlenian pirebs.orientacia ZiriTadad mosaxleobis dabali fenebis warmomadgenlebzeiyo aRebuli. maT Soris gansakuTrebul rols asrulebda Tavdadebulipoeti xusein xabazi (qamJaraZe). vfiqrobT, swored es iyo Suamavaliakakisa da aWarelTa Soris" (axali qarTuli literaturis sakiTxebi,1972, gv. 154).

akaki `Tbilisis vestnikSi" regularulad aqveynebda werilebs:`ukeTesi dReebis molodinSi" (1874, #16), `moulodneli yinva" (1874,#25), ̀ kvakenbergis pasuxad" (1874, #61). me-19 saukunis 70-iani wlebidan,rogorc ki TurqeTis mier dapyrobil xalxebSi, kerZod ki aWaraSi

l. dvaliSvili

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba gaaqtiurda, rogorc irkveva,akaki movlenebis epicentrSi imyofeba da regularulad gzavnidawerilebs jer qarTul, Semdeg ki rusul presaSi. ̀ ismail Tamaz oRlis"fsevdonimiT daibeWda akakis werili `baTumi 17 seqtembers" (`droeba",1875, #109).

imdroindeli qarTuli presa aqtiurad exmaurebodagaresaqarTveloSi mimdinare procesebs da siamovnebiT beWdavda msgavsixasiaTis werilebs, miT ufro akakis didi mamuliSviluri cecxliTa dacincxali analitikuri sibrZniT dayursul statiebs. rusuli presa,marTalia, diplomatiuri reveransebiT aqezebda msgavsi xasiaTis werilebisavtorebs, magram, rogorc Cans, mTavrobis miTiTebiT Tavs ikavebdaTviTon daebeWda analogiur problemebze Seqmnili kerZo piris werilebi.rusuli cenzura aSkarad gzas uRobavda TurqeTis mier mitacebuliaWaris Wir-varamis farTod gaSuqebas uSualod ruseT-TurqeTis omisdawyebamde. `Tbilisis vestnikis" redaqtori kote bebuTovi Tu manamdesiamovnebiT, gulTbilad iRebda TviTon akakis da mis gagzavnil statiebs,1874 wlidan uars ambobs aWaris problemis gamSuqebeli werilebisdabeWdvaze, rac mizezi gaxda poetsa da redaqtors Soris didiusiamovnebisa. mogvianebiT akaki gulistkiviliT werda: ̀ rusuli gazeTebicxadad aRiareben, rom ruseTi SeZenisTvis ar ibrZviso, imas TavisisigrZe da siganec eyofao. magram isa surso, rom qristianebi, rogorcsxva tomis eri, TaTrebis monobisgan gaanTavisuflos da maTgan tanjvasgadaarCinos saukunod... keTili da patiosani. RmerTma gaumarjos imas,vinc xalxis keTildReobisaTvis iRvwodes" (`droeba", 1877, #43). akakis ironiul-parodiuli xazgasma – RmerTma gaumarjos imas, vinc

xalxis keTildReobisTvis iRvwodes, _ naTlad mianiSnebs imas, romdidi poeti bolomdea Camwvdari msoflio politikur TamaSebsa dawyalqveSa dinebebs. man mSvenivrad uwyis, Tu ra miznebi amoZravebsruseTs. qristianebis daxmarebis survilis ukan cudad SefuTuliimperialisturi zraxvebi misTvis advilad saCino da amosacnobia.miuxedavad amisa, mamulismoyvare, SorsmWvreteli da windaxeduli poetiwinaswar xvdeba, rom ruseT-TurqeTis mosalodneli omiT yvelaze metadSesaZlebelia saqarTvelom isargeblos, amitomac igi piradi magaliTisCvenebiT cdilobs yoveli patrioti qarTveli Caabas gareqarTvelTamSvidobianad gadmobirebis saqmeSi, raTa es saxifaTo procesi racSeiZleba umtkivneulod ganviTardes. omis dawyebis wina periodSi aWaraSigansakuTrebiT gaaqtiurda sulTnis xelisufleba. maT zogierTi renegatiqarTvelis daxmarebiT adamianTa garkveuli gaorWofebuli jgufebisgadabireba SeZles. akaki xvdeba, rom saqme daswrebazea. amitom maSinukve gareqarTvelebSic popularuli didi mgosani am kuTxis Svilispoet xusein-xabazis daxmarebiT aralegalurad Cadis aWaraSi da erTgvarpropagandistul muSaobas eweva. 1875 wlidan akaki xSirad gadadissazRvarze da ajanyebulebis Tavkacebs xvdeba. erTgan igi gulistkiviliTwers am did erovnul saqmeSi aseve TavdadebiTa da TavganwirviT CarTul


n. nikolaZes: ̀ guSin iseTi ambavi momivida, rom qobuleTSi unda wavsuliyavida ver movaxerxe ufulobis gamo" (a. wereTeli, 1963, gv. 14).

momdevno werilebSi akaki imasac axmianebs, rom SesaZlebeliamomavalSi n. nikolaZes ver daukavSirdes. xumrobiT dasZens, romsapatimro elodeba Tavisi aralegaluri saqmianobisTvis. akakisgansakuTrebuli siaxlove akavSirebda aseve udides qarTvel patriotgrigol gurielTan. grigol gurieli da misi ojaxi didi avtoritetiTsargeblobda aWaris mosaxleobaSi, amitomac ruseTis xelisuflebamgrigol gurieli jer kordonis ufrosad daniSna am mxareSi, xoloaWaris SemoerTebis Semdeg mazris ufrosad. qarTuli presa da aWarismosaxleoba didi sixaruliT Sexvda am faqts, rameTu axladSemoerTebulikuTxis daSinebul qarTvelobas igi erTaderT qomagad da imedad esaxebodarusi Cinovnikebis Zalmomreobis dros. igi marTlac am kuTxis qarTvelTauRalato gulSematkivari iyo. `bedad mazris ufrosad aris kaci,romelsac mTeli baTomis olqis qarTveli Tavis mfarveli angelozsaviTSescqeris da romlis erT sityvas masze, sxvis mTel moZRvrebis wakiTxvazeufrosi gavlena aqvs. es kaci gaxlavT T.gr.d. gurieli" (i. Wyonia,1879). grigol gurielma icoda, rogor eTayvaneboda aWaris mosaxleobisdidi nawili akakis, amitom dabejiTebiT Txovda, xSirad Casuliyo aWaraSi:`gr. gurieli sayvedurebiT mxeTqavs: ratom ar modixar? mama Camoviyvane,magram ver gamomadgao" (`mnaTobi", 1965, #6, gv. 167).

akakisa da mravali qarTveli mamuliSvilis daucxromeli Rvawlimsoflio politikuri movlenebis iRbliani Tanxvedrilobis wyalobiTwarmatebiT dagvirgvinda: `...omma amdeni xnis daSorebuli Zmebi isevSegvyara..." (i. WavWavaZe, ̀ iveria", 1879, ianvari). amrigad, akaki wereTelmaTavisi da momdevno Taobis yvela qarTvels aCvena, Tu rogor undaemsaxuros xalxsa da qveyanas.


axali qarTuli literaturis sakiTxebi, t. 3, Tb., 1972.gaz. `droeba", 1873, #9; 1877, #43.gaz. ,,iveria", 1879, ianvari.S. megreliZe, 1963 - S. megreliZe, samxreT saqarTvelos istoriidan,

Tb., 1963.Jurn. `mnaTobi", 1965, #6.n. nikolaZe, 1875 - n. nikolaZe, qariSxlis win, ̀ Tbilisis vestniki", 1875.a. wereTeli, 1874 - a. wereTeli, ukeTesi dReebis molodinSi,

`Tbilisis vestniki", 1874, #16.a. wereTeli, 1874 - a. wereTeli, moulodneli yinva, `Tbilisis

vestniki", 1874, #25.a. wereTeli, 1874 - a. wereTeli, kvakenbergis pasuxad, `Tbilisis

vestniki", 1874, #61.

l. dvaliSvili

a. wereTeli, 1875 - a. wereTeli, baTumi 17 seqtembers, gaz. ̀ droeba",1875, #109.

a. wereTeli, 1963 - a. wereTeli, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuliTxuTmet tomad, t. XV, Tb., 1963.

i. Wyonia, 1879 - i. Wyonia, xma baTumidan, gaz. ,,iveria", 1879, #4.

LUKA DVALISHVILI

AKAKI TSERETELI AND THE PROBLEM OF REUNIONOF ACHARA TO GEORGIA

In the second half of the 19th century the problems amassed to Georgia, as acolonized country. Owing to the degenerated and irresponsible rulers and historicalill-fates national vital impulses had considerably been weakened by that period. Insuch a time of a people’s history a particular role can be played by a distinguishedman of a country who is looked upon as a paragon of virtues, the man who iscapable of assuming his patriotic duty and fulfilling his obligation faultlessly in theservice to his people. Akaki Tsereteli personifies the kind of a public man.

In the 70s of the 19th century prior to and during the Russo-Turkish warA.Tsereteli, a famous poet of Georgia, several times crossed the boarders of Acharaillegally, the province of Georgia annexed to Turkey at that time. The poet enjoyedgreat respect among the local population and he carried out explanatory works towake patriotism among the Georgians of Achara. Among some other sincere patriotsof Georgia Akaki Tsereteli accomplished great mission to bring back the AcharanGeorgians to the national space without complications.


ia vaSakiZe

`̀̀̀̀ucxosucxosucxosucxosucxos" mniSvnelobis cvlisaTvis mniSvnelobis cvlisaTvis mniSvnelobis cvlisaTvis mniSvnelobis cvlisaTvis mniSvnelobis cvlisaTvis

rusul imperiul sivrceSirusul imperiul sivrceSirusul imperiul sivrceSirusul imperiul sivrceSirusul imperiul sivrceSi

sityvis mniSvnelobis cvla Cveulebrivi movlenaa; igi sxvadasxvafaqtoriT SeiZleba iyos ganpirobebuli. mniSvnelobis cvlis erT-erTigzaa mizanmimarTuli enobrivi politika. warmodgenili naSromis mizaniasabWoTa imperiis velSi moqceul saqarTveloSi "ucxo" sityvaformissemantikis "koreqtirebis" istoriis warmoCena.

sulxan-saba orbelianis leqsikonSi "ucxo" ganmartebulia, rogorcsxva qveynisa" (s.s.orbeliani, 1966, gv. 177). niko da daviT CubinaSvilebTanaRniSnuli sityvis ZiriTadi mniSvneloba gamyarebulia damatebiTi fraziT:SoriT mosuli" (n. CubinaSvili, 1961, gv. 390; d. CubinaSvili, 1984, gv.1284). analogiuri mniSvneloba dasturdeba Tanamedrove erTenovan Tuorenovan leqsikonebSic:

"visac ar icnoben, - ucnobi, gareSe" (qegl, 1960, gv. 1695);"èíîñòðàííûé[-àÿ, -îå], ÷óæåçåìíûé, ï îñòîðîííûé..." (qarTul-rusuli

leqsikoni, 1990, gv. 241);"stranger - ucxo piri, ... ucxoeli" (inglisur-qarTuli da qarTul-

inglisuri leqsikoni, 2003, gv. 889);"Foreign - ucxo, ucxouri, ucxoeTis, ucxoeli, ucnobi, gareSe"

(inglisur-qarTuli da qarTul-inglisuri leqsikoni, 2003, gv. 358).ruseTis imperiis mier saqarTvelos okupaciisa da aneqsiis 200-

wliani istoriis periodSi sityva "ucxo" orgvari mniSvnelobiTdasturdeba:

1. istoriuli mniSvnelobiT - sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebamde;2. xelovnurad daviwroebuli mniSvnelobiT - sabWoTa xelisuflebis

damyarebis Semdeg.cnobilia, rom XX saukunis meore naxevridan, "adgilis enebis"

devna-Seviwroebis pirobebSi (rac imperiuli politikis ganuyofelnawils warmoadgenda), rusulis Zlier gavlenas ganicdida qarTulisamecniero ena. erovnuli skolebisa da universitetis ararsebobisgamo, "specialuri sagnebis terminologia" qarTul enaze "rigianadSemuSavebuli" ar iyo, rasac araerTgzis SeniSnavdnen mowinavesazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi: i. WavWavaZe, a. wereTeli, i. gogebaSvili,v. RambaSiZe, s. xundaZe, v. petriaSvili, T. kikviZe, l. cagareli, p.mirianaSvili, il. alxaziSvili da sxv. (i. vaSakiZe, 2009, gv. 42-44, 113-118,121-125). amave mizeziT, qarTveli swavlulebi zogjer iZulebulni iyvnen,mxolod rusuli an rusuli dawerilobiT romelime araqarTuli terminigamoeyenebinaT da erTgvarad moebodiSebinaT mkiTxvelisaTvis, rom ase"gagebis gasaadvileblad" iqceodnen (v. petriaSvili, 1895, gv. 3; v. kakabaZe,1914, gv. 414). maTi SeniSvnebidan aSkarad Cans, rom aRniSnul periodSiganaTlebuli qarTvelisaTvis rusuli ganixileboda ucxo enad, iseve

KARTVELIAN HERITAGE


rogorc nebismieri sxva araqarTuli ena; mag., 1914 wlis Jurnal"ganaTlebaSi" vkiTxulobT:

"ganaTlebul erad ar CaiTvleba is xalxi, romelsacbunebismetyveleba Tavis dedaenaze ar ganuviTarebia... bunebis mecniereba,medicina, fsixologia... ese yvela srulebiT uyuradRebod arisdatovebuli. aba, gamoricxeT saSualeba zemoT dasaxelebul mecnierebaTarusul eniT (xazgasma Cvenia - i.v.) Seswavlisa; vsTqvaT ar viciT ucxoena, maSin Cven, qarTvelebi, vegvanebodiT naxevrad velur xalxsa..."("ganaTleba", 1914, #5, gv. 73).

zemoT moyvanili amonaridis mixedviT, terminologiuri Sesityvebarusuli ena sinonimur wyvils qmnis ucxo enasTan. bolSevikurgadatrialebamde aris sxva mravali SemTxvevac, roca qarTuli enisgulSematkivarTaTvis "qarTulis SembRalvel" ucxo gamoTqmebSimoiazreba rogorc rusuli (umeteswilad)1, ise germanuli, frangulida romelime sxva enidan Semosuli barbarizmebi ("iveria", 1903, #4, gv.2; l. cagareli, 1914, gv. 469).

damoukideblobis samwlian periodSi (1918-1921) viTareba bevradSeicvala: erTi mxriv, qarTuli samwignobro ena saxelmwifoebrivizrunvis sagani gaxda; mag., k. gamsaxurdias sityvebis Tanaxmad, XIXsaukuneSi "qarTuli ena stiqiurad izrdeboda, ...arc momvleli hyavda...da arc yalibis mimcemi" (k. gamsaxurdia, 1983, gv. 495). saqarTvelosdamoukideblobis am mcire monakveTSi qarTuls, marTlac, aRudgasaxelmwifo enis statusi, gaixsna qarTuli unoversiteti, qarTulenovaniskolebi; Tbilisis universitetis daarsebis Semdeg (1918) momravldasxva umaRlesi saswavleblebic, ganviTarda erovnuli mecniereba damwerloba, daiwyo qarTuli samwignobro enis sistemuri Seswavla danormireba... es procesi inerciiT gagrZelda sabWoTa epoqis pirvelwlebSic, Tumca maleve aRorZinda imperiuli kursi:

20-iani wlebis bolos saqarTveloSi saqmiswarmoebis ena isev xdebarusuli (es kargad Cans saarqivo masalebis dokumentebidan). saqarTveloSiisev uxvad Semoedineba rusuli terminologia da prestiJuli xdebarusuli (qarTulis funqcionirebis velis SezRudvis xarjze). amasemateba sxva faqtoric:

daiwyo inteligenciis represiebi, romelTa mizani iyo qarTuladmoazrovne moqalaqeebis ganadgureba an daSineba da "sxva relsebze"gadayvana (masalebisaTvis ix., Jurn. "saarqivo moambe", 2010, # 8, 9, 10).paralelurad daiwyo SemoqmedebiTi inteligenciisaTvis iubileebisgadaxda moskovSi, raTa sabWoTa moqalaqeebisaTvis "gaemSobliurebinaT"ruseTis imperiis dedaqalaqi. daiwyo, aseve, Sromis gmirebisa Tu rigiTimoqalaqeebisaTvis mniSvnelovani TariRebis milocva kremlidan;sainteresoa isic, rom am periodSi Seqmnil filmebSi kavkasielTa

"ucxos" mniSvnelobis cvlisaTvis rusul imperiul sivrceSi

1 aRniSnuli periodis presaSi xazgasmiTaa SeniSnuli saliteraturo qarTulSirusicizmebis raodenobrivi siWarbe, sxva enebis gavlenasTan SedarebiT("kvali", 1893, #49, gv. 6; "iveria", 1903, #4, gv. 2; #13, gv. 2...)

urTierTdapirispirebis dros "gamSvelebeli" Tu "Semrigebelia"kavkasielebis megobari rusi... (ix., mag., filmebi: "dRe pirveli - dReukanaskneli", "fatima" da sxv.). mizani erTi iyo: qarTuli enobriv-eTnikuri meobis dakninebis xarjze sabWoTa "identobis" formireba.

amgvarma antierovnulma enobrivma aspeqtebma ganapiroba termin"ucxos" araswori kvalifikaciis damkvidreba sabWoTa moqalaqis samecnieroTu oficialur-saqmiani moRvaweobis sferoSi; mag.:

a) qarTveli moswavlisa Tu studentisaTvis anketis kiTxva:"romeli ucxo ena iciT?"arasodes moiazrebda rusuls; Tuki "gauTviTcnobierebel"

respodents mainc wamoscdeboda pasuxad: "rusuli", maSinve SeaCerebdnenmokle, dausabuTebeli "ganmartebiT": rusuli - ara, sxva!";

b) maSindel ucxo enaTa institutSi ar iyo specialoba: rusuliena da literatura. es ukanaskneli, mag., Tbilisis saxelmwifouniversitetis filologiis fakultetze qarTuli enisa da literaturisganyofilebis paralelurad funqcionirebda, rac TavisTavad niadagsqmnida sabWoTa moqalaqis cnobierebaSi rusulis ucxo enebisagangamocalkevebisa da qarTulTan "daaxloebisaTvis". aseTi midgomiT,daukonkretebeli, TiTqos wayruebuli iyo gansxvaveba qarTulsa darusuls, rogorc mSobliursa da ucxo enebs Soris.

zemoaRniSnul kursTan arapirdapiri, magram meTodologiuradTanmimdevruli kavSiri hqonda im zogad tendencias, rom rusulenovaniganaTlebis miReba metad perspeqtiulad iTvleboda samsaxurebrivikarierisaTvis. aRniSnuli kursis mZime Sedegebi gansakuTrebiTTvalSisacemi gaxda erovnuli moZraobis aRmavlobis periodSi; magaliTad,televiziis saSualebiT qarTveli sazogadoebisaTvis cnobili gaxda XXsaukunis 80-iani wlebis bolos samegrelosa da afxazeTis saSualoskolebSi Catarebuli specialuri gamokiTxvis Sedegebi, kerZod, aRniSnuliregionis rusuli skolis qarTveli ufrosklaselebi amjobinebdnenrusulenovani saSualo ganaTlebis miRebas, rom meti gasaqani miscemodaTdedaqalaqSi (moskovSi!) swavlis gagrZelebisa da Semdeg - saqmianobisaTvis;aseve, gogonebi arCevdnen, momavalSi Svilebic rusul skolaSi SeeyvanaT, romar gasWirvebodaT maTTvis daxmarebis gaweva gakveTilebis momzadebaSi...2

Sdr.: "bavSvma Tavdapirvelad Tavis deda-enazed unda gaixsnasgoneba" (ilia), namdvili qarTveli mxolod namdvil qarTul skolasSeuZlia aRzardos" (mRvdeli simon mWedliZe)...

sabWoTa periodSi terminma "ucxo enam" dakarga Tavisi namdvilimniSvneloba da axali politikuri fonis mixedviT Seqmnili sityvaTSexamebis- sabWoTa xalxis "diadi enis" - rusulis - antonimad iqca.

mimarTeba: mSobliuri - ucxo Seicvala wyviliT: sabWoTa - ucxo;ucxos sapirispirod, erT semantikur velSi moeqca terminebi: mSobliuri

i. vaSakiZe

2 1989 wels am Temas sagangebo satelevizio gadacema miuZRvna doc. T.kvaWantiraZem, romelmac imsjela, Tu ra damafiqrebeli iyo aRniSnuliregionis moswavle-axalgazrdobis damokidebuleba mSobliuri enisadmi

da sabWoTa, meore (sabWoTa) logikurad dauaxlovda pirvels(mSobliurs). amasTanave, Tu imasac gaviTvaliswinebT, rom yofili imperiisteritoriaze gavrcelebul enebs Soris rusulma SeiZina gamorCeuli,saurTierTo (ufrosi Zmis) enis funqcia, aSkarad gamoikveTeba imperiulienobrivi politikis erTi gza:

qarTveli sazogadoebis erovnuli cnobierebis Seryevis mizniT,sityvaformaTa istoriulad CamoZerwili semantikis xelovnurad Secvla,mag.:

semantikis daviwroeba: ucxo - araqarTuli > ucxo - arasabWoTa;sematikis gafarToeba: mSobliuri - qarTuli > mSobliuri - sabWoTa/

rusuli...Sdr., agreTve:saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis dedaqalaqi - TbilisisaqarTvelos moqalaqeebis dedaqalaqic - moskovi...


k. gamsaxurdia 1983 - k. gamsaxurdia, TxzulebaTa aTtomeuli, t.VII, Tb., 1983.

Jurn. "ganaTleba", 1914, #5.i. vaSakiZe, 2009 - i. vaSakiZe, terminTSemoqmedebis principebi XX

saukunis II naxevris saqarTveloSi, Tb. 2009.gaz. "iveria" 1903, #4, 13.inglisur-qarTuli da qarTul-inglisuri leqsikoni, Tb., 2003.v. kakabaZe, 1914 - v. kakabaZe, wyali da misi gawmendis saSualebani,

„Jurn. "ganaTleba", 1914, #6.gaz. "kvali", 1893, #49.s.s. orbeliani, 1966 - s.s. orbeliani, Txzulebani, IV, Tb., 1966.v. petriaSvili 1895 - v. petriaSvili, siTbo da misi sargeblianad

moxmareba mrewvelobasa da ojaxSi, "meurne", 1895, #7-10.qarTul-rusuli leqsikoni, Tb., 1990.qegl, 1960 - qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, t.VI, Tb., 1960.n. CubinaSvili, 1961- n. CubinaSvili, qarTuli leqsikoni, Tb., 1960.d. CubinaSvili, 1984 - d. CubinaSvili, qarTul-rusuli leqsikoni, Tb., 1984.l. cagareli, 1914 - l. cagareli, anatomiur, fsixologiur

terminebisa da sxvadasxva dargis sityvebis Sesaxeb, Jurn. "ganaTleba",1914, #6.

"ucxos" mniSvnelobis cvlisaTvis rusul imperiul sivrceSi

IA VASHAKIDZE

ON THE SEMANTIC CHANGE OF “UTSKHO”(FOREIGN) RELATED TO LANGUAGE IN THE

RUSSIAN IMPERIAL SPACE

The paper discusses the question of the artificial change of the word semanticsby the influence of the Soviet language policy.

During the Soviet period the term: foreign language lost its original meaningand in the conformity of the Imperial background it became the antonym of theSoviet language/languages. The opposition: Native – foreign was replaced with thepair: Soviet –foreign. Consequently, as opposed to the term “foreign” the terms“Soviet” and “native” appeared in the single semantic field; on the other hand “soviet”had logically come near the “native” that brought the narrowing of semantics of theword “utskho”(foreign): “utskho” – non-Georgian >“utskho” – non-Soviet.

i. vaSakiZe

zurab Toria

"""""eri dedaa enisaeri dedaa enisaeri dedaa enisaeri dedaa enisaeri dedaa enisa"""""

TiTqosda gasaocari arc aris is, rom ruseTis xelisuflebasaqarTveloSi Tavis didmpyrobelur gegmebs orasi wlis ganmavlobaSiemisrebis meSveobiT SefarviT da gegmazomierad axorcielebda, dRes kiaSkarad axmovanebs da moqmedebazec gadadis, magram metad saCoTiroa isfaqti, am antiqarTul movlenas CvenTanac gauCndnen mxardaWerebi daevropis sxvadasxva instanciebSi agzavnian e.w. WeSmaritebis damamtkicebelustarebs, TiTqos megrelebi, lazebi da svanebi erovnul umciresobebsmiekuTvnebian, maTi dialeqtebi damoukidebeli enebia da qarTvelebi amumciresobaTa uflebebis diskriminacias ewevian.

amiT TiTqos naTeli xdeba, rom saqarTveloSi kuTxurobis saZraxisiseni isev iwyebs aRorZinebas, magram Tu am faqts siRrmiseuladgavaanalizebT, mTavari ram erTxel kidev aSkaravdeba: es problemagaredanaa Semogdebuli da umwifar politikanebTan da medroveebTanSeTanxmebiT xorcieldeba, romelTaTvisac dedamiwis zurgze, mamonasgarda, araferi wminda da maradiuli ar arsebobs.

saqarTvelos istoriuli warsuli gvidasturebs, rom qarTuliena da kultura saqarTvelos yvela kuTxis mkvidrTa pirmSoa. misCasaxvasa da ganviTarebaSi yvela kuTxem Tavisi udidesi wvlili Seitanada, miuxedavad imisa, rom droTa mdinarebaSi svanuri, megruli dalazuri dialeqtebad daiSala da, istoriuli realiebidan gamomdinare,met-naklebad dascilda fuZe enas, am kiloebze molaparakeni qarTulienis magistraluri xazidan arasodes gadasulan: saukuneTa manZilzeerTguloben TavianT deda enas, am enaze qmnidnen da azrovnebdnen,udidesi wvlili SehqondaT mis ganviTarebasa da srulqmnaSi; arasodesgaucxadebiaT kuTxur metyvelebaze anbanisa da literaturis Seqmnissurvili, radgan eris mTlianoba da siZliere iyo maTi mTavari damudmivi sazrunavi.

Soreuli warsulidan Semogvcqerian qarTuli enis udidesi moamageni,Semoqmedni, albaT, dedamiwis zurgze erT-erTi Camoqnili, srulyofilianbanisa, rac mis universalurobaze migvaniSnebs; aseve Semogvcqerian iswmida mamebi, romlebmac moxazes pirveli qarTuli anbani, ganaviTares,safuZveli daudes qarTul hagiografias, poezias, saero literaturas,galobas, romelic Tavisi ganumeoreblobiTa da mravalxmianobiT xiblavsTanamedroveT da gaoceba ipyrobT, roca Tanamedrove qarTvelTaganamgvar mkrexelur mosazrebebs ismenen, rameTu amisi saWiroeba romyofiliyo, isini saerTo qarTul enaze ki ar aaxmianebdnen im gasaocarSedevrebs, rasac qarTuli poezia, qarTuli proza da sagaloblebihqvia. an ra SeuSlida xels ioane minCxs, im Soreul epoqaSi megruldialeqtze aexmianebina Tavisi himnebi da sagaloblebi, an fazisis akademiaSimoRvawe, petre iberis Tanamedrove ioane lazs traqtatebi lazurdialeqtze Seedgina...

KARTVELIAN HERITAGE


aseve mraval sxva saxelmoxveWil Tu usaxelod gardasulmamuliSvils, romelTac qarTuli enisa da kulturis samsxverplozemiitanes TavianTi codna, gamocdileba, mowameobrivi ruduneba, darCnenqarTuli enisa da kulturis ucnob raindebad da xmalmomarjvebulmebrZolTa darad ganumeorebeli kvali gaavles qarTuli enisa dakulturis noyier niadagze da arsad aRuniSnavT, rom mxolod TavianTikuTxis gansadideblad iRvawes. maT es uangaro Sroma erTiani qarTulienisa da kazmulsityvaobis ganviTarebas miuZRvnes...

qarTulma enam meoce saukunis rubikons gadaabija. ukan darCauTanasworo brZolebisa da qartexilebis saukuneni. am brZolebSisakuTari, TavisTavadi saxe CamoZerwa. igi arc erT sxva enas ara hgavs,misi anbani moxazulobiT TiTqos martivia, magram originaluria daerTxel kidev mis unikalurobaze metyvelebs. mravalma qarTvelmapoetma dedaenas araerTi aRfrTovanebis striqoni miuZRvna...

XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi qarTveli sazogado moRvaweni,gansakuTrebiT samegrelos mosaxleoba, win aRudga ruseTis imperiiszraxvebs, romelic miznad isaxavda qarTvelTa enobriv-kulturul daeTnikur danawevrebas, saqarTvelos dapyrobasa da amierkavkasiis moqcevasTavis geopolitikur areSi.

iakob gogebaSvili am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT wers:"megrelTa tomi qarTul enas yovelTvis Tvlida Tavis mSobliur

ZiriTad enad, xolo Tavis adgilobriv dialeqts ucqeroda rogorcmSobliur kilos" (i. gogebaSvili, 1903).

ambrosi xelaia ki Semdegs gveubneba: "cdilobdnen samegrelosskolebidan da eklesiebidan gaedevnaT qarTuli; am faqtma erovnulobisSenarCunebis Zalumi swrafva gamoaRviZa: megrelebi ganimsWvalnen TavianTisaliteraturo da saeklesio enis dacvis ideiT..."

rusifikatorTa sapasuxod samegrelosa da afxazeTissazogadoebebisagan gaigzavna ganCinebani saeklesio-samrevlo skolebSiqarTuli enis swavlebis aucileblobis Sesaxeb. eparqiis maswavlebelTasabWom ganixila aRniSnuli ganCinebani, CaTvala isini pativiscemis Rirsadda daadgina: "im samrevlo skolebSi, sadac mosaxleoba laparakobsqarTuli enis megrul dialeqtze, qarTuli enis swavleba aucilebelia"(ambrosi xelaia, 1906, gv. 130, 132).

Tedo saxokia wers: "yvelas mogexsenebaT, rom megruli enis sakiTxirusebis Semosvlamde ar arsebobda. es sakiTxi gaCnda mas aqeT, racrusebma saqarTveloSi fexi moikides. roca saqarTvelos sxvadasxvasamTavro gauqmda da Cveni samSoblos sxvadasxva nawili gaerTianda,ruseTis mTavrobam igrZno am gaerTianebis saSiSroeba da gadawydaxelovnurad Seeqmna daqucmaceba Cvenis qveynisa. 1870-ian wlebSi ieriSimitanil iqna samegrelos skolebze. aq samonastro skolebidan qarTuliena gamodevnili iyo, rogorc aradedaena da pirdapir rusulissaSualebiT aswavlidnen sagnebs. ase iyo saqme "samoqalaqo" da "normalur"skolebSi. am skolebSi myofi Segirdebi qarTulis, anu rogorc isiniambobdnen da dResac amboben "Cqinoburas", e.i. (Cveneburs) wera-kiTxvas

z. Toria

kontrabandiT, Sinaurulad, malviT TuRa swavlobdnen" (1933 w. xobisraionuli gazeTi, #6-7)...

qarTulis swavlebis msgavsi meTodebi moqmedebs amJamad okupirebuliafxazeTis teritoriaze qarTul skolebSi. galis raionis skolebSiqarTulis swavleba qarTveli moswavleebisTvis saerTod arcaagaTvaliswinebuli...

ratom miaCndaT da miaCniaT qarTvel moRvaweebs, rom megruli,svanuri da lazuri qarTuli enis kiloebia?

pasuxi erTia: ori dedaena ar arsebobs; yvela qarTvelis istoriulidedaenaa qarTuli ena; vinc qarTvelTa kuTxur kiloebs enebad acxadebs,is istoriul dedaenas ukargavs lazeTis, samegrelosa Tu svaneTismkvidrT (t. futkaraZe, 2008).

ilia WavWavaZe gvmoZRvravs: "ena istoriaa erisa, pirveli niSanieris vinaobisa - enaa";

vaJa fSavela: "eri dedaa enisa".a.S. da a.S.am mravaltevadi argumentebis sawinaaRmdegod, dialeqtebis enebad

gamocxadebis momxreebs dRes iseTi ususuri mtkicebulebebi mohyavT,rom veraviTar kritikas ver uZlebs.

Turme amaod damSvralan Cveni eris mamebi, amaod uweriaT qarTuliliteraturis Sedevrebi, amaod uTargmniaT aTonsa Tu Zvel aRmosavleTSimimobneul samonastro kerebSi moRvawe diad ber-monazvnebs wmidawerilebi, amaod uqadagiaT Cvens sulmnaT moRvaweT, rom sityva"saqarTvelo" krebiTi cnebaa, rom saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi igi xaniveriad moixsenieboda, xan kolxeTad, xan afxazeTad, magram esgaresamyarosTvis, xolo saqarTvelos yovelma kuTxem icoda am sityvisfasi da mniSvneloba.

mTeli rigi kataklizmebisa da garedan moxveuli daqsaqsulobismiuxedavad, saqarTvelos arc erTi istoriul-eTnografiuli mxarisSvils arasodes daukargavs is Sinagani kavSiri da gzneba, rac Cvenmadidma winaprebma uanderZes momaval Taobebs da amas gvimowmeben Cvenisigel-gujrebi, uZvelesi etratebi, gasaocari asomTavruliT qvebzenatvifri Zeglebi.

Zneli dasajerebelia, rom Cvenamde moRweuli am ZeglebidanromelimeSi aRniSnuli yofiliyo, rom cnebebi: qarTveli, qarTuli,qarTuli ena viRacis xuSturiT xelovnuradaa Semogdebuli... sadaaamisi sabuTi?

Tu es viRacam analebidan sagangebod amoSala, nuTu erTi fragmentimainc ar gadarCa, rom Cvens winapar qarTvelebs am vandalizmis gamoegrZnoT sinanuli. magram aq saqme sxva rameSia:

vinc saqarTvelos daqucmacebis kampaniaSia CarTuli, diax,saqarTvelos daqucmacebis kampaniaSi, kargad moexseneba, rom saqarTvelomgeopolitikuri Tu Tavis mier arCeuli mowameobrivi istoriuli gzisgamo gauZlo mraval gansacdels, hqonda rogorc aRmavlobisa daZlierebis, ise dakninebisa da dedamiwis zurgidan gaqrobis periodic,

"eri dedaa enisa"

magram arc erT SemTxvevaSi enobrivi erTianobis ideisTvis ar uRalatiada es iyo qarTvelobis feniqsiseburad aRdgenis impulsis Tanmdevienergia. visac es erTianoba arafrad uRirs, swored am umTavresiforpostis morRvevas umiznebs, Tumca amaoa maTi zraxvebi: qarTvelxalxs enobriv-eTnikuri erTianobis imxela Sinagani resursebi aqvs,verc erTi garegani talRa misi duRabis simtkices verafers daaklebs.

XIX sakunis meore naxevarSi samegrelosTvis garedan Tavsmoxveulproblemas mTeli qarTuli sazogadoebrioba aRudga win. gansakuTrebiTgamoirCeodnen am kuTxis gamoCenili warmomadgenlebi. samegrelosmosaxleoba am sakiTxSi sabWoTa imperiasac ar daemorCila. Rrma RirsebisgrZnobiT aqtiurobdnen am kuTxeSi aRzrdili cnobili moRvaweni. me-20saukunis pirvel naxevarSi konstantine gamsaxurdiam, qarTuli samwignobroenis qmnadobis ZvelqarTuli tradiciis gaTvaliswinebiT,dRevandelobisTvisac saSuri Tvalsazrisi Camoayaliba:

"Cemi azriT, unda xdebodes enis reparacia (aRdgena - z.T.) adgilobrividialeqtebis saSualebiT. unda SemouSvaT qarTul (samwignobro) enaSirogorc megrul-svanuri dialeqtebis sityvebi, ise fSav-xevsuruli...vaJa-fSavelam am mxriv didi samsaxuri gauwia qarTul enas... XX saukunismwerlobam unda mogvces ilias qarTluris, akakis imerulis, vaJas fSauris,megrulisa da gurulis elementebis sruli sinTezi. ai, es iqneba idealuriliteraturuli qarTuli" (k. gamsaxurdia, 1983, gv. 499).

aseTia didi qarTveli mwerlis principuli pozicia. igi verasodesSeurigdeboda im azrs, rom megrul dialeqtze eTargmnaT wminda werilida "vefxistyaosani", qarTuli locvani da sagaloblebi, viTom im mizeziT,rom samegrelos mosaxleobas qarTuli ar esmiso. es sruli absurdirom aris, amis Camdenni albaT TviTonac grZnoben, magram damkveTebs asesurT da maTi imedebi xom unda gaamarTlon.

sabWoTa kavSiris mTavrobas am sakiTxis mimarT rogorc sabWoTakavSiris gensekis - mixeil suslovis (1902-1982) qvemoT moyvanili saidumlowerilis amonarididan irkveva, ufro didi, Sorsmimavali zraxvebiamoZravebda:

"...Soreul aRmosavleTSi mcxovreb generlebs unda mivceTcxovrebis normaluri saSualeba. maT Camosasaxleblad gvWirdeba SavizRvis sasazRvro teritoria, sadac, rogorc mogexsenebaT, qarTvelebicxovroben. unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom qarTvelebi Cvengan Zliergansxvavdebian, adre Tu gvian, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis sakiTxsdaayeneben da Tavisuflebas moiTxoven. maTTan brZola unda daviwyoTafxazeTidan. afxazeTis gamoyenebiT samegrelos, svaneTs, aWarasa da sxvakuTxeebs unda mivceT damoukidebloba. maTSi cal-calke unda gavaRvivoTkuTxur-erovnuli grZnoba. dasavleT saqarTvelo unda davupirispiroTaRmosavleTs. amis Semdeg maT Soris momrigeblis funqcia undaSevasruloT. paralelurad mecnierebi unda davarwmunoT, rom isinisxvadasxva qveynebidan Camosaxlebulni, sxvadasxva eris warmomadgenlebiarian, rac maTi saqarTvelos teritoriidan sabolood gaZevebissaSualebas mogvcems" (`mebrZoli saqarTvelo", 26 maisi, 2003 w.).

z. Toria

am gegmebis nawili ukve ganxorcielebulia. yvelas kargad moexsenebara viTarebacaa afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regionSi, axla ukve, rogorcCans, sxva kuTxeebis jeri dgas da isini TavianTi ruporebis, Jirinovskebisada gadacmuli viTom mecnieri uSiSroebis generlebis piriT axmovanebensuslovisa da misi derJimorda winaprebis gegmebs, romlis mixedviTacTurme XXI saukunis megrelebma, lazebma da svanebma viRacebis xuSturiT,amjerad ki ukve "regionuli da umciresobebis Sesaxeb evropuli qartiis"arsis gayalbebiT (isev rusi emisrebi?) uari unda Tqvan im dedaenaze,romlis erT-erTi Semoqmedni TviTonac arian da Tu TviTnaswavl e.w.mTargmnelebze arafers vityviT, kazmulsityvaoba unda daiwyon nulidan,anu mravalsaukunovani, tradiciebiT umdidresi qarTuli literaturidangadavideT knin literaturaze, romelic ueWvelad saeWvo Rirebulebis"nawarmoebebiT" Seivseba.

aucilebelad migvaCnia SevekiTxoT am antiideas ayolil subieqtebs:vis sWirdeba es? nuTu maT ar ufiqriaT im Sedegebze, rasac es

nabiji gamoiwvevs? es xom zurgSi maxvilis muxanaTurad Cacemis tolfasia?..yvelafers Tavi rom davaneboT, vis wisqvilze asxamen wyals. nuTu ar

ufiqriaT imaze, Tu ra kongenialoba moeTxoveba naTargmn "vefxistyaosans",mTawmindelTa sworupovari naTargmnidan Cqarosnuli wesiT gadaTargmnilwmida werilebs, qarTuli poeziisa da prozis Sedevrebs...

nuTu erTxelac ar smeniaT, rom saqarTvelos marTlmadideblureklesiaSi wirva-locva mxolod qarTul enaze aRevlineba, kuTxurdialeqtze locvebi da sagaloblebi arasodes gaxmianebula, radganmegrulsa da saerTo qarTuls erTi Ziri aqvs da odnav dakvirvebiTmosmenis Semdeg yvela mixvdeba, rom "RoronTi" RmerTia, qirse - qriste,wm. mardiani - wm. mariami (amiT RmrTismSoblisadmi udidesi madlierebisgrZnobaa gacxadebuli, megrulad mardi - madlia), squa - Svili, dida/nana - deda, muma - mama, jima - Zma, da - da, seri - Ramea /seri Ramea ZvelqarTulSic/, seroba - vaxSmoba, samegreloSi vaxSmobas oserSes uwodebenda es "serobis" saxiT gvaqvs saxarebaSi Semonaxuli; gaenaTi anu genaTi- megrulad gaTeneba an Tenebaa, yude - saxlia, sayudeli an sayudari,aqedan saydari _ uflis saxli, wyari - wyalia, dixa - Tixa/miwa, Tiri -Tovli, Wvima - wvima, Toli - Tvali, guri guli, qiana - qveyana, wyurgiliwyaro grili, arkvani - akvani, qua - qva... a.S. da a..S...

am sityvebma literaturul qarTulSi saukuneTa ganmavlobaSisaxe icvales, megrulma bevri Zveli forma SeinarCuna da xSirad amisgamo mxolod saliteraturo qarTulis mcodneTaTvis TiTqos gaugebaria,Tumca gulisxmiereba rom gamoviCinoT, yvelaferi Tavis adgilze dalagdeba.am sityvebs xom sulmnaTi sulxan-saba orbeliani "ZvelqarTuls" uwodebda.zogierTi gayvizinebuli uvici ki ambobs, literaturul qarTulSi amsityvebs "ar gavaWaWanebo"; meore uvici sabas lanZRavs - megrulidaamcirao... arada, sulxan-saba megrul, mesxur, gurul Tu qarTvelTasxva kiloebis sityvebs ufrTxildeboda da ambobda:

esa da es sityva arabulia, esa da es iranuli an Turquli da amaTZvelqarTuli sityvebi CaanacvleTo!

"eri dedaa enisa"

magaliTebi davasaxeloT? ramdenic gnebavT, magram amis saWiroebasam werilSi ver vxedavT, es enaTmecnierebisa da mwerlebis saqmea daqarTveli mwerlebi am "reparacias" momavalSic bunebrivadganvaxorcielebT, qarTveli mkiTxveli ki mSobliur niadagze myaraddadgeba da ecodineba, rom esa Tu is sityva megrulad, lazurad dasvanurad anu ZvelqarTulad rogor JRerda da mTeli qarTuliliteraturis "gadaTargmna" saWiro ar gaxdeba. aqve aRvniSnavT, romTavis droze qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis rvatomeulSi (1948)aucileblad didi doziT unda Sesuliyo megrul-lazur-svanuri leqsikac/qarTl-kaxuris darad/; swored megrul-lazur-svanurSia Semonaxuliarqauli qarTuli leqsika; am leqsikuri maragis gamoyeneba dResacdidad waadgeba Cveni erovnuli enis - qarTuli samwignobro enis -ganviTarebas.

vimedovnebT, rom qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis SemdgomgamocemebSi aRdgeba sabWoTa periodSi "miviwyebuli" tradiciuli gza,romelic momdinareobs Rirsi iovane Wyondidelis, iovane petriwisa Tusulxan-sabasgan...

sulxan-sabas kvalad, araerTi qarTveli moRvawe miuTiTebda, rommegruli, lazuri da svanuri dialeqtebi qarTuli dedaenisTvis sityvaTaulevi salaroa da qarTuli sityvis ostatebma enis gasamdidrebladkuTxur kilo-kavebs unda mimarTon ise, rogorc TavianT SemoqmedebaSiam margalitebs iyenebdnen da axal elvarebas sZendnen didi vaJa, yazbegi,ilia, akaki da Cveni sxva sulmnaTi moRvaweni, gulisyuriT moekidongiorgi leoniZis, iv. javaxiSvilis, konstantine gamsaxurdias, gr. abaSiZisada sxvebis rCevebs, qarTul SedevrebSi uxvad mimobneul zanizmebsCaukvirdnen da iqneb odnav mainc gaerkvnen saqmis arsSi; Tumca adviliSesaZlebelia, zogierTebi amgvarad ar moiqcnen. isic xom kargadaacnobili, rom umecreba sazogadod borotebis saTavea, miT umetes, amundobarsa da gautanlobiT aRsavse droSi.

nurc nuravin Seecdeba imis mtkicebas, rom megrulad, lazurad ansvanurad laparaki, an am saganZurSi daculi leqsikis gamoyenebaamikrZaleso. iSviaTad, magram zogjer saqmeSi Cauxedavi erTeulidiletantebis mxridan amgvar ukadris gamoxdomasac aqvs adgili, Tumcaamaze yuradRebis gamaxvileba arc Rirs, radgan erTi Ze SecdenilismixedviT mTel kuTxeze an erze msjeloba da daskvnebis gakeTeba arasworia,miT umetes, Zmebs Soris sxvadasxva gaugebrobis niadagze uTanxmoebaraodeni savalaloc ar iyos, xdeba, magram es gaugebrobebi zustiargumentebis moxmobiTa da urTierTSoris siyvarulis gamJRavnebiTyovelTvis gafantula da qarTvelebs didi dedis winaSe mokrZalebiTqedi moudrekiaT. am SemTxvevaSi Cveni gamaerTianebeli da didi dedaaris qarTuli ena. am erTianobis sworupovari nimuSi ki, romelic,albaT, uamravjer wagikiTxavT da zepiradac iciT, gvsurs erTxel kidevSemogTavazoT. umorCilesad gTxovT, Cveni sulmnaTi qarTveli mamuliSvilis- dutu megrelis - sityvebs mTeli gulisyuri miapyroT:

qarTl-kaxeTi, imereTi, guria da samegrelo,

z. Toria

raWa-leCxum-javaxeTi da mesxeTi sasaxelo,xevi, TuS-fSav-xevsureTi, svaneTi da afxazeTi,Zveli tao, imerxevi, saingilo da lazeTi,mTiuleTi _ saarako, da aWaris zRva da mdelo,yvela Cemi samSobloa, sayvareli saqarTvelo.

"eri dedaa enisa"

ZURAB TORIA

“NATION IS MOTHER OF LANGUAGE”

Russian government was carrying out its assimilation policy in Georgia fortwo hundred years according to the well-devised schemes by way of clandestineactivities that were being led by its emissaries. Presently it openly declares its plansand puts them out into action. The issue tends to receive a rather delicate turns asthe anti-Georgian phenomenon finds supporters within the Georgian state as well.They send “letters of evidence” to the European institutions and elsewhere, in aneffort to prove that Megrels, Laz, and Svans belong to national minorities in Georgia,and that their dialects in fact are independent languages and as if Georgians violatetheir rights.

In the late half of the 19th century the population of Megrelia and a few publicmen of Georgia thwarted the Russia’s imperialistic aspirations aimed at language,cultural and ethnic crumbling of Georgia that would ultimately conquer Georgiaand include the South Caucasus within its Geopolitical area.

Georgia has survived through its historical route of martyrdoms through whichit has never betrayed the language unity idea that has always been the mainpremise and an innate impulsive energy for the Phoenix-like restoration ofthe waned Georgian nationhood. Those to whom the Georgian nationhood is ofno value aim at tearing down this citadel. However, Georgian people have suchunfathomable resources of language and ethnic unity that no outer waves can shakeits solidity.

i. gogebaSvili, 1903 - i. gogebaSvili, megruli dawyebiTi skolissakiTxisaTvis, gaz. "peterburgskie vedmosti", 1903.

t. futkaraZe, 2008 - t. futkaraZe, qarTvelTa dedaena dadialeqtebi, quTaisi, 2008.

ambrosi xelaia, 1906 - arqimandriti ambrosi, statiis gamo "xmasoxumidan", gaz. "kolokoli", 1906, #45. wignSi: "ambrosi (xelaia)ruseTis saeklesio politikis Sesaxeb afxazeTSi; gamosacemad moamzada,Targmna, gamokvleva da SeniSvnebi daurTo n. papuaSvilma, Tb., 2005).

k. gamsaxurdia, 1983 - k. gamsaxurdia, aTtomeuli, t.VII, Tb., 1983.

gaz. `mebrZoli saqarTvelo", 2003 w., 26 maisi.


daviT SavianiZe

qarTuli gvarsaxelebiqarTuli gvarsaxelebiqarTuli gvarsaxelebiqarTuli gvarsaxelebiqarTuli gvarsaxelebi

(zemo aWaris ramdenime (zemo aWaris ramdenime (zemo aWaris ramdenime (zemo aWaris ramdenime (zemo aWaris ramdenime soflissoflissoflissoflissofliseTnografiuli masalis mixedviT)eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT)eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT)eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT)eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT)

sofel didaWarasa da xixanis xeobis soflebSi mcxovrebi gvarebis1

kvlevisas dgindeba, rom Turqebis mcdelobisa da Semdeg XIX saukunismeore naxevridan mefis ruseTis mier gatarebuli ̀ reformis"2 miuxedavadistoriulma gvarsaxelma funqcia srulad SeinarCuna.

gvaris eTnoistoriuli kvleva ramdenime kuTxiTaa saintereso;irkveva: a) aWaraSi qalis gvaris warmoebis saerToqarTveluri wesi; b)gaTxovili qalis mamis saxlTan mimarTebis sakiTxi.

gobaZegobaZegobaZegobaZegobaZe (< sakuTari saxelidan gobagobagobagobagoba) CelebaZeebisaCelebaZeebisaCelebaZeebisaCelebaZeebisaCelebaZeebisa (`dididedes dede _ Celeba Celeba Celeba Celeba Celeba vaWari, ganTqmuli da gavleniani kaci iyo") daximSiaSvilebisaTvisximSiaSvilebisaTvisximSiaSvilebisaTvisximSiaSvilebisaTvisximSiaSvilebisaTvis daurqmeviaT rusebs. nawili gobaZeebisa dResukve daewera sakuTari `jiSis" gvarze da ximSiaSviliaximSiaSviliaximSiaSviliaximSiaSviliaximSiaSvilia, sxvebic eZebenTavis Zirgvarebs. emruloRliemruloRliemruloRliemruloRliemruloRli33333/emrulaTiemrulaTiemrulaTiemrulaTiemrulaTi (emrulas Svilebs niSnavs),maTi ganayofi rejebustienTirejebustienTirejebustienTirejebustienTirejebustienTi, arabienTiarabienTiarabienTiarabienTiarabienTi (momdinareobs sakuTarisaxelidan arabaarabaarabaarabaaraba), qitiaSvili qitiaSvili qitiaSvili qitiaSvili qitiaSvili (ximSiaSvilis ganayofi)/qitioRliqitioRliqitioRliqitioRliqitioRlida haiTienTihaiTienTihaiTienTihaiTienTihaiTienTi - yvelani gobaZeebi arian. irkveva, rom qitiaqitiaqitiaqitiaqitia saqarTvelosdanarCeni Temebis msgavsad aWaraSic gavrcelebuli saxelia (al. Rlonti,1984, gv. 572; 1986, gv. 208).

CelebaZeCelebaZeCelebaZeCelebaZeCelebaZe _ _ _ _ _ gvari mkvidrobs qobuleTis raionSi (i. maisuraZe,1990, gv. 232). g. boWoriZis monacemebiT, adigenis raionis sofel kikibos11 komlidan 3 iakobaZea,iakobaZea,iakobaZea,iakobaZea,iakobaZea, 3 komli iremaZe,iremaZe,iremaZe,iremaZe,iremaZe, 5 komli ki gobaZe:gobaZe:gobaZe:gobaZe:gobaZe:`yvelani aWaridan arian gadmosulni da laparakoben qarTulad" (g.boWoriZe, 1992, gv. 137). gobaZeebi dasavleT saqarTveloSic, sofelsaqaras mkvidrobdnen (m. kezevaZe, 2004, gv. 62, 82, 106, 102).

melaZeebimelaZeebimelaZeebimelaZeebimelaZeebi didaWaraSi almedan (Turqobisdroindeli saxelia.komunistebis dros erqva oqtomberioqtomberioqtomberioqtomberioqtomberi. dRes vaSlovani vaSlovani vaSlovani vaSlovani vaSlovani hqvia) arianmosuli. ̀ qitienTqitienTqitienTqitienTqitienT (gobaZe) ojaxs mouyvania zedsiZed almeli axalgazrdada ori saukunis manZilze gamravlebula. melaZeebi arian keJeraanTi/keJeraanTi/keJeraanTi/keJeraanTi/keJeraanTi/keJeroRlikeJeroRlikeJeroRlikeJeroRlikeJeroRli (keJerakeJerakeJerakeJerakeJera magari xalxi yofilan)“. keJera sxvadasxvadialeqtSi ̀ metad magaris" mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba (al. Rlonti, 1984,gv. 281).

1 masalebi CaviwereT 2009 wels akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis studentTaeTnografiuli praqtikis dros xulos raionis sxvadasxva soflebSi.2 XIX saukunis II naxevridan rusebma sxvadasxva ubnebSi gansaxlebul sxvadasxvagvarebs erTi romeliRac niSniT gamorCeuli, maT mierve arCeuli qarTuli gvarimisces.


3 -aanTi, -ienTi, -aTi, -iani... sufiqsebis nacvlad arcTu iSviaTad gamoiyeneba Turquli-oRli.

yvelaze adrindeli cnoba, romelSic dasaxelebulia imereTissofel maTxojSi mcxovrebi melaZis melaZis melaZis melaZis melaZis gvari, TariRdeba 1448-1512 wlebiT(pal, 2004, gv. 141). gvari gavrcelebulia qarTlsa da samegreloSic.

xozrevaniZeebi xozrevaniZeebi xozrevaniZeebi xozrevaniZeebi xozrevaniZeebi (<xozrevanixozrevanixozrevanixozrevanixozrevani) `dapirispirebis gamogadmosaxlebulan qobuleTidan didaWaraSi. gvaris gamaerTianebeli saxeliaiordaneTiiordaneTiiordaneTiiordaneTiiordaneTi. xazrienTixazrienTixazrienTixazrienTixazrienTi, sawimaranTisawimaranTisawimaranTisawimaranTisawimaranTi, yarslienTiyarslienTiyarslienTiyarslienTiyarslienTi/yarslioRliyarslioRliyarslioRliyarslioRliyarslioRli(yarsidan mosulobis gamo), guloSvilebi guloSvilebi guloSvilebi guloSvilebi guloSvilebi yvelani xozrevaniZeebiarian“.

xozrevaniZeebi mkvidroben xulos raionis sofel xixaZirSi,istoriuli zemo qarTlis Tem samcxeSi. 5 komli fiqsirdeba samegreloSic,sofel Zvel xibulaSi (p. cxadaia, 2000, gv. 168; i. maisuraZe, 1990, gv.198).

bolqvaZebolqvaZebolqvaZebolqvaZebolqvaZe eponimuri gvaria. momdinareobs sakuTari saxelidanbolqva bolqva bolqva bolqva bolqva - bolqvis msgavsi adamiani (g. bedoSvili, 1991, gv. 9). ̀ daaxloebiT300 wlis win mosula Cil memedi TxilvanaSi xulodan. Cil memedTanerTad wamosula meorec da sacixurSi (sofeli xulos raionSi)dasaxlebula. yaeoRliyaeoRliyaeoRliyaeoRliyaeoRli (Cil memedis Svilis yaes Svilebi); buZgioRlibuZgioRlibuZgioRlibuZgioRlibuZgioRli(buZgis, dabali kacis Svili); qeqeCoRliqeqeCoRliqeqeCoRliqeqeCoRliqeqeCoRli (enamoTlefili winaprisSvili) _ yvelani bolqvaZeebi arian. faCoRlienTifaCoRlienTifaCoRlienTifaCoRlienTifaCoRlienTi, CvenebienTiCvenebienTiCvenebienTiCvenebienTiCvenebienTi,kvetaraanTikvetaraanTikvetaraanTikvetaraanTikvetaraanTi da yaraxmedanTiyaraxmedanTiyaraxmedanTiyaraxmedanTiyaraxmedanTi (Savi axmedas Svilebi) didaWaraSixuciaSvilebisxuciaSvilebisxuciaSvilebisxuciaSvilebisxuciaSvilebis ubnis mkvidri bolqvaZeebi arian. bolqvaZeebi yofilanyadioRlebicyadioRlebicyadioRlebicyadioRlebicyadioRlebic“..... Sdr.: `am eklesiis (saubaria xulos eklesiaze - d.S.)mRvdlebad Cveni gvaris kacebi iyvneno, bolqvaZeebi. rom gaTaTrebadauwyes, maSin Cveni Zvelebic gaaTaTres; gaTaTrebuls mRvdelsbolqvaZes yadoba misces da amitom gvewoda Cven yadioRli..."(z. WiWinaZe, gv. 66).

bolqvaZeTa gvaris eTnoistoriuli kvlevis safuZvelze dasturdebadidi, gauyofeli ojaxebis arsebobis tradicia: `Cven jiSs, modgmasjalaboRlijalaboRlijalaboRlijalaboRlijalaboRli hqvia. jalobajalobajalobajalobajaloba ojaxobas niSnavs. gauyofeli ojaxi hqondaTda amitom daurqmeviaT jalaboRli"; dasturdeba sisxlis Serevis kuTxuriniSniT gamorCeuli saerToqarTveluri wesi: `Tu memkvidre, gvarisgamgrZelebeli ar hyavda, maSin moiyvandnen gaTxovili Svilis Svils(badiSs). gayofisas Cveulebrivi wili miecemoda“.

bolqvaZeTa gvari dasturdeba XVII s. damdegidan. 1601-1627 wlebissabuTebSi moxseniebulia Cexedanas mcxovrebi, mamia gurielis mier CexedanastaZrisadmi Sewiruli giorgi, kakai, lomkaca, JoJona, WuWua bolqvaZeebi(pal, 1991, gv. 553-554). Sdr.: guruli bolqvaZeebis gadmocemiT: `CvendidaWarel winaprebs yaraxmedoRlebsyaraxmedoRlebsyaraxmedoRlebsyaraxmedoRlebsyaraxmedoRlebs eZaxian da bolqvaZeebsbolqvaZeebsbolqvaZeebsbolqvaZeebsbolqvaZeebsiwerebian". Zveli gvarebis Sesabamisad aRidgenen. samegrelosa da imereTisbolqvaZeebi, vfiqrobT, aWaridan arian migrirebulni. XIX saukunis 40-iani wlebis aRweris masalebis mixedviT, bolqvaZeebi imereli nefariSvilisSinamosamsaxureebi iyvnen; sabatono glexebi iyvnen sajavaxoSi, saxelmwifoglexebi yumurSi, RanirSi ki saTavado aznaurebi (m. kezevaZe, 2004, gv. 62,82, 106, 102); bolqvaZe mkvidrobda adigenis raionis sofel lelovanSi (g.boWoriZe, 1992, gv. 79).

d. SavianiZe

SavaZeSavaZeSavaZeSavaZeSavaZe didaWaris mkvidri gvaria. gvxvdeba xuloSi da xulosraionis soflebSi: didaWarasa da agaraSi (i. sixaruliZe, 1958, gv. 40,114, 119). mosulobaze gadmocema ara aqvT. “SavaZeebis gamaerTianebelisaxelia SuanTebiSuanTebiSuanTebiSuanTebiSuanTebi (soflis Sua adgilas mcxovreblobis gamo).SuanTebidan gavida TofalanTiTofalanTiTofalanTiTofalanTiTofalanTi (koWli aRas Svilebi). SavaZeebi arian:quCugaRaquCugaRaquCugaRaquCugaRaquCugaRa _ patara aRas Svilebi, zemuanTebizemuanTebizemuanTebizemuanTebizemuanTebi (TofalanTis zemoTmcxovrebni), beqiranTibeqiranTibeqiranTibeqiranTibeqiranTi (saxelidan momdinare jiSi, Sto), WoWioRlebiWoWioRlebiWoWioRlebiWoWioRlebiWoWioRlebi(WoWe _ sveli. sveli adgilis mkvidrebi), guduganTebiguduganTebiguduganTebiguduganTebiguduganTebi/gudugoRligudugoRligudugoRligudugoRligudugoRli(Turqulad ̀ ucxviros" niSnavs). SavaZeebis gvars atareben: pawaSuanTipawaSuanTipawaSuanTipawaSuanTipawaSuanTi,jovrienTijovrienTijovrienTijovrienTijovrienTi, fiTnaanTifiTnaanTifiTnaanTifiTnaanTifiTnaanTi, lakolienTilakolienTilakolienTilakolienTilakolienTi, islamaanTiislamaanTiislamaanTiislamaanTiislamaanTi, beqiraanTibeqiraanTibeqiraanTibeqiraanTibeqiraanTi,efendienTiefendienTiefendienTiefendienTiefendienTi. efendienTebi dRes ServaSiZisa ServaSiZisa ServaSiZisa ServaSiZisa ServaSiZisa da SaraSiZisSaraSiZisSaraSiZisSaraSiZisSaraSiZis gvarsacatareben".

SavaZeebis xulos raionSi mkvidrobis damadasturebeliaanTropotoponimi SavaZeebiSavaZeebiSavaZeebiSavaZeebiSavaZeebi.

gvari SavaZe SavaZe SavaZe SavaZe SavaZe moxseniebulia mowmed 1766 wlis 19 ivnisis nasyidobiswignSi giorgi wereTlisa zalika abduSeliSvilisadmi (dokumentebi,1959, gv. 109); SavaZeebi mkvidroben Telavis raionSi (i. maisuraZe, 1990,gv. 187). agreTve, cxovroben samegreloSi, sofel keTilarSi. imereTissofel korboulis mkvidri SavaZeebi sabatono glexebi iyvnen (m. kezevaZe,2004, gv: 48).

SavaZeebis gvaris eTnoistoriuli kvlevisas ramdenime sainteresosakiTxi ikveTeba: a) xaragaulis raionis sofel saqariqedis mkvidriSaviZeebis adrindeli sacxovrisi zemo aWara yofila: `socialuridapirispirebis niadagze xulodan gamoqceuli winapris sami vaJidasaxlebula imereTis sofelebSi: ilemSi, saqariqedsa da laSes". b)saistorio sabuTebSi pirvelad 1260 wels moxseniebuli abesaZeebisgvaris samkvidro xuloc yofila3: ̀ SaviZis winapari xulodan gamoqceulaabesaZesTan dapirispirebis safuZvelze, misi mokvlis gamo"; g) dasturdebaxeTa Tayvaniscemis, RvTaebis xis saxiT warmodgenis tradicia: `sofelsaqariqedSi aris gancalkevebiT mdgomi rcxilis xe. SaviZeebs amJamad amxesTan dabrZanebuli hyavT wminda giorgis xati, Tumca RvTismSoblobasaRniSnaven".

SevniSnavT imasac, rom saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi mkvidri,sakuTari saxelidan SavaSavaSavaSavaSava (al. Rlonti, 1986, gv. 217) nawarmoebi gvariSavaZeSavaZeSavaZeSavaZeSavaZe damoukideblad warmoqmnili SeiZleba iyos.

`xulos yvela sofelSi ityvian SavavriSavavriSavavriSavavriSavavri, boZavrulaboZavrulaboZavrulaboZavrulaboZavrulaÁÁÁÁÁ... dedaCemiiyo SavaZe da misi gvari ixsenieboda Savavrad. Savavriao ityodnen; Cemimezoblis qali sofel boZauridan (xulos raioni) aris gamoTxovili daeZaxian boZavrula".

solomoniZe solomoniZe solomoniZe solomoniZe solomoniZe eponimuri gvaria. `diakoniZeebidan4 gansaxlebulan:gudasaxoSi, oqruaSvilebSi, mexvaToRlebSi. Cveni Zveli winaparidiakoniZeebSi Camosula xerTvisidan Zmobis gayofis Semdeg. xerTvisSicsolomoniZeebi viyaviT. varT TofaloRlebiTofaloRlebiTofaloRlebiTofaloRlebiTofaloRlebi. aWaridan wasulan

3 Sdr.: qvemo maWaxelSi dadasturebulia geografiuli saxeli abeslamiZiebi(i. sixaruliZe, 1958, gv. 130).4 diakvani yofila aq da amitom daerqva diakoniZeebi.

qarTuli gvarsaxelebi (zemo aWaris ramdenime soflis eTnografiuli...

solomoniZeebi xelvaCaurSi (miwebi uyidiaT)". mkvidroben samegreloSi(p. cxadaia, 2000, gv. 128). yvelaze adrindeli cnoba, romelSicmoxseniebulia imereTis mkvidri gvari solomoniZe, TariRdeba 1576wliT (pal, 1991, gv. 189)..... vfiqrobT, rom gvaris imereTSi mkvidrobismizezic migraciaa. igive SeiZleba vTqvaT solomoniZeTa gvaris raWismkvidrobaze.

gvarsaxeli gvxvdeba sofel murRulSic. zemo quraSi Cawerilimasala: `_ Sen ra guari gaqua?

_ TofaloRlebi mamisiani yofilan" (S. futkaraZe, 1993, gv. 297).solomoniZeTa gvaris eTnoistoriuli kvlevisas vgebulobT beSumis5,

ramdenime gvaris mier `samkvidro mamulebad" dayofisa da aWarelTasacxovrisis tipis Sesaxeb: `erTi begidan nayidi aqvs Svid kacs xulosraionidan: solomiZessolomiZessolomiZessolomiZessolomiZes , ananiZesananiZesananiZesananiZesananiZes , SavaZesSavaZesSavaZesSavaZesSavaZes , TavarTqilaZesTavarTqilaZesTavarTqilaZesTavarTqilaZesTavarTqilaZes ,bolqvaZesbolqvaZesbolqvaZesbolqvaZesbolqvaZes, abaSiZesabaSiZesabaSiZesabaSiZesabaSiZes; rom `sazafxulod aq amosuli Zveli cxovrobdaWerebian (mrgval xes `Weri" qvia) saxlSi".

eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT, `iakobiZe iakobiZe iakobiZe iakobiZe iakobiZe adgilobrivi gvaria.mkvidroben xulos sofel urtaSi. iakobiZeTa oRlebia: RadaroRliRadaroRliRadaroRliRadaroRliRadaroRli;mola ibramoRlimola ibramoRlimola ibramoRlimola ibramoRlimola ibramoRli (mola hyvanden); koberoRlikoberoRlikoberoRlikoberoRlikoberoRli ; iustaiustaiustaiustaiustamemiRlimemiRlimemiRlimemiRlimemiRli".

iakobiZeebis Sesaxeb yvelaze adrindeli cnoba TariRdeba 1433wliT. istoriuli argveTis saTavadoTa Soris yvelaze didi da ZlieriabaSiZeTa saTavados ymaTa siaSi gvxvdeba (pal, 1993, gv. 394; o. soselia,1973, gv. 158; dokumentebi, 1959, gv. 102, 104). eponimuri warmoSobisgvar iakobiZis imereTSi mravlad mkvidroba saqarTvelos or sxvadasxvaTemSi sxvadasxva dros gvarsaxelis damoukideblad warmoqmnis magaliTiunda iyos. iakobiZeTa aWaridan migraciis Sesaxeb g. boWoriZec aRniSnavda.adigenis raionis sofel kikibos mkvidri iakobaZeebi aWaridangadasaxlebulebi arian (g. boWoriZe, 1992, gv. 137).

gadmocemiT, ̀ surmaniZeTasurmaniZeTasurmaniZeTasurmaniZeTasurmaniZeTa didi dedis dede amosula baRdaTidan.surmaniZeebs erTi oRli aqvT _ sunan oRli sunan oRli sunan oRli sunan oRli sunan oRli. surmaniZeebis ZiriTadisacxovrisia xolos raionis sofeli iakobiZeebi".

gvari surmaniZe gansaxlebulia qedis raionis sofel saRoreTSi(al. Rlonti, 1986, gv. 151). nawarmoebia sakuTari saxelidan surmanisurmanisurmanisurmanisurmani< suleiman/sulman/surman/surma (p. cxadaia, 2000, gv. 129).

sofel TxilvanaSi gundaZeebis gundaZeebis gundaZeebis gundaZeebis gundaZeebis 30 komlia. qedisa da SuaxevisraionebSi arsebuli sofel gundauris amosavali aris eponimi gundarigundarigundarigundarigundari(< gunda-ur-i). gundauris mkvidrobis damadasturebelia ̀ tbeTis sulTamatianeSi" moxseniebuli ormagsufiqsiani gvarebi - gundareTi da gundariZe(matiane, 1977, 123, 331, 405). gundaZeTa gvaris kvlevisas dasturdeba,rom gamahmadianebis miuxedavad aWaris qarTvelobaSi gvari naTesavebsSoris qorwinebis wesis akrZalvis umTavres garantad rCeboda: ̀ Suaxevis

5 legenda mogviTxrobs: `dRevandel beSumSi, sadac dRes iailebi gvaqvs, mosularusi, profesiiT eqimi. balaxebidan wamlebs amzadebda Turme. yofila aqurobaZalian mSvidi. uCxubia da daurqmeviaT `bez Sumi".6 aslan dedes adgili - memiSoRlebis toponimia.

d. SavianiZe

sofel gundauridan gayofis Semdeg mosula TxilvanaSi6 ori Zma mamo mamo mamo mamo mamoda memo memo memo memo memo (>memiSoRlebimemiSoRlebimemiSoRlebimemiSoRlebimemiSoRlebi). mamo mamulaZedmamulaZedmamulaZedmamulaZedmamulaZed/mamuloRli (-ul-a aqkninobiT-moferebiTi saxelis warmomqmneli sufiqsia) dawerila. sxvadasxvagvaris miuxedavad erTmaneTTan vnaTesaobT, sabiZaSvilobas arc SuaxevSiar vkargavT. gundaZe myavs qmaric, magram daSorebuli varT xuT TaobazebevriT metiT".

àbaSiZeebi,abaSiZeebi,abaSiZeebi,abaSiZeebi,abaSiZeebi, gadmocemiT, alibaboSvilebi yofilan: "cxovrobdaxulos raionis sofel oqruaSvilebSi (manam iyo duaZeebi)7. TurqobaSicalibaboSvilebi viyaviT. sisxli ar Segvicvlia, sarwmunoebaSevicvaleT".

uxucesTa gadmocemiT, tarielaZeebistarielaZeebistarielaZeebistarielaZeebistarielaZeebis winapari Wvanidanaasacxovreblad gadmosuli didaWaraSi. ̀ rusebs rom aRuwerian, gvarebicmaTi survilisamebr miuniWebian. roca sofeli TurqeTis xelSi aRmoCnda,miiRo halvajoRlihalvajoRlihalvajoRlihalvajoRlihalvajoRli. Semdeg tarielaZe telanTiTtelanTiTtelanTiTtelanTiTtelanTiT SevicvaleT. dResacyvela telanTis telanTis telanTis telanTis telanTis ityvis. ufro gvian wulukiZiT Segvicvalen da dRemdeam gvariT vagrZelebT cxovrebas. `XIX saukunis dasawyisamde am gvarstragikuli seni gadautania. erTaderTi vaJi jalabienTsjalabienTsjalabienTsjalabienTsjalabienTs (bolqvaZe)gauzrdian da Camqrali keria ase gaRvivebula". CafanienTiCafanienTiCafanienTiCafanienTiCafanienTi (CafaCafaCafaCafaCafa adamianissakuTari saxelia (al. Rlonti, 1986, gv. 223) da yinalienTicyinalienTicyinalienTicyinalienTicyinalienTic (wiTuriferis gamo) wulukiZea.

eTnografiuli masala: ìmereTis wulukiZnebi aWarlebi arian";`romanaZeTa gvaris Zveli roman wulukiZe ukmayofilebis gamo wamosulaxonidan. pirvelad dasaxlebulan xinoSi, Semdeg gadmosula aWyvisTavSi.aqedan gansaxldnen danarCen aWaraSi".

TxilvanaSi cxovrobdnen: Suaxevidan gadmosuli daviTaZeebidaviTaZeebidaviTaZeebidaviTaZeebidaviTaZeebi (2ojaxi)8, abulaZeebiabulaZeebiabulaZeebiabulaZeebiabulaZeebi (almedan)9, lomsianiZelomsianiZelomsianiZelomsianiZelomsianiZe (skvanidan), jaianijaianijaianijaianijaiani (2ojaxi skvanidan).

mecnierebi eponim lomsianTanlomsianTanlomsianTanlomsianTanlomsianTan akavSireben mTiani aWaris oikonimslomsianiZeebilomsianiZeebilomsianiZeebilomsianiZeebilomsianiZeebi da likanisa da dRvaSiris xevis sofel lomsiaTubanslomsiaTubanslomsiaTubanslomsiaTubanslomsiaTubans.lomsianiZeebi (<lomsianilomsianilomsianilomsianilomsiani) baRdaTSi migrirebuli arian zemo qarTlidan(mesxeTi, 2000, gv. 48; r. TofCiSvili 1997, gv. 26; d. SavianiZe,2007).

jaianebisjaianebisjaianebisjaianebisjaianebis Tavdapirveli samkvidro samegreloa. jaianTa saTavadoXV saukunis damlevs unda Camoyalibebuliyo. XVII saukuneSi vinmeSaqar jaianis xuTi Svilidan erTi Zmis Svili àxuTidan wavida damiendo foTis faSas. Semdeg gadavidnen lazeTSi, romlis STamomavalniaxlac cxovroben gonioSi, atareben jaianis gvars, iwodebian aRebad"(o. soselia, 1973, 284, 296).

7 oqruaSvilebSi cxovroben agreTve: SavaZeebi, koCaliZeebi, cecxlaZeebi,abulaZeebi.8 migrirebulia samegreloSi; sof. lesiWineSi mosaxleobs 6 komli.9 imereTs, baRdaTs mravlad mkvidri abulaZeebi zemo qarTlidan arian migrirebulni(msjelobisaTvis ix. d. SavianiZe, 2007).



g. bedoSvili, 1991 - g. bedoSvili, anTroponimuli dakvirvebani,etimologiuri Ziebani, III, Tb., 1991.

g. boWoriZe, 1992 - g. boWoriZe, mogzauroba samcxe-javaxeTSi, Tb.,1992.

r. TofCiSvili, 1997 - r. TofCiSvili, rodis warmoiqmna qarTuligvarsaxelebi, Tb., 1997.

dokumentebi, 1959 - istoriuli dokumentebi imereTis samefosada guria-odiSis samTavroebisa (1466-1770 ww.), wigni I, Tb., 1959.

m. kezevaZe, 2004 - m. kezevaZe, qarTuli gvarsaxelebi imereTSi,quTaisi, 2004.

pal - pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni, Tb., t. I - 1991; t. II - 1993;t. IV - 2007.

i. maisuraZe, 1990 - i. maisuraZe, qarTuli gvarsaxelebi, Tb., 1990.o. soselia, 1973 - o. soselia, narkvevebi feodaluri xanis dasavleT

saqarTvelos socialur-politikuri istoriidan, Tb., 1973.i. sixaruliZe, 1958 - i. sixaruliZe, samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos

toponimika, wigni I, Tb., 1958.siZveleni, 1909 - saqarTvelos siZveleni, t. II, eqvTime TayaiSvilis

redaqciiT, 1909.matiane, 1977 - tbeTis sulTa matiane, teqsti gamosacemad moamzada,

gamokvleva da saZieblebi daurTo Tina enuqiZem, Tb., 1977.S. futkaraZe, 1993 - S. futkaraZe, Cveneburebis qarTuli, baTumi, 1993.qarTlis cxovreba, 1959 - qarTlis cxovreba, Tb., t. II - 1959; t.

IV - 1963.qsZ - qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, III, Tb., 1970.al. Rlonti, 1984 - al. Rlonti, qarTul kilo-TqmaTa sityvis

kona, Tb., 1984.al. Rlonti, 1986 - al. Rlonti, qarTveluri sakuTari saxelebi,

Tb., 1986.d. SavianiZe, 2007 - d. SavianiZe, qarTuli gvarsaxelebi (baRdaTis

eTnografiuli monacemebis mixedviT), quTaisi, 2007.p. cxadaia, 2000 - p. cxadaia, gvarebi da gvarTa dasaxlebani

saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2000.z. WiWinaZe, qarTvelTa gamuslimeba.

d. SavianiZe

DAVID SHAVIANIDZE

GEORGIAN FAMILY-NAMES(On the example of ethnographic materials of some

upper-Acharan villages)

Earlier or more modern political histories have left their traces on the formationof family-names but the mentality of the people with relation to the function offamily-names has remained unchanged.

The study of family names of some upper-Acharan villages attests the casesof formation of family names independently. Acharan Georgians would move todifferent regions of Georgia to maintain their Christian faith. There are also facts oftheir relocation within the Achara region.

To denote the ancestral family-names they used “ganarigi/gamrigo’ and ‘jishi’,based on the name of the ancestor.

They also followed common Georgian tradition of forming woman familynames.

Those Georgians of Didachara who had been converted to Moslem faith avoidedmixing with Turkish communities and continued to make their journeys to holyChristian places for praying and worshiping.

There are also evidences of traditions of living in large extended families. Thetype of abode was called “cherebiani” (cheri means log).

The material is also interesting for the study of Acharan dialect.


36

igor kekelia

martvilis raionis tyisa da saZovrebismartvilis raionis tyisa da saZovrebismartvilis raionis tyisa da saZovrebismartvilis raionis tyisa da saZovrebismartvilis raionis tyisa da saZovrebis

zonis toponimiidanzonis toponimiidanzonis toponimiidanzonis toponimiidanzonis toponimiidan

xalxis mier bunebrivsa Tu xelovnurad Seqmnil obieqtebzeSerqmeulma saxelebma saukuneebsa da aTaswleulebs gauZlo. saistorioda literaturuli wyaroebi, epigrafikuli da freskuli warwerebi,sigel-gujrebi da kartografiuli masalebi mniSvnelovan informaciasgvawvdis geografiul saxelwodebebze. toponimiaSi mocemuli konkretuliSinaarsi uaRresad sainteresoa qveynis istoriul-eTnologiuriTaviseburebebis, mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semadgenlobis, tradiciulikulturis, sameurneo yofisa da sxva sakiTxebis Sesaswavlad.

winamdebare naSromSi warmovadgenT Cven mier martvilis raionistyisa da saZovrebis zonaSi Cawerili geografiuli saxelwodebebisnawils.

arabefiS kare//arabefiS nakaru//CerqezefiS nakaru arabefiS kare//arabefiS nakaru//CerqezefiS nakaru arabefiS kare//arabefiS nakaru//CerqezefiS nakaru arabefiS kare//arabefiS nakaru//CerqezefiS nakaru arabefiS kare//arabefiS nakaru//CerqezefiS nakaru _sabalaxo medanSi (salxinos satyeo). ramdenime goraki qvis yoriTaa SemozRuduli.gadmocemiT, arabebi dabanakebulan da simagre gaumarTavT. g. eliavas ganmartebiT,,,aq arabTa sardals hqonia karavi" (g. eliava, 1977).

asmancxvari asmancxvari asmancxvari asmancxvari asmancxvari _ sabalaxoebi medanSi (salxinos satyeo). leCxumlebiqvis svetTan saqonlis dacva-gamravlebis TxovniT anTebdnen sanTels daloculobdnen, fulsac swiravdnen. asmancxvari. asmancxvari. asmancxvari. asmancxvari. asmancxvari _ asxiS mancxvari,,asxis macxovari”.

aWviaWviaWviaWviaWvi _ saxnav-sabalaxo mindori texuris marcxena mxares. dRes aqomar da JorJi naWyebiebs udgaT karvebi (taleris satyeo). g. eliavamiuTiTebs dazustebuli lokalizaciis gareSe, rogorc Wvavis saTesadgils (g. eliava, 1977, gv. 179). xom ar niSnavs aWviaWviaWviaWviaWvi naxanZr, nakaf, axodaRebul adgils?

berisquaS ginaTef _ berisquaS ginaTef _ berisquaS ginaTef _ berisquaS ginaTef _ berisquaS ginaTef _ toponimia da niSnavs ,,Cadrekils, Cazneqils;unagirisebur dadablebas; uReltexils an gza-gadasasvlels mTaSi". Sdr.:gedHrakili `Cadrekili" _ serisa da uReltexilis saxelwodebasamurzayanoSi _ mziursa da mTaSi (p. cxadaia, v. jojua, 2003, gv. 51).gedHrakili suki ,,Cadrekili seri" _ yuliwyarisa da Cekis wyalgamyofiseri yuliSkaris TemSi (zugdidis r.).

geriS margviS enarRvefigeriS margviS enarRvefigeriS margviS enarRvefigeriS margviS enarRvefigeriS margviS enarRvefi _ adgili, sadac mglis lekvebi amoyares.ferdobi vaxis saTaveSi (salxinos satyeo).

gvimaroni gvimaroni gvimaroni gvimaroni gvimaroni ,,gvimrnari" _ sabalaxo texuris marcxena napirze,Jidon WkaduaSTan (salxinos satyeo). mikrotoponimi ,,gvimaroni"samegrelo-samurzayanoSi bevrganaa Cawerili (g. eliava, 1977, gv. 13, 147;p. cxadaia, v. jojua, 2003, gv. 53; p. cxadaia, 2008, gv. 105; i. kekelia, 2009,gv. 41). gumaroni ewodeba gvimrnals asxidan xirzenisken mimaval gzaze,didi cus SemogarenSi. aqve tyian goraks gumaroniSdudi hqvia, romelicdascqeris gumarons (salxinos satyeo).


37

gigibera//gigiboni gigibera//gigiboni gigibera//gigiboni gigibera//gigiboni gigibera//gigiboni _ tyiani goraki dgomisa da xifas xeobebsSua, texuris marcxena napirze (kurzus satyeo). gigibi gigibi gigibi gigibi gigibi igive ,,soWia”,gigiberagigiberagigiberagigiberagigibera - ,,soWnari".

gHmasofirigHmasofirigHmasofirigHmasofirigHmasofiri _ tyebuCqnariani xevi aficaras mTis kalTaze, nuzuonisSemogarenSi (salxinos satyeo). orografiuli toponimia da niSnavs,,Camoglejils, CamorRveuls, Camoqceuls; namewyr adgils".

dadiaS gerenji//dadiaS giorenji dadiaS gerenji//dadiaS giorenji dadiaS gerenji//dadiaS giorenji dadiaS gerenji//dadiaS giorenji dadiaS gerenji//dadiaS giorenji ,,dadianis (da)sadgomi" _mindori welamis mTaze (kurzus satyeo). g. eliava asaxelebs ,,kurzussasoflo sabWos" toponimTa nusxaSi, dazustebuli lokalizaciis gareSeda miuTiTebs, rom aq mxolod dadians eyena jogi (g. eliava, 1977, gv.145). Cven mier Cawerili gadmocemis mixedviT, samegrelos mTavrisdasasvenebeli adgili yofila.

dadiaS iama//nuzuga dadiaS iama//nuzuga dadiaS iama//nuzuga dadiaS iama//nuzuga dadiaS iama//nuzuga ,,dadianis ormo; naZvis xe" _ sasazRvroniSani (taleris satyeo). gadmocemiT, es adgili warmoadgenda mijnasdadianisa da glexTa miwebs Soris. iamas enarRvandes noSqvers do aTaSirdH goTanjili oxonali dixa do tya ,,ormoSi Cayridnen naxSirs da aseiyo SemosazRvruli saxnavi miwa da tye" (mTxrobeli nika naWyebia).sazRvarze naZvis xe mdgara, zed amokveTili jvriTa da warweriT. ß ì à _rus. `ormo".

dadiaS oxvenjidadiaS oxvenjidadiaS oxvenjidadiaS oxvenjidadiaS oxvenji ,,dadianis (da)sajdomi" _ davakeba torCaSi.gadmocemiT, sanadirod wasuli miuratebi aq daTvs usafrdebodnen,uTvalTvalebdnen. dadiaS gioxvenjidadiaS gioxvenjidadiaS gioxvenjidadiaS gioxvenjidadiaS gioxvenji-sac eZaxian (salxinos satyeo).

erjiaerjiaerjiaerjiaerjia _ sabalaxo ferdobi Cxorowyus marcxena napirze,SqviTwelamSi (taleris satyeo). aqve moedineba erjiaRal(i) _ nakaduli,romelic texurs erTvis marjvena mxridan pitaWaleSi.

zaqariaS azmaxizaqariaS azmaxizaqariaS azmaxizaqariaS azmaxizaqariaS azmaxi _ mindori aficaraSi (salxinos satyeo).TadaS nazoTHTadaS nazoTHTadaS nazoTHTadaS nazoTHTadaS nazoTH//muntuS nazoTHmuntuS nazoTHmuntuS nazoTHmuntuS nazoTHmuntuS nazoTH _ 1. mindori aficaras kalTaze,

WiTawyaris siaxloves; 2. sabalaxo da tye menjgiarzenas SemogarenSi(orive gaWedilis satyeos ekuTvnis).

TunTiS olontyeSiTunTiS olontyeSiTunTiS olontyeSiTunTiS olontyeSiTunTiS olontyeSi ,,daTvis salafao" _ tlapo torCaSi(gaWedilis satyeo). Taq TunTefH irginuna do ilontyuna ,,aq daTvebigoraoben da talaxSi wvebian".

kiraS naafunu kiraS naafunu kiraS naafunu kiraS naafunu kiraS naafunu _ saTib-sabalaxo wiferaSi (gaWedilis satyeo).Sdr. koliaS naafunu//naafunu koliaS naafunu//naafunu koliaS naafunu//naafunu koliaS naafunu//naafunu koliaS naafunu//naafunu _ tye da sabalaxoebi qvibiaSi,Sonifonis SemogarenSi (salxinos satyeo). afuni). afuni). afuni). afuni). afuni afxazuridan nasesxebisityvaa da niSnavs ,,gazafxuls; gazafxulis dasawyiss, xvna-Tesvis dros"(o. qajaia, 2001). ,,kiraS naafunu" da ,,koliaS nafunu" aRniSnavs adgilebs,sadac kiras da kolias droebiTi sadgomebi hqondaT da saqonels aZovebdnengazafxulze.

lecxerualecxerualecxerualecxerualecxerua _ xidi texurze, lekoToresa da kalandiaS kares Sua(kurzus satyeo).

meifoni meifoni meifoni meifoni meifoni _ tye; meifoniS sukimeifoniS sukimeifoniS sukimeifoniS sukimeifoniS suki _ goraki (gaWedilis satyeo).meifameifameifameifameifa megrulSi igivea, rac mTis (tyis) Savi mocvi (o. qajaia, 2002).....meifonimeifonimeifonimeifonimeifoni _ adgili, sadac meifa mravlad xarobs.

migaziamigaziamigaziamigaziamigazia _ tyiani ferdobi luxonasa da urTxelons Sua,didirzenTan. aqve moedineba migaziamigaziamigaziamigaziamigaziaRal Ral Ral Ral Ral (taleris satyeo). g. eliavamiuTiTebs Reles `nigaza Ralis" saxelwodebiT, dazustebuli

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38

lokalizaciis gareSe (g. eliava, 1977, gv. 176). saxelwodebis mniSvnelobagasarkvevia.

miSaxonHkare miSaxonHkare miSaxonHkare miSaxonHkare miSaxonHkare _ mwyemsis droebiTi sadgomi miSaxSi, romelicnacus SemogarenSia (kurzus satyeo). miSaxH, miSaxonHmiSaxH, miSaxonHmiSaxH, miSaxonHmiSaxH, miSaxonHmiSaxH, miSaxonH megrulSi igivea,rac ,,Sig, siRrmeSi mdebare". miSaxonH H H H H kare ,,karavi, romelic miSaxonSidgas".

nasaxuS Ral(H)//wifraRal(H)nasaxuS Ral(H)//wifraRal(H)nasaxuS Ral(H)//wifraRal(H)nasaxuS Ral(H)//wifraRal(H)nasaxuS Ral(H)//wifraRal(H) _ nakaduli; kalandiaS karessamxreTiT, nabogirusTan marcxnidan uerTdeba texurs (taleris satyeo).g. eliava dazustebuli lokalizaciis gareSe miuTiTebs toponim ,,nasaxus"da ,,nasaxuraSi Ralis". ,,nasaxus" ganmartebisas aRniSnavs, rom esaasasaxuio, saxuebis ubani. saxuas gvarad miiCnevs (g. eliava, 1977, gv. 179).toponimis uwindeli forma SesaZlebelia nasaxurunasaxurunasaxurunasaxurunasaxuru yofiliyo. saxuriamcirericxovani gvaria. nasaxuru aRniSnavs ,,saxurias yofils, odesRac mismflobelobaSi arsebuls". Sdr.: nasaxuru _ mindori lejanaSeSi (Tamakoni).toponimis paraleluri forma wifraRalwifraRalwifraRalwifraRalwifraRal(((((H)H)H)H)H) aRniSnavs ,,wiflnarSi momdinareReles", an Reles, romelic wif(e)raSi iRebs saTaves.

nisorwyari nisorwyari nisorwyari nisorwyari nisorwyari _ wyaroswyali xonis satyeo ubnis sazRvarze,saCiqvanoSi (salxinos satyeo). nisori). nisori). nisori). nisori). nisori megrulSi `gobs" aRniSnavs.gadmocemiT, wyarosTan gobi daudgamT, sadac sasmeli wyaligrovdeboda.

noxorobeninoxorobeninoxorobeninoxorobeninoxorobeni ,,nasaxlarebi" _ tyebuCqnariani ferdobi xifasxeobaSi, lekudeles zemoT (kurzus satyeo). naWyebiebs aq hqoniaTwisqvili da maRazia.

okalmaxe//sakalmaxo//sakalmaxo RalHokalmaxe//sakalmaxo//sakalmaxo RalHokalmaxe//sakalmaxo//sakalmaxo RalHokalmaxe//sakalmaxo//sakalmaxo RalHokalmaxe//sakalmaxo//sakalmaxo RalH _ nakaduli; leWexasmarcxena Senakadi (kurzus satyeo). g. eliava samegrelos Crdilo-aRmosavleTi nawilis tyisa da saZovrebis zonis toponimTa nusxaSimiuTiTebs hidronim ,,okalmaxe Ralis", dazustebuli lokalizaciis gareSe(g. eliava, 1977, gv. 175).

rzeniagvarTa//rzeniaqvaTarzeniagvarTa//rzeniaqvaTarzeniagvarTa//rzeniaqvaTarzeniagvarTa//rzeniaqvaTarzeniagvarTa//rzeniaqvaTa _ vake-sabalaxo saodiSos SemogarenSi(salxinos satyeo). aqve wyaros ewodeba rzeniagvarTaS wyurgilirzeniagvarTaS wyurgilirzeniagvarTaS wyurgilirzeniagvarTaS wyurgilirzeniagvarTaS wyurgili.g. eliava vakis saxelwodebad asaxelebs ,,zeniagvarTas", romliswarmomavlobas Semdegnairad xsnis: megr. rzeni iagvarTu `vake uwevs"(g. eliava, 1977, gv. 178). sinamdvileSi agvar(T)a/aguar(T)aagvar(T)a/aguar(T)aagvar(T)a/aguar(T)aagvar(T)a/aguar(T)aagvar(T)a/aguar(T)a megrulSiaRniSnavs ,,baks, saqonlis usaxuravo samwyvdevs; bosels". rzeniagvarTarzeniagvarTarzeniagvarTarzeniagvarTarzeniagvarTaigivea, rac ,,vakeze mdebare saqonlis samwyvdevi baki; SemozRduli mindorisaqonlis dasabinaveblad".

robi//roburobi//roburobi//roburobi//roburobi//robu igivea, rac `xevi, xrami, Rrante; mdinaris napiri;ormo, CaRrmavebuli wyliani adgili".

romana romana romana romana romana _ tye-buCqnariani xevi SaqveS Ralis marcxena mxares(taleris satyeo). SesaZloa toponimis Tavdapirveli forma robanarobanarobanarobanarobanayofiliyo. robi//robu robi//robu robi//robu robi//robu robi//robu igivea, rac `xevi, xrami, Rrante; mdinarisnapiri; ormo, CaRrmavebuli wyliani adgili".

sakalmaxo//sakalmaxo Ral(Hsakalmaxo//sakalmaxo Ral(Hsakalmaxo//sakalmaxo Ral(Hsakalmaxo//sakalmaxo Ral(Hsakalmaxo//sakalmaxo Ral(H) – nakaduli, cqimraRalis auzi dgomissamxreTiT (kurzus satyeo). Taq adre facxa eladgudu, raikavSirsafudu gonwyHmili ,,aq adre facxa idga, raikavSirs hqonda gaxsnili"(mTxrobeli mogeli jojua).

i. kekelia

39

satyvioRalHsatyvioRalHsatyvioRalHsatyvioRalHsatyvioRalH//qvarcxiaRal(HqvarcxiaRal(HqvarcxiaRal(HqvarcxiaRal(HqvarcxiaRal(H) _ nakaduli; uCaRals uerTdebabeCunasTan. saTave aqvs qvarcxiaSi (taleris satyeo). gadmocemiT, aqsami svani CauxocavT megrelebs.

qocoro kirdeqocoro kirdeqocoro kirdeqocoro kirdeqocoro kirde _ maRali klde giarzenas SemogarenSi,muxuranafsias dasavleTiT (salxinos satyeo). qoco, qocoro qoco, qocoro qoco, qocoro qoco, qocoro qoco, qocoro megrulSiaRniSnavs ,,pataras". qocoro kirdeqocoro kirdeqocoro kirdeqocoro kirdeqocoro kirde SesaZloa ganimartos rogorc,,patara, momcro klde".

quaS TifH//quai THf quaS TifH//quai THf quaS TifH//quai THf quaS TifH//quai THf quaS TifH//quai THf _ davakeba mTis ferdobze, fSaluonSi,leWexas marcxena mxares (kurzus satyeo). TifuTifuTifuTifuTifu megrulSi karvis irgvlivRamiT saqonlis sadgomis, Teos aRmniSvnelia. g. eliavas ganmartebiT, ,,THf-adgili, riTac saqonlis saxeobis mixedviT ,,agvaraSi" sadgomebia gamoyofili.gadmocemiT, Ti-Si calke melogines Tavis sadgomi kuTxe, adgili hqonda, masTHf erqva" (g. eliava, 1989, gv. 101-102). quaS Tifè ewodeba im adgils, sadacsaqonlis sadgomi qvis yoriTaa SemozRuduli. p. cxadaias ganmartebiT,,,Teo qvavnarSi iyo gamarTuli" (p. cxadaia, 2004).

SonefiS naoxvamuSonefiS naoxvamuSonefiS naoxvamuSonefiS naoxvamuSonefiS naoxvamu ,,svanebis naloci" _ sabalaxo xurtumSi(gaWedilis satyeo). gadmocemiT, saukuneze meti xnis win aq mdgaranlentexeli svanebi TavianTi jogiT. dadianebs konfliqti hqoniaT svanmejogeebTan, saZovrebs edavebodnen. sabolood es dava imiT dasrulda,rom svanebma datoves aRniSnuli teritoria. SonefiS naoxvamH imitomdarqmevia, rom svanebi loculobdnen wm. miqaelisa da gabrielis saxelze,romlebic saqonlis mfarvel angelozebad miaCndaT.

Sqasuki Sqasuki Sqasuki Sqasuki Sqasuki ,,Sua seri" _ tyiani seri aWvis CrdiloeTiT, SaqveSRalis marcxena mxares (taleris satyeo).

CxorowyuS tya CxorowyuS tya CxorowyuS tya CxorowyuS tya CxorowyuS tya _ tye md. Cxorowyus xeobaSi, Cxorowyusa daoqajeRalis SesarTavTan (taleris satyeo).

cqimraRal//cqimura//cxim(u)racqimraRal//cqimura//cxim(u)racqimraRal//cqimura//cxim(u)racqimraRal//cqimura//cxim(u)racqimraRal//cqimura//cxim(u)ra _ nakaduli. sakalmaxos zemoT,200 metrSi (kurzus satyeo); saTaves iRebs nalebuSi da marcxnidanerTvis md. texurs. cxemuri//cximuricxemuri//cximuricxemuri//cximuricxemuri//cximuricxemuri//cximuri megrulSi aRniSnavs botan.kavkasiur rcxilas. cxim(u)ra cxim(u)ra cxim(u)ra cxim(u)ra cxim(u)ra is adgilia, sadac mravlad xarobs esmcenare, xolo Reles, romelic cxim(u)raSi iRebs saTaves, cximraRal/cqimraRal ewodeba.

wyarginalafu wyarginalafu wyarginalafu wyarginalafu wyarginalafu _ nakaduli; leWexas marjvena Senakadi fSaluonSi(kurzus satyeo). saTaves iRebs leWexaSdudSi. wyarginalafu. wyarginalafu. wyarginalafu. wyarginalafu. wyarginalafu niSnavs,,wyalvardnils". nakaduli ramdenime adgilas marTlac aCens CanCqers.Sdr.: wyargHmal//wyargimalafu - wyalvardnili qobaliaS karesTan, farTowyarze (kurzus satyeo); wyargimalafu//wyarginolafu - 1. wyalvardnilioqajeze (taleris satyeo); 2. wyalvardnili da nakaduli (magana, xudoni);wyargimalH - wyalvardnili bujerRais Senakadze (zemo xunwi);wyargio(l)afu - wyalvardnili (saberulavo, martvilis r.); wyargimalafu//wyargiolafu - nakaduli patara CanCqeriT; texuris marjvena Senakadi,romelic moedineba gaTsakarasa da gvimarasakaras Sua (lebardissatyeo).

xifa//xifa(S) Ralxifa//xifa(S) Ralxifa//xifa(S) Ralxifa//xifa(S) Ralxifa//xifa(S) Ral(HHHHH) _ Rele; nasaxus samxreTiT, 1 km-is moSorebiT,marjvnidan uerTdeba md. texurs (kurzus satyeo).


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g. eliava, 1977 - g. eliava, abaSisa da gegeWkoris raionebis toponimika,Tb., 1977.

g. eliava, 1989 - g. eliava, eTnografiuli samegrelo (albomi),quTaisi, 1989.

i. kekelia, 2009 - i. kekelia, martvilis toponimia (etimologiur-ganmartebiTi leqsikoni), Tb., 2009.

o. qajaia, 2001 - o. qajaia, megrul-qarTuli leqsikoni, t. I, Tb., 2001.o. qajaia, 2002 - o. qajaia, megrul-qarTuli leqsikoni, t. II, Tb., 2002.p. cxadaia, v. jojua, 2003 - p. cxadaia, v. jojua, samurzayanos

geografiuli saxelwodebani, Tb., 2003.p. cxadaia, 2004 - p. cxadaia, mesaqonleobis aRmniSvneli leqsika zemo

samegrelos toponimiaSi, kr. ,,qarTveluri onomastika", II, Tb., 2004.p. cxadaia, 2008 - p. cxadaia, samegrelos geografiuli saxelwodebani,

IV (Cxorowyus r.), Tb., 2008.

IGOR KEKELIA

FROM THE PLACE-NAMES OF MARTVILI REGIONWOODS AND PASTURES

Natural or man-made object names have it in them to survive centuries andmillenia. Historical and literary sources, epigraphics and fresco inscriptions, deedsand other official documents, and cartographic materials provide important informationabout geographic names. The etimology of word contents has great importance forthe study of historical and ethnographic peculiarities of the country, ethnic situationof the given locality, traditional culture, husbandry and other issues.

In this paper I discuss only a few number of place names of woods andpastures that I have recorded in the Martvili region.

i. kekelia

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igor kekelia

martvilis raionis tyisa da saZovrebismartvilis raionis tyisa da saZovrebismartvilis raionis tyisa da saZovrebismartvilis raionis tyisa da saZovrebismartvilis raionis tyisa da saZovrebis

zonis toponimiidanzonis toponimiidanzonis toponimiidanzonis toponimiidanzonis toponimiidan

xalxis mier bunebrivsa Tu xelovnurad Seqmnil obieqtebzeSerqmeulma saxelebma saukuneebsa da aTaswleulebs gauZlo. saistorioda literaturuli wyaroebi, epigrafikuli da freskuli warwerebi,sigel-gujrebi da kartografiuli masalebi mniSvnelovan informaciasgvawvdis geografiul saxelwodebebze. toponimiaSi mocemuli konkretuliSinaarsi uaRresad sainteresoa qveynis istoriul-eTnologiuriTaviseburebebis, mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semadgenlobis, tradiciulikulturis, sameurneo yofisa da sxva sakiTxebis Sesaswavlad.

winamdebare naSromSi warmovadgenT Cven mier martvilis raionistyisa da saZovrebis zonaSi Cawerili geografiuli saxelwodebebisnawils.

arabefiS kare//arabefiS nakaru//CerqezefiS nakaru arabefiS kare//arabefiS nakaru//CerqezefiS nakaru arabefiS kare//arabefiS nakaru//CerqezefiS nakaru arabefiS kare//arabefiS nakaru//CerqezefiS nakaru arabefiS kare//arabefiS nakaru//CerqezefiS nakaru _sabalaxo medanSi (salxinos satyeo). ramdenime goraki qvis yoriTaa SemozRuduli.gadmocemiT, arabebi dabanakebulan da simagre gaumarTavT. g. eliavas ganmartebiT,,,aq arabTa sardals hqonia karavi" (g. eliava, 1977).

asmancxvari asmancxvari asmancxvari asmancxvari asmancxvari _ sabalaxoebi medanSi (salxinos satyeo). leCxumlebiqvis svetTan saqonlis dacva-gamravlebis TxovniT anTebdnen sanTels daloculobdnen, fulsac swiravdnen. asmancxvari. asmancxvari. asmancxvari. asmancxvari. asmancxvari _ asxiS mancxvari,,asxis macxovari”.

aWviaWviaWviaWviaWvi _ saxnav-sabalaxo mindori texuris marcxena mxares. dRes aqomar da JorJi naWyebiebs udgaT karvebi (taleris satyeo). g. eliavamiuTiTebs dazustebuli lokalizaciis gareSe, rogorc Wvavis saTesadgils (g. eliava, 1977, gv. 179). xom ar niSnavs aWviaWviaWviaWviaWvi naxanZr, nakaf, axodaRebul adgils?

berisquaS ginaTef _ berisquaS ginaTef _ berisquaS ginaTef _ berisquaS ginaTef _ berisquaS ginaTef _ toponimia da niSnavs ,,Cadrekils, Cazneqils;unagirisebur dadablebas; uReltexils an gza-gadasasvlels mTaSi". Sdr.:gedHrakili `Cadrekili" _ serisa da uReltexilis saxelwodebasamurzayanoSi _ mziursa da mTaSi (p. cxadaia, v. jojua, 2003, gv. 51).gedHrakili suki ,,Cadrekili seri" _ yuliwyarisa da Cekis wyalgamyofiseri yuliSkaris TemSi (zugdidis r.).

geriS margviS enarRvefigeriS margviS enarRvefigeriS margviS enarRvefigeriS margviS enarRvefigeriS margviS enarRvefi _ adgili, sadac mglis lekvebi amoyares.ferdobi vaxis saTaveSi (salxinos satyeo).

gvimaroni gvimaroni gvimaroni gvimaroni gvimaroni ,,gvimrnari" _ sabalaxo texuris marcxena napirze,Jidon WkaduaSTan (salxinos satyeo). mikrotoponimi ,,gvimaroni"samegrelo-samurzayanoSi bevrganaa Cawerili (g. eliava, 1977, gv. 13, 147;p. cxadaia, v. jojua, 2003, gv. 53; p. cxadaia, 2008, gv. 105; i. kekelia, 2009,gv. 41). gumaroni ewodeba gvimrnals asxidan xirzenisken mimaval gzaze,didi cus SemogarenSi. aqve tyian goraks gumaroniSdudi hqvia, romelicdascqeris gumarons (salxinos satyeo).


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gigibera//gigiboni gigibera//gigiboni gigibera//gigiboni gigibera//gigiboni gigibera//gigiboni _ tyiani goraki dgomisa da xifas xeobebsSua, texuris marcxena napirze (kurzus satyeo). gigibi gigibi gigibi gigibi gigibi igive ,,soWia”,gigiberagigiberagigiberagigiberagigibera - ,,soWnari".

gHmasofirigHmasofirigHmasofirigHmasofirigHmasofiri _ tyebuCqnariani xevi aficaras mTis kalTaze, nuzuonisSemogarenSi (salxinos satyeo). orografiuli toponimia da niSnavs,,Camoglejils, CamorRveuls, Camoqceuls; namewyr adgils".

dadiaS gerenji//dadiaS giorenji dadiaS gerenji//dadiaS giorenji dadiaS gerenji//dadiaS giorenji dadiaS gerenji//dadiaS giorenji dadiaS gerenji//dadiaS giorenji ,,dadianis (da)sadgomi" _mindori welamis mTaze (kurzus satyeo). g. eliava asaxelebs ,,kurzussasoflo sabWos" toponimTa nusxaSi, dazustebuli lokalizaciis gareSeda miuTiTebs, rom aq mxolod dadians eyena jogi (g. eliava, 1977, gv.145). Cven mier Cawerili gadmocemis mixedviT, samegrelos mTavrisdasasvenebeli adgili yofila.

dadiaS iama//nuzuga dadiaS iama//nuzuga dadiaS iama//nuzuga dadiaS iama//nuzuga dadiaS iama//nuzuga ,,dadianis ormo; naZvis xe" _ sasazRvroniSani (taleris satyeo). gadmocemiT, es adgili warmoadgenda mijnasdadianisa da glexTa miwebs Soris. iamas enarRvandes noSqvers do aTaSirdH goTanjili oxonali dixa do tya ,,ormoSi Cayridnen naxSirs da aseiyo SemosazRvruli saxnavi miwa da tye" (mTxrobeli nika naWyebia).sazRvarze naZvis xe mdgara, zed amokveTili jvriTa da warweriT. ß ì à _rus. `ormo".

dadiaS oxvenjidadiaS oxvenjidadiaS oxvenjidadiaS oxvenjidadiaS oxvenji ,,dadianis (da)sajdomi" _ davakeba torCaSi.gadmocemiT, sanadirod wasuli miuratebi aq daTvs usafrdebodnen,uTvalTvalebdnen. dadiaS gioxvenjidadiaS gioxvenjidadiaS gioxvenjidadiaS gioxvenjidadiaS gioxvenji-sac eZaxian (salxinos satyeo).

erjiaerjiaerjiaerjiaerjia _ sabalaxo ferdobi Cxorowyus marcxena napirze,SqviTwelamSi (taleris satyeo). aqve moedineba erjiaRal(i) _ nakaduli,romelic texurs erTvis marjvena mxridan pitaWaleSi.

zaqariaS azmaxizaqariaS azmaxizaqariaS azmaxizaqariaS azmaxizaqariaS azmaxi _ mindori aficaraSi (salxinos satyeo).TadaS nazoTHTadaS nazoTHTadaS nazoTHTadaS nazoTHTadaS nazoTH//muntuS nazoTHmuntuS nazoTHmuntuS nazoTHmuntuS nazoTHmuntuS nazoTH _ 1. mindori aficaras kalTaze,

WiTawyaris siaxloves; 2. sabalaxo da tye menjgiarzenas SemogarenSi(orive gaWedilis satyeos ekuTvnis).

TunTiS olontyeSiTunTiS olontyeSiTunTiS olontyeSiTunTiS olontyeSiTunTiS olontyeSi ,,daTvis salafao" _ tlapo torCaSi(gaWedilis satyeo). Taq TunTefH irginuna do ilontyuna ,,aq daTvebigoraoben da talaxSi wvebian".

kiraS naafunu kiraS naafunu kiraS naafunu kiraS naafunu kiraS naafunu _ saTib-sabalaxo wiferaSi (gaWedilis satyeo).Sdr. koliaS naafunu//naafunu koliaS naafunu//naafunu koliaS naafunu//naafunu koliaS naafunu//naafunu koliaS naafunu//naafunu _ tye da sabalaxoebi qvibiaSi,Sonifonis SemogarenSi (salxinos satyeo). afuni). afuni). afuni). afuni). afuni afxazuridan nasesxebisityvaa da niSnavs ,,gazafxuls; gazafxulis dasawyiss, xvna-Tesvis dros"(o. qajaia, 2001). ,,kiraS naafunu" da ,,koliaS nafunu" aRniSnavs adgilebs,sadac kiras da kolias droebiTi sadgomebi hqondaT da saqonels aZovebdnengazafxulze.

lecxerualecxerualecxerualecxerualecxerua _ xidi texurze, lekoToresa da kalandiaS kares Sua(kurzus satyeo).

meifoni meifoni meifoni meifoni meifoni _ tye; meifoniS sukimeifoniS sukimeifoniS sukimeifoniS sukimeifoniS suki _ goraki (gaWedilis satyeo).meifameifameifameifameifa megrulSi igivea, rac mTis (tyis) Savi mocvi (o. qajaia, 2002).....meifonimeifonimeifonimeifonimeifoni _ adgili, sadac meifa mravlad xarobs.

migaziamigaziamigaziamigaziamigazia _ tyiani ferdobi luxonasa da urTxelons Sua,didirzenTan. aqve moedineba migaziamigaziamigaziamigaziamigaziaRal Ral Ral Ral Ral (taleris satyeo). g. eliavamiuTiTebs Reles `nigaza Ralis" saxelwodebiT, dazustebuli


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lokalizaciis gareSe (g. eliava, 1977, gv. 176). saxelwodebis mniSvnelobagasarkvevia.

miSaxonHkare miSaxonHkare miSaxonHkare miSaxonHkare miSaxonHkare _ mwyemsis droebiTi sadgomi miSaxSi, romelicnacus SemogarenSia (kurzus satyeo). miSaxH, miSaxonHmiSaxH, miSaxonHmiSaxH, miSaxonHmiSaxH, miSaxonHmiSaxH, miSaxonH megrulSi igivea,rac ,,Sig, siRrmeSi mdebare". miSaxonH H H H H kare ,,karavi, romelic miSaxonSidgas".

nasaxuS Ral(H)//wifraRal(H)nasaxuS Ral(H)//wifraRal(H)nasaxuS Ral(H)//wifraRal(H)nasaxuS Ral(H)//wifraRal(H)nasaxuS Ral(H)//wifraRal(H) _ nakaduli; kalandiaS karessamxreTiT, nabogirusTan marcxnidan uerTdeba texurs (taleris satyeo).g. eliava dazustebuli lokalizaciis gareSe miuTiTebs toponim ,,nasaxus"da ,,nasaxuraSi Ralis". ,,nasaxus" ganmartebisas aRniSnavs, rom esaasasaxuio, saxuebis ubani. saxuas gvarad miiCnevs (g. eliava, 1977, gv. 179).toponimis uwindeli forma SesaZlebelia nasaxurunasaxurunasaxurunasaxurunasaxuru yofiliyo. saxuriamcirericxovani gvaria. nasaxuru aRniSnavs ,,saxurias yofils, odesRac mismflobelobaSi arsebuls". Sdr.: nasaxuru _ mindori lejanaSeSi (Tamakoni).toponimis paraleluri forma wifraRalwifraRalwifraRalwifraRalwifraRal(((((H)H)H)H)H) aRniSnavs ,,wiflnarSi momdinareReles", an Reles, romelic wif(e)raSi iRebs saTaves.

nisorwyari nisorwyari nisorwyari nisorwyari nisorwyari _ wyaroswyali xonis satyeo ubnis sazRvarze,saCiqvanoSi (salxinos satyeo). nisori). nisori). nisori). nisori). nisori megrulSi `gobs" aRniSnavs.gadmocemiT, wyarosTan gobi daudgamT, sadac sasmeli wyaligrovdeboda.

noxorobeninoxorobeninoxorobeninoxorobeninoxorobeni ,,nasaxlarebi" _ tyebuCqnariani ferdobi xifasxeobaSi, lekudeles zemoT (kurzus satyeo). naWyebiebs aq hqoniaTwisqvili da maRazia.

okalmaxe//sakalmaxo//sakalmaxo RalHokalmaxe//sakalmaxo//sakalmaxo RalHokalmaxe//sakalmaxo//sakalmaxo RalHokalmaxe//sakalmaxo//sakalmaxo RalHokalmaxe//sakalmaxo//sakalmaxo RalH _ nakaduli; leWexasmarcxena Senakadi (kurzus satyeo). g. eliava samegrelos Crdilo-aRmosavleTi nawilis tyisa da saZovrebis zonis toponimTa nusxaSimiuTiTebs hidronim ,,okalmaxe Ralis", dazustebuli lokalizaciis gareSe(g. eliava, 1977, gv. 175).

rzeniagvarTa//rzeniaqvaTarzeniagvarTa//rzeniaqvaTarzeniagvarTa//rzeniaqvaTarzeniagvarTa//rzeniaqvaTarzeniagvarTa//rzeniaqvaTa _ vake-sabalaxo saodiSos SemogarenSi(salxinos satyeo). aqve wyaros ewodeba rzeniagvarTaS wyurgilirzeniagvarTaS wyurgilirzeniagvarTaS wyurgilirzeniagvarTaS wyurgilirzeniagvarTaS wyurgili.g. eliava vakis saxelwodebad asaxelebs ,,zeniagvarTas", romliswarmomavlobas Semdegnairad xsnis: megr. rzeni iagvarTu `vake uwevs"(g. eliava, 1977, gv. 178). sinamdvileSi agvar(T)a/aguar(T)aagvar(T)a/aguar(T)aagvar(T)a/aguar(T)aagvar(T)a/aguar(T)aagvar(T)a/aguar(T)a megrulSiaRniSnavs ,,baks, saqonlis usaxuravo samwyvdevs; bosels". rzeniagvarTarzeniagvarTarzeniagvarTarzeniagvarTarzeniagvarTaigivea, rac ,,vakeze mdebare saqonlis samwyvdevi baki; SemozRduli mindorisaqonlis dasabinaveblad".

robi//roburobi//roburobi//roburobi//roburobi//robu igivea, rac `xevi, xrami, Rrante; mdinaris napiri;ormo, CaRrmavebuli wyliani adgili".

romana romana romana romana romana _ tye-buCqnariani xevi SaqveS Ralis marcxena mxares(taleris satyeo). SesaZloa toponimis Tavdapirveli forma robanarobanarobanarobanarobanayofiliyo. robi//robu robi//robu robi//robu robi//robu robi//robu igivea, rac `xevi, xrami, Rrante; mdinarisnapiri; ormo, CaRrmavebuli wyliani adgili".

sakalmaxo//sakalmaxo Ral(Hsakalmaxo//sakalmaxo Ral(Hsakalmaxo//sakalmaxo Ral(Hsakalmaxo//sakalmaxo Ral(Hsakalmaxo//sakalmaxo Ral(H) – nakaduli, cqimraRalis auzi dgomissamxreTiT (kurzus satyeo). Taq adre facxa eladgudu, raikavSirsafudu gonwyHmili ,,aq adre facxa idga, raikavSirs hqonda gaxsnili"(mTxrobeli mogeli jojua).

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satyvioRalHsatyvioRalHsatyvioRalHsatyvioRalHsatyvioRalH//qvarcxiaRal(HqvarcxiaRal(HqvarcxiaRal(HqvarcxiaRal(HqvarcxiaRal(H) _ nakaduli; uCaRals uerTdebabeCunasTan. saTave aqvs qvarcxiaSi (taleris satyeo). gadmocemiT, aqsami svani CauxocavT megrelebs.

qocoro kirdeqocoro kirdeqocoro kirdeqocoro kirdeqocoro kirde _ maRali klde giarzenas SemogarenSi,muxuranafsias dasavleTiT (salxinos satyeo). qoco, qocoro qoco, qocoro qoco, qocoro qoco, qocoro qoco, qocoro megrulSiaRniSnavs ,,pataras". qocoro kirdeqocoro kirdeqocoro kirdeqocoro kirdeqocoro kirde SesaZloa ganimartos rogorc,,patara, momcro klde".

quaS TifH//quai THf quaS TifH//quai THf quaS TifH//quai THf quaS TifH//quai THf quaS TifH//quai THf _ davakeba mTis ferdobze, fSaluonSi,leWexas marcxena mxares (kurzus satyeo). TifuTifuTifuTifuTifu megrulSi karvis irgvlivRamiT saqonlis sadgomis, Teos aRmniSvnelia. g. eliavas ganmartebiT, ,,THf-adgili, riTac saqonlis saxeobis mixedviT ,,agvaraSi" sadgomebia gamoyofili.gadmocemiT, Ti-Si calke melogines Tavis sadgomi kuTxe, adgili hqonda, masTHf erqva" (g. eliava, 1989, gv. 101-102). quaS Tifè ewodeba im adgils, sadacsaqonlis sadgomi qvis yoriTaa SemozRuduli. p. cxadaias ganmartebiT,,,Teo qvavnarSi iyo gamarTuli" (p. cxadaia, 2004).

SonefiS naoxvamuSonefiS naoxvamuSonefiS naoxvamuSonefiS naoxvamuSonefiS naoxvamu ,,svanebis naloci" _ sabalaxo xurtumSi(gaWedilis satyeo). gadmocemiT, saukuneze meti xnis win aq mdgaranlentexeli svanebi TavianTi jogiT. dadianebs konfliqti hqoniaT svanmejogeebTan, saZovrebs edavebodnen. sabolood es dava imiT dasrulda,rom svanebma datoves aRniSnuli teritoria. SonefiS naoxvamH imitomdarqmevia, rom svanebi loculobdnen wm. miqaelisa da gabrielis saxelze,romlebic saqonlis mfarvel angelozebad miaCndaT.

Sqasuki Sqasuki Sqasuki Sqasuki Sqasuki ,,Sua seri" _ tyiani seri aWvis CrdiloeTiT, SaqveSRalis marcxena mxares (taleris satyeo).

CxorowyuS tya CxorowyuS tya CxorowyuS tya CxorowyuS tya CxorowyuS tya _ tye md. Cxorowyus xeobaSi, Cxorowyusa daoqajeRalis SesarTavTan (taleris satyeo).

cqimraRal//cqimura//cxim(u)racqimraRal//cqimura//cxim(u)racqimraRal//cqimura//cxim(u)racqimraRal//cqimura//cxim(u)racqimraRal//cqimura//cxim(u)ra _ nakaduli. sakalmaxos zemoT,200 metrSi (kurzus satyeo); saTaves iRebs nalebuSi da marcxnidanerTvis md. texurs. cxemuri//cximuricxemuri//cximuricxemuri//cximuricxemuri//cximuricxemuri//cximuri megrulSi aRniSnavs botan.kavkasiur rcxilas. cxim(u)ra cxim(u)ra cxim(u)ra cxim(u)ra cxim(u)ra is adgilia, sadac mravlad xarobs esmcenare, xolo Reles, romelic cxim(u)raSi iRebs saTaves, cximraRal/cqimraRal ewodeba.

wyarginalafu wyarginalafu wyarginalafu wyarginalafu wyarginalafu _ nakaduli; leWexas marjvena Senakadi fSaluonSi(kurzus satyeo). saTaves iRebs leWexaSdudSi. wyarginalafu. wyarginalafu. wyarginalafu. wyarginalafu. wyarginalafu niSnavs,,wyalvardnils". nakaduli ramdenime adgilas marTlac aCens CanCqers.Sdr.: wyargHmal//wyargimalafu - wyalvardnili qobaliaS karesTan, farTowyarze (kurzus satyeo); wyargimalafu//wyarginolafu - 1. wyalvardnilioqajeze (taleris satyeo); 2. wyalvardnili da nakaduli (magana, xudoni);wyargimalH - wyalvardnili bujerRais Senakadze (zemo xunwi);wyargio(l)afu - wyalvardnili (saberulavo, martvilis r.); wyargimalafu//wyargiolafu - nakaduli patara CanCqeriT; texuris marjvena Senakadi,romelic moedineba gaTsakarasa da gvimarasakaras Sua (lebardissatyeo).

xifa//xifa(S) Ralxifa//xifa(S) Ralxifa//xifa(S) Ralxifa//xifa(S) Ralxifa//xifa(S) Ral(HHHHH) _ Rele; nasaxus samxreTiT, 1 km-is moSorebiT,marjvnidan uerTdeba md. texurs (kurzus satyeo).


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g. eliava, 1977 - g. eliava, abaSisa da gegeWkoris raionebis toponimika,Tb., 1977.

g. eliava, 1989 - g. eliava, eTnografiuli samegrelo (albomi),quTaisi, 1989.

i. kekelia, 2009 - i. kekelia, martvilis toponimia (etimologiur-ganmartebiTi leqsikoni), Tb., 2009.

o. qajaia, 2001 - o. qajaia, megrul-qarTuli leqsikoni, t. I, Tb., 2001.o. qajaia, 2002 - o. qajaia, megrul-qarTuli leqsikoni, t. II, Tb., 2002.p. cxadaia, v. jojua, 2003 - p. cxadaia, v. jojua, samurzayanos

geografiuli saxelwodebani, Tb., 2003.p. cxadaia, 2004 - p. cxadaia, mesaqonleobis aRmniSvneli leqsika zemo

samegrelos toponimiaSi, kr. ,,qarTveluri onomastika", II, Tb., 2004.p. cxadaia, 2008 - p. cxadaia, samegrelos geografiuli saxelwodebani,

IV (Cxorowyus r.), Tb., 2008.

IGOR KEKELIA

FROM THE PLACE-NAMES OF MARTVILI REGIONWOODS AND PASTURES

Natural or man-made object names have it in them to survive centuries andmillenia. Historical and literary sources, epigraphics and fresco inscriptions, deedsand other official documents, and cartographic materials provide important informationabout geographic names. The etimology of word contents has great importance forthe study of historical and ethnographic peculiarities of the country, ethnic situationof the given locality, traditional culture, husbandry and other issues.

In this paper I discuss only a few number of place names of woods andpastures that I have recorded in the Martvili region.

i. kekelia

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zeinab kikviZe

lazares saxislazares saxislazares saxislazares saxislazares saxis

mxatvruli transformaciisaTvismxatvruli transformaciisaTvismxatvruli transformaciisaTvismxatvruli transformaciisaTvismxatvruli transformaciisaTvis

qarTul mwerlobaSiqarTul mwerlobaSiqarTul mwerlobaSiqarTul mwerlobaSiqarTul mwerlobaSi

ieso qristes mier beTanieli lazares mkvdreTiT aRdgena saxarebiserT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi monakveTia da qristes saswaulebidan yvelazediadi da idumalia. Teologiuri swavlebis mixedviT, macxovarma lazaresaRdginebiT xalxs sakuTari aRdgoma uwinaswarmetyvela. ioanes saxarebaSilazare qristes megobrad moixsenieba; aseve, misi erT-erTi epiTetiamarTali. rogor da ra viTarebaSi moxda maTi damegobreba, amis SesaxebteqstSi araferia naTqvami. magram TviT lazares monakveTidan aSkaraa,rom ufali icnobda ara marto lazares, aramed mis debs _ mariamsa damarTas, Tanac es iyo did siyvarulze agebuli urTierToba.

,,avad iyo vinme beTanieli lazare, mariamisa da misi dis marTassoflidan. es swored is mariami iyo, ufals rom nelsacxebeli scxo dafexebi Tavisi TmebiT SeumSrala. misi Zma lazare iyo avad. iesosuyvarda marTa, misi da da lazare. rodesac gaigo, rom avad iyo, uTxramowafeebs: ,,wavideT kvlav iudeaSi. lazarem, Cvenma megobarma, daiZina,gamokeTdeba. magram me mis gamosakeTeblad mivdivar”. ieso mis sikvdilzeambobda, maT ki egonaT, rom bunebriv Zilze laparakobda. maSin iesompirdapir uTxra: ,,lazare mokvda. mixaria Tqvens gamo, rom iq ar viyavi,raTa Tqven irwmunoT, magram wavideT masTan” (ioane 11, axali aRTqma,1993, gv. 15).

iesos imdenad uyvarda es ojaxi, rom dis sityvebze _ ,,Sen rom aqyofiliyavi, is ar mokvdeboda,” _ macxovari oTxi dRis micvalebulissaflavTan midis da sityvis ZaliT aRadgens adamianis ukve gaxrwnilgvams. ,,lazare, gamoved gare”! _ am frazaSi Zevs Semoqmedi RmerTiskosmogoniuri unari sikvdilis sauflodan gamoatevos axali sicocxle.

ebraul enaze lazare ,,RvTis wyalobas” niSnavs da warmosdgebaeleazarisagan, sityvasityviT _ ,,ufalo Semewie” (wmindanTa saxelebi.www. orthodoxy.ge). erT-erTi mosazrebis mixedviT, lazares sikvdiliTada Semdeg misi gacocxlebiT unda asrulebuliyo winaswarmetyvelTanaTqvami da israelis xalxs erwmunebina, rom mesia, romelsac is elodeboda,iyo ieso qriste. Tumca swored am RvTaebrivi faqtis Semdeg daiwyosinedrionma qmedeba mis Sesapyrobad. saxelis etimologia gvafiqrebinebs,rom ufalma uwyaloba xalxs lazares aRdgineba, rogorc gansaxierebaRvTaebrivi yovlisSemZleobisa.

mkvdreTiT aRdgomis Semdeg lazarem kidev ocdaaTi weli icxovra.RvTis nebiT igi kviprosis episkoposi gaxda. gadmocemiT, lazare kunZulzestumrad misuli yovladwminda RvTismSoblisagan misive naxelavi omforisboZebis Rirsi gamxdara. uflis rCeuli kviprosze miicvala. misi uxrwnelinawilebi kiteaSi gadaasvenes. es nawilebi Casvenebuli iyo marmarilos

KARTVELIAN HERITAGE


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luskumaSi warweriT: ,,lazare, oTxTa dReTa saflavad mdebare, megobariqristesi”. bizantiis imperatoris leon brZenis brZanebiT 898 welssiwminde konstantinepolSi gadaasvenes da marTali lazares taZarSimiuCines adgili” (lazares SabaTi. www.politi.ge).

qarTul qristianul saazrovno sivrceSi lazares pirovnebidanwarmomdgari simbolo gansakuTrebuli datvirTviT Semodis. misisakraluri funqcia ar Semoifargleba mxolod saxarebiseuli versiiTda eniWeba qarTuli msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebisa da gansazRvrisaTvisRrma ezoTeruli mniSvneloba.

Zveli mwerlobis yovelmxriv sayuradRebo Zegli ,,qebai da didebaiqarTulisa enisai” qarTuli enis funqciis gansazRvrisas saxarebidanrogorc simbolos swored lazares irCevs, romelmac Tavisi sikvdiliTada aRdgeniT qarTul enaSi Camarxuli saidumlos gasaRebis roli undaikisros:

,,damarxul ars enai qarTuli dRedmde meored moslvisa mesiisa sawameblad. raTa yovelsa enasa RmerTman amxilos amiT eniTa. da ese enai mZinare ars dResamomde, da saxarebasa Sina amas enasa lazare hrqvian (ioane zosime, 1990, gv. 5).qarTul literaturul kritikaSi bevri sagulisxmo mosazrebaa

gamoTqmuli Txzulebis Sesaxeb. ZiriTadad mkvlevrebi yuradRebasamaxvileben sityva ,,enis” mniSvnelobaze da miiCneven, rom masSi igulisxmebaTviT ena, anbani, an kidev Tavad qarTveli eri. gansakuTrebul interessiwvevs fraza, sadac saubaria am eniT uflis mier samyaros gankiTxvaze.

qarTuli Teologiuri TvalsazrisiTac lazare igivdeba enasTan,an kidev erTan. faqtobrivad gansxvaveba arc imdenad didia, radganqarTuli ena logikurad imavdroulad iTavsebs erovnulobis gagebasac.saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi, uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia IIsaubrobs ra lazares Sesaxeb, ,,qebais” ideas iSveliebs da miuTiTebs,rom ,,wminda oTxTavis mixedviT, lazare megobari iyo qristesi. igimkvdreTiT aRadgina macxovarma. xolo mis debs, rogorc Zmis Wirisuflebs,samaradiso cxovreba aRuTqva. azri naTelia, RvTis nebiT, qarTuli enamkvdreTiT aRdgenil wminda lazaresTan aris gaigivebuli, xolo misWirisuflad Seracxulia mTeli qarTveli eri, romelic valdebuliadReniadag ufrTxildebodes, zrunavdes misTvis, viTarca marTali iosebiifaravda mterTagan Cvil yrmas, macxovars Cvensas, ieso qristes”(patriarqis qadagebidan, www. patriarcate.ge).

roca saubari Seexeba lazares ambavs, aucileblad unda gamaxvildesyuradReba ara mxolod misi aRdgenis faqtze, aramed rwmenis, rogorcaucilebeli elementis, funqciazec. lazares ojaxs swamda, rom maTimegobari TviT macxovari iyo da am rwmenis gamovlena mxolod mkvdreTiTaRdgenaSi ki ar xdeba, aramed im qmedebasa da sityvebSic, rasac sCadianda amboben lazares debi. dekanozi arCil mindiaSvili marTasa damariamis fsiqonaturaSi aRmocenebuli grZnobebis aqcentirebiT qarTveli

z. kikviZe

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eris eTikur-zneobrivi aRzevebis aucilebel pirobebze mianiSnebs:,,ufalma dauSva Tavisi megobris, lazares sikvdili, romelic ,,yroda-Ra” (yarda). gamoscada sarwmunoebaSi dani misni: marTa da mariami,romelnic saxarebaSi alegoriulad rwmenas, Rrma sinanuls, uflis Wvretasada stumarTmoyvareobas ganasaxiereben da lazare, ,,oTxi dRis mkvdari,”mkvdreTiT aRadgina. da Tu qarTveli eri, romelsac saxarebasa Sinalazare hqvian, daibrunebs Tavis ,,or das”, _ Rrma sinanuls, sakuTaricodvebis gamo, uflis didebis Wvretas, anu gonebriv locvas, WeSmaritstumarTmoyvareobas, maSin is gamoicdeba qristesagan sarwmunoebaSi(a. mindiaSvili, 1980).

Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi ioane zosimes ,,qebais” garda cnobiliaioane minCxis sagalobeli, romelic sadidebels aRuvlens lazares aRdgenas.aseve, daviT guramiSvili tyveobidan gaqcevisas ufals evedreba aRadginos,rogorc lazare:

gamagone xma sayvirTa, amoiRe xma mWaxeo,viT lazares damarxulsa ,,aRdeq”_ Tavsa damZaxeo! (d. guramiSvili, 1980 gv. 134).qristianTa SemecnebaSi lazares aRdgenis faqti imdenad Zlier

rwmeniT emocias efuZneba, rom yalibdeba myar mxatvrul saxed daSemdgomSi modifikaciis saSualebiT arsebobas paradigmulad agrZelebs.

qarTul mwerlobaSi lazares literaturuli saxe kvlav saxarebissaZirkvlidan momdinarea. mwerlebi mimarTaven sxvadasxva xerxs, _Sedarebas, aluzirebas, citirebas. simbolo aRar konkretdeba erTniSanze da mraval Temas iTavsebs. macxovris megobris ambis mxatvrulidamuSavebisas mudmivad musirebs misi arsebiTi niSani _ mkvdreTiTaRdgena. ase magaliTad, terenti granelis leqsSi ,,,fiqrebi qaqucasmkvlelobis dRes” saxarebis lazaresTan dakavSirebuli monakveTigadmotanilia Tanamedrove sibrtyeSi, Tumca imave simZafriTa daeqspresiulobiT. 1923 wels gavrcelda araswori informacia saqarTveloserovnuli gmiris - qaquca ColoyaSvilisa da misi razmis ganadgurebisSesaxeb. t.granelma swored am faqts miuZRvna Tavisi leqsi. masSi qaqucassikvdili da qveynis damwuxreba lazares simbolos transforaciiT vlindeba:

,,maT saqarTvelo dRes gulSi daWres. axla Znelia sulis migneba... magram lazare aRsdgeba mkvdreTiT, aRdgeba rogorc RvTis siyvaruli!”lazares simboloSi ,,qebais” narativis gavleniT Semodis misi,

rogorc qveynis, mxatvrul saxed gagebac. valerian vekuas leqsSi ,,Senxar lazare” lazare kolxeTia, droebiT miZinebuli, romelic aucilebladunda aRsdges:

,,mkvdari ara xar, Sen xar mZinare, aRsdgebi male, rogorc lazare, iesos Zma xar, misi moyvare, Cemo kolxeTo, Sen xar lazare!”

lazares saxis mxatvruli transformaciisaTvis qarTul mwerlobaSi

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amisaTvis, poetis TvalsazrisiT, arsebobs ori mniSvnelovanipiroba: erSi Cabudebuli amboxi suli (miTosuri amiranis aluzireba_ z.k.) da uflis mier miniWebuli ukvdaveba. macxovris Zmad, anumegobrad, wodebuli lazare _ kolxeTi unda aRdges, radgan is mkvdariki ar aris, aramed orTodoqsuli gagebiT miZinebulia.

axali samyaros Seqmna, kacobriobis cxovrebis mini modelisCamoyalibeba udidesi eqspresiiT cxaddeba giorgi SalamberiZis leqsSi,,survilebis yulaba”. xisa da islis ubralo saxli da masTandakavSirebuli midamo is adgilia, sadac dro statikidan dinamikaSiunda gadavides. Cveulebrivi adamianuri survilebi, kacebrivi cxovrebisamsaxveli frazebi mZlavr dinamikas iZenen, sicocxle yvela saukeTesoTvisebiT warmosdgeba da pirvelmizezTan mibruneba SvilebisaTvisSerCeuli saxelebiT xerxdeba. ,,Svilebs saxelad mivcemdi Tomas, lazares,pavles” (g. SalamberiZe). am sityvebiT leqss saxarebiseuli JReradobaeZleva.

TiTqmis aseTive funqcias iZens lazares xseneba kato javaxiSvilisleqsSi ,,himalai”. logikisa da semantikuri kanonebis miRma aRmocenebulmeditaciur samyaroSi warmosaxviTi da saxarebiseuli enacvleba erTmaneTs.Rrmaazrovani metaforebi deduqciurad da induqciurad avlens lirikulmes. myari semantemebi ucnob Sinaarssac iZens da mis gasagnebas mkiTxvelinacnobi mniSvnelobebis saSualebiT axerxebs. poetis sulSi Cndebagamoqvabuli da iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, TiTqos es misi samosia;TviT suli godebis kedelTan rCeba, rogorc gaxdili sacmeli da aseTormag sicarieleSi (sikvdilSi) SeigrZnoba macxovris saswauli, rasacpoeti garedan ki ar gviCvenebs, aramed Signidan, gamoqvabulidan, sadacsufevs ,,lazare _ jer kidev Sav-bnel akldamaSi da mwuxris locvazedaxrili Tvalebi” (k. javaxiSvili, 2009, gv. 23).

aRdgenis faqti poetis cnobierSi myofobs, mkiTxveli ki TiTqosgamoqvabulis lodia. yofnasa da aryofnas Soris gavlebuli erTgvarizRvari qmnis abstraqtul mesame wevrs, romelic iTavsebs sxva sarwmunoebis(mahmadianuri, budisturi) aRmsarebel mistikur personas. ikvreba mWidrokavSiri da samad daSlili erTi SegrZneba Txzulebis mxatvrul sivrceSiamaoebisagan gaqcevis ndomaSi gadaizrdeba.

msgavsi meditaciuri xilvebi da saxarebiseuli teqstis originaluritransformirebaa giorgi lobJaniZis leqsSi ,,lazare”. lirikuli gmiriaq TviTon lazares eniT metyvelebs da daxSuli aridan TiTqos macxovarseZaxis. iasamnebis mxatvruli saxiT Seqmnili esTetikuri efeqti mxolodSirmaa, romlis iqiT ,,Wvartliani qalaqi” moCans. leqsis arqiteqtonikaSiTandaTan SemoiWreba trivialuri SegrZnebebi. ufro sworad, sulieriwameba gasagnebulia banalur, Tumca mgrZnobelobis xarisxiT aranaklebmZafr tanjvaSi, _ iseTSi, rogoricaa kbilis tkivili. yofieris aseTiCarTva leqsis ormag kodirebas ganapirobebs. erTi mxriv, TxzulebaSiviTardeba lazares ambavi, meore mxriv, masSi Semodis kidev sxva teqsti,romelic adamianuri grZnobebis aqcentirebiT lazares mxatvrul saxesaxal datvirTvas aZlevs.

z. kikviZe

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,,me aRvsdeqi, aRvsdeqi: geZaxi iasamnebis iqiTa mxridan, WvartliT gadalesili qalaqis bolodan. rom me Sen mWirdebi, rom kbili mtkiva da arafriT ar aris gaumxeleli siyvaruli kbilis tkivilze ufro mosaTmeni”.g. lobJaniZis leqsis lirikuli gmiri aris lazare, rogorc adamiani,

romelic kvlav movida samzeoze, Tumca mas bolomde uWirs SemosvlaCveulebriv adamianur sivrceSi, radgan Tu is ukve cocxali adamiania,maSin misTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebic unda hqondes. aq mxolodsiyvarulzea saubari. ra Tqma unda, qristes mier gacocxlebul adamiansunda hqonoda es grZnoba (,,da raxan vcocxlobdi, unda myvareboda” _g.l.). magram avtori aq saubrobs grZnobis gamxelasa da Sesabamisad misimoTmenis siZneleze. metic, poets siyvaruli uZlieres grZnobad aqvswarmodgenili. lirikul gmirs usiyvarulo cxovrebaSi mouwia dabruneba.es ki sensorul SegrZnebaTa doneze siciviT cxaddeba. damcavi saSualeba,perangis sayelo, Sedarebulia saflavis lodTan. Tviseba, riTac es orisemantikurad absoluturad gansxvavebuli sityva erTmaneTs edareba dawyvils qmnis, aris simZime. saflavis lodi Tavisi fizikuri Tvisebisgamoa mZime, xolo perangis sayelo usiyvarulo sivrceSi mZimdeba,radgan is gardaiqmneba erTgvar damcav fenad, riTac lirikuli gmiriTavis usiyvarulo arsebobas SemosazRvravs. g. lobJaniZis lazarenaRvlianad mimarTavs macxovars:

,,da ratom macocxlebdi, ratom macocxlebdi?! Tuki sikvdiliviT mTrgunavs siyvaruli. Tuki Sen _ sikvdiliT sikvdilis damTrgunvelma ar Tqvi, siyvaruli rogorRa dameTrguna”.leqsis naRvlian tons qmnis gameorebebi da ritorikuli mimarTvebi.

lirikul gmirs Sinagani xma wamiTac ar aviwyebinebs, rom is sami dRismkvdaria. mkvdaria, radgan ver daTrguna siyvaruli da amitomac isbolomde veRar aRsdgeba. misi barieri meryeobs iasamnebidan perangissayelomde. is gaucxoebulia Tavisi grZnobiT, amitomac aseT gacocxlebaskvlav sikvdils amjobinebs. lazares mxatvruli saxis axleburi recefciiTpoeti cdilobs Seqmnas rac SeiZleba mZafri, tkiviliani ganwyoba dalazares aRdgena usiyvarulo yofnasTan daakavSiros.

lazares mkvdreTiT aRdgenis ambavi, ufro sworad is, rac Semdegunda momxdariyo, poet nino darbaiselis lirikuli apokrifis ZiriTadiTema xdeba. saxarebidan cnobilia, rogor aRadgina iesom lazare; aseve,gadmocemiT isicaa cnobili, rom man 30 weli icxovra. magram is, rasacganicdida mkvdreTiT aRmdgari da rogori iyo saiqiogamovlili adamianiscxovreba, amis Sesaxeb saxareba dums. Zalauneburad mokvdavTa saazrovnovelSi Cndeba uamravi versia, _ rogor icxovrebda lazare, Tundaciesos jvarze gakvris Semdeg, an moisurvebda Tu ara is uflis jvarcmisSemdeg sicocxles. aseTi versiebis dasaxeleba SeiZleba usasrulod


46

gagrZeldes. am SemTxvevaSi n. darbaiselis leqsi ,,lazare” ramdenadmesavaraudo pasuxs scems im kiTxvaTa nawils mainc, romlebic ZalauneburadgakrTeba gonebaSi lazares epizodTan dakavSirebiT.

poeti Txzulebas lazares sityvebiT iwyebs: marTa marTalia. damTavrda mariam, jvars acves ieso, ganibnen sxvani da vidre ganixvnen karni zecaTani, moawyda qveyanas godebis Rvari” (n. darbaiseli, 2004).am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba davakonkretoT dro, _ roca jvars acves

macxovari da aseve davafiqsiroT sulieri mdgomareobac, romlis tragizmsgamoavlens sityva ,,damTavrda”. leqsis droiTi lokali sakmaod mcirea.faqtobrivad SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom es aris wiTeli paraskevi, rocauflis megobari imdenad sulSeZrulia, rom Zalauneburad iwyebs fiqrssakuTari sicocxlis mniSvnelobaze. is TiTqos imeorebs debis frazebsda mkiTxvels eqmneba warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, _ rogori iyo saiqiodanmobrunebuli, raRac idumalnarevi gacocxlebuli kaci, romelic,,cocxlebs aRar gavda’’. mis sityvebSi aSkarad Cans RvTismosaoba dauflisadmi morCileba. sicocxleca da mkvdreTiT aRdgenac erTi sityviTaagaerTianebuli (,,morCilad vicocxle, morCilad aRvsdeqi”).

manamde ki poeti mkafiod warmogvidgens, ramdenad didi iyo glova.debTan erTad damwuxrebuliyo xalxi da TviT iesoc tiroda. ,,misitirili lazares samarxTan (da cremlooda iesuca” _ ioane 11,35; ninodarbaiselTan: ,,tiroda iesoc”) macxovris adamianuri bunebis gamovlenada, amdenad, misi orbunebovnebis damadasturebelia” (l. bregvaZe, 2004).oTxi dRis Semdeg ieso sityvebiT ,,gamoved, gamoved” acocxlebs megobars.gamoqvabulSi, maSasadame, saiqios bnelSi myofi lazare unda gavidessinaTleSi _ cocxalTa samyofelSi. leqsSi igive sityvebi meoredxmiandeba da kravs wres _ macxovari kvlav mouxmobs lazares. is kvlavsibneleSia, anu rac mkvdreTiT aRdgenis dros sinaTled da cxovrebadmoiazreboda (radgan macxovari amqveynad, cocxalTa Soris imyofeboda),axla sibneles, ukuns warmoadgens, radgan xalxma, miuxedavad lazaresaRdgenisa, mainc ver irwmuna iesos RvTaebrioba.

,,kvlav karTan momdgari ver gicno veravin, mgzavri Tu egone, Sorisken mswrafi. ,,gamoved, gamoved!” _Seni xma momesmis. rabi, ra bindia, movdivar, rabi”.adamianTa samyofeli gamoqvabulis mniSvnelobiT itvirTeba. aris

kidev erTi gansxvaveba: Tu lazares mkvdreTiT aRdgenis dros ufals

z. kikviZe

47

yvela miegeba, axla is Seucnobelia, radgan uaryves rogorc RmerTi.misi xilva mxolod morwmune da erTguli lazaresTvisaa SesaZlebeli,romelic eswrafvis SeuerTdes macxovars, wavides codvili miwidan(gamoqvabulidan). misTvis saiqio sanukvari adgili xdeba, radgan TavisufalTan hpovebs sasufevels.

leqsis akustikuri daxvewiloba ara marto ritmuli harmoniiTmiiRweva, aramed calkeuli bgeraTkompleqsebis gameorebiTa da sariTmosityvebis Tanxmierebis velidan konteqstualur velSi gadataniT. aseTimxatvruli ostatoba qmnis smeniTi efeqtis warmosaxviTobas dagadmocemuli ambavi ara mxolod ismineba, aramed xedvac SesaZlebelixdeba. aseve, enis moxdenili arqaizeba saxarebis surnelsac sZens amleqss da kidev erTxel mTeli sicxadiT SegvagrZnobinebs uflis saswaulisdidebulebas.

lazares simbolo myar konceptad rCeba qarTul mwerlobaSi.misi gamorCeuloba _ mkvdreTiT aRdgena _ qmnis mxatvruli saxisgansakuTrebulobas. rwmenaSi gamovlenili sicocxlis dabrunebis misterialirikaSi gardasaxulia da mravalsaxeobiT cnaurdeba meditaciebsa dapoetur xilvebSi. iqmneba literaturuli paradigma, romelic sxvadasxvakonteqstSi itovebs ZiriTad funqcias da poeturi transformaciiTkvlav ubrundeba pirvelsawyiss.


axali aRTqma, 1993 - axali aRTqma, da fsalmunebi, bibliis Targmnisinstituti, stokholmi, 1993.

l. bregvaZe, 2004 - l. bregvaZe, lirikuli apokrifi, gaz. ,,Cvenimwerloba”, 13-19.II, 2004.

t. graneli, fiqrebi qaqucas mkvlelobisas. www. lib.ge.d. guramiSvili, 1980 - d. guramiSvili, daviTiani, TxzulebaTa

sruli krebuli, Tb., 1980.n. darbaiseli, 2004 - n. darbaiseli, lazare, gaz. ,,Cveni mwerloba”,

13-19.II, 2004.v. vekua, Sen xar lazare. http//valerian vekua.blogspot.com.ioane zosime, 1990 - ioane zosime, qebai da didebai qarTulisa

enisai, sxva saqarTvelo sad ari, Tb., 1990.lazares SabaTi. www.politi.ge.g. lobJaniZe, lazare, www. lib.ge.a. mindiaSvili, 1980 - dekanozi arCil mindiaSvili, lazare, gamoved

gare. www ortodoxy,ge.patriarqis qadagebidan, saqarTvelos sapatriarqo. www.

patriarcate.ge.g. SalamberiZe, survilebis yulaba, www. lib.ge.wmindanTa saxelebi. www. orthodoxy.ge.k. javaxiSvili, 2009 - k. javaxiSvili, himalai, Jurn. ,,Cveni mwerloba”,

#7, 2009.


48 z. kikviZe

ZEINAB KIKVIDZE

ON THE FICTIONAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE LAZARUSIMAGE IN THE GEORGIAN LITERATURE

The resurrection of Lazarus of Bethany is one of the most important passagesand the mysterious miracle of Christ in the New Testament. The symbol that originatedfrom Lazarus’ personality has entered the Christian Georgian space of thought withparticular meaning. Its sacral function is not confined to only the Gospel version asit has acquired profound esoteric significance in the shaping and determining of theGeorgian worldview. In the consciousness of a Christian the fact of restoring Lazarusto life is based on the solid emotion of the underlying faith which is formed into astable literary image, paradigmatically maintaining its existence throughmodifications.

The image of Lazarus in the Georigan literature stems from the Gospel. Writersapply various figures of speech, comparisons, allusions, citations for its expression.The symbol of Lazarus comprises multiple themes and it does not follow to a singlesign representation. However, its artistic treatment conjures up ‘his resurrection” asthe most essential and intensive property of the imagery.

The symbol of Lazarus maintains as a stable concept in the Georigan literature.The very fact of “restoring to life” endows it with an ourtstanding quality. In poetrythe mystery of returning to life is revealed through the faith, which yields to multi-facetted transformations by way of meditations and poetic visions. Consequently,there arises a literary paradigm which tends to retain its essential function indifferent contexts going over backward to its origin by means of the poetictransformation.

mamuka menabde

qarTuli samefo-samTavroebisqarTuli samefo-samTavroebisqarTuli samefo-samTavroebisqarTuli samefo-samTavroebisqarTuli samefo-samTavroebis

Sidapolitikuri Sidapolitikuri Sidapolitikuri Sidapolitikuri Sidapolitikuri urTierTobebisurTierTobebisurTierTobebisurTierTobebisurTierTobebis

istoriidanistoriidanistoriidanistoriidanistoriidan XVIXVIXVIXVIXVI saukunissaukunissaukunissaukunissaukunis 4040404040-----5050505050-----ianianianianian wlebSiwlebSiwlebSiwlebSiwlebSi

XVI saukunis 40-50-ian wlebSi qarTuli samefo-samTavroebisSidapolitikuri urTierTobebis centrSi saxelmwifoebriobisTvalsazrisiT erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos mTavari memkvidre qarTlissamefo iyo. am dros qarTlis samefos iranis xuTi farTomasStabianilaSqrobis gadatana mouwia. am laSqrobebs didi gavlena hqonda qarTulisamefo-samTavroebis Sidapolitikur urTierTobebze.

am xanebSi iran-osmaleTis omi mimdinareobda. es omi 1514 welsdaiwyo da drogamoSvebiT 1555 wlamde gagrZelda. Tavdapirvelad omSiosmalebma moipoves iniciativa, Semdeg iranis Sahi Tamazi (1524-1576)Seecada situaciis Secvlas. Seqmnil viTarebaSi Sah-Tamazma saqarTvelosmimarT metismetad mkacri politikis gatareba miiCnia saWirod.

1541 wels Sah-Tamazma saqarTveloSi laSqroba moawyo. maSin iranisSahma Tbilisis cixe aiRo da iq Tavisi garnizoni Caayena. qarTlismefe luarsab I-s (1527-1556) iranelTaTvis morCilebis gamocxadeba arufiqria da Sah-Tamazma tyveebis didi raodenobiT da sxva nadavliTsaqarTvelo datova (hasan rumlus cnobebi, 1966, gv. 22-23; beriegnataSvili, 1959, gv. 357; axali qarTlis cxovreba, 1959, gv. 496-497;vaxuSti, 1973, gv. 402).

Sah-Tamazis saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebul pirvelive laSqrobasdidi gavlena hqonda qarTul Sida urTierTobebze. am laSqrobamdeluarsab I-s imereTisa da kaxeTis mefeebTan normaluri urTierTobahqonda. axla ki, saqarTveloSi laSqrobis Semdeg iranis Sahi yarabaRsimyofeboda, rodesac masTan imereTis mefe bagrat III (1510-1565) dakaxeTis mefe levani (1518-1574) gamocxadnen da morCileba gamoucxades(beri egnataSvili, 1959, gv. 357; axali qarTlis cxovreba, 1959, gv. 498;vaxuSti, 1973, gv. 572, 812). imereTisa da kaxeTis mefeTa moqmedeba amSemTxvevaSi, rasakvirvelia, saerToqarTul interesebs ar pasuxobda.maT Sah-TamazisTvis morCileba ki ar unda gamoecxadebinaT, aramedqarTlis mefisaTvis unda daeWiraT mxari mis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi.

bagrat III am xanebSi cdilobda samcxeze Tavisi xelisuflebagaevrcelebina, rac osmalTaTvis, cxadia, miuRebeli iyo. osmalebmasamcxeSi 1545 wels didi laSqari gamogzavnes. bagrat III-m gurielsa dadadians daxmareba sTxova. gurieli Tavisi laSqriT bagratis gverdiTdadga, xolo dadianma bagrats daxmarebaze uari ganucxada. dadiani imisgamo iyo ganawyenebuli, rom murjaxeTis brZolis (1535) Semdeg, rocaimerTa mefem droebiT samcxe SemoierTa, man aWara da lazeTi gurielsgadasca.

KARTVELIAN HERITAGE


bagrat imerTa mefem osmalebis winaaRmdeg qarTlis mefesac sTxovadaxmareba. luarsabma bagratis Txovna miiRo. es faqti sainteresodaqvT gadmocemuli XVIII saukunis qarTvel mematianeebs. isini ar amartofaqts aRweren, aramed iqve erTgvarad luarsabis mTeli moRvaweobisganmazogadebel Sefasebas axdenen da aRniSnaven, rom qarTlis mefe arifargleboda piradi, kerZoobiTi da viwro kuTxuri interesebiT; igisaerToqarTuli interesebis Sesabamisad moqmedebda, avmexsieri ar iyoda im qarTul samefo-samTavroebsac ki exmareboda saWiroebis Jams,romelTa meTaurebic gansacdelSi mas marto tovebdnen (beri egnataSvili,1959, gv. 358; axali qarTlis cxovreba, 1959, gv. 499; vaxuSti, 1973, gv. 403).

samcxeSi SemoWril osmalebsa da qarTvelTa gaerTianebul laSqarsSoris 1545 wels soxoistas velze Sedga brZola, sadac osmalebmagamarjveba moipoves. amis Semdeg osmalTaTvis samcxis srulad dasapyrobadgza xsnili iyo.

soxoistas brZolis Semdeg luarsab mefe Tavis gavlenas javaxeTSiisev inarCunebda, rac samcxis aTabag qaixosro meorisTvis sruliadmiuRebeli iyo. amasTanave, qaixosrosTvis autaneli gaxda is politika,romelsac osmaleTi samcxeSi atarebda. rTul mdgomareobaSi myofmaqaixosrom Sah-Tamazs Txova daxmareba, ris Sedegadac 1547 wlis ianvarSiyizilbaSTa jari saqarTveloSi Semovida. yizilbaSebma jer javaxeTidaarbies, Semdeg - qvemo qarTli. qarTlis mefis morCilebis miReba kimaTTvis amjeradac miuRwevel amocanad darCa.

aRsaniSnavia, rom isqander munSi da farsadan gorgijaniZe gvawvdiancnobebs, rom imereTisa da kaxeTis mefeebi am laSqrobis msvlelobisasgamocxadnen Sah-TamazTan da saomar operaciaSi daexmarnen (isqandermunSis cnobebi, 1969, gv. 17; farsadan gorgijaniZe, 1926, gv. 5).

imis gamosarkvevad, imereTisa da kaxeTis mefeebma marTlac miiResTu ara monawileoba am laSqrobaSi, prioritetuli mniSvneloba undamieces hasan rumlus cnobebs, vinaidan is piradad monawileobdalaSqrobaSi. hasan rumlu ki aRniSnavs, rom mxolod saqarTvelosdatovebis Semdeg gamocxaddnen SahTan qarTveli mefeebi, romlebic mandaasaCuqra da Tav-TavianT samefoebSi daabruna (hasan rumlus cnobebi,1966, gv. 26). amdenad, Cven gvinda daveTanxmoT r. kiknaZes da m. rexviaSvils,romlebic hasan rumlus aRniSnuli cnobis safuZvelze miiCneven, romam laSqrobaSi imereTisa da kaxeTis mefeebs monawileoba armiuRiaT (hasan rumlus cnobebi, 1966, gv. 58; m. rexviaSvili, 1989,gv. 42).

1551 wels samcxe-saaTabagoSi arzrumis faSa isqanderi SemoiWrada swored am dros qarTlis mefe luarsabma samcxis mimarTulebiTilaSqra. am situaciaSi qaixosro aTabagma iranis Sahs Txova daxmareba,ris sapasuxod Sah-Tamazma saqarTveloSi Tavisi mesame laSqrobamoawyo. isqander faSam artanujis cixes Tavi mianeba. iranelebma amSemTxvevaSi jer samcxeSi gamoavlines didi sisastike da Semdeg qarTlSi.luarsab mefes arc amjerad ufiqria iranelebisTvis morCilebisgamocxadeba.

m. menabde

iran-osmaleTis omi gadamwyvet fazaSi Sevida. 1553 wels osmaleTmairanis winaaRmdeg morigi Zlieri samxedro operaciebis seria daiwyo. amdros osmalebma samcxeSi elCi gamogzavnes. elCma moaxerxa im dapirebismiReba, romlis mixedviT samcxe iran-osmaleTis brZolebSi neitraluriiqneboda. warmatebulad ganxorcielebuli misiis Semdeg elCi ukangabrunda da gzaSi is ucnobma pirebma sicocxles gamoasalmes.e. mamisTvaliSvili miiCnevs, rom im pirebis ukan, romlebmac elCimokles, qarTlisa da imereTis mefeebi idgnen da es mefeebma imitomgaakeTes, rom isini dainteresebuli iyvnen aTabagis avtoritetis SelaxviT(e. mamisTvaliSvili, 1981, gv. 139-140).

iran-osmaleTis omis finalur stadiaze mosalodneli sazavomolaparakebis win didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda imas, iqneboda Tu araqarTlis mefe Sah-Tamazis mier damorCilebuli. 1554 wlis ivlis-agvistoSi Sah-Tamazma saqarTveloSi meoTxe laSqroba moawyo. amlaSqrobis ganxorcielebamde Sah-Tamazi Sirvans imyofeboda, sadac masTangamocxadda levan kaxTa mefe da morCileba gamoucxada (vaxuSti, 1973,gv. 575; Sah-Tamazi, 1976, gv. 52, 83-84).

Sah-Tamazis saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebul laSqrobebs Soris esmeoTxe laSqroba yvelaze ufro sastiki iyo da misi mTeli simZimeamJamadac qarTlis samefom gadaitana. mterma verc amjerad miiRo qarTlismefis morCileba. yizilbaSebma qarTlidan 30 aTasi tyve waiyvanes. Sah-Tamazis yvelaze mniSvnelovan tyves - luarsabis dedas nestan-darejansiranelebisTvis morCilebis gamocxadeba ar ufiqria da sicocxleTviTmkvlelobiT daasrula (farsadan gorgijaniZe, 1926, gv. 7-8; beriegnataSvili, 1959, gv. 364-365; axali qarTlis cxovreba, 1959, gv. 506-507;vaxuSti, 1973, gv. 404-405).

Cven gvaqvs cnoba, rom am laSqrobisas Sah-Tamazma aradeTis wyali,ali, surami da axaldaba daikava, ris gamoc bagrat imerTa mefisaganprotesti miiRo (g. mamulia, 1960, gv. 14; d. witaiSvili, 2004, gv. 5).SesaZlebelia, Sah-Tamazis mimarT gamoxatuli bagratis protesti imazecmigvaniSnebdes, rom imereTis mosazRvred mdebare qarTlis teritoriebibagratsa da luarsabs Soris cilobis sagania, rac erTi SexedviTsruliad miuRebelia. Tumca, amis miuxedavad, obieqturad es protestisaerToqarTuli interesebis gamomxatvelia, vinaidan bagrati TavisiprotestiT realurad luarsabs uWerda mxars Sah-Tamazis winaaRmdegbrZolaSi. amas garda, unda aRiniSnos, rom am laSqrobisas luarsabsaucileblobam aiZula, rom droebiT TavSesafari qarTlis gareT eZebna,risi povnac man imereTSi bagratis daxmarebiT moaxerxa (axali qarTliscxovreba, 1959, gv. 507; vaxuSti, 1973, gv. 815).

amrigad, Sah-Tamazis saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebuli meoTxelaSqrobisas ganviTarebuli movlenebi aCvenebs, rom qarTlisa da imereTissamefoebis urTierTobaSi ukve cvlilebaa momxdari. bagrats kargadSeeZlo daenaxa, rom is politika, romelsac igi Sah-Tamazis mimarTatarebda, Sedegiani da warmatebuli ver aRmoCnda. imJamad imerTa mefemverc samcxeze gaavrcela Tavisi xelisufleba da odiSisa da guriis

qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis Sidapolitikuri urTierTobebis istoriidan...

erisTavebic gamovidnen misi kontrolidan. amis Semdeg bagrati bolosda bolos unda mimxvdariyo, rom aucilebeli iyo politikuri kursiscvlileba, kerZod, is, rom mas qarTlTan urTierToba undagaeumjobesebina da irans dapirispireboda.

aqve unda SevCerdeT Sah-Tamazis saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebulimeoTxe laSqrobis mimarT samcxis samTavros damokidebulebis Taobaze.rogorc viciT, aqamde Sah-Tamazis saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebulmeore da mesame laSqrobaze Tavisi uaryofiTi asaxva hpova samcxisa daqarTlis garTulebulma urTierTobam. am urTierTobis garTulebaaTabagis moRalateobrivma politikam gamoiwvia. axla ki, Sah-TamazismeoTxe laSqrobisas aTabagis uaryofiTi roli ar gamokveTila.SesaZlebelia, 1553 wels samcxeSi movlinebuli osmalTa elCismisiam iTamaSa amaSi Tavisi roli da samcxem amis gamo gamoiCinaneitraliteti.

1555 wels 29 maiss ukve amasiaSi osmaleTsa da irans Soris zavidaido. am zaviT osmaleTs miekuTvna imereTis samefo, odiS-guriissamTavroebiT da samcxe-saaTabagos dasavleTi nawili - tao, SavSeTi,klarjeTi (Woroxis auzi); irans - qarTlisa da kaxeTis samefoebi dasamcxe-saaTabagos aRmosavleTi (udidesi) nawili (mtkvris auzi).

amasiis zavis dadebis Semdeg luarsabis politika ar Secvlila.qarTlis mefe samSoblos Tavisuflebisa da erTianobisaTvis qedmouxrelbrZolas ganagrZobda, ris sapasuxod yarabaRis beglarbegi SaverdisulTani (romelsac Sah-Tamazma luarsabis meTvalyureoba daavala)1556 wels Tavisi laSqriT qarTlSi Semovida. brZola moxda garisTan,qciis (xramis) xeobaSi. qarTlis samefos laSqari mters isev euladdaupirispirda, Tumca gamarjvebas mainc daeufla. luarsab mefe TavisiWarmagi asakis miuxedavad brZolaSi monawileobda da qarTvelTagamarjvebaSi Tavisi gmiruli sikvdiliT daido wvlili (farsadangorgijaniZe, 1926, gv. 9; beri egnataSvili, axali qarTlis cxovreba, 1959,gv. 365-366, 509-510; vaxuSti, 1973, gv. 405-406).

amgvarad, XVI saukunis 40-50-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi iranmaxuTi farTomasStabiani laSqroba ganaxorciela. iranelTa laSqrobebismTavari samizne saqarTveloSi erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos mTavarimemkvidre qarTlis samefo iyo. iranelTa laSqrobebma qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis Sidapolitikuri urTierTobebis gamwvavebas Seuwyo xeli.qarTlis samefo mters ganmartoebulad upirispirdeboda, imereTisa dakaxeTis mefeebma iranelebs morCileba gamoucxades da qarTlis samefosiranelebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi TiTqmis aranairi daxmareba ar gauwies.amis miuxedavad, mterma qarTlis samefos morCileba ver miiRo, rasacSeqmnil viTarebaSi udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda da mTel saqarTveloSiqarTuli sulis gaZlierebas uwyobda xels.

m. menabde


axali qarTlis cxovreba, 1959 - axali qarTlis cxovreba, mesameteqsti, “qarTlis cxovreba”, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnawerismixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, II, Tb., 1959.

beri egnataSvili, 1959 - beri egnataSvili, axali qarTlis cxovreba,pirveli teqsti, “qarTlis cxovreba”, II, Tb., 1959.

vaxuSti, 1973 - vaxuSti, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, “qarTliscxovreba”, IV, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviTs. yauxCiSvilis mier, Tb., 1973.

isqander munSis cnobebi, 1969 - isqander munSis cnobebisaqarTvelos Sesaxeb, sparsuli teqsti qarTuli TargmaniT gamosca v.fuTuriZem, SeniSvnebi daurTo d. kacitaZem, Tb., 1969.

e. mamisTvaliSvili, 1981 - e. mamisTvaliSvili, saqarTvelos sagareopolitikuri urTierTobani XV saukunis meore naxevarsa da XVIsaukuneSi, Tb., 1981.

g. mamulia, 1960 - g. mamulia, XVI saukunis qarTvelTa istoriisaTvis,“droSa”, #5, 1960.

m. rexviaSvili, 1989 - m. rexviaSvili, imereTis samefo (1462-1810ww.), Tb., 1989.

farsadan gorgijaniZe, 1926 - farsadan gorgijaniZis istoria(amonabeWdi “saistorio moambidan”, w. II, 1925), tf., 1926.

Sah-Tamazi, 1976 - Sah-Tamazis saubari osmaleTis elCebTan, sparsuliteqsti gamosacemad moamzada, Targmna, SeniSvnebi da winasityvaoba daurTok. tabataZem, Tb., 1976.

d. witaiSvili, 2004 - d. witaiSvili, imereTis samefos politikurigeografiidan, quTaisi, 2004.

hasan rumlus cnobebi, 1966 - hasan rumlus cnobebi saqarTvelosSesaxeb, sparsuli teqsti qarTuli TargmaniTa da SesavliT gamoscav. fuTuriZem, SeniSvnebi daurTo r. kiknaZem, Tb., 1966.

qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis Sidapolitikuri urTierTobebis istoriidan...

MAMUKA MENABDE

FROM THE HISTORY OF INTERNAL POLITICAL RELATIONSOF THE GEORGIAN KINGDOMS AND PRINCIPALITIES

IN THE 40-50S OF THE 16TH CENTURY

The unfavorable foreign policy situation for Georgia in the 40-50s of the 16th

century had seriously strained the relationship between the Georgian kingdoms andprincipalities. The chief heir of united Georgia’s statehood was Kartli Kingdom, whichappeared in the center of internal political relations and which by that period had torepel five whirlwind invasions of Iran. Shah_Tamaz’(1524-1576) of Iran’ invasions’main military target in Georgia was always Kartli Kingdom. In that compoundedcircumstances King Bagrat III (1510-15654) of Imereti and King Levan (1518-1574)of Kakheti paid homage to Shah Tamaz. Consequently, King Luarsab I (1527-1556)had to resist Iran invasions almost without any assistance from the other Georgiankingdoms. The king of Kartli, unlike the other Georgian kings of this period, neverconfined himself to only the interests of his kingdom and eagerly offered his assistanceto other Georgian kingdoms and principalities in spite of the fact that their rulers hadoften left him behind single-handed exposed to danger.

Though the king of Kartli faced the enemy mainly all alone, the Shah of Irancould not succeed in subjugating the Kartli kingdom. Such an outcome of events hadprofound significance in the strengthening of the Georgian national spirit.

m. menabde

maia miqautaZe

[[[[[~~~~~]]]]] V-XVIII ss. qarTulsa daV-XVIII ss. qarTulsa daV-XVIII ss. qarTulsa daV-XVIII ss. qarTulsa daV-XVIII ss. qarTulsa da

Tanamedrove qarTvelur kiloebSiTanamedrove qarTvelur kiloebSiTanamedrove qarTvelur kiloebSiTanamedrove qarTvelur kiloebSiTanamedrove qarTvelur kiloebSi

[~] didi sixSiriT vlindeba uZveles qarTul xelnawerebsa Tulapidarul warwerebSi. es bgera Tanamedrove qarTvelur kiloebSicZalzed aqtiurad dasturdeba da miiReba [i]-sagan, h|x, z|s|S|c, n|r|l,j, g Tanxmovnebisagan, aseve Cndeba iotizebuli SemarTvisa da damarTvisdros (b. jorbenaZe, 1998; t. futkaraZe, e. dadiani, n. nakani, 1999; m. miqautaZe,2005).

Cveni mizania diaqroniul aspeqtSi ganvixiloT [~]-s SemcvelibgeraTkompleqsebi da gavarkvioT, ra mimarTebaa uZvelesi werilobiTiZeglebis monacemebsa da Tanamedrove qarTvelur kiloebSi gamovlenilviTarebas Soris. kerZod: ganvixilavT formebs, romlebic: a) V-XVIIIss. saliteraturo enisTvis normaa, Tumca dRes mxolod qarTvelurikiloebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli; b) mecnierTa mier zepiri metyvelebisTvis(mwerlis an gadamweris dialeqtisTvis) damaxasiaTeblad miiCneva; g)gadamweris `kalmismier" Secdomad anda ucodinrobad iTvleba, Tumca,Cveni dakvirvebiT, maT sxvagvari kvalifikacia SeiZleba mieces.

qarTuli asomTavruli anbani Tavidanve arCevda /i/ fonemis

marcvlovan [i] da umarcvlo [~] alofonebs. Sesabamisad,i grafema [i]-sgadmoscemda da � grafema _ [~]-s.

uZvelesi werilobiTi Zeglebis monacemebze dayrdnobiT garkveulia[~] alofonis distribucia, romelic erTob SezRudulia. igi gvxvdeba:a) xmovanTa Semdeg sityvis absolutur boloSi saxelobiTi brunvisniSnad a, o, u (iSviaTad e) xmovnebze daboloebul saxelebTan; b)ukvecel saxelTa naTesaobiTisa da moqmedebiTis formebSi; g)xmovanfuZiani anTroponimebis naTesaobiT (iSviaTad moqmedebiT) brunvaSi;d) zogi zedsarTavi saxelis ufroobiTi xarisxis formebSi; e) zogizmnizedis SemadgenlobaSi.

xanmeti da haemeti Zeglebis mixedviT, mkacrad gansazRvruliorTografiuli normiT [e~][e~][e~][e~][e~] bgeraTkompleqsi gadmoicema � dawerilobiT;

mis paralelurad eQQQQQ da e dawerilobanic gvxvdeba am difTongis

aRmniSvnelad. es paraleluri dawerilobani niSania imisa, rom difTongiserTi aso-niSniT gamoxatva uCveulo da xelovnuria qarTuliorTografiisTvis. Sedegad saxezea marTlweris normis ryeva: grafemaTadawerilobebis aRreva. amave periodis ZeglebSi ufroobiTi xarisxisformebisa da warmoSobiT moqmedebiTi brunvis formis mqone zmnizedebSi(udidYs, umjobYs, egrYT, esrYT...)[e~][e~][e~][e~][e~] bgeraTkompleqsis gadmocemisas

� dawerilobis paralelurad sakmaod xSirad gvxvdeba e daweriloba (m.

miqautaZe, 2005, gv. 13-17). amis mizezad migvaCnia is, rom V-VI ss. zepirimetyvelebisTvis am ukve gaqvavebuli saxis formebSi [e~][e~][e~][e~][e~] bgeraTkompleqsisgamartiveba dawyebulia.

KARTVELIAN HERITAGE


m. miqautaZe

IX-XI ss. ZeglebSi [e~]-s gadmocemis orTografiuli normis ryevaimatebs.

IX-XI ss. lapidarul warwerebSi �-s gamoyeneba sakmaod iSviaTia

da aratradiciuli. [e~] bgeraTkompleqsi am ZeglebSi, ZiriTadad, tbtbtbtbtb

an ttttt dawerilobiT warmogvidgeba. saubaria nusxa-xucuriT Sesrulebulwarwerebze. magaliTebi: Zei lipajajisi (ateni X-XI); me dR^~ uboZe(ubisa IX-X); zRude~ (ateni X); miWAtinis Zei (qoreTi XI); stefane~(sabue X); q^e adiden mefe (dolisyana X)...(m. miqautaZe, 2005, gv. 17-28).

daaxloebiT erTsa da imave periodSi (vTqvaT, IX an XI saukuneSi)Sesrulebul sxvadasxva ZeglSi erTsa da imave poziciaSi [e~]-----sgadmosacemad erT teqstSi Tu � daweriloba gvxvdeba, meoreSi e-a. esgvafiqrebinebs, rom, erTi mxriv, � grafemisadmi sxvadasxva gadamwerisa

Tu mwignobruli skolis damokidebulebasTan da, meore mxriv, � da e grafemaTa aRrevasTan ufro gvaqvs saqme, vidre difTongis daSlis

procesis navaraudev dasasrulTan (Sdr.: z. sarjvelaZe, 1975). amasgvidasturebs isic, rom IX-XI ss. lapidarul warwerebSi [e~]bgeraTkompleqsi ZiriTadad eQ Q Q Q Q | ei dawerilobiT gvxvdeba; naklebad

Cans e daweriloba, ufro iSviaTad _ �.[e~] bgeraTkompleqsis gamoxatvis garda, �� grafema sxva

SemTxvevebSic fiqsirdeba:�� gvxvdeba zogierTi sityvis fuZeSi, romelic Sesabamisi berZnuli

formis transliteracias warmoadgens: nikodYmos (B ion.3,9); i^Ymd(ABCDEF lk.9,53); sYmisa (A lk.3,36); iYsu~sa (B lk.3,29)... (iqve, gv.23).

romaelis `qronikonSi" dasturdeba paraleluri dawerilobasakuTari saxelebisa: sYm (196,33)//sem(196,33) da sYT (196,25)//seiT (196,28)(iqve, gv. 24).

am ukanasknelSi berZnuli η-s satranskripcio niSani �� [ei]-d daara [e]-d aris gaazrebuli; es sakuTari saxeli aseTive fuZiT mkvidrdebaqarTulSi (Sdr., leCxumSi seiTi dResacaa gavrcelebuli).

iSviaTad �� grafema gvxvdeba e- bolokidurian rogorc sazogado,ise sakuTar saxelTa moTxrobiT, micemiT, viTarebiT da wodebiTbrunvebSi, narTaniani mravlobiTis saxelobiTisa da moTxrobiTisformaTa fuZeebSi. Tvlian, rom aseT SemTxvevebSi es aso-niSani [e]bgeris gadmomcemia: dideba~ ZYsa d^Tissa (CD mT. 21,15); kldYsa zeda(BmT.16,18); nu miscemT siwmidYsa (BmT.7,6); dRYsa SabaTsa (EmT. 12,1);esma herodYs (A mT.14,1); mefY Sen... cxovndi (m/q^~,341-7); mwarYd(r/qr.198,10); cxovnda mefYd (r/qr. 198,39); sxuad saxYd (diom.196,4); gigalobTSen q^Y RmerTo (Zl.171/59-8); ZYo iona~so (DmT. 16,17); ZYd (DEFlk.3,23);ZYman (DE mT.11,27); ZYTa (DmT.27,56); dRYni (Flk.2,21)... (iqve, gv.24).

[e]-s gadmomcemia �� grafema fuZeebSi: xYneS (F mT.12,33); sasufYveli(C mT.22,2); birYbul (C mT.14,8)...

zogjer �� dasturdeba -mde Tandebulian formebSi: yofadmdY(Elk.2,21); v^emdY (CmT.13,2); gamoslvadmdY (BmT.12,20; mT.10,23)...

[~]-is Semcveli bgeraTkompleqsebi V-XVIII ss. qarTulsa da...

� dawerilobis SemTxvevebi aseve moulodnelia da grafemaTa`aRrevad" aris miCneuli zmnebis bolos C-# poziciaSi: vqmnY (Clk.18,18);gamoucxadY (CmT.11,25); ixilY (BmT.8,4); moikueTY (BmT.5, 30); davizmTrY(m/q^~ 332-37); SeiwynarY (diom.196,26); Semoqmedi itvirTY (Zl.137/16-12);viswavY (ep. kApr.194,28)... aRapi winadRY (iSxani X)... (iqve, gv. 17-28).

vfiqrobT, sityvis fuZis arabolokidur poziciaSi (xYneS,sasufYveli, zYobasa) e-s nacvlad gamovlenili �-sa da aseve morfemaTa

zRvarze e� dawerilobebis (dReYs) dros adgili unda hqondes grafemaTaaRrevas, sxva SemTxvevebSi ki (moTxrobiT, micemiT Tu viTarebiTbrunvebSi, zmnebisa Tu Tandebulebis bolos) _ ara: Cveni varaudiT,maSindel zepir metyvelebaSi (avtoris dialeqtSi!) SesaZloa gvxvdeboda~|i darTuli dialeqturi formebi: Ze~man, davizamTre~, vidremde~,mefe~d, moikueTe~ (Sdr., Tanamedrove kilouri monacemebi: movxarSei,gavtexei... (samcx.); moviyvanei, davrgei; vinmei, ramei... (z.imer.); mama~s`mamas", xe~s (=xes) dauSenda Tavs i bediTi... (raW.) (b. jorbenaZe, 1989,gv. 392, 411, 465, 479...). gamoyarei, melaparakei, kiTxei, viCivlei... (qarTl.)(v. Tofuria, 2002, gv.450), bragade~ `vilaparake", bRaWale~ `viCxube"(megr.) (e. dadiani, m. arjevaniZe, 2007, gv. 160). bunebrivi metyvelebisTvisdamaxasiaTebeli amgvari warmoTqma SeiZleboda asaxuliyo aRniSnulitipis sityvebSi.

[e~] bgeraTkompleqsis gadmocema da �� grafemis gamoyeneba XII-XVIII ss. ZeglebSi gansxvavebulia imisda mixedviT, Tu romeli anbaniTaris Sesrulebuli esa Tu is Zegli.

`sityua~ arTronTaTAsSi" iq, sadac Zveli qarTuli enis normebismixedviT mosalodneli iyo e~ difTongi, yovelTvis gvxvdeba e; aseTiveviTarebaa abuserisZe tbelTan (m. miqautaZe, 2005, gv. 28).

am periodis xucuriT Sesrulebul istoriul sabuTebSi [e~]|[ei]bgeraTkompleqsi aseve ar Cans CvenTvis saintereso poziciebSi, maSinrodesac [~]-s Semcveli sxva difTongebi: [o~], [u~], [a~] yvelgan adgilzea(iqve, gv. 25-27).

kviprelis `qronikis" XIII_XIV ss. xelnawerebSi � grafema,`aRrevasTan" erTad, daniSnulebisamebrac gamoiyeneba, Tumca misimoxmarebis are, amave Zeglis X-XI ss. xelnawerebTan SedarebiT, sakmaodSezRudulia (iqve, gv. 26).

svaneTis werilobiT ZeglebSi � grafema ar gamoiyeneba. mis Sesabamisadei|e~ kompleqsi gvxvdeba: i(ovan)e cxeTilisZei (II sv. 3-32) (iqve).

XIII-XVI ss. Sesrulebul lapidarul warwerebSi � grafema argvxvdeba daniSnulebisamebr. mis nacvlad poziciebSi e e e e e an ei ei ei ei ei gvevlineba.

Y grafema mxedruliT Sesrulebul wyaroebSi XVI s-mde ar gvxvdeba.yvela mosalodnel poziciaSi e daweriloba gvaqvs.

anton kaTalikosTan da gaioz reqtorTan TiTze CamosaTvlelimagaliTebi dasturdeba [e~] difTongis gamoyenebisa (iqve, gv. 34).

rac Seexeba [a~], [o~] da [u~] bgeraTkompleqsTa gadmocemas, SemdegisuraTi gvaqvs:

xanmet da haemet ZeglebSi �� grafemis gamovlenis wesebi mkacradaadaculi difTongTa meore nawilis gadmosacemad.

m. miqautaZe

samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmulia Tvalsazrisi, rom XIsaukunis zepir metyvelebaSi difTongebi aRar arsebobda (z. sarjvelaZe).Cveni dakvirvebiT, V-XI saukuneTa ZeglebSi � TiTqmis yovelTvisgamovlindeba V-C poziciaSi naTesaobiTi da moqmedebiTi brunvebisniSanTa xmovniT nawilad. �-s klebis SemTxvevebi imatebs sannarev ZeglebSisaxelobiTi brunvis bolos V-# poziciaSi. saerTod, IX-XI saukuneebisxelnawerebSi xmovanTa momdevno poziciaSi [~]-s gamovlenis sixSiremaRalia, rac unda miuTiTebdes maSindel zepir metyvelebaSipalatalizebul difTongTa arsebobis Sesaxeb.

amaves adasturebs IX-XI saukuneTa lapidaruli warwerebisa daistoriuli sabuTebis monacemebi.

� da i grafemaTa gamovlenis marTlwerisaTvis uCveulo SemTxvevebiar warmoadgens XI s. zepir metyvelebaSi difTongTa moSlis sabuTs.

Cveni azriT, am periodisTvis � da i grafemaTa gamovlenisorTografiuli normebis ryevas smeniTi aRqmisas [i] da [~] alofonTagaurCevloba iwvevs zogi gadamwerisa Tu Semsruleblis mxridan.

amaze metyvelebs IX-XI ss. lapidarul warweraTa monacemebi,romlebSic saxelobiTi brunvis niSnad V-# poziciaSi � 53% dafiqsirda,i _ 40% da mxolod 7%-Si ar aris warmodgenili brunvis niSani, xolonaTesaobiTi da moqmedebiTi brunvis niSanTa xmovniT nawilad 60,6%gvaqvs � da 39,4% _ i. �-s poziciaSi gamovlenili i grafema aRniSnulSemTxvevebSi [~] alofonis gadmomcemad migvaCnia (m. miqautaZe, 2005, gv.46-54).

XII-XVIII ss. xucuriT Sesrulebul ZeglTa analizma gviCvena, romam periodis qarTulSi � grafema aqtiurad vlindeba orTografiulnormaTa Sesabamisad; e.i. [a~], [o~], [u~] difTongebic saxezea (iqve, gv.54-58).

� grafemis klebis SemTxvevebi iSviaTia, mis nacvlad i grafemisdaweriloba _ xSiri. am poziciebSi i-s, XI s. Zeglebis msgavsad, [~]-sgamomxatvelad vTvliT.

XI-XV ss. mxedruliT Sesrulebul ZeglebSi yvela im poziciaSi,sadac mosalodneli iyo [~], warmodgenilia iiiii: saxelobiTi brunvisbolos V_# poziciaSi _ 97,5%, xmovanfuZian saxelTa naTesaobiTbrunvaSi, V_C poziciaSi _ 95,8%, xmovanfuZian sakuTar saxelTanaTesaobiTSi _ 86,4%, saxelis mxolobiTi ricxvis nanaTesaobiTarsaxelobiTSi mxolod iiiii-Ti gaformebuli fuZeebia, ca nawilakic yovelTvisgaformebul fuZes daerTvis, nanaTesaobiTar saxelobiTSi i [~]-s adgilzeyvelgan saxezea; xmovanfuZian saxelTa moqmedebiTsa da nanaTesaobiTarmoqmedebiTSi i yvelganaa [~]-s poziciaSi.

mocemuli monacemebi cxadyofs, rom XII-XV ss. mxedruliTSesrulebul qarTul ZeglebSi i grafema aqtiurad vlindeba [~] alofonisgadmosacemad. Sesabamisad, ai, oi da ui dawerilobani am poziciebSi[a~], [o~] da [u~] bgeraTkompleqsTa (resp. damaval difTongTa)gamomxatvelia.

XV-XVI saukuneebidan mxedrul saero ZeglebSi aRniSnul poziciebSiiiiii TiTqmis aRar gvxvdeba. Tumca [~] xSirad vlindeba dialeqtebSi. es


bgera Cveulebrivia sasuliero stilis gamoyenebis drosac (m. miqautaZe,2005, gv. 65-67).

amrigad XI-XVI ss. mxedrul xelnawerebSi ~ grafemis ararsebobaar unda aixsnas difTongebis moSliT. Tavdapirvel mxedrul anbanSi,Cans, saWirod ar CaTvales /i/-s alofonTa garCeva, romlebic, rogorcdavinaxeT, zepir metyvelebaSi akustikurad ganirCeoda, magram sityvismniSvnelobas ar cvlida, e. i. fonema ar iyo.

sasuliero xasiaTis Zeglebi, rogorc wesi, nusxa-xucuriT iwereboda,magram ukve XVII s-dan mxedruli anbaniT aris gadawerili mravalimaTgani. amis mizezi saeroTa nusxuris ucodinaroba yofila, rasacamtkicebs kidec am periodis xelnawerTa anderZ-minawerebi.

mxedruliT gadmowerili sasuliero Zeglebis ena ucvleli darCa.am ZeglTa enaSi, rogorc wesi, [~] vlindeba Zveli normebis mixedviT,

ZiriTadad damaval difTongebSi.XI-XVI ss. mxedrul xelnawerebSi ~ grafemis ararseboba unda

aixsnas ara difTongebis moSliT, aramed Tavdapirvel mxedrul anbanSi/i/-s umarcvlo alofonTa niSnis ararsebobiT.

sulxan-saba orbeliani saero TxzulebaTa Seqmnis dros am grafemasar iyenebs; magaliTad, `mogzauroba evropaSi" ~~~~~-s nacvlad uiSviaTesadweria i.i.i.i.i. sasuliero stiliT Sesrulebuli `swavlanis" ena sintaqsuriwyobiTac da morfologiuradac `Zveli qarTuliseburia", magram masSiXVII s. metyvelebis normebia SeWrili. asea [~]-s gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSic.kerZod: V-# poziciaSi saxelobiTi brunvis niSnad da V-C poziciaSinaTesaobiTsa da moqmedebiTSi xSirad ar gvxvdeba es aso-niSani. sulxan-saba iyenebs ~ grafemas yvela im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac imowmebs adgilebssaxarebidan.

bunebrivia, am periodis mxedruliT gadaweril sasuliero ZeglebSi~~~~~-s gamoyenebis normebi ufroa daculi, vidre mxedruliTve dawerilsasuliero ZeglebSi.

yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, ar unda iyos gasakviriXVIII s. gramatikosTa mier ~ grafemis intensiuri gamoyeneba sasulieroda samecniero nawarmoebTa SeTxzvisas, romelTa stili TiTqmis arsxvaobda V-XI ss. Sesabamis TxzulebaTa stilisagan.

z.SanSovans SeniSnuli aqvs, ̀ rom qarTul difTongebSi xmovnebTanarsebiTad E da ~ aris warmodgenili" da rom ~ gamoiyeneba `ufrosadiiiiinis alags, viTarca: raime da ra~me"... (T. uTurgaiZe, 1999, gv. 121).

anton pirvelma ̀ qarTul RrammatikaSi" tradiciuli orTografiaSeinarCuna da ~~~~~ yvela misTvis maxasiaTebel poziciaSi warmoadgina.

V-# poziciaSi ~ grafema 87,6%-ia warmodgenili, sxvagan _ ar Cans;V-C poziciaSi naTesaobiTi brunvis niSnis xmovniT nawilad _ _ _ _ _ 55%~-~-~-~-~-a, danarCenSi _ i; moqmedebiTi brunvis niSnis xmovniT nawilad91,6%-ia ~, nawilakdarTul saxelobiTSi ki _ yvelgan. fuZeSi [a~]damavali difTongis Semaval nawilad V-C poziciaSi ~ warmodgeniliaorjer berZnul sakuTar saxelTa dawerilobaSi: beTsa~da (118,28); ma~nan(118,28)...

gaioz reqtoris `gramatikaSi" aseTi suraTia:

m. miqautaZe

V-# poziciaSi saxelobiTSi ~ brunvis niSnad warmodgenilia 42,9%;nawilaki mxolod ~-iT gaformebul saxelobiTi brunvis formebs daerTvis.nanaTesaobiTar saxelobiTSi saxeli gauformebelia. naTesaobiTi damoqmedebiTi brunvis niSanTa xmovniT nawilad V-C poziciaSi yovelTvisaasaxeze ~ grafema.

warmodgenili monacemebi cxadyofs, rom /i/ fonemis umarcvlo [~]varianti ara marto XII-XVI, aramed XVI-XVIII ss. zepir metyvelebaSiintensiurad gamoiyeneba; ~ da �� grafemaTa gamovlenis sixSire damoki-debulia nawarmoebTa xasiaTze: sasuliero da samecniero ZeglebSi [~]alofoni ZiriTadad saxezea da gadmoicema �|~ an i |i grafemebiT

aseTive suraTia XII-XIV ss. saero stiliT Sesrulebul ZeglebSi.XV-XVIII ss. Sesrulebul ZeglebSi ki mosalodnel poziciebSi ~uiSviaTesad vlindeba.

Tanamedrove qarTuli samwignobro enis dialeqtebSi [~], rogorci xmovnis poziciuri nairsaxeoba, dasturdeba: xmovnis momdevnopoziciaSi Tanxmovnis an pauzis win (V-C, V-#) da xmovnis wina poziciaSiTanxmovnis an pauzis momdevnod (C-V, #-V).

xmovnis momdevnod i > ~ SeiZleba iyos:a. V-# poziciaSi saxelobiTi brunvis niSani xmovanze

fuZedaboloebul saxelebTan: TuSurSi (Coxa~, jlexa~), mTiulur-gudamayrulSi (vaJa~, bilika~ _ kninobiTi formebia), ingilourSi (mama~,kalo~, To~), samcxurSi (SoTa~, nina~, deda~, Zalo~, Zamiko~), raWulSi(qala~, mela~ _ upiratesad glolur kilokavSi), imerulSi (Zma~, da~..._ paralelurad dasturdeba sruli xmovani i: Zmai, dai), leCxumurSi(kontaminirebul formebSi: mama | mame > mama~e, deda~e... zogjer sxvaSemTxvevebSic: gogo~e), gurulSi (upiratesad ozurgeTul TqmaSi: Zma~,da~, baba~...), aWarulSi (ana~, baba~, gidela~...), imerxeulSi (dede~,nene~, wova~, Sazie~...)... (b. jorbenaZe, 1998, gv. 71; t. futkaraZe, e. dadiani,n. nakani, 1999, gv. 176-177; m. miqautaZe, e. dadiani, 2010, gv. 401-405).

imerxeulSi, maWaxlurSi, taoursa da livanurSi V-# poziciaSi ~dasturdeba Turqulidan Semosul sityvebSi: amso~ `amnairi", sxvaso~`sxvanairi"... (S. futkaraZe, 1995, gv. 6-31).

b. V-C poziciaSi naTesaobiTi da moqmedebiTi brunvis niSniseulixmovniTi elementi fuZeukvecel saxelebTan: mTiulur-gudamayrulSi(sarekela~s, sarekela~T...), ingilourSi (de~da~s, sufra~Ti...), raWulidialeqtis glolur kilokavSi (vaJa~s, yvela~s; vaJa~T, yvela~T...),imeruli dialeqtis qvemoimerul kilokavSi (kontaminirebul formebSibicola~s|bicoles _ bicole~s, bicola~T|bicoleT _ bicole~T),leCxumurSi (bicole~s, gogu~s; bicole~T, gogie~T), gurulSi (upiratesadozurgeTul TqmaSi: ypa~s, xfo~s, yru~s; ypa~T, xfo~T, yru~T _ ~SeiZleba daikargos: xfos `xbosi", yrus `yrusi"), aWarulSi (ana~s,sacole~s; ana~T, sacole~T), imerxeulSi (fenjera~s, fenjera~T) (b. jorbe-naZe, 1998, gv. 71-72; t. futkaraZe, e. dadiani, n. nakani, 1999, gv. 176-177;m. miqautaZe, e. dadiani, 2010, gv. 401-405).

yvela am SemTxvevaSi damavali difTongebi warmoiqmneba.


sayuradReboa iseTi formebi, romlebic morfemaTa zRvarzeTanxmovnis win ~-s Semcvel damaval difTongTa arsebobaze metyveleben.mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs sa~dumlo,,,,, Se~wyale da msgavsi formebi.

pirvelad am poziciaSi � V s. akaurTas da sahakduxtis warwerebSidavadastureT formebSi: Se~wyale da da~cev.

xelnawerebSi am poziciaSi � SedarebiT iSviaTia: a~ReT (CmT.11,29);da~bane (Dion.9,11); sa~dumlo~ (Dlk.8,17); Se~cva, mo~Txova (m. ZiZiSvili,1960, gv. 48-49); sa~dumloni (kv/qr., gv.80); sa~dumlo~ igi (Zl. 147,25/8;159,43/28)...

IX-XI ss. im warwerebis geografiuli areali, romlebSic xsenebulV_C poziciaSi � Segvxvda, farToa: oSki, gudauTa, bieTi, areSi, ateni,svaneTi.

magaliTebi: da~cvan (oSkiX); Se~wyale (gudauTa IX-X); da~cev(bieTi X); Se~wyale (areSi X); wa~kiTxiT (ateni X-XI); da~cevin (st.jv.X); da~cven (X-XI_II sv.1,6); Se~wyale (XI_II sv.3,8).

XII-XV ss. �, xelnawerTa garda, am poziciaSi davafiqsireT abelias,gunia-yalasa da svaneTis warwerebSi; petre iberielTan mxolod 1`sa~dumlo" forma gvxvdeba (m. miqautaZe, 2005, gv. 44-64).

es faqtebi zepir metyvelebaSi morfemaTa zRvarze Tanxmovnis win~-s Semcveli damavali difTongis arsebobaze unda miuTiTebdes.xelnawerebSi `gaparuli" Secdomebic amis damadasturebelia.

amrigad, V-XVI ss. werilobiTi Zeglebis monacemTa mixedviTirkveva, rom im periodis qarTulisaTvis sityvis Tavkidur poziciaSimorfemaTa zRvarze Tanxmovnis win ~-s Semcveli damavali difTongebiarsebobs.

dRevandel qarTvelur kiloebSic morfemaTa zRvarze zemoTaRniSnul V-C poziciaSi [~] xSirad gvxvdeba: da~mal, gama~R (ingilouri),ga~geben, ama~tana (fer.), wa~Rebs, da~mala (samcx.), da~fica, wa~yvana,da~xocnes (raW., glol.) (b. jorbenaZe), me~krifa, Ce~tan, de~swavli,we~yuanden, de~wuis (imerx.)...(m. miqautaZe, e. dadiani, 2010, gv. 403-404),me~xede, we~Ro (gur.), Se~leba, ge~gona (imer.), Sa~wyale, Se~leba (kax.),de~naxa, ge~para, de~ngra (aWar.)... (t. futkaraZe, e. dadiani, n. nakani,1999), Se~leb (< Segileb) `SegiZlia", va~R (< vagiR) ufleba `ar gaqvsufleba", qo~Rudas `gqondes" (megr.)... (e. dadiani, m. arjevaniZe, 2007,gv. 160).

arcTu iSviaTad ~ gvxvdeba fuZiseuli i-s alofonadac V_CpoziciaSi: de~da~ (ingilouri), se~ri, ma~li `marili" (aWar.), ro~sme(guruli), qe~foben (kax.) da misT. (b. jorbenaZe, 1998; t. futkaraZe,e. dadiani, n. nakani, 1999).

imerxeulSi, livanurSi, taoursa da maWaxlurSi ~ bgera V_CpoziciaSi dasturdeba Turqulidan Semosul sityvaTa fuZeSic: Ca~ri`Wala", me~va ̀ xili", a~ni ̀ erTnairi", a~ri ̀ gansxvavebuli"... (S. futkaraZe,1995, gv. 6-34).

Tanamedrove kiloebSi zogjer ~ vlindeba fuZis arabolokidurpoziciaSi micemiT brunvaSi: mama~s ̀ mamas", xe~s ̀ xes" (raW.) (b. jorbenaZe,1989, gv. 392, 411, 465, 479...).

m. miqautaZe

sayuradReboa [~]-s Semcveli aRmavali difTongebi:V-XI ss. werilobiTi Zeglebis monacemTa mixedviT Tvlian, rom

umarcvlo [i] difTongis pirvel nawilad, Cveulebriv, ar gvxvdeba(T. gamyreliZe, g. maWavariani, 1965; z. sarjvelaZe, 1975; ak. SaniZe, 1976...).

xmovnis win Tavkidura poziciaSi � dadasturda baliWis V s. dausaneTis goris VIII s. warwerebSi samjer ~ese da ~ovane formebSi(n. SoSiaSvili, 1980, gv. 49, 60).

V-XI ss. qarTulisaTvis #-V poziciaSi xelnawerebSi � marTlacTiTqmis ar Cans. TiTqmis imitom, rom igi davadastureT `sinurmravalTavSi" ~esu formaSi Svidjer. rogorc iv. imnaiSvili askvnis,`Zvel qarTulSi ~ gvqonda aRmaval difTongebSic, rac metad sainteresoSemTxvevas warmoadgens qarTulSi difTongTa SeswavlisaTvis" (iv.imnaiSvili, 1975, gv. 15). aRniSnul poziciaSi ~ dafiqsirebuli aqvsgariTsac sityvaSi: ~ovane (iqve).

IX-XI ss. warwerebsa da istoriul sabuTebSi am poziciaSi �grafema 46% dafiqsirda, Sesabamisad i _ 54%; XII-XV ss. warwerebsa dasabuTebSi ki _ 62,5% � da 37,5% _ i. saubaria nusxuriTa daasomTavruliT Sesrulebul warwerebze.

magaliTebi: ~ovane (quT. XI; II svan. 3 _ 182; foka XI; II svan. 3_ 8; ateni X-XI; leknari X-XI; yala-boini X; kumurdo X; sxieri IX-X;iyalTo IX-X...); ~esA (opiza X); ~oWipis Zeni (qoreTi XI); ~akob (oSki1036) (m. miqautaZe, 2005, gv. 68-71).

saxezea, rom araTu im periodis qarTulisaTvis, rodesac aRniSnulsakuTar saxelTa sesxeba xdeboda, aramed momdevno periodis qarTulienisTvisac (Cveni masalis mixedviT XVI saukunemde), xmovnis win TavkidurpoziciaSi [~] bgera ucxo ar aris da saWiroebisda mixedviT qarTvelimas aRiqvams da Sesabamisi grafemiTac gadmoscems.

bolnisis X s. warweraSi dafiqsirda el~a forma; Sromisubnis Xsaukunis warweraSi _ eklez~ao; bajiTis XI da CxikvTas XIII saukuniswarwerebSi _ g~orgi; `moqceva~ qarTlisa~Si" _ ga~ane; `nevmirebulZlispirnSi" _ esa~a; kviprelis ̀ qronikaSi" _ tra~anos. haemet tibikonSiorjer Segvxvda ivstn~anu forma. Cveni azriT, warmodgenil masalaSizepiri metyvelebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli aRmavali difTongis sainteresonimuSebi aisaxa (m. miqautaZe, 2005, gv. 70).

Tanamedrove qarTvelur kiloebSic i > ~ aRmavali difTongiswarmomqmnelad SeiZleba Segvxvdes rogorc morfemaTa zRvarze, asevedauSlel fuZeebSi:

C-V poziciaSi: aWarulSi - 23% (d~elaparakeboda, gawer~ebda),gurulSi - 2% (g~eSva, gad~exada), imerulSi - 9% (me~w~os,gamogvekideb~en), kaxurSi - 8% (Tav~ani, gixar~an), balszemourSi - 44%(al~areS `amaTi", lad~ar `deduleTi")... megrulSi (kvar~a `yvavi",m~aro ̀ bevri"), imerxeulSi (dun~aSi) (t. futkaraZe, e. dadiani, n. nakani,1999, gv. 177; e. dadiani, m. arjevaniZe, 2007, gv. 161; m. miqautaZe, e. dadiani,2010, gv. 404).


^-V poziciaSi: imerulSi - 14% (~efi, ~orami), kaxurSi - 28%(~eso, ~osebi), samcxurSi - 14% (~eTimi, ~akobi), balszemourSi -absolutur umravlesobaSi (~oseliKn, ~ason, ~old ̀ iolad", ~@n ̀ ioane")...(t. futkaraZe, e. dadiani, n. nakani, 1999, gv. 176); imerxeulSi, livanurSi,maWaxlursa da taourSi Turqulidan Semosul sityvebSi (~uva `bude",~afi `Senoba", ~emegi `saWmeli", ~eri `adgili", ~afraRi `foToli"...)(S. futkaraZe, 1995, gv. 6-31; m. miqautaZe, e. dadiani, 2010, gv. 404).

V-V poziciaSi: imerxeulSi (so~adoba~; bo~aT); samcxursa dajavaxurSi (patara~a, mtirala~a), leCxumurSi (mama~e, gogo~e), imerulSi(deda~a, nino~a)... (b. jorbenaZe, 1998, gv. 91 m. miqautaZe, e. dadiani, 2010,gv. 405).

faqtia, rom qarTulSi [~] ara marto damaval, aramed aRmavaldifTongTa warmomqmnelic iyo pauzis an Tanxmovnis momdevnod xmovniswina poziciaSi V-XVIII ss-Si da es funqcia dRemde ar daukargavsrogorc saliteraturo qarTulSi, ise mis dialeqtebSi.

V-XVIII ss. Cven mier gamowvlilviT Seswavlil werilobiT ZeglebSiar dadasturebula Tanamedrove qarTvelur dialeqtebSi (qarTlurSi,kaxurSi, mTiulur-gudamayrulSi, fSaurSi, ingilourSi, fereidnulSi,megrulSi, svanurSi...) aqtiurad gamovlenili xmovnis iotizebuliSemarTva-damarTvis SemTxvevebi, iseve rogorc Tanxmovnebisagan miRebuli[~] (Sdr.: b. jorbenaZe, 1998, gv. 71; t. futkaraZe, e. dadiani, n. nakani,1999, gv. 174-176).

uiSviaTesad uZveles werilobT ZeglebSi C-C, C-# Tu #-C poziciebSidadasturebuli � grafema [i]-s gadmomcemia: ~tyuis(ateni VIII-IX);~x~leT (iqve); angelos~ (Sromisubani X), g(iorg)~ (areSi X), saydar~(II sv.I X-XI); moRuawen~ (mTiskalTa XI), iov~ (Rame XI)... (m. miqautaZe,2005, gv. 53). aseT SemTxvevebSi marTlac grafemaTa aRrevasTan gvaqvssaqme, rac mxolod ̀ kalmismieri SecdomiT" Tu ̀ gadamweris ucodinrobiT"SeiZleba aixsnas.

zemoTqmulis Sejerebis sedegad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom enam,`fonetikuri konservatizmis" Sedegad, arqauli qarTulisaTvisdistribuciis uZvelesi normebis Tanaxmad sxvadasxva poziciaSi navaraudevi[~] segmenti SeinarCuna rogorc V-XVIII saukuneebis, aseve Tanamedrovesamwignobro qarTulsa da mis dialeqtebSi, rogorc damaval, aseveaRmaval difTongebSi. difTongebze dakvirvebam ki cxadyo, romTanamedrove qarTvelur dialeqtebSi isini gansxvavebuli sixSiriTvlindeba.

qvemoT warmodgenilia [~]-s Semcvel bgeraTkompleqsTa gamovlenispoziciebi V-XVIII ss. werilobiTi Zeglebisa da Tanamedrove qarTvelurikiloebis monacemebis mixedviT.

m. miqautaZe

SeniSvna: S. futkaraZe miuTiTebs, rom imerxeulSi, livanurSi,maWaxlursa da taourSi ~ gvxvdeba mxolod Turqulidan Semosul sityvebSi,ZiriTadad ̂ -V, iSviaTad V-C da V-# poziciebSi (S. futkaraZe, 1995, gv. 6-31); samcxur, aWarulsa da imerxeul dialeqtebSi gamovlenili ~-s SemcvelibgeraTkompleqsebis fonze es varaudi nakleb sarwmunod migvaCnia. ammimarTulebiT kvlevas vagrZelebT da SeiZleba cxrilSi warmodgenilimonacemebi Seicvalos.

Semoklebanikv. qr. - aleqsandre kviprelis qronika (X-XIV ss. xelnawerebis

mixedviT), teqsti gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvleva, komentarebi daleqsikoni daurTo T. mgalobliSvilma, Tb., 1978.

ep. kApr. - epifane kApreli, sazomTaTAs da sawyaulTa, ̀ Satberdiskrebuli".

p o z i c i a wer i l obiTi Zegl ebi ; ki l oebi #-V V - # V-V #-C C-# C-C V-VIII ss. + + _ + + + IX-XI ss. + + + + + + XII-XV ss. + + + _ _ _

XVI-XVIII ss. + + _ _ _ _ qar Tl ur i _ + + + _ _ kaxur i + + + _ _ _ imer ul i + + + _ _ _ gur ul i + + + _ _ _ l eCxumur i _ + + _ _ _ aWar ul i + + + _ _ _ imer xeul i + + + _ _ _ l i vanur i + + _ _ _ _ maWaxl ur i + + _ _ _ _ t aour i + + _ _ _ _ samcxur i + + + _ _ _ javaxur i + + + _ _ _ ingi l our i + + _ _ _ _ f er eidnul i + _ _ + _ _ f Saur i _ _ _ _ _ _ xevsur ul i _ _ _ _ _ _ moxeur i + _ _ _ _ _

mTi ul .-gudamayr . _ + + _ _ _ TuSur i + + _ _ _ _ r aWul i _ + _ _ _ _ bal szemour i + + + _ _ _ megr ul i _ + + _ _ _


ion. - saxareba iovanesi.lk. - saxareba lukasi.mark. - saxareba markozisi.mT. - saxareba maTesi.r/qr. - ipolite romaeli, qronikoni, `Satberdis krebuli".sarjv. - z. sarjvelaZe, Zveli qarTuli ena, Tb., 1997.sv. I - svaneTis werilobiTi Zeglebi I, istoriuli sabuTebi da

sulTa matianeebi, Tb., 1986.sv. II - svaneTis werilobiTi Zeglebi II, epigrafikuli Zeglebi, Tb., 1988.sil. - qarTuli warwerebis korpusi II, lapidaruli warwerebi, Tb. 1980.Zl. - nevmirebuli Zlispirni (xelnaweri A-603), Tb., 1982.A - opizis oTxTavi (913 w.).B - tbeTis oTxTavi (995 w.).C - adiSis oTxTavi (897 w.).D - jruWis oTxTavi (936-940 w.).E - parxlis oTxTavi (973 w.).F - berTis oTxTavi (988 w.)


T. gamyreliZe, g. maWavariani, 1965 - T. gamyreliZe, g. maWavariani,sonantTa sistema da ablauti qarTvelur enebSi, saerToqarTveluristruqturis tipologia, Tb., 1965.

e. dadiani, m. arjevaniZe, 2007 - e. dadiani, m. arjevaniZe, ~ megrulSi(galis raionis sofel pirveli galis metyvelebis mixedviT), qarTvelurimemkvidreoba, t. XI, quTaisi, 2007.

iv. imnaiSvili, 1975 - iv. imnaiSvili, sinuri mravalTavi, gamokvlevada leqsikoni, Tb., 1975.

m. miqautaZe, 2005 - m. miqautaZe, palatalizebul difTongTa sakiTxiV-XI saukuneTa qarTuli werilobiTi Zeglebis mixedviT, quTaisi, 2005.

m. miqautaZe, e. dadiani, 2010 - m. miqautaZe, e. dadiani, fonematuristruqturis zogierTi sakiTxisaTvis imerxeulSi, saerTaSorisosamecniero konferencia - ena rogorc kulturaTaSorisi mediatori,masalebi, quTaisi, 2010.

z. sarjvelaZe, 1975 - z. sarjvelaZe, qarTuli saliteraturo enisistoriis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1975.

z. sarjvelaZe, 1984 - z. sarjvelaZe, qarTuli saliteraturo enisistoriis Sesavali, Tb., 1984.

T. uTurgaiZe, 1999 - T. uTurgaiZe, qarTuli enis Seswavlisistoria, Tb., 1999.

t. futkaraZe, 1998 - t. futkaraZe, Tanamedrove qarTuli enisxmovanTa sistema, sadoqtoro disertacia, Tb., 1998.

t. futkaraZe, e. dadiani, n. nakani, 1999 - t. futkaraZe, e. dadiani,n. nakani, i da ~ alofonTa mimarTebisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi, qarTvelurimemkvidreoba, III, quTaisi, 1999.

m. miqautaZe

S. futkaraZe, 1995 - S. futkaraZe, qarTuli enis samxrul-dasavluridialeqtebis Taviseburebani istoriuli tao-klarjeTisa da muhajiriqarTvelebis metyvelebis mixedviT, sadoqtoro disertaciisavtoreferati, Tb., 1995.

ak. SaniZe, 1976 - ak. SaniZe, ‘veli qarTuli enis gramatika, Tb., 1976n. SoSiaSvili, 1980 - qarTuli warwerebis korpusi I, lapidaruli

warwerebi I, aRmosavleT da samxreT saqarTvelo (V-XI ss.), Seadgina dagamosacemad moamzada n. SoSiaSvilma, Tb., 1980.

m. ZiZiSvili, 1960 - m. ZiZiSvili, fonetikuri procesebi ZvelqarTulSi, Tb., 1960.

b. jorbenaZe, 1989 - b. jorbenaZe, qarTuli dialeqtologia, I, Tb., 1989.b. jorbenaZe, 1998 - b. jorbenaZe, qarTuli dialeqtologia, II, Tb., 1998.

MAIA MIKAUTADZE

[J] IN THE GEORGIAN LANGUAGE OF 5TH-18TH CC.AND IN THE MODERN KARTVELIAN DIALECTS

[~] enjoys high frequency recurrence in the ancient Georgian manuscriptsand lapidary inscriptions. The active use of this sound is attested also in the modernKartvelian dialects. It is derived from [i], and from the consonants: h|kh, z|s|sh|ts,n|r|l, j, g|k; it also appears with jota excursion and recursion.

The aim of this paper is to discuss [~] -containing sound-complexes in thediachronic aspect and reveal what connection can be traced between the [~], occurringin the ancient Georgian manuscripts, and in the sound found in the modern Kartveliandialects. Namely, I discuss the forms which are characteristic to a) to 5th -18th

literary standards, but are presently occurring in the modern dialects; b) also theforms regarded by scholars as characteristics to the dialects of a writer’s or scribe’sspoken language; c) forms regarded as a scribe’s mistake; however, according toour observation they might be given different qualification.

No doubt, recording and studying of the dialectal forms attested in the ancientGeorgian manuscripts acquires paramount importance in terms of their interaction;on one hand of the Georgian literary language (based on the data of recorded texts)and the spoken language, and on the other from the standpoints of researching ofthe historical dialectology.

The collation of the data of the ancient written monuments with thecorresponding facts of modern Kartvelian dialects has revealed that as a result ofthe “phonetic conservatism” the language, according to the earliest distribution normsof the archaic Georgian, has retained the [*] segment assumed in different positions,as in the 5th -18th century writings so in the modern literary Georgian and in themodern Kartvelian dialects, both in ascending and descending diphthongs,respectively.

The observation on the diphthongs made it clear that in the modern Kartveliandialects they have different occurrence frequencies, as #-V, V- #, V-V, #-C, C-C, C-#, V-C and in C-V positions.

nora nikolaZe-lomsianiZe

legendebi legendebi legendebi legendebi legendebi """""akakis krebulSiakakis krebulSiakakis krebulSiakakis krebulSiakakis krebulSi"""""

akaki wereTlis xangrZlivi nayofieri SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweoba me-19 saukunis 60-70-iani wlebis qarTuli cxovrebisa da sazogadoebriviazrovnebis matianis ubrwyinvalesi furcelia.

daufasebelia is Rvawli da amagi, romelic man qarTul xalxurSemoqmedebas dasdo. mwerlis mTavari sazrunavi sicocxlis bolo wuTebamdezepirsityvierebis Sekreba-gamoqveyneba-Seswavla iyo, romelsac misi epoqismoTxovnilebebi ganapirobebda, radgan maTSi yvelaze kargad iyo gamoxatuliqarTveli xalxis gulisTqma-miswrafebani, erovnuli idealebi.

am mizniT akaki wereTelma specialuri organo _ àkakis krebuli"daaarsa, romelSiac xalxuri sityvierebis TiTqmis yvela Janris masalaibeWdeboda.

`krebulSi" erT-erTi sapatio adgili legendebs uWiravs. `legendaxalxuri Semoqmedebis uZvelesi Janria, romelic religiur rwmenas emyarebada fantastikur-saswaulebriv ambavs sinamdvilis saxiT gadmogvcems"(qarTuli folkloris leqsikoni, 1974, gv. 230).

mkvlevrebi legendebSi, Tqmulebebsa da gadmocemebSi yovelTvissinamdvilis anarekls xedavdnen.

ilia WavWavaZe am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT werda: ès zRaparnareviambebi, Tqmulebani, ra Tqma unda, mowmed da sabuTad mosatanni ar arianromelsame yofili saqmisa, am mxriv igini Zalian cotad dasajerni da sandoniarian, magram amisTana ambebSi vpoulobT bevrs marTals aRweras zne-Cveulebebisa" (i. WavWavaZe, 1941, gv. 483).

amasve miuTiTebs vaJa fSavela: ̀ vgoneb, rom eris Tqmulebazedac TviTepoqa moqmedebs da amitom xdeba, rom eri SesaniSnavis saukunis SesaniSnavsmovlenas ambad, zRaprad an leqsad gamoityvis xolme" (vaJa-fSavela, 1956,gv. 180).

didi qarTveli mwerali konstantine gamsaxurdia legendiswyaroTmcodneobiT Rirebulebas aRiarebs. misi azriT, `yoveli erisistoria legendidan modis" (k. gamsaxurdia, 1965, gv. 18).

b. niJaraZe aRniSnavs: ̀ amgvari gadmocemani, cota Tu bevrad dawerili,istoriis magivrobas sweven" (b. niJaraZe, 1962, gv. 18).

analogiur mosazrebas gamoTqvams juzepe kokiara wignSi èvropisfolkloristikis istoria". misi azriT, `RvTaebis Seqmnam masTandakavSirebuli saswaulebi warmoSva, saswaulebis niadagze ki aRmocendnenlegendebi, romlebsac safuZvlad imTaviTve cru arsebani da cru rwmenanihqondaT (j. kokiara, 1960, gv. 78).

akakis krebulSi dabeWdilia rogorc warmarTuli, ise qristianulixasiaTis legendebi. Tematikis mixedviT arsebobs kosmogenuri, apokrifuli,warRvnis, istoriuli da sxv.


kosmogenur legendas ganekuTvneba `ra aris mizezi mTvarisdabnelebisa?" afxazebis azriT, Ramis kekluc guSag mTvares uSvelebelibu emtereba. is sul imas fiqrobs, Caylapos mTvare da isedac bneli RamemTlad daabnelos. amas Tvals adevneben afxazebi da rogorc ki SeamCneven,mTvare bneldebao, maSinve Tofebis srolas daiwyeben, rom bu SeaSinon dagaaqcion (akakis krebuli, 1898, gv. 26).

uSvelebeli bus (xSirad gveleSapis) mier mnaTobebis Caylapvis ambavixalxis rwmenasTan aris dakavSirebuli. primitiuli adamianebi ver xsnidnenbunebis movlenebs, maT Soris mnaTobTa dabnelebas, an dRisa da Ramismimoqcevas da roca maTi dabneleba iwyeboda, saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSigavrcelebuli yofila zemoT naTqvami qmedeba, raTa safrTxeSi CavardnilimnaTobebisaTvis daxmareba gaewiaT. TiTqos yviriliT, xmauriTa da TofissroliT bus (an gveleSaps) SeaSinebdnen da msxverpls Tavs daanebebda. mzisada mTvaris naTeba ki aucilebeli iyo adamianebisaTvis. legendaSi mkveTradCans mnaTobebisadmi Tayvaniscema.

meore legenda ki xsnis, Tu ratom aris mTvareze Savi xalebi:erT xanSiSesul, qvriv dedakacs ori kalmiT auwereli vaJiSvili hyavda.

erTxel dedam SeniSna, rom Svilebs umadoba dasCemdaT. dedas undoda gaegoamis mizezi da roca Svilebi saxlidan gavidnen, Cumad gahyva ukan. SuagultyeSi vaJebs ori mzeTunaxavi qaliSvili daxvdaT da dauwyes maT alersi.mwvane velze saucxoo saWmel-sasmeli elaga. SeSinebulma dedam, amaT SvilebimTlad ar wamarTvano, iqve axlos mdebare Zroxis axal nexvs staca xeli,esrola maT da orive qaliSvili mTlad gasvara. erTi maTgani mzed iqca,romelmac wylian TungSi tani gaibana da gasufTavebuli avarda caSi. meoreski Zalian SeeSinda da tangaubaneli gahyva mas; nexvi miaxma da alag-alag axlacamCnevia igi. ugunurma dedam Tavisi ucodinarobiT orive Svils bednierebadaukarga da qveynierebasac sinaTle gaunaxevrao _ ambobs legenda. amlegendaSic uZveles rwmenasTan gvaqvs saqme. zemoT moyvanili legendismixedviT, mze imitom aris ufro naTeli da kaSkaSa, rom tangabanilia, mTvareki ara. mis sikaSkaSes laqebi uSlis xels.

sainteresoa agreTve uZveles rwmenasTan dakavSirebuli legenda -`raze dgas samyaro?" xalxis azriT, Cveni mSvenieri samyaro dgas uSvelebelixaris rqebs Sua. xaris rqaze ki mudmivad zis RvTis angelozi, romelsacnabrZanebi aqvs uflisagan, rom dedamiwaze rac xdeba, umalve moaxsenos.Semoqmedis brZanebisTanave xaris win yovelTvis aris erTi didi koRo,romelic nebas ar aZlevs xars adgilidan daiZras, raTa xaris Tavidan argadmovardes Cveni samyaro. xandaxan es xari koRos SesaSineblad gaaqnevsrqebs, ris gamoc Cveni dedamiwa iZvris. TviTon xari (samyaros saZirkveli)veeberTela Tevzis zurgzea gaCerebuli. Tevzi ki zRvis SuagulSi uZravadaa(iqve, gv. 24).

erT legendaSi vecnobiT samyaros gayofas RmerTsa da eSmaks Soris.eSmaki Tavdapirvelad angelozi yofila, RvTis disSvili, RmerTs Zalianuyvarda igi da did pativsac scemda, riTac gaamayda, gadidgulda, RmerTiarafrad Caagdo da TviTon moindoma RmerToba. Tanac RmerTs naxevarisamyaro moTxova, memkvidreobiT mergebao. ufalma yoveli Rone ixmara, rom

n. nikolaZe-lomsianiZe

Semcdari angelozi gonze moeyvana, magram amaod. maSin igi eSmakad aqcia dauTxra: _ Sen dayavi qveyana or nawilad da me amovirCev Cem wilso. _ ara,Sen gayavio da CemTvis me amovirCevo _ upasuxa eSmakma. ufalma erT nawiladmcenareuloba dasaxa, meore nawilad miwa, xmeleTi. misi brZanebiT yvelamcenare ayvavda. eSmaks moewona da mcenareuloba amoirCia. maSin uTxraRmerTma, rom amoeRo miwidan es mcenareuloba da sadac undoda, iq waeRo.axla ki mixvda eSmaki, rom motyuvda. bolos ufals Txova: imaTi sulebimainc momeci, vinc xidan Camovardeba da mokvdebao. ufalma imaTi sulebiarguna eSmaks, vinc xeze asvlis dros ar ityvis: RmerTo, mSvidobiTCamomiyvaneo! (akakis krebuli, 1898, gv. 24, 26).

legendaSi naCvenebia, rom RmerTi keTilia, magram imis mimarT, vincurCobs da siamayes gamoiCens, yvela damarcxdeba, TviT eSmakic ki.

`krebulSi" ganTavsebul legendebSi negatiuri Tvisebebis mqoneadamianebs ara marto qriste RmerTi sjis, aramed wminda giorgic.

wminda giorgi qristes sjulis aRsrulebisaTvis jer awvaladioklitianem da Semdeg ki brZana misi mokvla. iqaurma qristianebma waasvenesmisi patiosani gvami da Seinaxes erT TavSesafarSi. Semdeg igi danawilebuliqna 365 nawilad. xelebi Sexvda: marjvena - iloris (samurzayanoSia) taZars,marcxena ki - xonis wm. giorgis eklesias. amis Semdeg am or taZars Sorisdamkvidrebul iqna sulieri kavSiri. giorgobis wina dRes iloris wmindagiorgi ugzavnida xonisas rqamoWedil xars. mas giorgobas daklavdnen dadaunawilebdnen mrevls. erTxel xars daagvianda da im dros movida, rodesacciskari iyo da xalxic wasuli eklesiidan. mxolod erTi monazoni iyodarCenili. moRrubluli dila iyo. xarma monazoni ver gaarCia da rqamouqnia. monazonma dawyevla is. wminda giorgi gabrazda da xaris piriTvedawyevla monazoni: ̀ Seni mogvare am dabaSi arc moSendes da arc gadaSendeso".monazoni iqve qvad iqca. amis Semdeg xari ar mosula iloridan (iqve, gv.42-43).

zogierTi legenda saiqios cxovrebazec mogviTxrobs.qarTvel tomebs saiqios sulis ukvdavebisa Tu warwymedis Sesaxeb

warmarTobis xangrZliv epoqaSi garkveuli Sexedulebani gamoumuSavda.garda legendebisa, saiqios cxovreba kargad aris warmoCenili SaveT-

muleTis leqsebSi, agreTve, SuamdinareTis xalxuri poeziis mniSvnelovanZeglebSic, rogoricaa `gilgameSi" da `Tamuzis sizmari".

`krebulSi" Sesuli erTi legendis mixedviT, ivane da masTan erTadori ucnobi kaci saiqioSi moxvda. maT jer bewvis xidi gaiares, SemdegsamoTxeSic gadaixedes, sadac qalebis jari iyo. sami turfa qali moegebaT,TasiT Rvino miarTves da daariges: qriste RmerTi rom mobrZandeba, oqrosskami miarTviT, vardis wyliT xelebi daabanineT, Suri da mtroba ar undaSegamCnioT, nurc moZmes daabezRebT masTan, Torem gagasamarTlebTo. malemaT Tavisi TvaliT naxes, sxvisi qonebis mitacebiT gamdidrebulebs da cudismTqmelebs rogor Semoartyes cecxlis ali. vinc gaivl-gamoivlida, ambobda:vai, Tqveni sulis brali, ratom ar mieciT Rarib-Ratakebso?! am dros satana-eSmaki wamodga da Tqva: ded-mamis maginebels kuprSi unda CavayofinoT eniswverio, amxanagis moRalates yelze gveli SemovaxvioT, xolo mamulismoRalates pirSi morielebi CavusvaTo (akakis krebuli, 1898, gv. 32-33).

legendebi `akakis krebulSi"

legendaSi aSkarad Cans, Tu rogor isjeba RvTis mier dambezRebeli,eqspluatatori, ded-mamis augis mTqmeli, megobrisa da samSoblos moRalateadamiani. mas jojoxeTi da kupri elodeba, xolo patiosan, sikeTis mqmnelT- samoTxe.

akakis krebulSi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs istoriul legendebs,romlebic istoriul movlenebsa da pirebs Seexeba, maT saarakoTavgadasavalsa da patriotul moqmedebas gvacnobs, omebsa da Tavdasxmebsagviwers. maT Soris vecnobiT sayovelTaod gavrcelebul legendas daviTaRmaSeneblis Zlevamosilebis Sesaxeb, daviTma rom darubandis karebi Camoxsnada gelaTSi miitana (akakis krebuli, 1897, gv. 23, 25).

aseve, meore legendaSi sainteresod aris moTxrobili daviTisaRmSeneblobiTi saqmianobis Sesaxeb; mefem sami eklesia-monastris (gelaTis,martvilisa da sujanis) mSeneblobisas eSmaki jorad aqcia da amiT SeZlomaTi ageba (akakis krebuli, 1898, gv. 44-45).

aqvea dabeWdili legendebi Tamar mefis Sesaxeb. sainteresoa erTilegenda, romelic al. maCablisaTvis erT cxinvalel oss uambia. legendaSiTamari TaTris qalad aris warmodgenili, romelsac mama aiZulebs misTvisarasasurvel xelmwifis Svils gahyves colad. roca Tamari uars eubnebamas, mama sjis da cixeSi amwyvdevs. Tamari RmerTs Txovs, rom qristianadmoinaTleba, Tu iqidan gamoiyvans. RmerTi mas uZlevelad aqcevs. igigadmofrindeba cixidan, cxenze amxedrdeba da imereTisaken gamoswevs, magrambrut-sabZelis mTaze Tovli mouswrebs. Tamars cxeni moukvdeba. igi mTasdawyevlis: Sen Tovls Tovlma moaswroso da mas Semdeg Zvel Tovls axaliaswrebs da amitom sul zamTaria oseTSi (iqve, gv. 19-20).

`krebulSi" sakmaod bevria etimologiuri legendebi. magaliTad,legenda ̀ tabayuras tbis" warmoSobis Sesaxeb. es tba mdebareobs quTaisidansamxreT-dasavleTiT, sofel `goraSi". tba uZiroa. mis axlomaxlo TugaivliT, `raRac baya-buyi ismis". iqaurTa gadmocemiT, Turme am adgilsodesRac erTi mosaxle cxovrobda, qvrivi qali oTxi-xuTi wlis bavSvTanerTad. xareba dRes igi xams qsovda. Camouvlia angelozs da ukiTxavs: _qalo, ras qsov, ra dRea dReso? qals siciliT miugia: _ xareba da xarxarebao,Cem qmar-SvilSi gaxarebao. _ eg raRa ariso? _ ukiTxavs angelozs maqvaze._ es maqva ariso. _ maS qvad iqecio. qali da misi Svili qvad qceulan,gamwydara miwa da Sig Cacvenilan. im adgilze ki es tba warmoSobila. xarebadRes tbaze amotivtivdeba saqsleb-savarcxeli da Semdeg isev CaiZireba. amtbaSi mravali pirutyvi ixrCoba, undaT misi amoSroba, magram moxucebssaeWvod miaCniaT misi daSroba, radgan ̀ tabayura" RvTis nebiT aris gaCenilida RmerTi amis nebas ar mogvcemso (iqve, gv. 21-23).

legenda gvaswavlis, rom RvTiur dResaswaulebs pativi unda mivagoT.erT legendaSi vecnobiT, rogor gaCndnen qveyanaze mglebi. yofila erTicol-qmari, RvTis sayvareli angelozebi. isini Tavdapirvelad RvTis moSiSida moyvarulni yofilan, magram Semdeg Zalian gaamayebulan da RmerTisaTvisurCoba SeubedavT. RmerTs tkbili sityvebiT ucdia maTi moqceva, magramamaod. Semdeg RmerTs angelozi gaugzavnia da urCebi TavisTan daubarebia.col-qmari ar gamocxadebulan, Cven axla col-qmruli siyvaruliT vtkbebiT,


ar gvcalia SenTan mosasvleladao. gabrazebuli ufali TviTon misulamaTTan, daukravs welze maTraxi da dauwyevlia: dReis Semdeg iyaviT krulida SeCvenebuli, gadaiqeciT cxovelebad, wels qveviT sustni da uZlurni,wels zeviT ki Ronierio. gadaaqcia mglebad da dedamiwaze Camoagdo. asegaCndnen mglebi (akakis krebuli, 1899, gv. 21-22). legendaSi gatarebulia isazri, rom xalxi, romelic kargavs RmerTis pativiscemas da siyvaruls, masRmerTi samagieros miagebs.

aqvea moTavsebuli legendebi gugulze, ofofze... mtredebs ratomaqvs wiTeli fexebi? ratom icis kameCma kargi curva? rad aris mercxliskudi Suaze gayofili? rad ar SeuZlia Zeras mkaTaTveSi wylis daleva dasxv. yvela maTgani RvTis Zlevamosilebis, qristianuli sarwmunoebis dacvisada gaZlierebisaTvis aris moxmobili.

amrigad, akakis krebulSi dabeWdili legendebi (50-ze meti) qarTvelixalxis zneobis amaRlebas, sarwmunoebis ganmtkicebasa da patriotizmisgaRvivebas emsaxureboda, rac winapiroba iyo Cveni samSoblos socialurida erovnuli Cagvrisagan gasaTavisufleblad da sanukvari damoukideblobismosapoveblad.


akakis krebuli, 1897 - akakis krebuli, 1897, #2, marti.akakis krebuli, 1898 - akakis krebuli, 1898, #7, marti; # 8, aprili;

#12, agvisto.akakis krebuli, 1899 - akakis krebuli, 1899, #4, aprili.k. gamsaxurdia, 1965 - k. gamsaxurdia, florenciuli, literaturuli

saqarTvelo, #27, 1965.vaJa-fSavela, 1956 - vaJa-fSavela, Txzulebani, t. VII, Tb., 1956.j. kokiara, 1960 - Äæóçåïå Êîêêüÿðà, Èñòîðèÿ ôîëüêëîðèñòèêè â Ýâðîïå,

Ì., 1960.b. niJaraZe, 1962 - b. niJaraZe, istoriul-eTnografiuli werilebi, II,

Tb., 1962.folkloris leqsikoni, 1974 - qarTuli folkloris leqsikoni, II,

Tb., 1974.i. WavWavaZe, 1941 - i. WavWavaZe, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, II, Tb., 1941.

legendebi `akakis krebulSi"

NORA NIKOLADZE-LOMSIANIDZE

LEGENDS IN “AKAKI’S COLLECTIONS”

Akaki Tsereteli’s prolific and lengthy creative activity is a brilliant page ofthe Georgian life and social though chronicles of the 60-70s of the 19th century.

A.Tsereteli’s exploits for the Georgian folklore is an invaluable tribute to theculture of the country. He devoted his life to the collection, publication and analysisof the Georgian oral traditions as they were the best bearers of the ispirations andideals of his people, and the care for them was the demand of the epoch. To this endAkaki Tsereteli established “Akaki’s Monthly Collections” (Akakis Tviuri Krebuli)publishing the samples of all the genres of the oral folk stories. One of the importantsections of the Collections is legends. It contains legends of pagan and Christianorigins. The themes are related to cosmogony, apocrypha, the Deluge, and historicaltales.

Legends in the “Akaki’s Collections” (more than 50 titles) has served themoral education, strengthening the beliefs and awakening patriotic feelings of theGeorgian people.


avTandil nikoleiSvili

galaktion tabiZis Semoqmedebisgalaktion tabiZis Semoqmedebisgalaktion tabiZis Semoqmedebisgalaktion tabiZis Semoqmedebisgalaktion tabiZis Semoqmedebis

teqstologiuri istoriis zogierTiteqstologiuri istoriis zogierTiteqstologiuri istoriis zogierTiteqstologiuri istoriis zogierTiteqstologiuri istoriis zogierTi

sakiTxisakiTxisakiTxisakiTxisakiTxi

xalxSi jer kidev galaktionis sicocxleSive farTod gavrcelebulilegendis mixedviT, poets Tavisi lirikuli Sedevrebis didi nawiliTiTqos erTi amosunTqviT, xSir SemTxvevaSi mTvralsac ki, hqoniadawerili. magram, rogorc poetis umdidresi arqivis SeswavlissafuZvelze erTmniSvnelovnad gairkva (n. tabiZe, v. javaxaZe, r. TvaraZe...),es faqti srulebiT ar Seesabameba sinamdviles da galaktion tabiZispoeturi Semoqmedebis bevri nimuSi araTu ase erTi amosunTqviTa damyisierad ar Seqmnila, aramed sakmaod didi SemoqmedebiTi Ziebisa daSromis Sedegad Rebulobda sabolood srulyofil saxes.

Tavis poetur Sedevrebs galaktioni udidesi Sromis Sedegad romqmnida, amas Tavad poetic xSirad aRniSnavs xolme xazgasmiT sakuTarsaarqivo CanawerebSi. magaliTad, misi TqmiT, „namdvili xelovnebateqnikuri ostatobisa SeiZleba miRweul iqnas mxolod TandaTanobiT,xangrZlivi, moTminebiT savse, aTasnairi cdebis, mxolod didi droisada dauRalavi Sromis gziT“. pirvel yovlisa swored am „didi dadauRlavi Sromis“ dadasturebaa is uamravi variantuli saxesxvaobani,mis calkeul nawarmoebebs rom moepovebaT. am variantebidan naTladCans, raodeni rudunebis Sedegad aRwevda poeti im srulqmnil harmonias,riTac misi poeturi Sedevrebi gvaoceben.

rogorc poetis TormettomeulisaTvis TandarTuli variantebidanTvalnaTliv Cans (naSromSi damowmebuli poeturi citatebi umTavresadswored am gamocemidan iqneba motanili), Tavisi poeturi nawarmoebebisdid nawils, vidre sabolood srulyofil saxes miscemda, galaktionizogjer wlebis ganmavlobaSic ki xvewda da amuSavebda guldagul dasafuZvlianad. swored permanentulad mimdinare amgvari SemoqmedebiTiSromis Sedegad Seiqmna misi calkeuli leqsebisa da poemebis erTmaneTisaganzogjer arsebiTad gansxvavebuli araerTi varianti.

ZiriTadi teqstisagan ritmul-versifikaciuladac da azrobrivipasaJebiTac zogjer mkveTrad gansxvavebuli am variantebis erTi nawilipoeturi ostatobis mxriv calkeul SemTxvevebSi imdenad srulyofiliada daxvewili, rom romelime maTgans mxolod pirobiTad Tu SeiZlebamivaniWoT upiratesoba.

rogorc galaktionis poetur qmnilebaTa ZiriTadi teqstebisa damaTi variantebis erTmaneTTan Sedareba cxadyofs, poeti TavisiSemoqmedebis mxatvrulad srulsayofad muSaobas ramdenime ZiriTadimimarTulebiT warmarTavda; kerZod: 1) poeturi warmosaxvis sagnadqceuli movlenisaTvis yvelaze metad Sesatyvisi ritmul-versifikaciuliformis SesarCevad; 2) nawarmoebis poeturi mxaris kidev ufro metad

KARTVELIAN HERITAGE


dasaxvewad; 3) cenzuris Tvalis asaxvevad samoqmedo droisa da adgilismizanmimarTulad SesaniRbad da gasaucxoeblad da a.S.

yovelive zemoTqmulis naTelsayofad moviSvelieb konkretulmagaliTebs galaktionis poetur qmnilebaTa ZiriTad teqstebSi SeutanelimaTi variantebidan. saubars daviwyeb poetis im nawarmoebTa variantebisgaanalizebiT, romlebic damatebiT masalebs gvawvdian maT ZiriTadteqstebSi gamoxatuli avtoriseuli erovnul-politikuri mrwamsis kidevufro Rrmad da safuZvlianad gasaazreblad.

erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi nawarmoebi, romelsac zemoTqmuliTvalsazrisiT pirvel rigSi unda mivaqcioT gansakuTrebuli yuradReba,esaa poema “mogonebebi im dReebisa, roca ielva” (1921-24 ww.). nawarmoebisZiriTadi teqstisa da misi xelnaweri variantebis gaanalizebis Sedegadr. TvaraZe savsebiT marTebulad mivida imis aRiarebamde, rom xsenebulnawarmoebSi Taviseburi asaxva hpova 1924 wlis agvistos amboxebisCaxSobiT datrialebulma tragediam (“kritika”, 1990, #5). igiveTvalsazrisi cota mogvianebiT n. tabiZemac gamoTqva („lit. saqarTvelo”,1991, 8 marti).

r. TvaraZisa da n. tabiZis mier gamoTqmuli zemoT aRniSnuliTvalsazrisis simarTleSi kidev ufro metad gvarwmunebs s. orjonikiZiswerili – “xelovnebaze”, romelic literaturis Sesaxeb rkp(b)centraluri komitetis 1925 wlis dadgenilebasTan erTad aris dabeWdiliJurnal „droSis” 1925 wlis 28-e nomerSi. am SemTxvevaSi CvenTvisgansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens is faqti, rom s. orjonikiZis statiaSi,xsenebuli dadgenilebis SefasebasTan erTad, saqarTveloSi literaturisada xelovnebisadmi partiuli xelmZRvanelobis zogad principebzecaakonkretuli saubari. erTaderTi xelovani, romelsac s. orjonikiZesaxeldebulad moixseniebs werilSi, galaktionia. „Jurnal „mnaTobSi“, -wers igi, - amas winad dabeWdili iyo galaktion tabiZis poema, sadacavtori mxatvruli formis saxiT gvawvdis metad vulgarul reaqcionursaxeebs. es leqsi aSkarad mimarTuli iyo Cveni politikis winaaRmdeg.aseTi gza arafrad ar varga. mwerloba amas unda eridos.“

s. orjonikiZis mier g. tabiZis xsenebuli poemis amgvari SefasebisSemdeg „mnaTobis“ im nomris TiTqmis mTeli tiraJi, romelSic nawarmoebiiyo dabeWdili, gaunadgurebiaT (gadarCa mxolod ramdenime nomeri),Tavad galaktioni ki ramdenime TviT daupatimrebiaT.

imis naTelsayofad, poemaSi aRwerili tragedia namdvilad romukavSirdeba 1924 wlis agvistoSi momxdar ambebs, gansakuTrebiTsaintereso, pirvel yovlisa, nawarmoebis is adgilebia, romlebic poetsZiriTad teqstSi ar Seutania da TxzulebaTa Tormettomeulis VIIItomis variantebis ganyofilebaSia gamoqveynebuli (gv. 267-270). rogorcmaTgan vgebulobT, galaktions mis mier aRweril tragikul movlenaTageografiuli areali ZiriTad teqstSi moCvenebiTad aqvs gaucxoebuli,sinamdvileSi ki moqmedeba saqarTveloSi xdeba. swored amis naTeldadasturebas warmoadgens poemis gamouqveynebel variantebSi iseTisaxelwodebebis gaCena, rogorebicaa: tfilisi, avlabari da mtkvari,

av. nikoleiSvili

riTac daueWveblad keTdeba miniSneba imaze, rom poetis mier moTxrobilitragedia saqarTveloSi momxdar ambebs gulisxmobs:

Caaqro yvelgan sanTlebi mtverma, dakra darabas, dalewa mina,qalaqis gareT gugunebs ferma, ver upovia qaosebs bina.avlabris daRma eSmakis xaro savsea SiSiT, savsea wyromiT,iqrole qaro, iqrole qaro, mTvralo siciviT da SemodgomiT.glevdes wivili, Txovna xvewili da qajur valsSi iyo garTuli,es tfilisia, - Tmagawewili da mwuxareba Cveni, - qarTuli.aqve aRvniSnav imasac, rom SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos poetis mier

aRwerili movlenis oqtombris civ da bnel qarTan dakavSirebac:„oqtombris qari civi da bneli, xmaurobs mtkvari.“

poetis mier aq oqtombris xseneba rom garkveuli simboluriqveteqstis mimaniSnebelia, amas poemis sxva striqonebic adasturebs.kerZod, gavixsenoT is adgili, sadac saubaria uecrad movardnil „Zlierstigmaze“, romelmac irgvliv yvelaferi aria da qveyana Searyia. „yovelimxridan beravda qari, yoveli mxridano“, - ambobs avtori da naTladmigvaniSnebs imaze, rom es qari CrdiloeTidan movardnili is wiTelimrisxane Zala iyo („Crdilois qari iyo wiTeli“...), romelic warmoudgenelsaSinelebas amkvidrebda irgvliv.

galaktionis erovnul-politikuri mrwamsis Sesacnobad aq ramdenimesityva mis erT patara, avtoris sicocxleSi daustambav, im leqszecminda vTqva („akaki da ilia zRvis pirad“), romelSic Cveni eris am orididi Svilis saubris fragmentia gadmocemuli. zRvis piras mdgarni,isini aRelvebiT eZeben saqarTvelos samomavlo bednierebis misaRwevgzebs (t. VII, gv. 106). akaki natrobs, netav es zRva Sav melnad gadaiqceodes,„rom misiT uxvad sargeblobdes patiosani kalmis mebrZoli, yvelagmiri, yvela mgosani. xma iyos grgvinvis - presa mRelvare daumcxraladswevdes qvelobas da miT aryevdes... sazizRari TviTmpyrobelobis taxtsada gvirgvins“. ufro meti radikalizmiT gamoxatavs Tavis natvras ilia:

gaxede sivrces... mTeli es zRva netavi odeserT uzarmazar aryis qvabad gadiqceodes...mswrafl, ufiqreblad gadeSveba xelmwife rusi,Sig CaixrCveba da gahqreba, rogorc burusi misi Jandarmic.aseTia am leqsis saboloo piri, romelSic, misi variantisagan

gansxvavebiT, poetis antirusuli pozicia da rusuli kolonializmismxileba xelmwifisa da Jandarmis winaaRmdeg galaSqrebiT Semoifargleba.rac Seexeba nawarmoebis variants (ix.: miTiTebuli tomi, gv. 278), masSiavtoriseuli mxilebis masStabebi mxolod mefiTa da JandarmiT arisazRvreba da farTo ganzogadebulebiT warmoaCens avtoris antirusulTvalsazriss:

mTeli es zRva... netavi odes erT uzarmazar aryis qvabad gadiqceodes,maSinve xarbi ufiqreblad gadeSveba saTroblad rusi,Sig... CaiRrCoba da gahqreba rogorc burusi mefec, Jandarmic.g. tabiZis namdvili erovnuli gulisTqmis siRrmiseulad Sesacnobad

da gasaazreblad ramdenime sityva aq „ioveliadis” (1940 w.) poeturvariantebzec minda vTqva (t. IV, gv. 438-440). maTSi fragmentuladaa

galaktion tabiZis Semoqmedebis teqstologiuri istoriis zogierTi sakiTxi

naCvenebi tragikuli xvedri monobaSi myofi patara qveynis RviZliSvilisa, romelsac, nacvlad imisa, rom samSoblos daxsnisa da gadarCenisgza moeZebna mis msgavs „aTas Zlier iovelTan“ erTad, erovnuli idealidaukargavs da materialuri TviTkmayofilebis WaobSi Caflula.funqciadakargul da uxmarad myof mis jaWv-javSans ki, qveynis daxsnisTvisbrZolaSi rom unda dalewiliyo, Jangi mosdeboda.

samSoblos mxsnel gmirad mosavleni mamuliSvilis amgvari sulierigadagvareba leqsSi tragikuli simZafriTa da Rrma Sinagani ironiiTaanaCvenebi. avtoriseuli saTqmelis masStabs arsebiTad zrdis is garemoeba,rom nawarmoebSi iovelis pirovnuli tragedia ganzogadebuli formiTaawarmosaxuli da mxolod erTi adamianis xvedrad da erovnuliTviTSegnebis degradaciad ar aRiqmeba: „marTlac patara qveyana yovelssuls uxSobs aTas, suls uxSobs aTas Zilier iovels - vaJkac Tamadas.bunebas gmiruls, kacobas gmiruls da bevris mTxovels parizi xiblavsda gulgangmiruls vicnob iovels. imis didebis da Zlierebis sanaxaobasxva moZraoba da gza Sehferis, sxva moZraoba“.

magram samoqmedo asparezdaxSuli es potenciuri gmiri drosa dagaremoebas imedgacruebul avadmyofad da gzadabneul pirovnebad uqcevia:„brazs uRviZebda uxmarad myofi jaWvi, javSani, xmali da Tofi. daexlac, exlac dadis am qveynad, rogorc aCrdili da avadmyofi.“

rogorc vxedavT, verc g. tabiZis ioveli qceula im sanatrelgmirad, romelic naocnebari erovnuli TavisuflebisTvis brZolasSeiZlebda. ase rom, ufro adre i. WavWavaZis mier mTeli simwvaviTwamoWrili problema qveynis damxsneli idealizebuli erovnuli gmirismonatreba-moZiebisa („magram, qarTvelno, sad aris gmiri, romelsacveZebT, romlisTvisc vtiri!“), XIX saukunis mweralTa msgavsad,galaktionisTvisac kvlavindeburad rCeba SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobisuzenaes idealad.

30-ian wlebSi, sisxliani represiebis aRzevebis Jams, im dros, rocasabWoTa ideologia mTeli msoflios gasagonad gahyviroda socialisturiepoqis sidiadesa da upiratesobaze kapitalizmTan SedarebiT, erTipatara, orstrofiani leqsis („wavideT qarxnebSi, avtexoT gangaSi“)gamouqveynebel variantSi (t. III, gv. 591) galaktioni aseT poeturbaraTs ugzavnis sabWoeTis „mosisxle mtrad“ gamocxadebul evropas:

gamomigzavne, evropa, fuli, rom SeviZino tanisamosi,gamomigzavne, evropa, fuli, rom SeviZino avtomobili.rom davibruno avtomobili, rom davibruno Cemi xarebi,rom aRvidgino es eklesia, rom isev gavxsna kafe-Santani,Torem sacaa momklavs SimSili...vfiqrob, movlenaTa arsSi garkveuli mkiTxveli ukomentarodac

advilad mixvdeba imas, epoqaluri sinamdvilisadmi poetis kritikul-opoziciuri damokidebulebis gamomxatveli aseTi epizodebi ratomver xvdeboda Sesabamis nawarmoebTa ZiriTad teqstebSi. imis gamo, romqveynad damkvidrebuli ideologiuri viTareba marTali sityvis TqmisSesaZleblobas ar iZleoda, galaktioni iZulebuli iyo gulis siRrmidanmomdinare araerTi striqoni xSirad Tavadve gadaexaza da maTidabeWdvisagan Segnebulad Seekavebina Tavi.

av. nikoleiSvili

swored aseTi bedi xvda wilad leqss „iyav gulwrfeli, gaigone xmaanTebuli“ (1928 w.), romlis ZiriTadi teqstis kritikul-opoziciurisuliskveTeba mis pirvandel variantTan SedarebiT mkveTrad Serbilebulia.kerZod, nawarmoebis ZiriTad teqstad miCneuli pirisgan gansxvavebiT,misi pirvandeli varianti yovelgvari kompromisis gareSe, imJamindeliideologiuri viTarebisaTvis principulad miuRebeli formiT, gamoxatavsavtoris depresiul sulier ganwyobilebas (ix. t. III, gv. 433):

rogorc sikvdili dasasjeli, vicqirebi gars,veZeb naTesavs, gulis satrfos, veZeb megobars,vaglax! ar sCanan... Zlieria Cemi naRveli,Cahqra nugeSi, wminda ltolvis gamomxatveli.me TviT CemSi var samudamod datyvevebuli,martoobaa saSineli Cemi sakani,mimRere rame, damimSvide guli vnebuli,egeb vipovo sasicocxlo rame sagani.msgavsi magaliTebi, romlebic naTlad da araorazrovnad warmoaCenen

principul gansxvavebas ZiriTad teqstebsa da maT variantebs Soris,sakmaod mravlad gvxvdeba g. tabiZis SemoqmedebaSi. ai, Tundac erTimaTganic - „epoqa iSva da gaizarda“ (miTiTebuli tomi, gv. 417).revoluciuri epoqis gansadideblad dawerili am leqsis variantSipoets iseTi striqonebic aqvs CarTuli, romlebic azrobrivad srulebiTar Seesabameba nawarmoebis saerTo paTossa da suliskveTebas:

hais da hois xma xom qvevriada Secdomebi axali drois bevrze bevria.g. tabiZes iseTi leqsebic sakmaod mravlad aqvs dawerili, romlebSic

TanamedroveTagan gulnatkeni, saTanadod daufasebeli da Seuracxyofilipoetis pirovnuli gulistkivilia gamoxatuli. am TvalsazrisiTgansakuTrebiT sainteresoa aRniSnuli suliskveTebiT aRbeWdilnawarmoebTa is epizodebi, romelTa gamoqveynebisagan poeti xSirad,etyoba, Segnebulad ikavebda Tavs. magaliTad, 1933 wels, saliteraturoasparezze gamosvlis 25-e wlisTavis aRniSvnis dReebSi, dawerili usaTauroleqsis – „winad Seni spetaki gza“ xelnawer variantSi poeti Semdegnairadamxels im farisevlobas, orpirobasa da cbierebas, romelic Tavisicxovrebis manZilze xSirad ugrZvnia mas:

winad Cemi spetaki gza talaxian fexiT ziles,mere viTom SercxvaT cota da mixdian iubiles.kargi, kmara, vin ar xedavs, rom es xriki amaoa,iubile daerqmeva da damarxva ki gamova.damfaseblis samoselSi gaexveva mtrebis jari,magram maTi Rrianceli cinizmia sazizRari...r. TvaraZis marTebuli dakvirvebiT, cenzurisaTvis Tvalis asaxvevad

galaktioni arcTu iSviaTad mimarTavda xolme moqmedebis adgilisgaucxoebas da amgvari formiT gamoxatavda Tavis kritikuldamokidebulebas sabWoTa sinamdvilisadmi. kritikosma amisdamadasturebel erT-erT magaliTad leqsi „sikvdili umuSevrisa“moiSvelia. nawarmoebis daweris TariRad ori welia miTiTebuli – 1931da 1935; aRsaniSnavia isic, rom arsebobs leqsis ramdenime varianti,


romlebic TavianTi kritikuli paTosiTa da saTqmelis gaazrebismasStaburobiT sakmaod gansxvavdeba ZiriTadi teqstisagan.

kerZod, cenzurisTvis Tvalis axvevis mcdeloba poets variantebissaTaurebidanve ucdia da nawarmoebisTvis Tavidan ori aseTi saTauriSeurCevia: „parizis jurRmulebSi“ da „mTvrali mtarvalis sikvdili.“orive SemTxvevaSi cenzoris Semotevisagan Tavdasacavi argumentebiTvalnaTlivaa saxeze: „umuSevroba kapitalisturi samyaros senia daaqedan gamomdinare, leqsSi aRwerili viRac ubeduri kacic ucxoelia“(r. TvaraZe, 1990, gv. 28).

yovelive zemoTqmulTan erTad, mkiTxvelis yuradReba aq im azrobrivSeusabamobasac minda mivaqcio, romelic xsenebuli nawarmoebis ZiriTadteqstsa da mis variantebs Soris arsebobs. kerZod, leqsis gamoqveynebulipiris bolos „Seqmnili wesiT ukmayofilo“ poeti kvlav SeecadacenzurisTvis Tvalis axvevas da wiTeli droSebisa da „mquxare Cvenikongresis“ aqcentirebiT TiTqos imazec migvaniSna, rom cxovrebisaganganwirul am umuSevars unugeSo mdgomarebidan mxolod am gziT siaruliTu daixsnida.

magram es sifrTxile da orazrovneba mTlianadaa uaryofilinawarmoebis variantebSi. kerZod, leqsis bolo strofSi poeti aSkaradmiTiTebs imaze, rom mis mier aRwerili tragedia faqtobrivadavtobiografiuli TviTgancdis savalalo Sedegia da aq kapitalisturisamyaro arafer SuaSia.

es azri unda gavigoT ase: rom mxeci ar Tmobs Tavis xelobas dagalaktion tabiZes urCevs wertils tyviisas – ras? TviTmkvlelobas.

nawarmoebis logikur wertilad qceuli es poeturi daskvnalogikuri Sejamebaa lirikuli personaJis depresiuli sulieriganwyobilebisa. ai, rogor xatavs poeti im kacis tragedias, romeliculmobel bedisweras cxovrebis umweo msxverplad gauxdia da misTvissamudamod dauxSavs samomavlo cxovrebis perspeqtiva:

Seni cxovreba aris es ZaRli, romelic kvdeba civi, beberi,misTvis ar aris am qveynad saxli, arc karebia SesaRebeli.Seni cxovreba Ronemixdili aris talaxi, boseli, qarTa,risTvis gaSinebs, miTxar, sikvdili, Tu arvin mova sikvdilis garda?vici, Tu rogor gadixarxarebs, roca gaigebs sikvdilis xvelas,Seni cxovreba arvis axarebs, Seni sikvdili axarebs yvelas.epoqaluri sinamdvilis kritikul-opoziciuri TvalTaxedviT

warmosaxvis mxriv aseve gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa poema „klasobrivibrZolis“ (1930-1935 ww.) is epizodebi, romlebic poets nawarmoebisZiriTad teqstSi ar Seutania (ix. t. VIII, gv. 278-292). maTSi ZiriTaditeqstisagan mkveTrad gansxvavebuli formiTaa mxilebuli da mZafriSinagani ironiiT warmoCenili socialisturi periodis Cveni yofisaTvisfarTod damaxasiaTebeli mankierebani. am TvalsazrisiT yvelaze metinteress, pirvel yovlisa, is kritikul-ironiuli damokidebuleba iwvevs,romelsac koleqtivisadmi avlens avtori. naTqvamis dasturad aq xsenebulipoemis erT-erTi xelnaweri variantidan is fragmenti minda davimowmo,romelSic axali, socialisturi, cxovrebis „asaSeneblad aqtiurad

av. nikoleiSvili

mebrZoli“ pirovneba – gansaxilveli nawarmoebis mTavari personaJi –Semdegnairadaa daxasiaTebuli:

ra vuTxra me (am) droebas, Sen rom gagamamaZala,boganoba mogaSora, Cems mamulSi Cagasaxla.rogorc am xes, ise Senca ar grcxvenian araferis,TiTqos TviTon gaaSene es baRebi mSvenieri.gzaze arvin ar gixvdeba, arxeinad miimReri...hai, hai, ra dro dadga, droo Zveli kaxaberis.igive unda iTqvas xsenebuli poemis xelnaweri variantis im

fragmentzec, romelSic socialisturi epoqis mSenebelTa barbarosulibrZola RmerTisa da eklesiis winaaRmdeg Semdegnairadaa naCvenebi:

amis msmeni, iqve axlo idga mRvdeli, yovlad flidi,man krZalulad da nawyenad daigmina: - hai, gidi!Cemis TvaliT davinaxe, sionis rom mowyda zari,miwa ise Caizniqa, rogorc devis namuxlari.xma gamosca gabzaruli, saboloo, civi, mkvdari,eh, bevri ram masTan erTad iyo mxolod, aRar ari!magram roca poemaSi gamovlenil avtoris kritikul-opoziciur

TvalTaxedvazea saubari, yvelaze mniSvnelovani mainc nawarmoebis ZiriTadteqstSi gamouqveynebeli is fragmentia, romelSic pirdapir, yovelgvariorazrovnebisa da SeniRbvis gareSea mxilebuli imxanad qveyanaSiaRzevebuli sisxliani represiebi. mravlismTqmelia is faqti, rom amrepresiebis saSineleba galaktions imxanad uSualod Tavis Tavzec hqondagamocdili meuRlis orjer dapatimrebiTa da Sua aziaSi gadasaxlebiT.am garemoebamac didad ganapiroba is simZafre da simwvave, riTac poemises fragmenti xasiaTdeba:

me ar vityvi rame sxvas, saswaulze iman Tqvas,vinac gadaurCeba aTas-cxraas-ocdarvas...me vityvi da ai, ras: es qveyana iman xras,vinac gadaurCeba aTas-cxraas-ocda-cxras...arafris Tqma ara mwads, daumadlos iman xats,vinac gadaurCeba aTas-cxraas-ocdaaTs...me ar vityvi rame sxvas... saswaulze iman Tqvas,vinac gadaurCeba cxraas-TerTmet-samoc-rvas (I)...Sen nu ityvis rames sxvas, ver daaSrob sityviT zRvas,visac ra surs, isa Tqvas, wisqvilma ki fqvas da fqvas.rogorc citirebuli magaliTebiTac aSkarad darwmundeba mkiTxveli,

g. tabiZis nawarmoebTa variantebi ZiriTadad im epizodebiT iqcevenyuradRebas, romlebic Semdeg ZiriTad teqstSi aRar Seutania avtors.TavianTi kritikul-deideologizebuli SinaarsiT, ganwyobilebiTa damizandasaxulobiT es epizodebi zogjer principuladac ki gansxvavdebianZiriTadi teqstisagan. am TvalsazrisiT metad mniSvnelovania poemebi:„mogonebani im dReebisa, roca ielva“, „klasobrivi brZola“, „didedassaTvalebi“, usaTauro poema („...isariviT basr ideas saqarTvelos axalxanis“) da sxva. naTqvamis naTelsayofad ramdenime sityva am ukanasknelisSesaxebac minda vTqva (t. X, gv. 435-436).


poetis arqivSi am daumTavrebeli nawarmoebis ramdenime variantiadaculi ori pirobiTi saTauriT: „SesaniSnavi movlenani saqarTveloscxovrebaSi warRvnis droidan revoluciamde“ da „warRvnis droindelimwerloba“. rogorc poemis Cvenamde moRweuli variantebidan Cans, avtorsaRniSnuli nawarmoebis umTavres miznad saqarTvelos istoriuli yofisumniSvnelovanesi momentebis poetizeba hqonda dasaxuli. magram poemissxva variantebisagan arsebiTad gansxvavebul erT-erT variantSi poetma,nacvlad Cveni qveynis gmiruli istoriisa, Tavisi drois gabediTebulida zneobriv-politikurad degradirebuli yofa warmosaxa.

kerZod, galaktioni uRrmes gulistkivils gamoxatavs imis gamo,rom misi drois sazogadoebis didi nawilis guli da goneba mdabaliadamianuri miswrafebebiT iyo SeboWili da maTi xarbi Tvali faqtobrivadverafers xedavda, „mopriale oqros“ garda. qveyanaSi arsebuli amgvarimdgomareobiT sasowarkveTili poeti mkiTxvelis yuradRebas iqve imgaremoebasac miapyrobs, am adamianTa cnobierebaSi TiTqmis mTlianadrom iyo daSretili istoriuli warsulis gmirul dReTa xsovna daaRaravis axsovda, „warRvnis droidan“ moyolebuli dRevandel dRemdevisTvis da risTvis iRvreboda Cveni winaprebis sisxli.

o, sabralo saqarTvelo, bevri ver grZnobs, rom es veliaris ucnob, usaxelo meomarTa ferfli Zveli, -gulistkiviliT mimarTavs poeti mis gabediTebul samSoblos da

Tavisi drois qarTul yofiT sinamdviles Semdegnairad aRwers:saqarTvelov! aRar darCa arasferi, arasferi,qnars Caacvas Zveli farCa da aanTos agasferi,gamofituls, azrdakarguls, dRes zogierTs SerCa erTimiswrafeba da guldagul gatacebis erTi werti!es amao, es mdabali gataceba iq boboqrobs,sadac Tvali, xarbi Tvali mopriale xedavs oqros.sagulisxmoa is faqtic, rom sarecenzio fragmentis bolo sityvebSi

avtorma mizanmimarTulad gaimeora ilias cnobili satiruli leqsis -„ra vakeTeT, ras vSvrebodiT, anu saqarTvelos istoria mecxrametesaukunis“ - mTavar laitmotivad qceuli mravalmniSvnelovani kiTxva,riTac simbolur-alegoriuli formiT mianiSna mkiTxvels Cveni erisgmiruli istoriuli warsulisa da zneobrivad degradirebuli awmyosurTierTSeuTavseblobasa da disharmoniaze.

g. tabiZis erovnuli mrwamsis arsSi gasarkvevad aq 1927 welsdawerili misi erTi patara leqsic minda gavixseno – „goridan“. leqsisZiriTad teqstSi SeniRbuli formiT gamovlenil da kavkasionze mijaWvuliamiranis tradiciul saxe-simbolosTan dakavSirebul erovnulgulistkivils poetma kidev ufro meti sicxade SesZina xsenebulinawarmoebis gamouqveynebel variantSi, romelSic mZafrad ironizebuliformiTaa gamoxatuli sabWoTa imperiis nawilad qceuli saqarTvelosteritoriuli mTlianobis xelyofiT ganpirobebuli protestis grZnoba.yovelive zemoTqmulis arsSi ukeT garkvevis mizniT qvemoT jer xsenebulileqsis ZiriTad teqsts davimowmeb mTlianad, Semdeg ki im or

av. nikoleiSvili

gamouqveynebel striqons misi variantidan, romlebSic poeti ironiaSigadazrdili gulistkiviliT usvams xazs im garemoebas, rom SuagulqarTlSi, sofel tyviavTan, saqarTvelosa da e. w. samxreT oseTs Sorisgavlebuli sazRvridan ukve sazRvargareTi iwyeboda (t. II, gv. 242, 451):

1. me ar mecala, gorSi davrCi sul erTi Rame –rogorc ki liaxvs moedina dilis niavi,gza tirZnisisken... vrceli veli tirifonisa.saiTkenac gsurs, rom gindodes, wavlen sioni,magram ra kargi sanaxavi iSleba areT –sul axlo aris TeTri mTebi kavkasionis.mTebi, romelzec, legendebis TqmiT, ra xania,mudmiv Tovli da mijaWvuli amirania.2. samxreT oseTis sazRvarTan var... aha, tyviavi,maSasadame biji erTi da sazRvargareT!g. tabiZis leqsebisa da maTi variantebis erT nawils Soris

msoflmxedvelobrivi TvalsazrisiT arsebuli mkveTri gansxvavebulobisdasturad aq ramdenime sityva mis erT naklebad cnobil leqszec mindavTqva – „Sens fenilze midi-modis“ (t. IV, gv. 62, 299). nawarmoebisdaweris TariRad 1935 weli uzis. magram leqsSi moTxrobili ambavisavsebiT realurad gviCens eWvs imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom aRniSnuliTariRi mcdaria da nawarmoebi sinamdvileSi ufro adre, poetis meuRlis– olia okujavas patimrobisa da uzbekeTSi gadasaxlebis dros (1929-1932 ww.), unda iyos dawerili.

amgvari daskvnis gamotanis uflebas leqsis ZiriTad teqstze metadmisi variantebi gvaZleven. kerZod, nawarmoebis ZiriTad teqstSi mkrTaladminiSnebulma da dauzustebel-daukonkretebulma movlenam misvariantebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki E variantSi, meti sicxade da konkretulobaSeiZina. yovelive zemoTqmulis naTelsayofad davazustoT, ra movlenazeasaubari.

daviwyoT leqsis ZiriTadi teqstiT. gamouqveynebeli variantebisagangansxvavebiT, nawarmoebis ZiriTad teqstad miCneuli piri varSavidanberlinamde mimavali gzisadmi avtoris poetur mimarTvas warmoadgens.aRniSnuli gzis daxasiaTebis dros poeti, marTalia, imis Sesaxebacsaubrobs gulistkiviliT, rom am gziT mosatani werili uimedod igvianebsda sayvarel adamianTa gulebic swored xsenebul gzas dauSorebiaerTmaneTisTvis, magram leqsSi konkretulad imis Taobaze araferianaTqvami, am tragikuli movlenis uSualo Tanamonawile Tavad avtoriromaa. meti sicxadisaTvis davimowmeb nawarmoebis ZiriTad teqstsmTlianad:

Sens fenilze midi-modis aTasgvari mgzavri,miaqvs-moaqvs mraval SfoTis ocneba an javri.yovelnairs itans texils Seni guli lodis,zogi etliT, zogi fexiT... fostac midi-modis.miaqvs, moaqvs baraTebi Sens sivrceebs Sarads,mxolod beks ra emarTeba? - ver eRirsa baraTs.elis, rogorc amoxeTqvas, elis, rogorc madans,


magram mcire rame feTqva imamde ver atans.sayvarel guls Sen aSoreb da mis gulsac bzarav,berlinamde varSavidan mimavalo Sarav!rac Seexeba leqsis gamouqveynebel variantebs, gansakuTrebiT ki E

variants, maTSi ukve konkretuladaa dazustebuli poetis mierwarmosaxuli tragikuli movlenis geografiuli arealica da am tragediismTavar monawileTa vinaobac. kerZod: pirveli, avtori ukve garkveviTgveubneba imas, rom misi poeturi mimarTvis obieqts darialis xeobaSimimavali Sara warmoadgens da varSavidan berlinamde mimavali gza amSemTxvevaSi aq arafer SuaSia; da meore, aranakleb mTavari damniSvnelovani: xsenebuli gzisadmi avtoris guliswyromis safuZvlad,pirvel yovlisa, is garemoebaa qceuli, rom igi swored am gzam daaSorasayvarel adamians, romlisganac amaod elodeba amave gzidan mosatanwerils. vfiqrob, xsenebuli biografiuli detalebi imdenad zustadSeesatyviseba galaktionisa da misi represirebuli meuRlis urTierTobas,rom leqsi savsebiT logikurad SeiZleba miviCnioT olia okujavaspatimrobis periodSi daweril nawarmoebad. imisaTvis, rom mkiTxveliufro metad davarwmuno yovelive zemoTqmulis simarTleSi, qvemoTmTliani saxiT davimowmeb gansaxilveli leqsis E variants:

darialis xeobaSi mimavalo Sarav,Sen ar ici, gulSi ramden gamocanas hfarav.Sens kldeebSi mSvenieri hyvavis bza da bao,darialis xeobaSi mimavalo gzao.Sens fenilze midi-modis aTasgvari mgzavri –miaqvs Rvino, siyvaruli, ocneba da javri.yovelnair sityvas itans Seni guli lodis –zogi etliT, zogi fexiT foSta midi-modis.miaqvs, miaqvs baraTebi Sens sivrceebs marads,yvela iRebs da mxolod me ver veRirse baraTs.veli, rogorc amoxeTqvas, veli, rogorc madans,magram mcire rame cnobac Cemamde ver atans.Sen maSoreb sayvarel guls da Cems gulsac bzarav,darialis xeobaSi mimavalo Sarav.rogorc cnobilia, qveynad damkvidrebuli mZime sazogadoebriv-

politikuri viTareba galaktions xSirad iZulebuls xdida ideologiurikompromisis gziTac evlo, misive Sinagani rwmenis sawinaaRmdego ideebismqadageblis rolSic gamosuliyo da arcTu iSviaTad „wiTeli xalturis”(misi sityvebia) nimuSebic Seeqmna. am garemoebiT Tavad poetic usazRvrodgulnatkeni da ukmayofilo rom iyo, amas misi erT-erTi leqsis („evropisuferuli dRe“, 1935 w.) gamouqveynebel variantSi mravalmniSvnelovaniorazrovnebiT dasmuli es kiTxvac naTlad adasturebs: „gana me msurdacxovrebis Cemis, Cemi cxovrebis wayvana ase?“

vfiqrob, mkiTxveli usaTuod dameTanxmeba imaSi, rom gulistkiviliTdasmuli am ritorikuli SekiTxvis miRma aSkarad igrZnoba is mZime daulmobeli iZuleba, romelmac poetis cxovreba misTvis arasasurvelimimarTulebiT warmarTa. miuxedavad imisa, rom amjerad avtori

av. nikoleiSvili

konkretulad ar asaxelebs am iZulebis ganmapirobebel sabediswerofaqtorebs, galaktionis biografiidan naTlad Cans, rom es iZuleba,uwinares yovlisa, poetis droindeli epoqaluri movlenebiT iyoganpirobebuli.

* * *musikaluri srulqmnilebisa da ritmul-melodiuri harmoniis

misaRwevad galaktioni imden xilul Tu uxilav xerxsa da saSualebasiyenebs, rom maTi srulyofili gacnobiereba, faqtobrivad, SeuZlebelia.da Tu mainc SevecdebiT am TvalsazrisiT zogierTi arsebiTi faqtorigamovyoT, am SemTxvevaSi usaTuod unda aRiniSnos iseTi mkveTradgamorCeuli Taviseburebani, romelnic, versifikaciul sazomTamravalferovnebis garda, ritmul variaciaTa da intonaciaTa saocarsimravles, riTmaTa ukidures daxvewilobasa da musikalobas, bgeraTauCveulo evfonias, poeturi refrenisa da ganmeorebis efeqts, striqonTada winadadebaTa originalur konstruqciebsa da sxva mraval niSan-Tvisebasa da stilur gamorCeulobas gulisxmobs. es rom marTlac asea,amis dasturad poetis Semoqmedebis xelnaweri variantebidanac SeiZlebamovitanoT mravali uaRresad STambeWdavi magaliTi.

kerZod, imis naTelsayofad, poeturi nawarmoebis ritmul-versifikaciul formaTa mravalferovnebas poeti gansakuTrebulmniSvnelobas rom aniWebda, aq misi poeziisaTvis farTod damaxasiaTebelerT sagulisxmo tendenciasac minda mivaqcio yuradReba - mkiTxvelisaTviskargad cnobili zogierTi nawarmoebisaTvis erTmaneTisagan arsebiTadgansxvavebul ritmul-versifikaciul formaTa misadagebis aqtiurmcdelobas. magaliTad, „meri,” garda mkiTxvelisaTvis kargad cnobilitradiciuli aTmarcvliani saleqso sazomisa, avtors ritmul-musikaluriJReradobiT misgan mkveTrad gansxvavebul aseT saleqso sazomTagamoyenebiTac aqvs dawerili (ix.: v. javaxaZe, 1991, gv. 379):

1. Sen im Rames jvars iwerdi, Cemo mSveniero meri!vin asweros Seni saxis maSindeli elva, feri,vin asaxos misi im Jams ucxo krToma da ieri,mainc turfa, mainc saTno da uzomod mSvenieri.2. Sen im Rames jvars iwerdi, mSveniero meri,vin asweros Seni saxis maSindeli feri,vin asweros misi im Jam krToma da ieri,mainc turfa, mainc saTno, mainc mSvenieri...igive unda iTqvas cnobil poetur Sedevrebzec: „slaJvarde anu

vardi silaSi“ da „warwera wignze „manon lesko“. naTqvamisaTvis metisicxadis misacemad davimowmeb fragmentebs axali versifikaciuli saleqsosazomebis gamoyenebiT Seqmnili maTi xelnaweri variantebidan:

1. dedao RvTisav, dedofalo, wminda mariam,rogorc mzis naTels moklebuli silaSi vardi,Cemi cxovreba martooba da sizmaria,CemTvis mkvdaria Soreuli cis silaJvarde.


2. gayviTlebul vardTa konis, ali trfobis, bneda gonis –de-griesa da manonis sevdiani romani,siyvaruli erTgul monis, velad gaWras, xelad ronins,de-griesa da manonis sevdiani romani.erTi da imave leqsebisTvis axal-axali ritmul-versifikaciuli

formebis amgvarad misadagebis mcdeloba galaktionis SemoqmedebaSiimdenad farTod damkvidrebul tendencias warmoadgens, rom naTqvamisnaTelsayofad kidev uamravi magaliTi SeiZleba moviSvelioT misipoeziidan. rogorc am variantebis erTmaneTTan Sedareba-Sepirispirebaadasturebs, poetis SemoqmedebaSi aRniSnuli tendenciis esodenimomZlavreba, pirvel yovlisa, misi leqsebis ritmul-musikaluri mxariskidev ufro metad daxvewisa da gamravalferovnebis surviliT iyoganpirobebuli. naTqvamisaTvis meti sicxadis misacemad erTmaneTTanSepirispirebuli formiT kidev erTxel davimowmeb fragmentebsgalaktionis ori leqsis („yvavilebis qali“ - t. II, gv. 186, 411) da„Sexede“ (t. IV, gv. 12, 261) ZiriTadi teqstebidanac da maTivariantebidanac. „yvavilebis qali“:

1. rogorc saRamo mkrTali, dgas yvavilebis qali,elavs Camaval mzeSi iagundi da lali.2. gzaze midis sizmariviT mkrTaliyvavilebis gamyidveli qali.„Sexede“:1. – es ra niaRvrebs vezuvi isvris,ra sibneleSi sdgas cecxlis sveti? –– es am gulidan simRera iZvrisda Tan mohyveba mas sisxlis wveTi.2. es ra ideebs mnaTobi isvris,ra cecxlis sveti?romeli mTidan simRera iZvrisda sisxlis wveTi?g. tabiZis nawarmoebTa teqstologiur variantebSi sakmaod xSirad

gvxvdeba farTod cnobili ama Tu im poeturi fragmentis pirdapiri anodnav saxecvlili formiT ganmeorebis SemTxvevebi misive Semoqmedebiscalkeuli nimuSebidan. magaliTad, „mesaflavis“ erT-erT mogvianovariantSi, romlisTvisac poets dramatuli nawarmoebis saxe miucia,galaktions mravlad gamouyenebia nawyvetebi mkiTxvelisaTvis kargadnacnobi iseTi leqsebidan, rogorebicaa: „usiyvarulod“, „Serigeba“,„xelebi“ da sxva (t. I, gv. 399-401).

Tu „mesaflavis“ damowmebul variantSi sakuTari SemoqmedebisfarTod cnobili nimuSebidan poeturi fragmentebis gamoyenebasgalaktioni siuJeturi dramatizmis gasamZafreblad mimarTavs, sxvaSemTxvevebSi amgvari poeturi TviTganmeorebebi ukve teqstualuradaaSesisxlxorcebuli Sesabamis nawarmoebSi gamoxatul avtoriseulsaTqmelTan. magaliTad, leqsSi „damSviddi, qaro!“ (1924 w.) galaktioniTumca sityvierad ramdenadme saxecvlili, magram advilad misaxvedri

av. nikoleiSvili

formiT imeorebs striqonebs imave wels dawerili misi leqsebidan „Cven,poetebi saqarTvelosi“ da „qalav!“ magaliTad (g. tabiZe, t.II, gv. 378):

1. xevidan xevze xrialebs mexi,xevidan xevze midis quxili!2. o, gulo, ramden ocnebas malav!mTebs saRamois gadekra boli.vaJi: – daica, daica, qalav!qali: – aCqardi, dagibrmes Toli!„yvela saqmeebis“ (1927 w.) erT-erTi variantis qvemoT damowmebuli

fragmenti ki Sinaarsobrivi sizustiT imeorebs mkiTxvelisaTvis kargadcnobil poetur Sedevrs „prologi asi leqsisa“ (t. II, gv. 456):

me miuTiTeb martirologebsra saocari dasrulda wlebi,waiqcen mefeebi:karlosi, vilhelmi.gardaicvala aleqsandr bloki – mefe poetebis.gardaicvala didi sensansi – hangebis mefe.mohkles nikiSi diriJorTa mefe Zlieri...n. tabiZis marTebuli xazgasmiT, galaktionis poeziaSi adre

gamoyenebuli tropebis, frazebis, sintagmebisa Tu riTmebis amgvari„TviTganmeoreba bunebrivi movlenaa da poetis sulieri midrekilebis,TavisTavadobis maCvenebelia. ramdenadac ganmeoreba avtorismizanswrafuli moqmedebis dadasturebaa, amdenad TviTganmeorebismagaliTTa aRnusxva-analizi saSualebas iZleva ukeT SevicnoT poetisinteresTa sfero, yovelive is, rac misTvis mTavari da arsebiTia“(n. tabiZe, 1993, gv 83).

rogorc g. tabiZis TxzulebaTa variantebidan naTlad Cans, avtorisSemoqmedebiTi muSaoba nawarmoebis srulsayofad xSir SemTxvevaSi imdenaddid masStabebsac ki iZenda, rom poeti calkeul SemTxvevebSi faqtobrivadZiriTadi teqstisagan arsebiTad gansxvavebul sruliad axal leqssacqmnida xolme. es variantebi zogjer imdenad daxvewilia da srulyofili,rom maTgan mxolod pirobiTad Tua SesaZlebeli sabolood srulqmnilpirad misaCnevi teqstis gamocalkeveba.

naTqvamis dasturad aq minda „uZilo Rameebi“ (1946 w.) gavixseno.poetis arqivSi am leqsis Svidi gansxvavebuli variantia daculi. imisaTvis,rom mkiTxvelisaTvis ufro naTeli gaxdes am variantebs Soris arsebuligansxvavebis arsi, sailustraciod, ZiriTadi teqstis gverdiT, moviSveliebmisi erT-erTi variantis Sesabamis adgils. ZiriTadi teqsti:

Rvinos ar vsvamdi, isev daviwye,damCemda dardi, sigulmaviwye,wyals mivec yvela ia da vardi,saTayvaneblad win rom daviwye.karga xania ar vwevdi TuTuns,nacvlad vusmendi mtkvris amo duduns,exla TuTunis boli sdgas saxlSi -


ra gaaTenebs am Rames ukuns? varianti:Rvinos veridebodi, momeCvia fiqrebi,dardi, sigulmaviwye.ar vwyalobdi Tambaqos, magram raRa drosia,dRiT da RamiT Cemi mze exla papirosia.g. tabiZis poeziaSi sakmaod mravlad gvxvdeba iseTi nawarmoebebic,

romelnic avtors jer prozis saxiT dauweria da Semdeg miucia maTTvispoturi qmnilebis forma. sailustraciod gavixsenoT TxzulebaTa XIItomSi dabeWdili poemaTa prozauli teqstebi. msgavsi prozauli Canawerebigalaktionis calkeul leqsebsac moepovebaT. magaliTad, „prologi asileqsisas“ (1925 w.) prozauli varianti avtors jer kidev 1922 welsdauweria – „samwuxaro martirologis“ saxelwodebiT. igive unda iTqvasleqsebzec - „nu miatoveb leqss uTvistomod“ (1931 w.) da „Cveni mnaTobicecxlis feria“ (1929 w.), romelTa calkeuli fragmentebi prozauliformiTaa ganmeorebuli werilebSi „dro“ da „poeziis dRe.“

g. tabiZis poeziis xelnawer variantebSi, romlebic avtors Tavisinawarmoebebis ZiriTad teqstebSi aRar Seutania, sakmaod xSirad gvxvdebaxolme sakuTari poeturi Rvawlis ganmadidebeli striqonebic. calkeulSemTxvevebSi nawarmoebis umTavres saTqmelTan logikurad TiTqmissruliad Seusabamo amgvari CanarTebiT galaktioni misTvis CveulipirdapirobiT usvams xolme xazs mis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan rolsqarTuli mwerlobis istoriaSi. magaliTad, cnobili leqsis –„sadRegrZelo iyos misi“ (1919 w.) erT-erT variantSi igi sakuTarwvlils qarTul poeziaSi Semdegnair Sefasebas aZlevs (t. II, gv. 333):

sadRegrZelo iyos xmebis, vinc dandoba ar icis,sadRegrZelo iyos mefis – galaktion tabiZis.airCies igi mxolod, rom zarebi darekos,rom simRera mTad da velad grgvinviT gadaarekos.vin triumfis iyos Rirsi, Rirsi mzis gaTenebis,sadRegrZelo iyos misi dRis da lurja cxenebis.rogorc movlenaTa arsSi garkveuli mkiTxveli advilad mixvdeba,

damowmebuli striqonebi xsenebul leqss mogvianebiT aqvs damatebuli,kerZod, 1921 wels mweralTa erTi jgufis organizebiT Catarebuli imkonkursis Semdeg, romelzec galaktioni qarTveli poetebis mefed iqnaarCeuli. es rom marTlac asea, amas 20-ian wlebSi dawerili sxva leqsebisvariantebic naTlad adastureben. magaliTad, leqsis – „cxovreba Cemi“(1922 w.) erT-erT variantSi galaktioni wers: „dee ismodes – me Tqvenivar maRali mefe“ (miTiTebuli tomi, gv. 347). 1925 wels dawerilileqsis – „rac iqnes – iqnes“ gamouqveynebel variantSi ki ambobs: „araris vinme Cemi msgavsi da Cemi toli, erTad erTi var, maRali var, kvlavukvdavesi“ (iqve, gv. 392).

sakuTari Tavis amgvarad ganmadidebeli leqsebis ZiriTad teqstebSicada maT variantebSic galaktioni xSirad imis gamoc gamoxatavsgulistkivils, rom „mas daundoblad paraven riTmebs, radgan erTiamisi dideba“ (t. II, gv. 469).

av. nikoleiSvili

g. tabiZis poeziaSi sakmaod mravlad gvxvdeba iseTi leqsebi, romlebicZiriTad teqstebad miuCnevel maT varintebTan SedarebiT sagrZnobladSemcirebulia. zogierTi maTgani am TvalsazrisiT imdenadac kia Sekvecili,rom, Sesabamis variantebTan SedarebiT, maTSi gamoxatuli avtoriseulisaTqmeli aSkarad sqematuria da fragmentuli.

naTqvamis dasturad qvemoT erTmaneTis gverdigverd movitan 1925wels dawerili leqsis – „wami wams ezideba“ ZiriTad teqstsac da misvariantsac (t. II, gv. 195, 418). Cemi azriT, gansxvavebiT nawarmoebis Ziri-Tadi teqstisagan, romelic mxolod eqvsi striqonisagan Sedgeba, leqsissamstrofiani varianti gacilebiT ufro Rrmad, STambeWdavad da maRal-mxatvrulad gamoxatavs avtoris sulier ganwyobilebas. ZiriTadi teqsti:

vxedav zamTris ZonZebi xeebs Camoekona,me ki es gazafxuli isev Cemi megona.yvelaferi gaTavda, wami wams ezideba,ra amao yofila wuTisoflis dideba.hyinavs, isev Ramea. modis SiSi Sorevi...ra amaod ireva wuTisoflis morevi. citirebuli leqsis varianti:ra amaod izrdeba wuTisoflis dareba!qaro, ram gadagria, zRvao, ra gemarTeba?ra ubralod itacebs mogoneba niavebs,guls aravin avardebs, gzas ar moaiavebs.ra amaod mwuxrisTvis fiTrdebian bindebi,sulo, nu daecemi, gulo, nu SeSindebi.miaqvT kubo... Ramea... modis SiSis Sorevi,ra amaod ireva wuTisoflis morevi!hxedav: dReTa ZonZebi qaoss Camoefina,Sen ki es gazafxuli isev Seni gegona.yvelaferi gaTavda, fiqri suls ezideba,ra amao yofila wuTisoflis dideba.mokled, aseTia g. tabiZis poeziis teqstologiur mxaresTan

dakavSirebuli zogierTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi. rogorc winamdebarenaSromidanac kidev erTxel dainaxavs mkiTxveli, galaktionis poeturixelnawerebis safuZvlianad Sesaswavlad umTavresi samuSao samomavlodaaSesasrulebeli. marTalia, am mimarTulebiT pirveli warmatebuli nabijebiukve gadaidga, magram es am uaRresad rTuli da Sromatevadi saqmismxolodRa dasawyisia. Tumca is, rac am mimarTulebiT ukve Catarebulikvleva-Ziebidanac cxadad da aSkarad Cans, imis daueWvebeli aRiarebaa,rom galaktionis grZneuli poeturi samyaros idumali bunebissrulyofilad Secnoba misi Semoqmedebis xelnaweri variantebisa daumdidresi saarqivo Canawerebis safuZvliani gansja-gaanalizebis gareSeyovlad SeuZlebeli iqneba.



r. TvaraZe, 1990 - r. TvaraZe, mogonebebi im dReebisa, roca ielva,„kritika,“ 1990, #5.

gaz. „literaturuli saqarTvelo“, 1991, 8 marti.s. orjonikiZe, 1925 - s. orjonikiZe, xelovnebaze, Jurn. „droSa,“

1925, #28.g. tabiZe, 1966 - g. tabiZe, TxzulebaTa Tormettomeuli, Tb., 1966-

1987.n. tabiZe, 1993 - n. tabiZe, galaktionis SemoqmedebiTi laboratoria,

Tb., 1993.v. javaxaZe, 1991 - v. javaxaZe, ucnobi, Tb., 1991.

AVTANDIL NIKOLEISHVILI

ON SOME QUESTIONS FORM THE TEXTUAL STUDYHISTORY OF GALAKTION TBIDZE’S WORKS

Textual study of Galaktion Tabidze’s poetic masterpieces shows many examplesof quite a lengthy creative efforts and hard work before they acquired their finalforms. In fact, the numerous variants of G. Tabidze’s various works speak about theamount of zealous work carried out by the author before he brought them to theperfection of the harmony with which these masterpieces arise no small wonder andamazement.

Some of the variants that differ from one another not only in rhythms andversification but also with varied passages of contents are consummated to thatdegree of impeccability that practically it is impossible to determine to whichever ofthe variants should be given the preference over the other and when it is done it isbut very conventional.

For the refining and perfecting various examples of his poems Galaktion Tabidzeapplied a few basic directions in his methods: 1) Selecting the best possible rhythmicand versification form that would most perfectly correspond to the phenomenonthat had become the object of his imagination; 2) that would further elaborate poeticquality of the work and 3) that would pull the wool over the censors, throughdisguising place and time and alienation etc.

This paper discusses Galakton Tabidze’s poetic masterpieces’ variants thatare replete in his manuscripts but did not appear in his main publications.

av. nikoleiSvili

nato niqabaZe

noe Jordania da erovnuli sakiTxinoe Jordania da erovnuli sakiTxinoe Jordania da erovnuli sakiTxinoe Jordania da erovnuli sakiTxinoe Jordania da erovnuli sakiTxi

XIX saukunis dasasrulisa da XX saukunis pirveli ocwleulisqarTuli sazogadoebrivi azrovnebis istoriaSi noe Jordanias, rogorcwinaaRmdegobrivi moazrovnisa da politikuri moRvawis, adgilis sworigansazRvra mniSvnelovnad Seaferxa ramdenime garemoebam, kerZod, mismadamokidebulebam ilia WavWavaZesTan da saerTod erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobasTan, rsdmp-Si moRvaweobam, saqarTvelosdemokratiuli respublikis politikuri lideris rolma, emigraciaSigatarebulma wlebma...

sabWoTa istoriografia saerTod ar swavlobda aRniSnul sakiTxsda Tu aqa-iq mainc gakvriT iTqmeboda ram, es iyo danaxuli mxoloduaryofiTi poziciidan. SeuZlebelia pirovnebaSi da kerZod, iseTpolitikuri moRvaweSi, rogoric noe Jordania iyo, mxolod uaryofiTimoazrovne davinaxoT. Cveni azriT, aq mTavaria realoba davinaxoT.Seumcdari TiTqmis arc erTi politikuri moRvawe ar yofila, arcqarTveli da arc araqarTveli.

yuradRebas ipyrobs noe Jordanias erovnuli sakiTxisadmidamokidebuleba. misi moRvaweobis dasawyis etapze, jer kidev 1893 wlisTebervalSi, Tbilisis social-demokratTa II konferenciaze man wamoayenadebuleba ,,eris Tavisuflebis aucileblobis Sesaxeb". igi aq ,,saqarTvelosganTavisuflebas" gulisxmobda, magram uSualod am moTxovnas ar ayenebda.

roca 1895 wels k. kaucki ,,noie caitSi" gamoqveynebul werilSimxars uWerda poloneTis damoukideblobis ideas, winaaRmdeg avtonomiisa,amas didi STabeWdileba mouxdenia noe Jordaniaze, ris Sesaxebac igiwerda: davinaxe, rom marqsizmi sruliad ar uaryofs nacionalur sakiTxs,nacionaluri TavisuflebisaTvis brZolas (n. Jordania, 1990, gv. 19-20).

1902 wels amierkavkasiis social-demokratTa konferenciisdavalebiT noe Jordania wers partiuli programis proeqts rogorcadgilobrivi, ise mTeli ruseTis masStabiT. programa iTvaliswinebdaamierkavkasiis TviTmmarTvelobas parlamentiT TbilisSi.

amrigad, 1903 wlamde, qarTuli social-demokratiis lideriSefarviT Tu daufaravad aRiarebda erovnuli sakiTxis mniSvnelobasda erovnuli TviTmmarTvelobis saTanado formasac. mdgomareobaarsebiTad Seicvala, roca 1903 wlis zafxulSi rsdmp II yrilobammiiRo erTa TviTgamorkvevis principi. programis me-3 punqti moiTxovda,,farTo adgilobriv da saolqo TviTmmarTvelobas". lenini da misimomxreebi sityva ,,saolqos" amoRebas iTxovdnen. iuli martovma mxaridauWira `saolqo TviTmmarTvelobas" fineTis, poloneTis, litvisa dakavkasiisaTvis. noe Jordaniam xeli CasWida martovis mosazrebas daagulianebda Tavis rus Tanapartielebs mxari daeWiraT misTvis. amaveazrs iziarebda yrilobis meore delegati diomide TofuriZe (gaz.`eri", 1991, 1-III).

KARTVELIAN HERITAGE


miuxedavad amisa, qarTvelma social-demokratebma ver SeZlesyrilobaze TavianTi mosazrebis gatana. erTa TviTgamorkvevis principi,romelic rsdmp II yrilobam miiRo, noe Jordanias azriT gadmoRebuliiyo pirveli internacionalis rezoluciebidan da aravin icoda, rasniSnavda igi.

1905-1914 wlebSi noe Jordania menSevizmis poziciebze idga damniSvnelovani wvlili Sehqonda misi strategiisa da taqtikis dasabuTebasada ganviTarebaSi. kidev ufro Zlierdeba misi erovnuli nihilizmi dadapirispireba erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobasTan, ris dastursacwarmoadgens misi Sromebi: ,,qarTveli xalxi da nacionalizmi" (1908),,,Zveli da axali" (1912), ,,nacionaluri kiTxva CvenSi" (1913). SeimCneva misiukan daxeva e. bernStainisa da k. kauckis Sexedulebebidan da marqsizmisdogmaturi aRiarebisagan gadaxra.

qarTvel social-demokratTa lideri noe Jordania iqamdec kimivida, rom miuReblad miiCnia ruseTis saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSisaqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiis avtonomiis moTxovna. avtonomiisadmiuaryofiTi damokidebulebis gamo mas Sejaxeba mouxda social-federalistebTan da erovnul-demokratebTan. TviT social-demokratiaSimas aSkarad daupirispirda vladimer darCiaSvili, romelmac gaakritikarsdmp erovnuli programa da misi Sexedulebani erovnul sakiTxSi(v. guruli, 1995, gv. 44).

noe Jordania statiaSi ,,qarTveli xalxi da nacionalizmi"aRniSnavda, rom qarTveli social-demokratia erisaTvis iTxovskulturul avtonomias da ara politikurs... Cven vaRiarebT kavkasiiserTa nacionalur kulturul avtonomias" (gaz. `Cveni cxovreba", 1912,#14).

pirvelma msoflio omma arsebiTad Secvala viTareba. qarTvelieris momavali damokidebuli iqneboda imaze, Tu ra gzas airCevda igi amrTul samxedro-politikur viTarebaSi. am uaRresad daZabul viTarebaSi.noe Jordania ara marto qarTuli social-demokratiis lideradmogvevlina, aramed ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis Semdeg igi mTeli qarTvelieris aRiarebul winamZRolad iqca. ,,Cven oms ar vawarmoebT, arc erTkoaliciaSi ar vimyofebiT" - acxadebda igi.

Tebervlis revoluciis (1917) wina xanebSi qarTvelma social-demokratebma oficialurad aRiares erovnuli sakiTxi. 1917 wlisdasawyisSi qarTvel social-demokratTa konferenciam lanCxuTismaxloblad, sof. junjuaTSi daadgina, rom unda gamocxadebuliyosaqarTvelos damoukidebloba, Tuki dadgeboda saamiso pirobebi. aseTipirobebi ki Seqmna Tebervlis revoluciam ruseTSi, romelicdemokratiuli ganviTarebis gzas daadga da sxva erebs misca saSualebaimperiisagan gamoyofisa.

noe Jordanis azriT, saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrividamoukideblobis aRdgena unda momxdariyo ara marto qveynis erovnulZalTa konsolidaciis imedad da masze dayrdnobiT, aramed xelsayrelisaerTaSoriso viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

n. niqabaZe

cnobili sazogado moRvawe da mecnieri mixako wereTeli didadafasebda qarTveli social-demokratebis am nabijs da werda: noe Jordaniamicoda, rom dadga Jami ruseTis imperiis mier daCagrul erTaganTavisuflebisa da marjve dros ucdida, rom misi qveynisaTvis aRedginadidi xnisgan daTrgunuli saxelmwifoebrioba. isic icoda, rom mas undaekisra es didi saqme, radgan igi iyo winamZRoli qarTveli eris didiumetesobisa (n. Jordania, 1990, gv. 29).

1917 wlis Tebervlis revoluciis dRidanve qarTul sinamdvileSierovnuli damoukideblobis aRdgenis saqmeSi gamokveTili iyo oTxiZiriTadi politikuri mimarTuleba: 1. erovnul-demokratiuli; 2.socialist-federalisturi; 3. socialur-demokratiuli (menSevikuri);4. social-demokratiuli (bolSevikuri) (p. surgulaZe, 1991, gv. 8-9).

am oTxi politikuri mimarTulebidan masebis yvelaze metimxardaWeriT sargeblobda social-demokratia (menSevizmi). rodesacsaqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenis, damoukideblobis mopovebissakiTxi dRis wesrigSi dadga, maSin erovnulma partiebma noe Jordaniasda qarTvel menSevikebs mimarTes. am Zlieri politikuri mimarTulebisgareSe, - werda uS. sidamoniZe, - es sakiTxi ver gadawydeboda.

viTareba ayenebda qarTvelTa erovnuli konsolidaciisaucileblobas. am mxriv pirveli gaubedavi nabiji iyo, - werda p. surgulaZe,- 1917 wlis aprilSi erovnul-demokratiuli partiis iniciativiT Seqmnili,,interpartiuli sabWo". masSi Sevidnen agreTve social-federalistTapartiis warmomadgenlebi (p. surgulaZe, 1991, gv. 12).

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenis gzaze gansakuTrebulimniSvneloba hqonda erovnuli yrilobis mowvevas 1917 wlis 19 noembers.misi monawileni, - aRniSnavs uS. sidamoniZe, - noe Jordanias, rogorcqarTveli xalxis belads, didi ovaciebiTa da mquxare taSiT Sexvdnen.opoziciuri partiebic ki mas beladad da winamZRolad saxavdnen.yrilobaze gakeTebul moxsenebaSi noe Jordania aRniSnavda: yvelapolitikur partias Tavisi programa aqvs, magram interpartiul sabWoSiCven SevTanxmdiT erTgvar minimumze; unda moviTxovoT, rom saqarTvelosmieniWos sruli Sinauri TviTmmarTveloba; unda hqondes ufleba sakuTarsaWiroebaze gamosces kanonebi, unda hyavdes Tavisi nacionaluriadministracia, jari, sakuTari policia, sasamarTlo, skola. unda moxdesyvela dawesebulebaTa nacionalizacia (gaz. ̀ axalgazrda iverieli", 1991,gv. 21-XII).

qarTvelma social-demokratebma moRvaweobis meoTxedi saukunismanZilze pirvelad gadadges iseTi nabiji, romelic principuladewinaaRmdegeboda maT kredos - mxari dauWires saqarTvelosdamoukideblobis ideas.

saqarTvelos social-demokratia, rogorc qveynis yvelaze ufromravalricxovani da gavleniani politikuri Zala, ar yofila 1918 wlis26 maisis damoukideblobis ideis avtori, magram am ideis xorcSesxmaSiman gadamwyveti roli Seasrula. 1918 wlis 26 maisis aqtiT noe JordaniaSeiZleba ara rwmeniT, ara TviTganwmendis mtkivneuli procesis Sedegad,

noe Jordania da erovnuli sakiTxi

aramed Seqmnili realuri situaciidan gamomdinare faqtobrivad dadgasaqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis mxareze.

amrigad, noe Jordania iyo qarTuli social-demokratiis aRiarebulilideri, gamoCenili Teoretikosi, Jurnalisti, publicisti dapolitikuri moRvawe. igi sruliad originaluri movlena iyo axalistoriaSi.


gaz. `axalgazrda iverieli", 1991, 21 dekemberi.v. guruli, 1995 - v. guruli, noe Jordania, Jurn. `politika",

1995, #1-3gaz. `eri", 1991, 1 marti.n. Jordania, 1990 - n. Jordania, Cemi warsuli, Tb., 1990.n. Jordania, 1992 - n. Jordania, qarTveli xalxi da nacionalizmi,

gaz. ,,Cveni cxovreba", 1992, #14.p. surgulaZe, 1991 - p. surgulaZe, qarTuli parlamentis saTaveebTan,

Tb., 1991.

n. niqabaZe

NATO NIKABADZE

NOE ZHORDANIA AND THE NATIONAL QUESTION

Noe Zhordania, a leader of the Georgian Social-democracy covertly or openlyrecognized the importance of the national question until 1903. in the Second Assemblyof the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party of the summer 1903 Yuli Martovsupported the idea of “The Oblast self-governance” for Finland, Poland and theCaucasian countries. Noe Zhordania shared this idea.

However, in 1905-1914 Noe Zhordania denied the idea of asking for theGeorigia’s autonomy within the Russian empire as he counted it an unacceptable. Onthis ground Noe Zhordania had acrimonious controversy with Social-federalists,and even with V. Darchiashvili, a social-democrat, the latter criticizing the RussianSocial democratic Labor Party’s program in the national questions.

In the preliminary period of the February Revolution of 1917 Georgian social-democrats come to the recognition of Georgia’s independence. The Menshevik Paryhad enjoyed most of the popular support.

In the National Assembly of November 1917 Noe Zhordania supportd theregaining of independence of the Georign state. It is true that he was not the authorof this idea but he played decisive role for its realization. The IndependenceCharter of May 26, 1918 says that Noe Zhordania chose to stand on the side ofGeorgia.

neli siWinava

msoflios erovnuli da universalurimsoflios erovnuli da universalurimsoflios erovnuli da universalurimsoflios erovnuli da universalurimsoflios erovnuli da universaluri

suraTis suraTis suraTis suraTis suraTis asaxvaasaxvaasaxvaasaxvaasaxva

frazeologizmebis TargmanSifrazeologizmebis TargmanSifrazeologizmebis TargmanSifrazeologizmebis TargmanSifrazeologizmebis TargmanSi

(((((qarTuli da rusuli enebis masalaze)qarTuli da rusuli enebis masalaze)qarTuli da rusuli enebis masalaze)qarTuli da rusuli enebis masalaze)qarTuli da rusuli enebis masalaze)

rogorc cnobilia, calkeuli sityvebis garda enaSi arsebobsufro rTuli warmonaqmnebi, romelTac S. balim, frazeologiuri TeoriisfuZemdebelma, frazeologiuri konstruqciebi uwoda. S. balis ideebmaganviTareba hpova v. vinogradovis SromebSi, romelmac frazeologiurerTeulebs Soris gamoyo sami ZiriTadi tipi: frazeologiuri SeerTebani(ôðàçå îë îãè÷åñêèå ñðàùå íèÿ) , frazeologiuri erTobliobani(ôðàçåîë îãè÷åñêèå åäèíñòâà) da frazeologiuri Sexa m eba ni(ôðàçåîëîãè÷åñêèå ñî÷åòàíèÿ). klasifikacias safuZvlad daedofrazeologiuri mTelis mniSvnelobis Sefardeba masSi Semaval sityvebTan.

v. vinogradovis mier SemoTavazebuli klasifikacia Sevsebul iqnan. Sanskis mier, romelmac gamoyo frazeologiuri erTeulebis meoTxetipi - "frazeologiuri gamonaTqvamebi".

Tanamedrove frazeologiur TeoriaSi miRebulia enisfrazeologiuri Semadgenlobis farTo gageba. frazeologias miakuTvnebenerTeulTa Semdeg tipebs: 1) idiomebi, SeerTebebi da erTobliobebi; 2)frazeologiuri Sexamebebi; 3) andazebi; 4) andazuri Tqma; 5) frTianisityvebi (anu frazeologiuri gamonaTqvamebi); 6) enobrivi Stampebi.

sityvisagan gansxvavebiT, frazeologizmi warmoadgens Sedgenil,erTian nominacias. frazeologizmis mniSvnelobas qmnis misi komponentebiszogadi metaforuli da metonimiuri gadaazreba. frazeologiurierTeulis semantika Seicavs samyaros romelime movlenis Sefasebas, miseqspresiul da xatovan daxasiaTebas. magaliTad, marjve, daxelovnebulxelebze rusebi amboben çîëîòûå ðóêè; Tu undaT imis Tqma, rom vinmemotyuebuli darCa da ver miiRo sasurveli, gamoiyeneben frazeologizmsî ñ òàòüñÿ ñ íîñî ì ; frazeologizmi marilze wavida qarTul enaSi niSnavssikvdils, xolo frazeologizmi jarasaviT trialebs gamoiyeneba maSin,roca vinmeze surT Tqvan, rom is muSaobs, an moqmedebs cocxlad,mkvircxlad, mardad.

mTargmnelobiT praqtikaSi Camoyalibda frazeologiuri erTeulebisgadmocemis Semdegi xerxebi: 1) imave leqsikuri Semadgenlobis mqoneekvivalentis povna; 2) sxva leqsikuri Semadgenlobis ekvivalentis(variantis an analogis) moZieba; 3) frazeologizmis kalkireba; 4)frazeologizmis Tavisufali, anu leqsikuri, Targmani (Sinaarsisgadmocema); 5) okazionaluri (individualuri) frazeologizmebisSeqmna (s. vlaxovi, s. florini, 1980, gv. 179-206).

pirveli ori xerxi gulisxmobs ucxo enis frazeologiuri erTeulismTargmneli enis frazeologizmiT gadmocemas, amitom mas uwodeben


agreTve frazeologiur Targmans. Tu mTargmnel enaSi ar moipovebafrazeologiuri ekvivalenti an analogi, mimarTaven mesame da meoTxexerxs, romelsac uwodeben arafrazeologiur Targmans.

1. frazeologiuri ekvivalentebi da analogebi ufro xSiradgvxdeba internacionalur frazeologiaSi. isini Semovida mravali xalxisenaSi istoriuli (umTavresad antikuri), miTologiuri, literaturuliwyaroebidan, gadadioda enidan enaSi, an Cndeboda sxvadasxva xalxebSierTimeorisgan damoukideblad, risi mizezic aris adamianTa azrovnebaSiarsebuli msgavseba, socialuri cxovrebis, SromiTi saqmnianobis, warmoebis,mecnierebisa da xelovnebis calkeuli momentebis siaxlove (s. vlaxovi,s. florini, 1980, gv. 188-189).

magaliTad, rusulsa da qarTul enebSi gamoiyeneba frazeologiuriekvivalentebi: àõèëëåñîâà ïÿòà da aqilevsis qusli (risime an visimesusti mxaris, mtkivneuli adgilis aRsaniSnavad). gamonaTqvamidakavSirebulia berZnul miTologiasTan. frazeologiuri ekvivalentebi.ëåáåäèíàÿ ïåñíÿ da gedis simRera gamoiyeneba talantis ukanaskneligamovlinebis aRsaniSnavad. gamonaTqvamis wyaros warmoadgens ezopeserT-erTi igavi (VI s. C. w.-mde), romelSic naTqvamia, rom gedebi sikvdiliswin mRerian.

bibliur siuJetebs ukavSirdeba frazeologizmebi: rusuliîáåòîâàííàÿ çåìëÿ da qarTuli aRTqmis qveyana (gamoiyeneba mniSvnelobiT:sanetaro an saocnebo adgili, qveyana; adgili, sadac sufevs dovlaTi dabedniereba; saerTod rame sanatreli, rac uzenaes bednierebad miaCniaT),rusuli ñóäíûé äåíü da qarTuli gankiTxvis dRe (gamoiyeneba SemdegimniSvnelobiT: xalxTa sayovelTao gasamarTlebis, meored mosvlis dRe,rodesac yvelas pasuxi moeTxoveba Tavisi saqmianobisaTvis), rusuliÃî ã è Ìàãîã da qarTuli gogi da magogi (gamoiyeneba, roca mxedvelobaSiaqvT Zlieri da saSineli vinme an rame), rusuli ñî âðåìåí Àäàìà daqarTuli adamis Jamisa (gamoiyeneba mniSvnelobiT: ZvelisZveli, didixnisa), rusuli Ô îìà íåâåðóþùèé da qarTuli urwmuno Toma (iyeneben,roca laparakoben adamianze, romlis darwmuneba rameSi Znelia) da sxv.

qarTul-rusul frazeologiur leqsikonSi mocemulifrazeologiuri erTeulebis analizis safuZvelze gamoyofil iqnafrazeologizmebis sakmaod didi jgufi, romlebic erTmaneTis mimarTsrul ekvivalentebs warmoadgenen. magaliTad:

Ïðîãëîòèòü ïèëþëþ - abebs Caylapavs (wyenas, Seuracxyofas SearCens,SeuracxofisaTvis pasuxs ar mosTxovs), â ìóòíîé âîäå ðûáó ëîâèòü -mRvrie wyalSi Tevzis Wera (arev-darevis, areulobis gamoyeneba piradiinteresebisaTvis), ñâåñòè ñ÷åòû - angariSs gausworebs (Surs iZiebs,moxerxebuli, xelsayreli viTarebiT sargeblobs, rom visme samagierogadauxados, vneba moutanos), çàêèíóòü óäî÷êó - ankess gadaugdebs (winaswarniadags mosinjavs da gadakvriT, frTxilad SeekiTxeba raimes gasagebad),âîò ãäå ñîáàêà çàðûòà - aq marxia ZaRlis Tavi (aq raRac imaleba; sworedaqaa saqme, namdvili mizezi, saidumloeba), ðîäèòüñÿ ïîä ñ÷àñòëèâîé çâåçäîé- bednier varsklavze dabadebuli (kargi bedis mqone, iRbliani, bednieri),

n. siWinava

ì í îã î â îäû óòåêëî - bevri wyali Caivlis (bevri dro gava, bevri ramgamoicvleba), âèñåòü íà âîëîñêå - bewvze hkidia (metad saeWvoa, saTuoa,didi safrTxe moelis vinmes an rames), ñëåïîå îðóäèå - brma iaraRi (sxvisineba-survilis, metwilad arasasikeTos, Seugneblad aRmasrulebeli),ïëÿñàòü ïîä ÷üþ-ë. äóäêó - (visime) dudukze cekvavs (sxvisi gavleniTmoqmedebs, sxvisi neba-survilis Tanaxmad iqceva) da sxv.

frazeologiuri erTeulebis umetesi nawili aRmocenda erovnulniadagze; isini gaCnda sxvadasva epoqaSi da asaxavs xalxis praqtikulgamocdilebasa da misi erovnuli msoflmxedvelobis Taviseburebas.erovnuli frazeologizmebi SeiZleba aigos erTsa da imave sityvierxatze, magram sruliad gansxvavdebodes Tavisi mniSvnelobiT. magaliTad,rusul enaSi sityva ø à ï ê à gvxdeba Semdegi frazeologizmebisSemadgenlobaSi: íà âîðå øàïêà ãîðèò (iTqmis masze, vinc SemTxveviT gascemsimas, risi damalvac surs), ïî Ñåíüêå è øàïêà (iTqmis masze, vinc imazemetis Rirsi ar aris, rac gaaCnia), øàïêàìè çàêèäàåì (mkvexara dapireba,rwmuneba advilad da swrafad daamarcxo vinme), ï î ø à ï ê å (gverdze,Sors, Zirs), î õ, òÿ æåëà òû, øàïêà Ìî í îì à õà! (rame rTuli mdgomareobisSesaxeb), äàâàòü ïî øàïêå (samsaxuridan gagdeba, Tanamdebobidan moxsna),ï îëó÷èòü ïî øàïêå (iyo gagdebuli, samsaxuridan moxsnili), ëî ìàòü øà ïêó(gamoiCino Rrma pativiscema vinmes mimarT, Tavidan qudis moxdis moswrebiTda Tavis dabla dakvriT; Tavis damcireba, pirferoba), ï î ï à ñ ò ü ï î äêðàñíóþ øàïêó (rekrutad, jariskacad iqna wayvanili), øàïêà-íåâèäèìêà(zRaprebSi: qudi, romelsac gaaCnia jadosnuri unari - uxilavi gaxadosis, vinc mas daixuravs).

igive sityvieri xati gvxdeba qarTul frazeologizmebSi: qudixuravs (amboben gansakuTrebiT gulad da zneobrivad umwikvlo adamianze),qudbedi dahyveba (ityvian iRblian adamianze), qudze kaci gadis (ukleblivyoveli mamakaci midis sabrZolvelad, saerTo saqmis Sesasruleblad),quds moxdis (sajarod Searcxvens mamakacs), quds WerSi hkravs (uzomodmxiarulobs, dros atarebs).

rogorc vxedavT, sityva qudis Semcvel ganxilul qarTuli darusuli frazeologizmebis mniSvnelobebs Soris ar gamovlinda msgavsebaarc erT mniSvnelobaSi.

2. rogorc wesi, did sirTuleebs iwvevs idiomebis Targmna. TargmanisTeoria aRiarebs maTi xatovani Ziris SenarCunebis SeuZleblobas daarasasurvelad miiCnevs maTi sityvasityviT gadmocemas, radgan idiomebisSemadgeneli elementebis mniSvneloba ganzavebulia mTeli erTeulismniSvnelobaSi. ufro xSirad TargmanSi frazeologizmebs cvliananalogiuri zogadi mniSvnelobis mqone frazeologiuri erTeulebiTmaTTvis damaxasiaTebeli stilisturi Seferilibis SenarCunebiT.

moviyvanT nimuSebs:gasWra Rvinom, airia monasteri: airia monasteri: airia monasteri: airia monasteri: airia monasteri: yvela mReroda, cekvavda,

erTmaneTs vexveodiT, aRTqmas vaZlevdiT.-Âèíî ïîäåéñòâîâàëî, âñå ï îøë îââåðõ òî ðì à ø êîé : âñå ïåëè, òà íöåâàëè, äðóã äðóãà îáíèìàëè, â âåðíîñòè äðóãäðóãó êëÿëèñü (Â. Áàðíîâ).

msoflios erovnuli da universaluri suraTis asaxva frazeologizmebis...

– magram is ki sjobs, rom arc mwvadi daswva da arc Samfuriarc mwvadi daswva da arc Samfuriarc mwvadi daswva da arc Samfuriarc mwvadi daswva da arc Samfuriarc mwvadi daswva da arc Samfuri,,,,,erTi saqme gaakeTo da meore gaafuWo, eg cudia. – Íî âñå æå ëó÷øå, ÷òîáè êî çà áûëà ñûòà, è êàïóñòà öåëà. Íå õîð îø î , åñëè èç-çà îäí îãî äåëà ñòðàäàåòäðóãîå (È. ×àâ÷àâàäçå).

– Tu RmerTi gwams, nu ici xolme bewvisgan dires gakeTeba,bewvisgan dires gakeTeba,bewvisgan dires gakeTeba,bewvisgan dires gakeTeba,bewvisgan dires gakeTeba, sadmagisi titini da sad saqveyno saqme. – Áîãà ðàäè, íå äåëàé èç ìóõè ñëîíà,åãî áî ëò îâ í ÿ îäí î , à îá ùåñòâåííîå äåëî - ñî âñåì ä ðóãîå (Ã. Öåðåòåëè).

mariama... erT guTnis gaSlaze erT guTnis gaSlaze erT guTnis gaSlaze erT guTnis gaSlaze erT guTnis gaSlaze veRar miekareboda axlos. –Ìàðèà ìà . . . óæå í à ï óøå÷ íûé âûñòðåë íå ì îãëà ïðèáëèçèòüñÿ ê íåìó(Ò. Ðàçèêàøâèëè).

pirSi qebas Wkuadamjdar kacis TvalSi dampali kitris fasicdampali kitris fasicdampali kitris fasicdampali kitris fasicdampali kitris fasicara aqvs..... – Â ãëàçàõ ðàçóìíîãî ÷åëîâåêà ïîõâàëà â ëèöî è ÿéöà âûåäåííîãî íåñ òî è ò (È. ×àâ÷àâàäçå).

igi (mix. yifiani) saqmobda, irjeboda, mxneobda Tavisi pataraqveynisaTvis da ara hyvirodahyvirodahyvirodahyvirodahyviroda amas dafiTa da naRariTadafiTa da naRariTadafiTa da naRariTadafiTa da naRariTadafiTa da naRariTa. – Î í ( Ì è õ .Êèïèàíè) ðàáî òàë, ñòàðàëñÿ äëÿ ñâîåé ìàëåíüêîé ñòðàíû è íå êðè÷àë îá ýò îìíà âñåõ ïåðåêðåñòêàõ (È. ×àâ÷àâàäçå).

saRamos sayvirebi... ukve amcnobdnen casa da dedamiwas, mtersa damoyvares, ersa da bersersa da bersersa da bersersa da bersersa da bers... oqromWedlis taxtxe asvlas. – Âå÷åðîì ãëà ø à òàè...óæå îïîâåùàëè âåñü ìèð, âðàãîâ è äðóçåé, âñåõ è âñÿ... î âîñøåñòâèè íà ïðåñòîëþâåëèðà (Í. Ëîðäêèïàíèäçå).

movidnen vezirebi cxenis wasayvanad. iseTia cxeni, sul varsklavebsvarsklavebsvarsklavebsvarsklavebsvarsklavebseTamaSebaeTamaSebaeTamaSebaeTamaSebaeTamaSeba. – Ïðèøëè âèçèðè çà êî í åì. À êî í ü - ò î íè â ñêàçêå ñêàçàòü, íè ïåðîìî ï è ñàòü (Ò. Ðàçèêàøâèëè).

3. magram im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca leqsikonSi moipovebafrazeologiuri Sesatyvisoba, saWiro xdeba Targmnis sxva gzebis Zieba,radgan es ekvivalenti ar uxdeba mocemul konteqsts, arRvevs dednismxatvrul-stilistur Taviseburebas.

magaliTad, qarTul-rusul frazeologiur leqsikonSi qarTulifrazeologizmis qudi xuravs analogad mocemulia rusuli frazeologizmiðûöàðü áåç ñòðàõà è óïðåêà:

"– aba, es me da es Sen, damkar, Tu... qudi gxuravs. qudi gxuravs. qudi gxuravs. qudi gxuravs. qudi gxuravs. – Ï î ñ ì î ò ð è ì ,êò î êîãî! À íó-êà óäàðü, êî ëè òû ðûöàðü áåç ñòðàõà è óïðåêà" (È. ×àâ÷àâàäçå,"Îòàðîâà âäîâà").

amasTan Targmanis praqtikaSi gacilebiT ufro xSirad mimarTavenam frazeologizmis kalkirebas an mis Tavisufal Targmnas. magaliTad,i. WavWavaZis moTxrobaSi "kacia adamiani?!":

"– WamiT isini vera sWamen, smiT isini veRara smen, ra kacebi arian?!wigni ician?! me Tu wigni ar vici, kaci aRar var, qudi ara mxuravs,qudi ara mxuravs,qudi ara mxuravs,qudi ara mxuravs,qudi ara mxuravs,gana!" "– Åäà èì íå â åäó, ïèòüå íå â ïèòüå! Ìóæ ÷èíàìè çîâóòñÿ?! Ãð à ì î òóçíàþò?! Ãî ñ ï îäè! Äà, åæ åëè ÿ íå çíàþ ãðàìîòó, íå ÷åëîâåê ðàçâå? Ø à ï ê ó í àãîë îâå í å í î øó, ÷òî ëè?"

"– ara grcxvenian, me dedakacsa mgzavni da Sen ki qudi gexurosqudi gexurosqudi gexurosqudi gexurosqudi gexurosda kaci gerqvas?" – "– Íó, íå ñîâåñòíî ëè òåáå, äðóæ îê! Åùå ìóæ ÷è í î éçîâåøüñÿ, øàïêó íîñèøü íà ãîëîâå"!

n. siWinava

rusul TargmanSi gadmocemulia qarTuli frazeologizmis qudixuravs nivTobriv-xatovani mniSvneloba, ramac SeunarCuna Targmansdednis erovnuli koloriti. Tumca rusul enaSi sityva øàïêà arasocirdeba mamakacis umwikvlo RirsebebTan, konteqsti garkveviTmianiSnebs mkiTxvels mis gadaazrebul aRqmas qarTuli frazeologizmismniSvnelobis Sesabamisad.

did bunebriobasa da sizustes aRwevs b. okujava amavefrazeologizmis Targmnisas x. berulavas leqsSi. rusuli frazeologizmiðûöàðü áåç ñòðàõà è óïðåêà konteqstisTvis ucxo aRmoCndeboda da amitommTargmnelma igi aRweriTi konstruqciiT Secvala:

"Ýé, í à ñ ò î ÿ ù è å ì ó æ ÷ è í û! / Ýé, íàñòîÿùèå ãðóçèíû! / Ñõîäèòåñü äåëóïîñëóæèòü, / ×òîá íîâûé ãîðîä çàëîæèòü! ("Ñêàçàíèå î ðîæäåíèè Òáèëèñè").– "vinc qarTvelia namdvili, /vaJkacis qudi axuravsvaJkacis qudi axuravsvaJkacis qudi axuravsvaJkacis qudi axuravsvaJkacis qudi axuravs/,/,/,/,/, adges dagamoeSuros /Tbilis - qalaqis msaxurad!" ("ambavi Tbilisis dabadebisa").

sityvasityviTi Targmanis (kalkirebis) xerxs mimarTaven maSin, rocamTargmnels surs mkiTxvelamde miitanos frazeologizmis xatovani safuZveli.kalkirebas amjobineben Targmanis frazeologiur xerxebs kidev im mizeziT,rom mTargmnel enaSi ar moipoveba misi ekvivalenti an analogi. magaliTad,qarTul frazeologizms burTiviT aTamaSebs (Tavis neba-survilze amoqmedebs,rogorc unda, atrialebs visme) ar gaaCnia arc frazeologiuri ekvivalenti,arc frazeologiuri analogi da amitom sityvasityviT gadmocemul iqnaTargmanSi:

"es is dianbegi ki ar aris, romelsac... burTiviT xelSi aTamaSebdiburTiviT xelSi aTamaSebdiburTiviT xelSi aTamaSebdiburTiviT xelSi aTamaSebdiburTiviT xelSi aTamaSebdi"""""._ "Ýò î óæ å íå òîò äèàíáåãè, êî ò î ð û ì . . . ò û èãðàëà òî ÷ í î ì ÿ ÷ îì !"(È.×àâ÷àâàäçå).

rusul frazeologias ar gaaCnia arc analogi, arc ekvivalentiqarTuli frazeologizmis erTi wisqvilis borbali ar datrialebula misTavze, romelic gamoiyeneba mniSvnelobiT: "bevri ubedureba gadaxda Tavs,bevri Wiri gamoiara, bevri gaWirveba naxa". am frazeologizmis sakmarisimotivireba misi kalkirebis safuZveli gaxda:

"– erTi wisqvilis borbali ar datrialebula Cems Tavze,wisqvilis borbali ar datrialebula Cems Tavze,wisqvilis borbali ar datrialebula Cems Tavze,wisqvilis borbali ar datrialebula Cems Tavze,wisqvilis borbali ar datrialebula Cems Tavze,Torem sxvafriv yvela tanjva gamomivlia da eseTi ki aras dros". "– Ëèøüò î ëüêî ì åëüíè÷íûé æåðíîâ íå êðóæèëñÿ íà ìîåé ãîë îâå, âñå íåñ÷àñòüÿ äîâåëîñüè ñ ï û òàòü, í î òàêîãî - íè ðàçó" (È. Åâäîøâèëè).

4. Tavisufali, anu leqsikuri, Targmanis dros mTargmneli enissaSualebebiT miuTiTeben dednis frazeologiuri erTeulis zust semantikurmniSvnelobas. sityva an sityvaTa Sexameba, romelTa meSveobiT xdebafrazeologizmis mniSvnelobis gadmocema, SeiZleba Seicavdes eqspresiasada metaforulobas, rac saTargmni erTeulis stilisturi da eqspresiul-emociuri konotaciebis kompensacias garkveulwilad xels uwyobs.

"mouSva aRviri mouSva aRviri mouSva aRviri mouSva aRviri mouSva aRviri Rvinisagan modunebul enasa da mohyva ugzo-ukvlotitins". – "Ðàñïóñòèë ðàññëàáëåííûé îò âèíà ÿçûê è ï î íåñ îêî ëåñíóþ"(È. ×àâ÷àâàäçå).

"maCabeli Cafiqrebulia da, aSkaraa, sulac ar usmens kola orbelianisbrtyel-brtyel sityvebs, brtyel-brtyel sityvebs, brtyel-brtyel sityvebs, brtyel-brtyel sityvebs, brtyel-brtyel sityvebs, Tumca gverdze udgas da saxeSiac ise Sehyurebs,TiTqos gulisyuriT usmendes". – "Ìà÷àáåëè çàäóì÷èâ è ÿâíî íå ñëóøàåò


âèòèåâàòûõ ðå÷åé Êî ëà Îðáåëèàíè, õî òÿ ñòîèò ðÿäîì è òàê ãëÿäèò åìó â ëèöî ,áóäòî ñëóøàåò î÷åíü âíèìàòåëüíî" (Â. ×åëèäçå).

eqspresiul-stilisturi Sesabamisobebis arqonis dros mimarTavenneitralur leqsikur magiers. magaliTad, qarTuli frazeologizmi aqauriqudi, aqaur quds daixuravs gamoiyeneba mniSvnelobiT: "ama Tu im qveynisaTvis,kuTxisaTvis damaxasiaTebel zne-Cveulebas, adaTs gaiziarebs". misi gadmocemamoxda SesityvebiT çäåøíèé îáû÷àé:

`mexamuSa, isev WerxoSi davapire asvla, magram vifiqre: "esec aqauriaqauriaqauriaqauriaqauriqudiqudiqudiqudiqudi yofila. mec xom wiklauri var da unda davixuro". – "ß ïî÷óâñòâîâàëí åëîâêîñòü è õî ò åë óæ å ï îäíÿòüñÿ íà ÷åðäàê, í î ï îäóìàë: "Ýòî ò îæ å çä å ø í è éîáû÷àé, ÿ æå Öèêëàóðè è äîëæåí ïðèäåðæèâàòüñÿ åãî" (Ì. Äæàâàõèøâèëè).

5. okazionaluri frazeologizmebi warmoadgenen avtorisindividualuri sityvaTSemoqmedebis Sedegs. Tavisi xatovanobiTa dalakonurobiT isini Cveulebrivi frazeologiuri erTeulebis msgavsia,magram maTgan gansxvavebiT mocemuli konteqstis miRma ar funqcionirebs.magaliTad, rusulSi arsebuli andazebis (î ñåð÷àâ íà êîðîâó, äà ïîäîéíèêîçåìü; èç îãíÿ äà â ïîëûìÿ) msgavsad qarTulma frazeologizmma damwvarzemduRare gadaesxmeba (gamoiyeneba mniSvnelobiT: "ubedurebas ubedurebadaerTvis") TargmanSi Semdegi sityvieri gamosaxuleba miiRo:

"damwvarze mduRare gadaasxesodamwvarze mduRare gadaasxesodamwvarze mduRare gadaasxesodamwvarze mduRare gadaasxesodamwvarze mduRare gadaasxeso, rom ityvian, imisi ar iyos, aqeTsimona yoCaRad iyo gavardnili da iqiT kidev qaliSvili magdana, romelicqmarTan ukmayofilod cxovrobda, sadRac gaiqca, daikarga". - "Êàê ãîâîðèòñÿ,ï î îæ îãó äà êèïÿòêî ì , - ìàëî òîãî , ÷òî Ñèìî í óøåë â ðàçáîéíèêè; äî÷ü Ìàãäàíà,âå÷íî íå ëàäèâøàÿ ñ ìóæåì, áðîñèëà åãî è ñêðûëàñü êóäà-òî" (Ý. Íèíîøâèëè).

qarTuli frazeologizmis bzis fasad (Zalian iafad) analogis Seqmnisdros gamoyenebul iqna rusuli ekvivalenti sxva leqsikuri SigTavsiT –äåøåâëå ïàðåíîé ðåïû, romelSic rusuli realia Talgami (ðåïà) Secvliliqna sityva sokoTi:

`nadavli saqoneli bzis fasad bzis fasad bzis fasad bzis fasad bzis fasad gadioda". – "Íàãðàáëåííîå äîáðîïðîäàâàëîñü äåøåâëå ãðèáîâ" (Â. Áàðíîâ).

individualur sityvaTSemoqmedebas miekuTvneba agreTvefrazeologizmis gramatikuli da leqsikuri transformaciebis SemTxvevebi.magaliTad, rusul enaSi arsebobs frazeologizmi ï î ð îõó íå íþõàë(sityvasityviT: tyviis wamali ar uynosia), e. i. ar iyo omSi, ar uomia.uaryofis í å í þõàë (ar uynosia) dadebiTi konstruqciiT Secvlam gamoiwviaokazionalizmis gaCena ï î ð îõ ï î í þõàëè (tyviis wamali uynosiaT), romlismeSveobiT gadmocemul iqna qarTuli frazeologizmi brZolis kvamlSiagatarebuli (mniSvnelobiT: monawileobda saomar moqmedebaSi):

"– eg kidev ukeTesi. brZolis kvamlSi gatarebuli brZolis kvamlSi gatarebuli brZolis kvamlSi gatarebuli brZolis kvamlSi gatarebuli brZolis kvamlSi gatarebuli yofilxarT"."– Òåì ëó÷øå! Âû, ñòàëî áûòü, è ï î ð îõ ï î í þõàëè" (Ã. Öåðåòåëè).

maSasadame, mTargmnelobiT praqtikaSi frazeologizmis adekvaturimagieris moZieba warmoadgens Targmanis warmatebulobis ganmsazRvrel erT-erT faqtors. maTi mniSvnelobis gadmocemisas ama Tu im xerxis arCevanidamokidebulia mTargmnelis unarze ipovos Sesabamisi frazeologiuri daleqsikuri erTeulebi erovnuli enis saganZurSi.

n. siWinava


n. gamrekeli, e. mgalobliSvili, 1966 - n. gamrekeli, e. mgalobliSvili,qarTul-rusuli frazeologiuri leqsikoni. Tb., 1966.

s. vlaxovi, s. florini, 1980 - Âëàõîâ Ñåðãåé, Ôëîðèí Ñèäåð, Íåïåðåâî ä è ì îåâ ïåðåâîäå, Ì., 1980.

Ñëîâàðü ðóññêî ãî ÿçûêà â ÷åòûðåõ òî ì àõ.. Ï îä ðåäàêöèåé À. Ï. Åâãåíüåâî é .Ì., "Ðóññêèé ÿçûê", 1981-1984.

Íåëëè Ñè÷èíàâà

Ïåðåâîä ôðàçåîëîãèçìîâ êàê ñïîñîá îòðàæåíèÿíàöèî íàëüí îé è ó íèâåðñàëüí îé êàðòèí ìèðà

Â ïðåäëàãàåìîé ñòàòüå âûäåëÿþòñÿ è îïèñûâàþòñÿ ïðèåìû ïåðåâîäàôðàçåîëîãèçìîâ â õóä îæåñòâåí í îé ðå÷è íà ìàòåðèàëå ðóññêî ãî è ãðóçèíñêî ãîÿçûêîâ. Ðàññìàòðèâà þòñÿ ôðàçåîë îãè÷åñêèå ýêâèâàëå íòû è à í àë î ã èèíòåðíàöèîíàëüíîé ôðàçåîëîãèè, âî ñõî äÿùèå ê àíòè÷íîé ìèôîëîãèè è áèáëåéñêèìñþæåòàì. Îòìå÷àåòñÿ ñâîåîáðàçèå íàöèîíàëüíûõ ôðàçåîëîãèçìîâ, ïîñòðîåííûõ íàî ä í î ì è ò î ì æ å ñ ë î â å ñ í î ì î á ð à ç å . Â å ä ü ï î ä à â ë ÿ þ ù å å á î ë ü ø è í ñ ò â îôðàçåîëîãè÷åñêèõ åäèíèö âîçíèêëî íà íàöèîíàëüíîé ïî÷âå; îíè ïîÿâèëèñü â ðàçíûåýïîõè è îòðàæàþò ïðàêòè÷åñêèé îïûò íàðîäà è îñîáåííîñòè åãî ìèðîâîñïðèÿòèÿ.Î ï è ñàíû ðóññêèå è ãðóçèíñêèå ôðàçåîëîãèçìû , â îñ í î âå êî òîðûõ ëåæèò ñëîâîø à ï êà. Ìåæäó ðàññìîòð å í í û ì è ç í à÷åíèÿ ìè íå áûë î âûÿâë å í î í è îä í î ãîñîâïàäåíèÿ. Â ñòàòüå ïðîñëåæèâàåòñÿ èñïîëüçî âàíèå ïðèåìà áóêâàëüí îãî ïåðåâî äà(êàëüêèðîâàíèÿ), èìåþùåãî ì åñòî òî ãäà, êî ãäà ïåðåâî ä÷èê õî ÷åò äîíåñòè äî ÷èòàòåëÿîáðàçíóþ îñ í î âó ôðàçåîëîãèçì à. Àâòîð óäåëÿåò âíèìàíèå ïðèåìó ñâî á îä í î ãî, èëèëåêñè÷åñêî ãî, ïåðåâî äà ôðàçåîëîãèçì îâ , ïðè êî òî ð îì ñðåäñòâàìè ïåðåâî äÿùåãîÿçûêà óêàçûâàåòñÿ òî ÷ í îå ñå ìàíòè÷åñêî å çíà÷åíèå ôðàçåîëîãè÷åñêîé åä è í è ö ûïîäëèííèêà. Îñîáî îòìå÷àþòñÿ ñëó÷àè ñîçäàíèÿ îêêàçèîíàëüíûõ ôðàçåîëîãèçìîâêàê ðåçóëüòàò èíäèâèäóàëüíî-àâòîðñêî ãî ñëîâî òâî ð÷åñòâà.


neli ugrexeliZe

qarTuli damwerlobis istoriidanqarTuli damwerlobis istoriidanqarTuli damwerlobis istoriidanqarTuli damwerlobis istoriidanqarTuli damwerlobis istoriidan

(numizmatikuri masalis mixedviT)(numizmatikuri masalis mixedviT)(numizmatikuri masalis mixedviT)(numizmatikuri masalis mixedviT)(numizmatikuri masalis mixedviT)

damwerloba xalxTa kulturis erT-erTi yvelaze mkafio daTvalsaCino gamovlinebaa. sakiTxis dasma qarTuli damwerlobis warmoSobisSesaxeb imas niSnavs, rom gairkves, rodis da rogor Seiqmna qarTulianbani. es erT-erTi urTulesi sakiTxia qarTul mecnierebaSi.

winamdebare statia miznad isaxavs numizmatikuri masalis safuZvelzemcireodeni wvlili Seitanos qarTuli damwerlobis warmoSobisa daganviTarebis Seswavlis saqmeSi, radgan monetaze SerCenili ama Tu imgamosaxulebis an warweris Seswavlis Sedegad xerxdeba Soreul warsulSimomxdari faqtebis dadgena. am mxriv moneta utyuari da fasdaudebeliZeglia, romelzedac saTanado epoqis mdgomareoba sworad da piruTvneladikiTxeba.

dRemde yuradReba aravis miuqcevia numizmatikur mecnierebaSiarsebul erT cnobaze, romelic qarTuli damwerlobis arsebobazemiuTiTebs qristianobamdel periodSi. qarTveli istorikosi Teimurazbagrationi mogviTxrobs erT qarTul monetaze, romelzedac gamosaxuliaori mefe - azork da armazeli da ambobs, rom masze qarTuli warweraa:“Cven orTa sapativcemod” (d. kapanaZe, 1970, gv. 43). leonti mrovelismixedviT, eseni arian ormefobis xanis me-13 mefeni. Zvel saistoriowyaroebSi damowmebulia viTareba, roca qarTlis samefo orad iyogayofili, maT sakuTari mefeebi hyavdaT; erTi ijda mcxeTaSi, meore -armazSi. arsebobs mosazreba, rom azorki da armazeli Zv. w. II saukunis80-ian wlebSi cxovrobdnen. g. meliqiSvilis azriT, azorki da armazeliax. w. I saukunis 70-an wlebSi cxovrobdnen (narkvevebi, 1979, gv. 496,518). aseve, sainteresoa numizmat barTolomeis cnoba erTi spilenZismonetis Sesaxeb, romlis Sublze gamosaxulia ori lomi; erTi dgas,meore ki marjvniv garbis da Tavi pirvelisken aqvs mobrunebuli. irgvlivZnelad gasarkvevi warweris kvalia. zurgze gamosaxulia meomari SubiTda fariT. barTolomei am warweras kiTxulobda rogorc “mf frsmn”(mefe farsman). samwuxarod, es moneta amJamad dakargulia (d. kapanaZe,1970, gv. 43). aRniSnuli moneta Cv. w. I-II saukuneebiT TariRdeba. amperiodSi saqarTveloSi moRvaweobda farsmanis saxeliT cnobili orimefe: farsman I mefobda I saukunis 40-60-ian wlebSi, farsman II ki - IIsaukunis 30-50-ian wlebSi. esaa romis keisrisa da xalxis megobrissaxeliT cnobili farsman qveli (narkvevebi, 1970, gv. 520). am orimonetis magaliTze irkveva, rom qarTuli anbani ukve arsebobdaqristianobamdel periodSi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, esaa Zv. w. II - ax. w. IIsaukuneebi.

qarTul saistorio wyaroebSi daculia cnobebi qarTulidamwerlobis Seqmnis Sesaxeb, rom is warmarTobis xanis Zeglia, magram

KARTVELIAN HERITAGE


konkretulad rodisaa Seqmnili qarTuli anbani, am kiTxvaze SeiZlebapasuxi gagvces quTaisis istoriul muzeumSi daculma kolxurma monetam.esaa Zv. w. V saukuneSi moWrili kolxuri draqma-unikumi, romlisSublze moTavsebulia pirdapir mimarTuli lomis Tavi, xolo zurgzeCaWdeul kvadratSi moTavsebulia xaris Tavi. xars kiseri morTuliaqvs mZivebiT.

qarTul monetaze lomis gamosaxulebis gaCena SemTxveviTi arunda iyos. mas garkveuli istoriuli da kulturuli mniSvnelobaeniWeba. rogorc cnobilia, Zv. w. 553-550 wlebSi sparselebma daipyresmidia da sparseTi erT mTlian saxelmwifod Camoyalibda. saxelmwifoSigabatonebuli religia iyo zoroastrizmi. am religiis mixedviT uzenaesiRvTaebaa ahuramazda _ sikeTisa da sinaTlis meufe. zoroastrizmiswminda gamovlinebaa cecxli, astraluri TvalsazrisiT – mze, gansaxierebaRvTaebrivi samarTlianobisa. amitom qadagebda zaratuStra, rom adamianmapativi unda miagos cecxls, igive mzes, rogorc marTlmsajulebisamqveyniur saxes. aqedan warmodgeba cecxlTayvanismcemloba. mazdeanurtaZrebSi, sakurTxevlis win Cauqroblad enTo koconi, rasac morwmunenisasoebiT emsaxurebodnen.

imperiis erTianobis ganmtkicebis mizniT qserqse I-ma Zv. w. VsaukuneSi gaatara reformebi religiis sferoSi, romlis ZaliT iransada dapyrobil qveynebSi, imperiis masStabiT, savaldebulo gaxdaahuramazdas kulti. amieridan imperiis arairanul satrapiebSi ikrZalebada idevneba adgilobrivi RvTaebani da maT nacvlad upiratesoba eniWebaahuramazdas kults. es reforma Seexo saqarTvelosac, radgan is iranisme-19 satrapiaSi Sedioda da am droidan mokidebuli mazdeanoba, anucecxlTayvanismcemloba, qarTvelTaTvis savaldebulo religiad iqca.e. i. saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc iranSi, wina planze dadga mzis kulti_ mzis Tayvaniscema. rogorc cnobilia, mze, viTarca deda RmerTi,qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis saTaveSi idga swored winaqristianulxanaSi. amasTanave, uZveles safexurze swored mze unda yofiliyo mTavariRmerTi, deda RmerTi, xolo manamde arsebulma mTvaris kultma, mTvarisRmerTma meore adgilze gadainacvla. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom dedamiwazemzis zoomorfuli gamosaxulebaa lomi, xolo mTvaris zoomorfuligamosaxulebaa xari. swored es viTareba unda vigulisxmoT monetazearsebul gamosaxulebebSi, roca monetis Sublze, anu pirvel adgilze,mzis zoomorfuli gamosaxulebaa lomi, xolo meore adgilze, anuzurgze, mTvaris zoomorfuli gamosaxuleba _ xari. aqedan SegviZliadavaskvnaT, rom saqarTveloSi, sadac uZvelesi droidan qarTvelebimTvares scemdnen Tayvans, Zv. w. V saukunidan mTvaris TayvaniscemaSeicvala mzis TayvaniscemiT da es viTareba kargadaa asaxuli numizmatikurmasalaze. am mxriv sainteresoa qarTuli anbanis ganxilvac. jer kidev iv.javaxiSvili werda: “qarTuli “an”-is mrgvali moxazuloba dakidurebaweuli zeviTi ganivi xazi swored xaris rqiani Tavis moxazulobaswarmoadgens” (iv. javaxiSvili, 1949, gv. 270). analogiur azrs aviTarebsr. patariZec: “qarTuli asomTavruli warmarTuli epoqis Zeglia...

qarTuli damwerlobis istoriidan (numizmatikuri masalis mixedviT)

anbanis pirveli aso-niSani aris mTvaris, anu mTvaris RmerTis, ideograma.qarTuli asomTavruli “an” zogadad cis sxeulis - mTvaris grafikulixatia” (r. patariZe, 1980, gv. 169). bolos askvnis: ”qarTul asomTavrulanbans mTvaris RmerTi iwyebs da misi zoomorfuli simbolo anu sakultocxoveli – xari amTavrebs” (iqve, 1980, gv. 100). aqedan kargad Cans, romqarTuli asomTavruli anbanis “an”, rogorc mnaTobi mTvare da mTvarisRmerTi, qarTuli anbanis pirveli aso-niSania, pirvel caze, mTvariscaze zis. radgan Zvel xalxTa astralur religiaSi mTvare pirveladgilzea, qarTul asomTavrul anbanSic asaxulia Zveli, warmarTulixanis mTvaris kultis astralur-religiuri mrwamsi. yuradRebas iqcevsr. patariZis mosazreba, rom qarTuli anbanis “an” aso-niSnis rkalurimoxazuloba imis maCvenebelia, rom igi grafikuli xatia mcxrali mTvarisada es SemTxveviTobad ar unda CaiTvalos, radgan qarTuli anbanispirveli aso-niSani babilonuri mTvaris RmerTad iwodeba (iqve, 1980, gv.170). istoriulad cnobilia, rom SuamdinareTis Zveli civilizaciisukanaskneli periodi axalbabilonuri samefos daarsebiT daiwyo, xoloimavdroulad SuamdinareTis Zveli civilizaciis aRsasrulic daiwyoda roca Zv. w. 539 wels sabolood daemxo Zveli babiloni, “an” mTvarisRmerTmac dakarga Tavisi upirvelesi RvTaebis privilegiebi. xolo rakies moxda Zv. w. VI saukuneSi, unda vifiqroT, qarTuli anbani am istoriulviTarebamdea Seqmnili. yovel SemTxvevaSi, is im periodis gamovlinebaa,roca mTvaris RmerTi babilonSi upirvelesi RvTaeba iyo da miiCneodacisa da miwis RmerTebis meufed.

r. patariZe xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom qarTul asomTavrul anbanSiraime kvali iranuli mrwamsisa ara Cans da, piruku, pirvel aso-niSnadqarTul anbanSi “an” babilonuri mTvaris RmerTi zis (r. patariZe, 1980,gv. 70).

yovelive zemoTqmuli saSualebas gvaZlevs davaskvnaT, rom qarTulianbani Seqmnilia warmarTobis xanaSi, kerZod, Zv. w. V saukunemde,radganac masSi asaxulia is periodi, roca mTvare mTavari RvTaeba iyoqarTvelebisa. ufro mogvianebiT mTvarem qarTvelTa astralur panTeonSimeore adgilze gadainacvla da pirveloba mzes dauTmo.


d. kapanaZe, 1970 - d. kapanaZe, qarTuli numizmatika, Tb, 1980.narkvevebi, 1970 - saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. I (tomis

redaqtori g. meliqiSvili), Tb, 1970.r. patariZe, 1980 - r. patariZe, qarTuli asomTavruli, Tb, 1980.iv. javaxiSvili, 1949 - iv. javaxiSvili qarTuli paleografia, Tb., 1949.

n. ugrexeliZe

kolxuri draqma (avers) kolxuri draqma (revers) Zv. w. aR. V s. (unikumi)

NELI UGREKHELIDZE

FROM THE HISTORY OF THE GEORGIAN WRITING(ACCORDING TO THE NUMISMATIC MATERIALS)

The paper discusses the question of the origin of the Georgian writing basedon the numismatic materials. It brings forth the idea of scholars that the Georgianalphabet was developed during the pagan period when Georgians worshipped theMoon. As is known, later in the fifth century B.C. the country adopted Zoroastrianism,ancient Iranian religion and the worship of the Moon was substituted by the worshipof the Sun. The fact is clearly attested by the numismatic materials preserved in theKutaisi Historical Museum. Namely, on the fifth century B.C. Kolkhian drachma theimage of a lion is posed prominent in the front suggesting the conclusion that in the5th century B.C. the worship of the Moon is changed for the worship of the Sun.Accordingly, the Georgian alphabet must have been created before the 5th centuryB.C.

qarTuli damwerlobis istoriidan (numizmatikuri masalis mixedviT)

JuJuna feiqriSvili,

rusudan saRinaZe,

eka dadiani

imeruli kilos leqsikisaTvisimeruli kilos leqsikisaTvisimeruli kilos leqsikisaTvisimeruli kilos leqsikisaTvisimeruli kilos leqsikisaTvis

(l. uklebas saleqsikono masala)

imeruli kilos leqsikisa Tu gramatikis sakiTxebis SeswavlasCvenSi sakmaod mdidari tradicia aqvs, magram, radganac nebismieridialeqturi leqsikis amouwurav saganZurSi yovelTvisaa sagulvebeli(davanebuli) bevri iseTi sityva-gamoTqma, romlebic jer kidev rCebaspecialistTa yuradRebis miRma da romlebic droTa ganmavlobaSi maTiaqtiurad momxmarebeli individebis fizikurad aryofnis SemTxvevaSiSeiZleba TandaTan mieces daviwyebas da bolos ukvalodac gaqres enobriviarealidan, amdenad, cxadia, yovelTvis iqneba saSuri da faseulidialeqturi metyvelebis gamowvlilviTi kvleva, axal-axali saleqsikonomasalis sistematuri Sekreba-gamomzeureba da samecniero mimoqcevaSiCarTva. garda amisa, kuTxuri metyvelebis Tvisobriobis gamo masSiTavCenil TaviseburebaTa amomwuravi moZieba-aRnusxva bunebrivadSeuZlebelia, vinaidan dialeqtis momxmarebeli koleqtivi, rogorccocxali organizmi, ara mxolod imaxsovrebs (inaxavs) memkvidreobiTgadmocemul leqsikur fonds, aramed Tavadac qmnis axal erTeulebsmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli yofiTi Tu sameurneo situaciebismixedviT. Sesabamisad, Zveli da axali nimuSebis TaviseburebaTaerToblioba kidev ufro sainteresos xdis ama Tu im kuTxis metyvelebas,romlis Seswavlas didi mniSvneloba aqvs rogorc erTi konkretulidialeqtis, ise mTlianad enis istoriuli Tu Tanamedrove viTarebiskvlevisaTvis.

swored am mizans emsaxureba leila uklebas1 mier baRdaTis raionissofel roxis metyvelebis mixedviT wlebis manZilze Sekrebili saleqsikonomasala, romelic amJamad Tavmoyrilia misive wignSi ̀ imeruli dialeqtissaleqsikono masala" (Tb., 2010 w.).

saleqsikono masalaSi Setanilia 1700-mde sityva-statia. amaTganZiriTad nawils axlavs ganmarteba da Sesabamisi konteqsti. erTi nawili

1 leila ukleba muSaobda quTaisis pedagogiuri institutis qarTuli eniskaTedris maswavleblad. igi ikvlevda imeruli dialeqtis leqsikur saganZurs;iwerda imeruli metyvelebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel sityva-gamoTqmebs. samwuxarod,q-n leilas sicocxleSi ar dascalda Segrovebuli masalis dabeWdva; ukurnebeliseniT gardaicvala da wignis gamocemis survilic imierSi Tan gaiyola. CvenTavi movuyareT l. uklebas mier Caweril leqsikur erTeulebs, agreTve sxvagamouqveynebel da gamoqveynebul Sromebs da erT wignSi gavaerTianeT. amiT,erTi mxriv, pativi mivageT q-ni leilas xsovnas, xolo, meore mxriv, samecnierosazogadoebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi gavxadeT imerulis axali saleqsikono masala.


imeruli kilos leqsikisaTvis (l. uklebas saleqsikono masala)

ganmartebulia, magram ar erTvis sailustracio magaliTi. amaT garda,aqvea warmodgenili 160-mde saleqsikono erTeuli ganmartebisa dakonteqstis gareSe. miuxedavad amisa, es masalac aris Setanili wignSi,rogorc saanalizo metyvelebisaTvis niSandoblivi sityvebi, romlebicmomavalSi SeiZleba ganimartos sxva dialeqtebis meSveobiT an kidevadgilobriv mcxovrebTa daxmarebiT.

aqve SevniSnavT, rom saleqsikono masalas ar axlavsinformatorebisagan winaswar SeTanxmebiT Cawerili teqstebi (zRaprebi,leqsebi Tu sxva saxis gadmocemebi). faqtobrivad leqsikonSiwarmodgenilia yoveldRiur sasaubro metyvelebaze dakvirvebiT aRnusxulifrazebi. Cans, avtorisaTvis ZiriTadi respondentebi arian sofel roxismkvidrni: bebia, deda, naTesav-axloblebi, mezoblebi _ metwilad qalebimaTTvis damaxasiaTebeli leqsikis mravalferovnebiT.

saanalizo masala dalagebulia tradiciuli wesiT; zmnuri erTeulebiwarmodgenilia awmyo-myofadis mesame piris formiT (iSviaTad dasturdebameore piris formiTac); yvelgan daculia sityva-statiis fonetikuribgerwerac.

sagulisxmoa, rom erTi SexedviT am mcire moculobis leqsikonSidadasturda sakmaod saintereso masala: bevri axali sityva Tu gamoTqma,frazeologizmebi da gramatikuli formebi (Sesabamisi sailustracionimuSebiT), romlebic uTuod aris faseuli da sayuradRebo rogorclingvisturi, ise istoriul-eTnografiuli TvalsazrisiTac.

wignSi warmodgenili masala, leqsikonebTan2 Sedareba-SejerebissafuZvelze, SeiZleba daiyos ramdenime semantikur jgufad:

1. sityvebi, romlebic Semowmebul leqsikonebSi ar dadasturda:aleSkerebuli _ lamazad zeaweuli warbebi, gadarkaluli.

aleSkerebulialeSkerebulialeSkerebulialeSkerebulialeSkerebuli aq warbebi Cem gogos.amoutliaRvebs _ lukmas baraqianad amouwebs wvenSi. isTe

amoutliaRvebsamoutliaRvebsamoutliaRvebsamoutliaRvebsamoutliaRvebs Roms wvenSi, or lukmaze Caylapavs.

2 m.m.m.m.m. alaviZe,alaviZe,alaviZe,alaviZe,alaviZe, leCxumuri leqsikoni: qarTvelur enaTa leqsika, I, Tb., 1938; m. alaviZe,m. alaviZe,m. alaviZe,m. alaviZe,m. alaviZe,okribuli leqsikoni: quTaisis ped. institutis Sromebi, t. X, 1950-1951; m. alaviZe,m. alaviZe,m. alaviZe,m. alaviZe,m. alaviZe,masalebi leCxumuri leqsikonisaTvis: quTaisis ped. institutis Sromebi, t. XIII,1955; m. alaviZe,m. alaviZe,m. alaviZe,m. alaviZe,m. alaviZe, qarTuli dialeqturi leqsikidan: quTaisis ped. institutisSromebi, t. XXIV, 1962; v. beriZe, v. beriZe, v. beriZe, v. beriZe, v. beriZe, sityvis kona imerul da raWul TqmaTa, peterburgi,1912; p. gaCeCilaZe,p. gaCeCilaZe,p. gaCeCilaZe,p. gaCeCilaZe,p. gaCeCilaZe, imeruli dialeqtis saleqsikono masala, Tb., 1976; s.s. orbeliani,s.s. orbeliani,s.s. orbeliani,s.s. orbeliani,s.s. orbeliani,leqsikoni qarTuli, Tb., t. I - 1991, t. II - 1993; s. JRenti,s. JRenti,s. JRenti,s. JRenti,s. JRenti, guruli kilo, Tb., 1936;T. saxokia,T. saxokia,T. saxokia,T. saxokia,T. saxokia, qarTuli xatovani sityva-Tqmani, Tb., 1979; i. qavTaraZei. qavTaraZei. qavTaraZei. qavTaraZei. qavTaraZe, masalebiimeruli leqsikonisaTvis: qess, III, Tb., 1963; qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni,qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni,qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni,qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni,qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni,arn. Ciqobavas saerTo redaqciiT, tt. I-VIII, Tb., 1950-1964; al. Rlonti, al. Rlonti, al. Rlonti, al. Rlonti, al. Rlonti, qarTulkilo-TqmaTa sityvis kona, Tb., 1984; n. SaraSeniZe,n. SaraSeniZe,n. SaraSeniZe,n. SaraSeniZe,n. SaraSeniZe, saCinouri qarTuli, Tb., 2008;g.g.g.g.g. SaraSiZe, SaraSiZe, SaraSiZe, SaraSiZe, SaraSiZe, guruli leqsikoni: qarTvelur enaTa leqsika, I, Tb., 1938; m. Ciqovanim. Ciqovanim. Ciqovanim. Ciqovanim. Ciqovani,leCxumuri leqsikoni: puSkinis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo samaswavleblo institutisSromebi, I, 1941. q. ZoweniZe,q. ZoweniZe,q. ZoweniZe,q. ZoweniZe,q. ZoweniZe, zemoimeruli leqsikoni, Tb., 1974; b. wereTeli,b. wereTeli,b. wereTeli,b. wereTeli,b. wereTeli,zemoimeruli leqsikoni; qarTvelur enaTa leqsika, I, Tb., 1938, p. jajaniZe,p. jajaniZe,p. jajaniZe,p. jajaniZe,p. jajaniZe, masalebiimeruli leqsikonisaTvis: quTaisis ped. institutis Sromebi, t. IX-1949, t. X-1950-1951; p. jajaniZe,p. jajaniZe,p. jajaniZe,p. jajaniZe,p. jajaniZe, masalebi guruli leqsikonisaTvis: quTaisis ped. institutisSromebi, t. IX - 1949, t. X - 1950-1951; p. jajaniZe,p. jajaniZe,p. jajaniZe,p. jajaniZe,p. jajaniZe, masalebi imeruli leqsikonisaTvis:quTaisis ped. institutis Sromebi, t. XVII, 1957.

J. feiqriSvili, r. saRinaZe, e. dadiani

aSlapunebs _ gauCereblad laparakobs.gamoberbetebuli _ gamoCerCetebuli.gamoCxakuli (Tvalebi) _ Wreli an Ria feris Tvalebi. Cven

bovSvs pataroobisas gamoCxakuligamoCxakuligamoCxakuligamoCxakuligamoCxakuli Tvalebi qonda, amitom davaTqviCxakunia.

gareiqota _ gamoamindda, mzem gamoanaTa. dilas Zaan douSvawumam, mara naSuadRevs gareiqota.gareiqota.gareiqota.gareiqota.gareiqota.

gunqala/nagunqala _ mozrdili naWeri. kai gunqalagunqalagunqalagunqalagunqala xorci miveci,mara mainc araa ymayofili.

ezurguleba _ nakli aqvs. yvelafraT kai gogoa, mara cotaTituCi ezurguleba ezurguleba ezurguleba ezurguleba ezurguleba.

epatkuceba/eforseba _ eTilismeba, efarisevleba.iqiotebs _ gamoidarebs, mze gamoanaTebs.iqlurceba _ Cumad tiris. Zaan Semecoda sawyali bovSvi, Cumad

iqlurceboda, iqlurceboda, iqlurceboda, iqlurceboda, iqlurceboda, guli momiqvta.kakaurobs _ gamudmebiT mReris an bevrs kiTxulobs xmamaRla.

gadouSlia wigni da kakaurobskakaurobskakaurobskakaurobskakaurobs; Teli dRe jis da mReris,kakaurobs.kakaurobs.kakaurobs.kakaurobs.kakaurobs.

klukavs (Tvalebs) _ keklucobs da Tvalebs gamomwvevad akvesebs.lelaia emZimeba dedomiwas (ix.), klukavs klukavs klukavs klukavs klukavs Tvalebs da erT ambavSia.

JiJmaritobs _ wvalobs, eZineba, magram ver iZinebs. es bovSiJiJmaritobsJiJmaritobsJiJmaritobsJiJmaritobsJiJmaritobs racxa, erTi kargad ver daiZina.

uklitinebs _ cdilobs gasaRebiT gaaRos kari. vuklitine,vuklitine,vuklitine,vuklitine,vuklitine,vuklitinevuklitinevuklitinevuklitinevuklitine, klite gavtexe.

usamara _ gadat. gaCumda, araferi Tqva, saidumlo Seunaxa.uSoqSoqebs _ msxvilad, farTo TvlebiT qsovs.qoTilares _ cudi suni asdis.cisqnobamdis _ cis simaRlemde; gadat. metismetad. Cemi Svili me

cisqnobamdiscisqnobamdiscisqnobamdiscisqnobamdiscisqnobamdis miyvars.Wopnis _ keravs...2. leqsikuri erTeulebi, romlebic sxva leqsikonebSicaa

damowmebuli, magram gansxvavebulia semantikiT (zogierTi _ formiTac):aagundavebs _ gadat. Tavis nebaze atrialebs, aTamaSebs. katua

coms lamazaT aagundavebs aagundavebs aagundavebs aagundavebs aagundavebs da kecze daajens; imdeni agundavaagundavaagundavaagundavaagundava baRana,SemeSinda, rame ar meitexos-Tqva. Sdr.: aagundavebsaagundavebsaagundavebsaagundavebsaagundavebs _ gundebad gamoiyvans,_ daamrgvalebs (qegl).

ajilRa _ gadat. mouRleli. namdvili ajilRaa,ajilRaa,ajilRaa,ajilRaa,ajilRaa, misi moRla ariqna. Sdr.: ajilRaajilRaajilRaajilRaajilRa _ cxenis kurati (saba); ajilRa ajilRa ajilRa ajilRa ajilRa (imer.) daukodavicxeni, // gadat. metad Tamami (p. gaCeC.); ajilRa ajilRa ajilRa ajilRa ajilRa (kax.) _ gadat. qalabiWa(al. Rl.); ajilRa ajilRa ajilRa ajilRa ajilRa _ daukodavi ulayi cxeni (qegl).

bRalavi _ kudiani, eSmaki, uwminduri suli. eSmakebi da bRalavebibRalavebibRalavebibRalavebibRalavebideiwven cecxlSi, sadac iyon. Sdr.: bRalva bRalva bRalva bRalva bRalva _ {wa}bilwva, Seuracxyofa(qegl).

gamfrinvale _ samijnuro saqmeebSi daostatebuli qali. nu ityviT,erTi gogo yavT da igic gamfrinvalea. gamfrinvalea. gamfrinvalea. gamfrinvalea. gamfrinvalea. Sdr. gur.: gamfrinvale Citigamfrinvale Citigamfrinvale Citigamfrinvale Citigamfrinvale Citi


_ safrenad momzadebuli (g. SaraS.); gamfrinvale tura _ gamfrinvale tura _ gamfrinvale tura _ gamfrinvale tura _ gamfrinvale tura _ jadoqari(n. SaraS.).

zampilo _ dacemuli, amousvleli comeuli. deda, ra zampilozampilozampilozampilozampilogamevida es keqsi. Sdr.: zapilo zapilo zapilo zapilo zapilo _ sneuli, uRono (saba); zapa zapa zapa zapa zapa (gur.) _xorcvani, mZime tanis adamiani (g. SaraS.); zampalazampalazampalazampalazampala (imer.) _ msuqani,gavsebuli (q. Zow.).

luskumi _ Znelad misagnebi sagangebo adgili. Senaxva ki qTxove,mara sad luskumSi luskumSi luskumSi luskumSi luskumSi weiRe. Sdr.: luskumaluskumaluskumaluskumaluskuma _ maRali saflavi (saba);luskumaluskumaluskumaluskumaluskuma (leCx.) _ Zlier bneli, wkvarami (m. Ciq.); luskuma luskuma luskuma luskuma luskuma (gur.) _tye Zlier daburuli, gauvali tye (p. jajan.); luskumi luskumi luskumi luskumi luskumi (imer.) _ Zalianbneli, daburuli, gauvali (p. jajan); luskumi luskumi luskumi luskumi luskumi 1 _ luskumi Rame `bneliRame (i. Wy.); luskumi luskumi luskumi luskumi luskumi 2 _ kuTx. (moxev.) gamagrebuli yinuli; luskumaluskumaluskumaluskumaluskuma1 _ samarxi yuTi, kubo. // zanduki, kidobani. luskumaluskumaluskumaluskumaluskuma 2 _ kuTx (gur.)ix. luskumi 2 (qegl.).

mofarcxavs _ gadat. mied-moedeba (saubris dros). xelampria rotyuilebs mofarcxavda, mofarcxavda, mofarcxavda, mofarcxavda, mofarcxavda, an qe sad igonebda imdons. Sdr.: farcxavsfarcxavsfarcxavsfarcxavsfarcxavs _1. farcxiT xnuls afxvierebs (da Tesls miwiT faravs). 2. jejilSifarcxs moatarebs adre amosuli sarevela balaxis mosaTxrelad, _margalavs (qegl).

qifci/qifsi _ xiwvi. gadat. nakli. mastavlebelma miTxra, kaigogoa Seni Svili, mara oTxi qifci qifci qifci qifci qifci (ori) gamoyvao. Sdr.: qifsaruaqifsaruaqifsaruaqifsaruaqifsarua(qv. imer., raW.) _ orkbila (a. may.) (al. Rl.)

Riji-Riji _ erTi da imaves CiCini. momwyinda amdeni Riji-Riji.Riji-Riji.Riji-Riji.Riji-Riji.Riji-Riji.Sdr.: RijRijiRijRijiRijRijiRijRijiRijRiji _ kuTx. (qarTl., qiz.) _ uTavbolo usagno laparaki dasicili (qegl); RijiniRijiniRijiniRijiniRijini _ Tavmomabezrebeli Txovna-vedreba (qegl); Rinjili Rinjili Rinjili Rinjili Rinjili_ xangrZlivi mudara, Txovna, RinWili (al. Rl.).

wamwaTxavs _ waTovs wylians. wuxeli Touli ar doudvia, marawoumwaTxiawoumwaTxiawoumwaTxiawoumwaTxiawoumwaTxia. Sdr.: waTxiwaTxiwaTxiwaTxiwaTxi _ mlaSe balRami (saba); waTxiwaTxiwaTxiwaTxiwaTxi _ yvelisSesanaxad momzadebuli mariliani Srati (an wyali), _ waki (qegl).

xincali _ acma. Sdr.: xincolia xincolia xincolia xincolia xincolia (imer.) _ akido (i. qavT.);xincvlaxincvlaxincvlaxincvlaxincvla (gur.) _ akido (al. Rl.); xincole/xincoliexincole/xincoliexincole/xincoliexincole/xincoliexincole/xincolie (imer.) _asxmula (n. SaraS.); xinceli xinceli xinceli xinceli xinceli (gur.) _ Ciris, xaxvis da misT. asxmula(qegl).

3. saleqsikono masalaSi sakmao raodenobiT dasturdebagramatikuli cvlilebiT miRebuli axali leqsikuri erTeulebi, romlebic,Tavis mxriv, warmoaCenen am soflis metyvelebis zogad saxes.magaliTad:

angrovs _ agrovebs.aqnamdi/aqmamdi/aqobamdi _ aqamde, amden xans. sad iyavi

aqnamdiaqnamdiaqnamdiaqnamdiaqnamdi?”Sdr.: aqnamdi aqnamdi aqnamdi aqnamdi aqnamdi (gur.) _ aqamdis (p. jajan.); aqobamdiaqobamdiaqobamdiaqobamdiaqobamdi (imer.)_ aqamdi (q. Zow.); aqnobamdiaqnobamdiaqnobamdiaqnobamdiaqnobamdi (leCx.) _ aqamdis, am dromdis (al. Rl.);a/iqobaamdia/iqobaamdia/iqobaamdia/iqobaamdia/iqobaamdi (imer.) _ a/iqamde (n.SaraS.).

ayven _ aqvT. ra saqmeebi ayven ayven ayven ayven ayven amdeni gouTavebeli. Sdr.: aqye aqye aqye aqye aqye(imer.) _ aqvT (q. Zow.); ayveayveayveayveayve (leCx., raW.) _ aqvs-ye, e.i. aqvs mas isini(al. Rl.).

geinZrie _ gainZeri. geinZrie, geinZrie, geinZrie, geinZrie, geinZrie, gogo, rava damjdarxar feTxumiviT.paCanduri _ panCuri.


qeki _ aki.wminda gramatikuli TvalsazrisiT saintereso Cans masdaris -il

sufiqsiani warmoebis nimuSebi: Zebili Zebili Zebili Zebili Zebili (Zebna) da cemilicemilicemilicemilicemili (cema): arafeldRes Sin ar var, damiwyeben Zebilsao, Zebilsao, Zebilsao, Zebilsao, Zebilsao, roca xelSi Camigdeben, damiwyebencemilsaocemilsaocemilsaocemilsaocemilsao. msgavsi formebi dasturdeba qarTuli enis sxva dialeqtebSic.magaliTad: zidili ̀ zidva", yefili ̀ yefa" (kax.); Zebili ̀ Zebna", xvewili`xvewna" (raW.); mzadili `mzadeba", sesxili `sesxeba" (gur.); xverwili`xvewna", Zebili `Zebna", yefili `yefa" (imer.)...

4. struqturul-semantikurad saintereso Cans, agreTve, xatovanigamonaTqvamebi. aq niSandoblivia ara mxolod frazeologiur erTeulTasiuxve, aramed maTi sinonimuri calebis povnierebac:

agorebuli qva _ quCa-quCa mosiarule adamiani.amokeka tvini _ bevri laparakiT Seawuxa.burdavalas iZaxis _ arxeinadaa, araferi edardeba, mxiarulobs.

dedamTlic amisTana unda, yvelafers Tavad akeTebs, rZali kiburdavalas iZaxisburdavalas iZaxisburdavalas iZaxisburdavalas iZaxisburdavalas iZaxis.

busTavis samarile _ metsaxeli, gasajavrebeli gamoTqma. SebusTavis samarile, busTavis samarile, busTavis samarile, busTavis samarile, busTavis samarile, modi CemTan.

gaamTqnarebiebs suls _ suls amoxdis.gaaCikinebs fexebs/gaapawawinebs fexebs/gaaWiWinebs fexebs _

guli mouva, gabrazdeba; veraferze ver daiyolieb. Zaan Tavneba bovSia,Tu mouvida guli, ro gaaCikinebs fexebs,gaaCikinebs fexebs,gaaCikinebs fexebs,gaaCikinebs fexebs,gaaCikinebs fexebs, verafels mouxerxeb; isTegaaWiWina fexebi, gaaWiWina fexebi, gaaWiWina fexebi, gaaWiWina fexebi, gaaWiWina fexebi, veraflis didebiT ver deviyolie.

gedeiZro Tavze bawari _ saqme Tavidan aicila, saqmes Tavimoarida. iraiam Tu gedeiZro Tavze bawari, gedeiZro Tavze bawari, gedeiZro Tavze bawari, gedeiZro Tavze bawari, gedeiZro Tavze bawari, mere aqiT aRar mogxedavs.

dana aeleseba gverdze _ Zalian msuqnadaa.damwvar spiCkas ar geimetebs _ Zalian Zunwia. magi iseTi

ubeduria, damwvar spiCkas ar geimetebs.amwvar spiCkas ar geimetebs.amwvar spiCkas ar geimetebs.amwvar spiCkas ar geimetebs.amwvar spiCkas ar geimetebs.emZimeba dedomiwas _ zedmetad moswons Tavi, sxvaze metobs.

lelaia emZimeba dedomiwas, emZimeba dedomiwas, emZimeba dedomiwas, emZimeba dedomiwas, emZimeba dedomiwas, klukavs Tvalebs da erT ambavSia.eniT warbebs isworebs/eniT zurgs ifxans _ enagrZelia, bevrs

laparakobs.mTis Citi mTas Seakvda _ sadac daibada, iq unda mokvdes.

sadac deibade, geizarde, axalgazrdoba gaatare, yvelafers gerCios. xogagigonia: mTis Citi mTas Seakvtao. mTis Citi mTas Seakvtao. mTis Citi mTas Seakvtao. mTis Citi mTas Seakvtao. mTis Citi mTas Seakvtao.

midva Tavi _ mokvda. veRar gaZlo magaT xelSi da midvamidvamidvamidvamidvaTavi.Tavi.Tavi.Tavi.Tavi.

safCxile ar amouvides _ suli ar wauvides. ha, gogo, mokidexeli, SeWame, safCxile ar amogivides.safCxile ar amogivides.safCxile ar amogivides.safCxile ar amogivides.safCxile ar amogivides. Sdr.: safrCxile safrCxile safrCxile safrCxile safrCxile (gur.) _Zroxis Tvalis avadmyofoba (frCxilis msgavsad amouva Tvalis kiloSi)(g. SaraS.); sanCxilesanCxilesanCxilesanCxilesanCxile (gur.) _ saqonlis Tvalis avadmyofoba (p. jajan.).

uWinWilo saWinWiloT _ gakeTebuli saqme xelmeored gasakeTebeligaxda.

farCxaze gadasakidebeli/yvavis SaSxiviTaa/naptkeniviTaa _metismetad gamxdaria.


fexebi Seexruka _ fexi ar gaanZria, ar wavida. ar movida, rafexebi Seexruka fexebi Seexruka fexebi Seexruka fexebi Seexruka fexebi Seexruka netai.

qvas ukbina _ gaCumda, araferi Tqva.Zvali aq motexili (Tovls) _ Tovli dneba, Zala aRar aqvs,

male wava. Sdr.: ZvalmotexiliZvalmotexiliZvalmotexiliZvalmotexiliZvalmotexili (imer.) _ wyali odnav SemTbari,nelTbili wyali (n. SaraS.).

5. l. uklebas mier moZiebul masalaSi warmodgenilia wyevlisformulebic (romlis avtorebad qalebi ivaraudeba). magaliTad:

amogivarda masapi (jilagi); amowyda Seni nakiapi (jiSi);amogivarda masapi (jilagi); amowyda Seni nakiapi (jiSi);amogivarda masapi (jilagi); amowyda Seni nakiapi (jiSi);amogivarda masapi (jilagi); amowyda Seni nakiapi (jiSi);amogivarda masapi (jilagi); amowyda Seni nakiapi (jiSi);ar iqna Seni dovlaTi; gadabarsaldiT; gamwyveti degeriaT;ar iqna Seni dovlaTi; gadabarsaldiT; gamwyveti degeriaT;ar iqna Seni dovlaTi; gadabarsaldiT; gamwyveti degeriaT;ar iqna Seni dovlaTi; gadabarsaldiT; gamwyveti degeriaT;ar iqna Seni dovlaTi; gadabarsaldiT; gamwyveti degeriaT;garamwvanildi; gasaperangebeli; gawyva Seni sinsila; geeWra samara;garamwvanildi; gasaperangebeli; gawyva Seni sinsila; geeWra samara;garamwvanildi; gasaperangebeli; gawyva Seni sinsila; geeWra samara;garamwvanildi; gasaperangebeli; gawyva Seni sinsila; geeWra samara;garamwvanildi; gasaperangebeli; gawyva Seni sinsila; geeWra samara;geiare oxris kari; degeqca Tavi TavdaRma; dougrilda gverdebi;geiare oxris kari; degeqca Tavi TavdaRma; dougrilda gverdebi;geiare oxris kari; degeqca Tavi TavdaRma; dougrilda gverdebi;geiare oxris kari; degeqca Tavi TavdaRma; dougrilda gverdebi;geiare oxris kari; degeqca Tavi TavdaRma; dougrilda gverdebi;eqca Savad; ui Sen da snakvi...eqca Savad; ui Sen da snakvi...eqca Savad; ui Sen da snakvi...eqca Savad; ui Sen da snakvi...eqca Savad; ui Sen da snakvi...

6. saanalizo masalebis mixedviT xelSesaxebia sityvawarmoebisproduqtiulobac. davimowmebT zogierT magaliTs:

budandara (qaTami) _ sxvebisagan gamorCeuli qaTami, calke dadisda sul iCxrikeba. budandarabudandarabudandarabudandarabudandara qaTami veRar devinaxe, netai sad wevida.Sdr.: budaraoba budaraoba budaraoba budaraoba budaraoba (qarTl.) _ umizno saqmianoba Sin, umizno faca-fuci, fusfusi; budaraobabudaraobabudaraobabudaraobabudaraoba (kax.) _ bavSvis TavisTvis TamaSi, CumadgarToba (al. Rl.); budarobabudarobabudarobabudarobabudaroba (imer.) _ usaqmod triali; Zebna, Cxrekauazrod, dabneulad (p. gaCeC.); budaroba budaroba budaroba budaroba budaroba (fS.) _ bartyebis gamosaCekadkvercxebze jdoma (budeSi); bartyebis gamoCeka; budaraobsbudaraobsbudaraobsbudaraobsbudaraobs _ 1. miwaSi(balaxSi) Camjdari frinveli iqeqeba (tans isufTavebs an saWmels eZebs).2. gadat. sul erT adgilasaa, fexs ar icvlis, erT adgils ar Sordeba(qegl); budarofs budarofs budarofs budarofs budarofs (imer.) _ igivea, rac bujarofs. bujarofsbujarofsbujarofsbujarofsbujarofs _iqeqeba, eZebs rame (q. Zow.).

gulRadara/gulRandara _ avi, Suriani, gulCaxveuli. ra Cumalada gulRadaraa gulRadaraa gulRadaraa gulRadaraa gulRadaraa Joraia, sul Cveni ezosken aq Tvalebi moCerebuli, raseZebs aqeT netai.

danamkvlelobia _ Cxubi dauzogavad, sasikvdilod gametebiT.napwanapwa _ nawil-nawil.ulaxmalaxi _ uswormasworo.SiStribuSta/SinStribuSta _ mouxerxebeli, mouqneli. deda,

ra SinStribuStaa SinStribuStaa SinStribuStaa SinStribuStaa SinStribuStaa es gogo. Sdr.: SiStribuqa SiStribuqa SiStribuqa SiStribuqa SiStribuqa (gur.) _ ceti daTamami qali (p. jajan.); SiStibuqai SiStibuqai SiStibuqai SiStibuqai SiStibuqai (gur.) _ uxeSi mixvra-moxvrisTamami da ceti qali (al. Rl.).

SoqSoqobs _ daukvirveblad, Tanac swrafad saubrobs. Sdr.:SoqSoqiSoqSoqiSoqSoqiSoqSoqiSoqSoqi (raW.) _ ix. boqboqi. boqboqi boqboqi boqboqi boqboqi boqboqi _ uSnoT xmamaRla laparaki,SoqSoqi (v. ber.); SoqSoqi SoqSoqi SoqSoqi SoqSoqi SoqSoqi (gur., raW.) _ enis borZiki (al. Rl.).

CanTaCunTiT (dadis) _ uswormasworod dadis. Sdr.: CanTvra CanTvra CanTvra CanTvra CanTvra(imer.) _ mZime tvirTis zidva ZlivZlivobiT (i. qavT.).

CundurCunduri _ uswormasworo siaruli. Sdr.: CunduriCunduriCunduriCunduriCunduri(qiziy.) _ mujlugunis kvra; gadat. CuCxuri, Cacieba, ar moSveba(al. Rl.).

ZaRlRorobia _ ganukiTxaoba, uwesrigoba, areul-dareuloba.

saleqsikono masalaSi TvalsaCinoa sinonimuri formebis siuxve.igive iTqmis metsaxelebze, sabavSvo TamaSobebzec.

l. uklebas naSromis es mokle mimoxilva, cxadia, srulad verwarmodgvidgens saleqsikono masalis saerTo mniSvneloba-Rirebulebas.amjerad Cveni mizania specialistebisaTvis cnobili gavxadoT imerulidialeqtis Seswavlis kidev erTi axali sando wyaros arseboba. vimedovnebT,rom masSi Tavmoyrili masala, gansakuTrebiT ki zogierTi sainteresozmnuri Tu saxeluri forma, romlebic naTlad warmoaCenen cocxalimetyvelebisa da, zogadad, qarTuli enis sityvaTqmnadobis SesaZleblobebs,droulad miipyrobs mkvlevarTa yuradRebas da aqtiurad CaerTvebasamecniero sistemaSi.

ZHUZHUNA PEIKRISHVILI, RUSUDAN SAGHINADZE,EKA DADIANI

FOR THE VOKABULARY OF IMERETIAN DIALECT(MATERIAL OF L. UKLEBA'S DICTIONARY)

Recording and collecting dialect materials have great importance for thecomprehensive study of a dialect and of modern or historical conditions of thelanguage.

This paper analyses dialect materials (Imeretian vocabulary, word-forms andphrases, total 1700 units) compiled by Leila Ukleba, presently deceased colleaguefrom the Chair of the Georgian Language at ATSU. The scholar conducted exhaustivestudy of the speech of one village of Rokhi, Baghdadi region.

We have collated the given materials with the existing explanatory and dialectdictionaries and sorted them out into the following groups:

a. lexical units not found in the dictionaries: atchpavs, kankocha, zhizhmaritobs,kotilares,..

b. words that have different meanings than those give in the dictionaries:aagundavebs, gamochkhakuli, tsamtsatkhavs..

c. phrases used as figures of speech: burdavalas idzakhis, bustavis samarile,enit tsarbebs istsorebs, saprchkhile ar amouvides…

Materials compiled by Leila Ukleba present an interest for the study of boththe Imeretian dialect and of the words of the literary Georgian language.


recidivebisa, mTlianobaSi es ar iyo uprincipo brZola calkeulpirTa Soris. masSi asaxvas poulobda reformis SemdgomdroindelisaqarTvelos sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi momxdari socialur-ekonomikuriZvrebi da maTi Sedegebi (n. SveliZe, 1967, gv. 4), qarTveli Tavadaznaurobissxvadasxva fenisa da sxvadasxva sabanko politikis momxreTa Sorisarsebuli winaaRmdegobani (a. kikviZe, 1977, gv. 272).

XIX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi quTaisis saadgilmamulo bankTandakavSirebul polemikaSi Caebnen, erTi mxriv, gamoCenili qarTvelirevolucioner-xalxosani, publicisti da sazogado moRvawe giorgizdanoviCi (1854-1917) da, meore mxriv, “mesame daselTa” erT-erTi liderida maTi ideuri beladi noe Jordania (1868-1953).

rogorc cnobilia, quTaisis saadgilmamulo bankis garSemo polemikagansakuTrebiT gamwvavda mas Semdeg, rac gamgeobas saTaveSi CaudgaganaTlebiT iuristi, quTaisis sazogadoebaSi Taviseburebad popularulipiri kalistrate nikolozis Ze CikvaiZe (1889 wlidan 1902 wlamde). 1894wels mTavrdeboda gamgeobis Tavmjdomaris postze k. CikvaiZis yofniserTi vada. saadgilmamulo bankis damfuZneblebi bankis gamgeobisTavmjdomaris asarCev samzadiss Seudgnen. k. CikvaiZisa da mis momxreTaopoziciam, romlis erT-erTi TvalsaCino da kolorituli warmomadgenelig. zdanoviCi iyo, miznad daisaxa k. CikvaiZis gadayeneba. g. maiaSviliswerilebi “quTaisis bankoviada” swored am mizans emsaxureboda. esnaSromi sayuradReboa ara marto imiT, rom werilebSi kargad Cansg. maiaSvilisa da mis TanamoazreTa Sexeduleba banksa da mis daniSnulebaze,aramed imiTac, rom masSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi naTelwarmodgenas gvaZlevs cnobili publicistis pirovnebasa da sazogadoebrivkredoze.

g. maiaSvili werilebSi sistematurad da mkacrad akritikebdabankis Tavmjdomares da mis gamgeobas. igi k. CikvaiZesa da mis momxreebsbrals sdebda sazogadoebis interesebis RalatSi, saarCevno kampaniisdros amomrCevelTa mosyidvaSi, bankis saerTo krebebze Tavisufali sja-baasis aRkveTasa da saamisod uxeSi Zalis gamoyenebaSi. marTlac, bankiskrebebze zogjer viTareba imdenad mwvavdeboda, rom saqmeSi policiaereoda.

garda g. maiaSvilisa, k. CikvaiZesa da mis momxreebs opoziciaSiedga qalaqis progresuli inteligencia (k. lorTqifaniZe, d. baqraZe,k. abaSiZe da sxv.), romlebic aseve aqtiurad monawileobden “quTaisurbankoviadaSi”.

giorgi zdanoviCis werilebs mogvianebiT gamoexmaura qarTvelmarqsistTa erT-erTi lideri noe Jordania, romelmac gazeT “kvalis”1899 wlis me-10 nomerSi gamoaqveyna mis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli statiasaTauriT “TavadaznaurTa saqmeebi”, ramac safuZveli daudo maiaSvil-Jordanias polemikas. amis sapasuxod g. maiaSvilma gazeT “novieobozrenieSi” dabeWda werili, sadac xazgasmiT aRniSnavda: `SemeZlon. JordaniasaTvis pasuxi gameca. magram me jer-jerobiT maCerebs erTigaremoeba: me ar vici, vinaa n. Jordania. zogierTi statiebiT, romlebic

k. qebulaZe

TvalSi momxvda, SemiZlia davaskvna, rom Teoriulad is aris imfilosofiuri sazogadoebrivi msoflmxedvelobis agenti, romlisprincipuli safuZvlebic mec mwams, da esaa Cveni msgavsebis punqti.magram Semdeg, rogoria misi publicisturi da zneobrivi fizionomia,me absoluturad ar vici” (gaz. “novoe obozrenie”, 1899, #5221).

g. maiaSvili aaSkaravebda n. Jordanias orWoful pozicias. esukanaskneli quTaisis inteligencias kicxavda, magram arafers ambobdaimaze, Tu rogor afasebda Tavad quTaisis bankis mesveurTa saqmianobas.marTlac, n. Jordanias werilebidan ar Canda, “romeli adamianebis,rogori principebisa da wesrigis zeimi surda exila quTaisissamiwadmoqmedo bankSi” (iqve).

g. maiaSvilis sapasuxod n. Jordaniam “kvalSi” gamoaqveynaTavSeukavebeli “SeniSvnebi”, sadac mowinaaRmdeges usafuZvlod bralssdebda bankis krebidan “wvrili wevrebis” gagdebas da maT saarCevnouflebis Sekvecas (gaz. “kvali, 1899, #11). “kvalis” imave nomerSi daibeWdag. wereTlis polemikuri xasiaTis statia saTauriT “quTaisissaadgilmamulo banki da inteligenciaTa partiebi”, romlis gagrZelebaSemdeg nomerSi gamoqveynda. avtori n. JordaniasTan erTad im SexedulebasaviTarebda, rom k. CikvaiZis amomrCevlebi axladaRmocenebuli vaWar-mrewvelTa warmomadgenlebia da maT ebrZvis opozicia _ quTaisis“WeSmariti inteligencia” (r. niJaraZe, 1988, gv. 243).

Tavis mxriv, n. JordaniasTan polemikis dros g. maiaSvilsacgamouCndnen mxardamWerebi. quTaisis klasikuri gimnaziis yofilmamoswavlem l. TumaniSvilma 1899 wels xelnawer JurnalSi “krebulimowafebis Sromebisa” (#2) gamoaqveyna werili - “b-ni n. Jordania da“kvali” misi xelmZRvanelobis qveS”, romelic, rogorc saTauridan Cans,n. Jordanias winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. masSi garCeulia “iveriis”,“moambis”, “kvalisa” da sxva Jurnal-gazeTebis furclebze gamoqveynebulistatiebi, romlebic “mesame dasisa” da misi xelmZRvanelis - noe JordaniasmoRvaweobas exeboda. avtori gansakuTrebiT vrclad Cerdeba n. Jordaniasada g. maiaSvils Soris gaCaRebul polemikaze. l. TumaniSvili icavdag. maiaSvils n. Jordanias Tavdasxmisagan da aRniSnavda am ukanasknelis“uprincipo, winaaRmdegobiT savse werilebis Sinaarsobas” (p. vaWriZe,1987, gv. 141).

rac Seexeba Tavad g. maiaSvils, man gazeT “novie obozrenieSi”(1899, #5221) gamoaqveyna “werili redaqcias”, sadac gaakritikan. Jordaniasa da g. wereTlis Sexeduleba, romlis mixedviT bankis mesveurik. CikvaiZe qarTuli demokratiis mesveuradac moCanda (r. niJaraZe, 1988,gv. 246).

g. maiaSvilis sapasuxod n. Jordaniam gazeT “novoe obozrenieSi”dabeWda “werili redaqcias”, sadac aRniSnavda, rom am gazeTis furclebzeg. maiaSvilma orjer gamoaqveyna mis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli werilebi,amitom igi redaqcias Txovda daebeWda Semdegi ganmarteba: “me bralsvdeb g. maiaSvils imaSi, rom is gamovida quTaisis saadgilmamulo bankiswvrili damfuZneblebisa da msesxebelTa winaaRmdeg da uwoda maT “quCa”,

giorgi zdanoviCisa da noe Jordanias polemika quTaisis saadgilmamulo...

“brbo” da moiTxova maTi gaZeveba bankis krebidan”. “me vekiTxebi mas: Tusazogadoebrivi moRvawe ver SeZlebs Cadges am “brbos saTaveSi, ganaamaSi damnaSavea adamianuri ufleba, gana mis gamo unda yvirili?! amaSiasakiTxi. esaa Cveni sadao punqti" (gaz. “novoe obozrenie”, 1899,#5229).

n. Jordanias mtkicebis sawinaaRmdegod, g. maiaSvilma scadadaesabuTebina, rom bankis krebidan “wvrili wevrebis” da “wvrilimsesxeblebis” gaZeveba ar mouTxovia. amasTanave, misi ganmartebiT,k. CikvaiZis partias ebrZvis ara imitom, rom is “wvrili adamianebisagan”,wvrili burJuaziisagan Sedgeba, aramed imisaTvis, rom k. CikvaiZis partiavnebs bankisa da sazogadoebis interesebs.

g. zdanoviCis SefasebiT, k. CikvaiZis partia mis irgvliv aerTianebssxvadasxva fenis adamianebs, romlebic sxvadasxvagvari piradi interesebiTiyvnen dakavSirebuli k. CikvaiZesTan. g. maiaSvili n. JordaniasTan erTaderTgvar sayvedurs g. wereTlis mimarTac gamoTqvamda, romelic, misiazriT, “marqsizmis k. CikvaiZis partiis samsaxurSi Cayenebas eswrafoda”.g. maiaSvili akritikebs e.w. inteligenciasac, romelmac Tavisi umoqmedobiTbankis saqmeebi xelSi Caugdo “brbos”, “quCas” da antisazogadoebrivelementebs.

amis Semdeg n. Jordaniam gazeT “kvalSi” gamoqveynebul “patarawerilSi” (gaz. “kvali”, 1899, #12), g. wereTlis mosazrebis gaziarebiT,scada eCvenebina, rom imereTis saerTo ganviTarebis Sedegad “soflisxalxi daiZra Tavisi budidan da aqeT-iqeT midga-modga”. misi erTi nawili- “wvrili Tavadaznauroba da vaWarTa klasi” gamovida sxvadasxva sarbielze,maT Soris bankis arenaze, mas win daxvda “Zveli gvarebis warmomadgenlebi”,romelTac banki sakuTar dawesebulebad miaCndaT. ase atyda Sejaxeba.“kalistrate axali klasis momxreao”, xolo mowinaaRmdege “drogadasulfeodalTa klass CaebRauWao” _ askvnida igi.

aRniSnuli polemikidan irkveva, rom g. wereTlis gavleniTn. Jordania yuradRebas amsxvilebda kapitalisturi urTierTobisganviTarebis Sedegad dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis klasobrivdayofaze, “mesame wodebis” gaCenis niSnebze da cdilobda k. CikvaiZispartia “mesame wodebis” warmomadgenelTa interesebis damcveladwarmoeCina (r. niJaraZe, 1988, gv. 247).

n. Jordanias mier gazeT “novoe obozrenieSi” 1899 wlis 31 martsgamoqveynebul feletons g. maiaSvili imave wlis 4 aprils gamoexmauraweriliT - “kidev wvrili adamianebis Sesaxeb”, sadac igi uaryofda“mosazrebas, TiTqos k. CikvaiZis banakSi metia e. w. “wvrili adamianebi”,vidre opoziciis mxares. g. maiaSvilis mtkicebiT, “mxolod naklebadganaTlebul pirebs da marqsistuli moZRvrebis asokirkitebs SeuZliaTifiqron, rom yovelgvari brZola, rac sazogadoebaSi mimdinareobs,aucileblad aris erTi klasis brZola meores winaaRmdeg, dromoWmuliklasis axladaRorZinebulis winaaRmdeg”. g. maiaSvili miuTiTebs, romTviTon srulebiT ar uaryofs klasobriv brZolas Cvens sazogadoebaSi,magram miaCnia, rom ar SeiZleba yoveli sazogadoebrivi faqti, yoveli

k. qebulaZe

movlena klasobrivi brZolis TeoriT aixsnas. “marqsistuli Teoriis”yoveli gonivruli mimdevari unda daeTanxmos imas, rom xSirad brZolawarmoebs ara marto klasebs Soris, aramed erTi da imave klasisSigniT” - miiCnevda g. maiaSvili (gaz. “novoe obozrenie”, 1899, #5249).

zemoT xsenebulma polemikam aSkarad cxadyo, rom g. maiaSviliufro Caxeduli iyo saqarTveloSi mimdinare klasobrivi brZolissakiTxebSi, vidre misi oponenti. erTi saintereso detali g. zdanoviCisada n. Jordanias urTierTobidan. cnobilia, rom XIX saukunis 90-ianwlebSi daisva sakiTxi quTaisis qalaqis Tavad giorgi zdanoviC-maiaSvilisarCevis Sesaxeb, rasac “cnobis furcelma” ramdenime werili miuZRvna damas sruli mxardaWera gamoucxada. n. Jordaniam mkacrad gaakritikaaRniSnuli werilis avtorebi da isini arakompetenturobasa daaraobieqturobaSi daadanaSaula. misi azriT: am “uprogramo rigianma”gazeTma ramdenime mowinave werili uZRvna “uprogramo rigiani” xalxismeTaurs g. zdanoviCs da Caacivda, marganecis mrewvelobasTan erTad,quTaisis meTaurobac Tu ar itvirTe, daviRupebiTo. ai, gazeTis saarakosabuTic: “pirvel yovlisa, mgoni, arafrad dauSlis qalaqis TavobaTavisi saqmis (marganecis mrewvelobis) warmarTvas, meorec, egrec romiyos (e.i. kidevac rom dauSaloso), es msxverpli unda moutanosg. zdanoviCma usaTuod Tavis qveynis keTildReobas (!) da Tavispartias...

xom xedavT, marganecis mrewvelobis Seferxeba Turme qveynisaTvissasargeblo yofila. g. zdanoviCi uTuod quTaisis Tavad unda Seiqmnes,Tundac amas imereTis umTavresi mrewvelobis dangrevac moyveso. ai,rogor yvarebia imereTi “cnobis furcels”. aqedan gana cxadi ar aris,rom eseni Tavisi megobrebis asamaRleblad arafers ar eridebian dapirovnebas saqmeze maRla ayeneben. g. zdanoviCis partias (e. i. TviT“cnobis furcels”) unda enacvalos Savi qvis mrewvelobao. amas qadagebsgazeTi. marTalia gazeTi, magram uprogramo da “rigiani” (n. Jordania,1911, gv. 436).

am Temaze iseve, rogorc quTaisis saadgilmamulo bankTandakavSirebiT, “cnobis furclis” publikaciebis gacnobisas yovelimiukerZoebeli mkiTxveli naTlad dainaxavs, rom n. Jordania ferebsgangeb amuqebda da saqmes ise warmoadgenda, TiTqos g. zdanoviCis niWisada pirovnebis pativismcemlebs viwropartiuli interesebi amoZravebdaT.namdvilad ki qarTvel mamuliSvilebs gulwrfelad surdaT qalaqs,romelic ruseTis carizmis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis erT-erT ZiriTad sayrdens warmoadgenda,saTaveSi Cadgomoda im rangis qarTveli patrioti, moazrovne dasazogado moRvawe, rogoric giorgi zdanoviC-maiaSvili iyo. polemikuriwerilebidan aSkarad igrZnoba, rom n. Jordanias g. zdanoviCisadmigamomJRavnebuli swored es udidesi ndoba da pativiscemaaRizianebda.

giorgi zdanoviCisa da noe Jordanias polemika quTaisis saadgilmamulo...


p. vaWriZe, 1987 - p. vaWriZe, yvelas raime aqvs saxsovari, Jurn.“ganTiadi”, 1987, #4.

gaz. “kvali”, 1899, ¹ 10, #11, #12, #13.a. kikviZe, 1977 - a. kikviZe, saqarTvelos istoria 1801-1890 ww., Tb., 1977.r. niJaraZe, 1988 - r. niJaraZe, giorgi maiaSvilis (zdanoviCi)

socialur-politikuri SexedulebebisaTvis, Jurn. “ganTiadi”, 1988, #2.gaz. “novoe obozrenie”, 1988, #5221, #5229, #5249.n. Jordania, 1911 - n. Jordania, rCeuli nawerebi, tf., 1911.n. SveliZe, 1967 - n. SveliZe, saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis istoriidan, Tb., 19671.i. WavWavaZe, 1890 - i. WavWavaZe, quTaisis bankis saqme, tf., 1890.

KAKHABER KEBULADZE

POLEMICS BETWEEN GIORGI ZDANOVIC ANDNOE ZHORDANIA ON THE KUTAISI NOBILITY BANK

In the late half of the 19th century Georgia’s credit providing insitutions, -various kinds of banks, - played great roles in the social and economic life of thecountry. Tbilisi and Kutaisi Nobility (or Land) Banks, whose activities werenot confined to only economic spheres, enjoyed particular importance over theothers.

Kutaisi Nobility Bank (1876-1917) was the first European type lendinginstitution that had greatly promoted the economic and social and cultural life of thewest Georgia. Although the bank’s official name was “Kutaisi Nobility Bank” but, infact it was in charge of the money reserves of the entire west Georgia. Therepresentatives of the nobilities of Imereti, Racha – Lechkhumi, Svaneti, Guria andMegrelia took active parts in the management of the bank. The bank was essentiallydifferent from the analogous bank in the Russian empire. Kutaisi Nobility bank wasin the center of attention of the Georgian people as it was not only a financial strongholdbut also an inseparable part for the national liberation movement in the west Georgia.Kutaisi Nobility Bank financed the Nobility Gymnasium and some other school,Georgian Theatre, publication of Georgian books, and with this activities providedinvaluable service to the fight of the Georgian people for their independence.

The present paper discusses the polemics, related to the Kutaisi Nobility Bank,between Giorgi Zdanovic (1854-1917) a famous Georgian publicist, stateman, and arevolutionary - populist and Noe Zhordania (1868 – 19 53) an ideology leader ofthe “The Third Group” of the social democrats

k. qebulaZe

daviT SavianiZe

qarTuli gvarsaxelebiqarTuli gvarsaxelebiqarTuli gvarsaxelebiqarTuli gvarsaxelebiqarTuli gvarsaxelebi

(zemo aWaris ramdenime (zemo aWaris ramdenime (zemo aWaris ramdenime (zemo aWaris ramdenime (zemo aWaris ramdenime soflissoflissoflissoflissofliseTnografiuli masalis mixedviT)eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT)eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT)eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT)eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT)

sofel didaWarasa da xixanis xeobis soflebSi mcxovrebi gvarebis1

kvlevisas dgindeba, rom Turqebis mcdelobisa da Semdeg XIX saukunismeore naxevridan mefis ruseTis mier gatarebuli ̀ reformis"2 miuxedavadistoriulma gvarsaxelma funqcia srulad SeinarCuna.

gvaris eTnoistoriuli kvleva ramdenime kuTxiTaa saintereso;irkveva: a) aWaraSi qalis gvaris warmoebis saerToqarTveluri wesi; b)gaTxovili qalis mamis saxlTan mimarTebis sakiTxi.

gobaZegobaZegobaZegobaZegobaZe (< sakuTari saxelidan gobagobagobagobagoba) CelebaZeebisaCelebaZeebisaCelebaZeebisaCelebaZeebisaCelebaZeebisa (`dididedes dede _ Celeba Celeba Celeba Celeba Celeba vaWari, ganTqmuli da gavleniani kaci iyo") daximSiaSvilebisaTvisximSiaSvilebisaTvisximSiaSvilebisaTvisximSiaSvilebisaTvisximSiaSvilebisaTvis daurqmeviaT rusebs. nawili gobaZeebisa dResukve daewera sakuTari `jiSis" gvarze da ximSiaSviliaximSiaSviliaximSiaSviliaximSiaSviliaximSiaSvilia, sxvebic eZebenTavis Zirgvarebs. emruloRliemruloRliemruloRliemruloRliemruloRli33333/emrulaTiemrulaTiemrulaTiemrulaTiemrulaTi (emrulas Svilebs niSnavs),maTi ganayofi rejebustienTirejebustienTirejebustienTirejebustienTirejebustienTi, arabienTiarabienTiarabienTiarabienTiarabienTi (momdinareobs sakuTarisaxelidan arabaarabaarabaarabaaraba), qitiaSvili qitiaSvili qitiaSvili qitiaSvili qitiaSvili (ximSiaSvilis ganayofi)/qitioRliqitioRliqitioRliqitioRliqitioRlida haiTienTihaiTienTihaiTienTihaiTienTihaiTienTi - yvelani gobaZeebi arian. irkveva, rom qitiaqitiaqitiaqitiaqitia saqarTvelosdanarCeni Temebis msgavsad aWaraSic gavrcelebuli saxelia (al. Rlonti,1984, gv. 572; 1986, gv. 208).

CelebaZeCelebaZeCelebaZeCelebaZeCelebaZe _ _ _ _ _ gvari mkvidrobs qobuleTis raionSi (i. maisuraZe,1990, gv. 232). g. boWoriZis monacemebiT, adigenis raionis sofel kikibos11 komlidan 3 iakobaZea,iakobaZea,iakobaZea,iakobaZea,iakobaZea, 3 komli iremaZe,iremaZe,iremaZe,iremaZe,iremaZe, 5 komli ki gobaZe:gobaZe:gobaZe:gobaZe:gobaZe:`yvelani aWaridan arian gadmosulni da laparakoben qarTulad" (g.boWoriZe, 1992, gv. 137). gobaZeebi dasavleT saqarTveloSic, sofelsaqaras mkvidrobdnen (m. kezevaZe, 2004, gv. 62, 82, 106, 102).

melaZeebimelaZeebimelaZeebimelaZeebimelaZeebi didaWaraSi almedan (Turqobisdroindeli saxelia.komunistebis dros erqva oqtomberioqtomberioqtomberioqtomberioqtomberi. dRes vaSlovani vaSlovani vaSlovani vaSlovani vaSlovani hqvia) arianmosuli. ̀ qitienTqitienTqitienTqitienTqitienT (gobaZe) ojaxs mouyvania zedsiZed almeli axalgazrdada ori saukunis manZilze gamravlebula. melaZeebi arian keJeraanTi/keJeraanTi/keJeraanTi/keJeraanTi/keJeraanTi/keJeroRlikeJeroRlikeJeroRlikeJeroRlikeJeroRli (keJerakeJerakeJerakeJerakeJera magari xalxi yofilan)“. keJera sxvadasxvadialeqtSi ̀ metad magaris" mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba (al. Rlonti, 1984,gv. 281).

1 masalebi CaviwereT 2009 wels akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis studentTaeTnografiuli praqtikis dros xulos raionis sxvadasxva soflebSi.2 XIX saukunis II naxevridan rusebma sxvadasxva ubnebSi gansaxlebul sxvadasxvagvarebs erTi romeliRac niSniT gamorCeuli, maT mierve arCeuli qarTuli gvarimisces.


3 -aanTi, -ienTi, -aTi, -iani... sufiqsebis nacvlad arcTu iSviaTad gamoiyeneba Turquli-oRli.

yvelaze adrindeli cnoba, romelSic dasaxelebulia imereTissofel maTxojSi mcxovrebi melaZis melaZis melaZis melaZis melaZis gvari, TariRdeba 1448-1512 wlebiT(pal, 2004, gv. 141). gvari gavrcelebulia qarTlsa da samegreloSic.

xozrevaniZeebi xozrevaniZeebi xozrevaniZeebi xozrevaniZeebi xozrevaniZeebi (<xozrevanixozrevanixozrevanixozrevanixozrevani) `dapirispirebis gamogadmosaxlebulan qobuleTidan didaWaraSi. gvaris gamaerTianebeli saxeliaiordaneTiiordaneTiiordaneTiiordaneTiiordaneTi. xazrienTixazrienTixazrienTixazrienTixazrienTi, sawimaranTisawimaranTisawimaranTisawimaranTisawimaranTi, yarslienTiyarslienTiyarslienTiyarslienTiyarslienTi/yarslioRliyarslioRliyarslioRliyarslioRliyarslioRli(yarsidan mosulobis gamo), guloSvilebi guloSvilebi guloSvilebi guloSvilebi guloSvilebi yvelani xozrevaniZeebiarian“.

xozrevaniZeebi mkvidroben xulos raionis sofel xixaZirSi,istoriuli zemo qarTlis Tem samcxeSi. 5 komli fiqsirdeba samegreloSic,sofel Zvel xibulaSi (p. cxadaia, 2000, gv. 168; i. maisuraZe, 1990, gv.198).

bolqvaZebolqvaZebolqvaZebolqvaZebolqvaZe eponimuri gvaria. momdinareobs sakuTari saxelidanbolqva bolqva bolqva bolqva bolqva - bolqvis msgavsi adamiani (g. bedoSvili, 1991, gv. 9). ̀ daaxloebiT300 wlis win mosula Cil memedi TxilvanaSi xulodan. Cil memedTanerTad wamosula meorec da sacixurSi (sofeli xulos raionSi)dasaxlebula. yaeoRliyaeoRliyaeoRliyaeoRliyaeoRli (Cil memedis Svilis yaes Svilebi); buZgioRlibuZgioRlibuZgioRlibuZgioRlibuZgioRli(buZgis, dabali kacis Svili); qeqeCoRliqeqeCoRliqeqeCoRliqeqeCoRliqeqeCoRli (enamoTlefili winaprisSvili) _ yvelani bolqvaZeebi arian. faCoRlienTifaCoRlienTifaCoRlienTifaCoRlienTifaCoRlienTi, CvenebienTiCvenebienTiCvenebienTiCvenebienTiCvenebienTi,kvetaraanTikvetaraanTikvetaraanTikvetaraanTikvetaraanTi da yaraxmedanTiyaraxmedanTiyaraxmedanTiyaraxmedanTiyaraxmedanTi (Savi axmedas Svilebi) didaWaraSixuciaSvilebisxuciaSvilebisxuciaSvilebisxuciaSvilebisxuciaSvilebis ubnis mkvidri bolqvaZeebi arian. bolqvaZeebi yofilanyadioRlebicyadioRlebicyadioRlebicyadioRlebicyadioRlebic“..... Sdr.: `am eklesiis (saubaria xulos eklesiaze - d.S.)mRvdlebad Cveni gvaris kacebi iyvneno, bolqvaZeebi. rom gaTaTrebadauwyes, maSin Cveni Zvelebic gaaTaTres; gaTaTrebuls mRvdelsbolqvaZes yadoba misces da amitom gvewoda Cven yadioRli..."(z. WiWinaZe, gv. 66).

bolqvaZeTa gvaris eTnoistoriuli kvlevis safuZvelze dasturdebadidi, gauyofeli ojaxebis arsebobis tradicia: `Cven jiSs, modgmasjalaboRlijalaboRlijalaboRlijalaboRlijalaboRli hqvia. jalobajalobajalobajalobajaloba ojaxobas niSnavs. gauyofeli ojaxi hqondaTda amitom daurqmeviaT jalaboRli"; dasturdeba sisxlis Serevis kuTxuriniSniT gamorCeuli saerToqarTveluri wesi: `Tu memkvidre, gvarisgamgrZelebeli ar hyavda, maSin moiyvandnen gaTxovili Svilis Svils(badiSs). gayofisas Cveulebrivi wili miecemoda“.

bolqvaZeTa gvari dasturdeba XVII s. damdegidan. 1601-1627 wlebissabuTebSi moxseniebulia Cexedanas mcxovrebi, mamia gurielis mier CexedanastaZrisadmi Sewiruli giorgi, kakai, lomkaca, JoJona, WuWua bolqvaZeebi(pal, 1991, gv. 553-554). Sdr.: guruli bolqvaZeebis gadmocemiT: `CvendidaWarel winaprebs yaraxmedoRlebsyaraxmedoRlebsyaraxmedoRlebsyaraxmedoRlebsyaraxmedoRlebs eZaxian da bolqvaZeebsbolqvaZeebsbolqvaZeebsbolqvaZeebsbolqvaZeebsiwerebian". Zveli gvarebis Sesabamisad aRidgenen. samegrelosa da imereTisbolqvaZeebi, vfiqrobT, aWaridan arian migrirebulni. XIX saukunis 40-iani wlebis aRweris masalebis mixedviT, bolqvaZeebi imereli nefariSvilisSinamosamsaxureebi iyvnen; sabatono glexebi iyvnen sajavaxoSi, saxelmwifoglexebi yumurSi, RanirSi ki saTavado aznaurebi (m. kezevaZe, 2004, gv. 62,82, 106, 102); bolqvaZe mkvidrobda adigenis raionis sofel lelovanSi (g.boWoriZe, 1992, gv. 79).

d. SavianiZe

SavaZeSavaZeSavaZeSavaZeSavaZe didaWaris mkvidri gvaria. gvxvdeba xuloSi da xulosraionis soflebSi: didaWarasa da agaraSi (i. sixaruliZe, 1958, gv. 40,114, 119). mosulobaze gadmocema ara aqvT. “SavaZeebis gamaerTianebelisaxelia SuanTebiSuanTebiSuanTebiSuanTebiSuanTebi (soflis Sua adgilas mcxovreblobis gamo).SuanTebidan gavida TofalanTiTofalanTiTofalanTiTofalanTiTofalanTi (koWli aRas Svilebi). SavaZeebi arian:quCugaRaquCugaRaquCugaRaquCugaRaquCugaRa _ patara aRas Svilebi, zemuanTebizemuanTebizemuanTebizemuanTebizemuanTebi (TofalanTis zemoTmcxovrebni), beqiranTibeqiranTibeqiranTibeqiranTibeqiranTi (saxelidan momdinare jiSi, Sto), WoWioRlebiWoWioRlebiWoWioRlebiWoWioRlebiWoWioRlebi(WoWe _ sveli. sveli adgilis mkvidrebi), guduganTebiguduganTebiguduganTebiguduganTebiguduganTebi/gudugoRligudugoRligudugoRligudugoRligudugoRli(Turqulad ̀ ucxviros" niSnavs). SavaZeebis gvars atareben: pawaSuanTipawaSuanTipawaSuanTipawaSuanTipawaSuanTi,jovrienTijovrienTijovrienTijovrienTijovrienTi, fiTnaanTifiTnaanTifiTnaanTifiTnaanTifiTnaanTi, lakolienTilakolienTilakolienTilakolienTilakolienTi, islamaanTiislamaanTiislamaanTiislamaanTiislamaanTi, beqiraanTibeqiraanTibeqiraanTibeqiraanTibeqiraanTi,efendienTiefendienTiefendienTiefendienTiefendienTi. efendienTebi dRes ServaSiZisa ServaSiZisa ServaSiZisa ServaSiZisa ServaSiZisa da SaraSiZisSaraSiZisSaraSiZisSaraSiZisSaraSiZis gvarsacatareben".

SavaZeebis xulos raionSi mkvidrobis damadasturebeliaanTropotoponimi SavaZeebiSavaZeebiSavaZeebiSavaZeebiSavaZeebi.

gvari SavaZe SavaZe SavaZe SavaZe SavaZe moxseniebulia mowmed 1766 wlis 19 ivnisis nasyidobiswignSi giorgi wereTlisa zalika abduSeliSvilisadmi (dokumentebi,1959, gv. 109); SavaZeebi mkvidroben Telavis raionSi (i. maisuraZe, 1990,gv. 187). agreTve, cxovroben samegreloSi, sofel keTilarSi. imereTissofel korboulis mkvidri SavaZeebi sabatono glexebi iyvnen (m. kezevaZe,2004, gv: 48).

SavaZeebis gvaris eTnoistoriuli kvlevisas ramdenime sainteresosakiTxi ikveTeba: a) xaragaulis raionis sofel saqariqedis mkvidriSaviZeebis adrindeli sacxovrisi zemo aWara yofila: `socialuridapirispirebis niadagze xulodan gamoqceuli winapris sami vaJidasaxlebula imereTis sofelebSi: ilemSi, saqariqedsa da laSes". b)saistorio sabuTebSi pirvelad 1260 wels moxseniebuli abesaZeebisgvaris samkvidro xuloc yofila3: ̀ SaviZis winapari xulodan gamoqceulaabesaZesTan dapirispirebis safuZvelze, misi mokvlis gamo"; g) dasturdebaxeTa Tayvaniscemis, RvTaebis xis saxiT warmodgenis tradicia: `sofelsaqariqedSi aris gancalkevebiT mdgomi rcxilis xe. SaviZeebs amJamad amxesTan dabrZanebuli hyavT wminda giorgis xati, Tumca RvTismSoblobasaRniSnaven".

SevniSnavT imasac, rom saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi mkvidri,sakuTari saxelidan SavaSavaSavaSavaSava (al. Rlonti, 1986, gv. 217) nawarmoebi gvariSavaZeSavaZeSavaZeSavaZeSavaZe damoukideblad warmoqmnili SeiZleba iyos.

`xulos yvela sofelSi ityvian SavavriSavavriSavavriSavavriSavavri, boZavrulaboZavrulaboZavrulaboZavrulaboZavrulaÁÁÁÁÁ... dedaCemiiyo SavaZe da misi gvari ixsenieboda Savavrad. Savavriao ityodnen; Cemimezoblis qali sofel boZauridan (xulos raioni) aris gamoTxovili daeZaxian boZavrula".

solomoniZe solomoniZe solomoniZe solomoniZe solomoniZe eponimuri gvaria. `diakoniZeebidan4 gansaxlebulan:gudasaxoSi, oqruaSvilebSi, mexvaToRlebSi. Cveni Zveli winaparidiakoniZeebSi Camosula xerTvisidan Zmobis gayofis Semdeg. xerTvisSicsolomoniZeebi viyaviT. varT TofaloRlebiTofaloRlebiTofaloRlebiTofaloRlebiTofaloRlebi. aWaridan wasulan

3 Sdr.: qvemo maWaxelSi dadasturebulia geografiuli saxeli abeslamiZiebi(i. sixaruliZe, 1958, gv. 130).4 diakvani yofila aq da amitom daerqva diakoniZeebi.


solomoniZeebi xelvaCaurSi (miwebi uyidiaT)". mkvidroben samegreloSi(p. cxadaia, 2000, gv. 128). yvelaze adrindeli cnoba, romelSicmoxseniebulia imereTis mkvidri gvari solomoniZe, TariRdeba 1576wliT (pal, 1991, gv. 189)..... vfiqrobT, rom gvaris imereTSi mkvidrobismizezic migraciaa. igive SeiZleba vTqvaT solomoniZeTa gvaris raWismkvidrobaze.

gvarsaxeli gvxvdeba sofel murRulSic. zemo quraSi Cawerilimasala: `_ Sen ra guari gaqua?

_ TofaloRlebi mamisiani yofilan" (S. futkaraZe, 1993, gv. 297).solomoniZeTa gvaris eTnoistoriuli kvlevisas vgebulobT beSumis5,

ramdenime gvaris mier `samkvidro mamulebad" dayofisa da aWarelTasacxovrisis tipis Sesaxeb: `erTi begidan nayidi aqvs Svid kacs xulosraionidan: solomiZessolomiZessolomiZessolomiZessolomiZes , ananiZesananiZesananiZesananiZesananiZes , SavaZesSavaZesSavaZesSavaZesSavaZes , TavarTqilaZesTavarTqilaZesTavarTqilaZesTavarTqilaZesTavarTqilaZes ,bolqvaZesbolqvaZesbolqvaZesbolqvaZesbolqvaZes, abaSiZesabaSiZesabaSiZesabaSiZesabaSiZes; rom `sazafxulod aq amosuli Zveli cxovrobdaWerebian (mrgval xes `Weri" qvia) saxlSi".

eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT, `iakobiZe iakobiZe iakobiZe iakobiZe iakobiZe adgilobrivi gvaria.mkvidroben xulos sofel urtaSi. iakobiZeTa oRlebia: RadaroRliRadaroRliRadaroRliRadaroRliRadaroRli;mola ibramoRlimola ibramoRlimola ibramoRlimola ibramoRlimola ibramoRli (mola hyvanden); koberoRlikoberoRlikoberoRlikoberoRlikoberoRli ; iustaiustaiustaiustaiustamemiRlimemiRlimemiRlimemiRlimemiRli".

iakobiZeebis Sesaxeb yvelaze adrindeli cnoba TariRdeba 1433wliT. istoriuli argveTis saTavadoTa Soris yvelaze didi da ZlieriabaSiZeTa saTavados ymaTa siaSi gvxvdeba (pal, 1993, gv. 394; o. soselia,1973, gv. 158; dokumentebi, 1959, gv. 102, 104). eponimuri warmoSobisgvar iakobiZis imereTSi mravlad mkvidroba saqarTvelos or sxvadasxvaTemSi sxvadasxva dros gvarsaxelis damoukideblad warmoqmnis magaliTiunda iyos. iakobiZeTa aWaridan migraciis Sesaxeb g. boWoriZec aRniSnavda.adigenis raionis sofel kikibos mkvidri iakobaZeebi aWaridangadasaxlebulebi arian (g. boWoriZe, 1992, gv. 137).

gadmocemiT, ̀ surmaniZeTasurmaniZeTasurmaniZeTasurmaniZeTasurmaniZeTa didi dedis dede amosula baRdaTidan.surmaniZeebs erTi oRli aqvT _ sunan oRli sunan oRli sunan oRli sunan oRli sunan oRli. surmaniZeebis ZiriTadisacxovrisia xolos raionis sofeli iakobiZeebi".

gvari surmaniZe gansaxlebulia qedis raionis sofel saRoreTSi(al. Rlonti, 1986, gv. 151). nawarmoebia sakuTari saxelidan surmanisurmanisurmanisurmanisurmani< suleiman/sulman/surman/surma (p. cxadaia, 2000, gv. 129).

sofel TxilvanaSi gundaZeebis gundaZeebis gundaZeebis gundaZeebis gundaZeebis 30 komlia. qedisa da SuaxevisraionebSi arsebuli sofel gundauris amosavali aris eponimi gundarigundarigundarigundarigundari(< gunda-ur-i). gundauris mkvidrobis damadasturebelia ̀ tbeTis sulTamatianeSi" moxseniebuli ormagsufiqsiani gvarebi - gundareTi da gundariZe(matiane, 1977, 123, 331, 405). gundaZeTa gvaris kvlevisas dasturdeba,rom gamahmadianebis miuxedavad aWaris qarTvelobaSi gvari naTesavebsSoris qorwinebis wesis akrZalvis umTavres garantad rCeboda: ̀ Suaxevis

5 legenda mogviTxrobs: `dRevandel beSumSi, sadac dRes iailebi gvaqvs, mosularusi, profesiiT eqimi. balaxebidan wamlebs amzadebda Turme. yofila aqurobaZalian mSvidi. uCxubia da daurqmeviaT `bez Sumi".6 aslan dedes adgili - memiSoRlebis toponimia.

d. SavianiZe

sofel gundauridan gayofis Semdeg mosula TxilvanaSi6 ori Zma mamo mamo mamo mamo mamoda memo memo memo memo memo (>memiSoRlebimemiSoRlebimemiSoRlebimemiSoRlebimemiSoRlebi). mamo mamulaZedmamulaZedmamulaZedmamulaZedmamulaZed/mamuloRli (-ul-a aqkninobiT-moferebiTi saxelis warmomqmneli sufiqsia) dawerila. sxvadasxvagvaris miuxedavad erTmaneTTan vnaTesaobT, sabiZaSvilobas arc SuaxevSiar vkargavT. gundaZe myavs qmaric, magram daSorebuli varT xuT TaobazebevriT metiT".

àbaSiZeebi,abaSiZeebi,abaSiZeebi,abaSiZeebi,abaSiZeebi, gadmocemiT, alibaboSvilebi yofilan: "cxovrobdaxulos raionis sofel oqruaSvilebSi (manam iyo duaZeebi)7. TurqobaSicalibaboSvilebi viyaviT. sisxli ar Segvicvlia, sarwmunoebaSevicvaleT".

uxucesTa gadmocemiT, tarielaZeebistarielaZeebistarielaZeebistarielaZeebistarielaZeebis winapari Wvanidanaasacxovreblad gadmosuli didaWaraSi. ̀ rusebs rom aRuwerian, gvarebicmaTi survilisamebr miuniWebian. roca sofeli TurqeTis xelSi aRmoCnda,miiRo halvajoRlihalvajoRlihalvajoRlihalvajoRlihalvajoRli. Semdeg tarielaZe telanTiTtelanTiTtelanTiTtelanTiTtelanTiT SevicvaleT. dResacyvela telanTis telanTis telanTis telanTis telanTis ityvis. ufro gvian wulukiZiT Segvicvalen da dRemdeam gvariT vagrZelebT cxovrebas. `XIX saukunis dasawyisamde am gvarstragikuli seni gadautania. erTaderTi vaJi jalabienTsjalabienTsjalabienTsjalabienTsjalabienTs (bolqvaZe)gauzrdian da Camqrali keria ase gaRvivebula". CafanienTiCafanienTiCafanienTiCafanienTiCafanienTi (CafaCafaCafaCafaCafa adamianissakuTari saxelia (al. Rlonti, 1986, gv. 223) da yinalienTicyinalienTicyinalienTicyinalienTicyinalienTic (wiTuriferis gamo) wulukiZea.

eTnografiuli masala: ìmereTis wulukiZnebi aWarlebi arian";`romanaZeTa gvaris Zveli roman wulukiZe ukmayofilebis gamo wamosulaxonidan. pirvelad dasaxlebulan xinoSi, Semdeg gadmosula aWyvisTavSi.aqedan gansaxldnen danarCen aWaraSi".

TxilvanaSi cxovrobdnen: Suaxevidan gadmosuli daviTaZeebidaviTaZeebidaviTaZeebidaviTaZeebidaviTaZeebi (2ojaxi)8, abulaZeebiabulaZeebiabulaZeebiabulaZeebiabulaZeebi (almedan)9, lomsianiZelomsianiZelomsianiZelomsianiZelomsianiZe (skvanidan), jaianijaianijaianijaianijaiani (2ojaxi skvanidan).

mecnierebi eponim lomsianTanlomsianTanlomsianTanlomsianTanlomsianTan akavSireben mTiani aWaris oikonimslomsianiZeebilomsianiZeebilomsianiZeebilomsianiZeebilomsianiZeebi da likanisa da dRvaSiris xevis sofel lomsiaTubanslomsiaTubanslomsiaTubanslomsiaTubanslomsiaTubans.lomsianiZeebi (<lomsianilomsianilomsianilomsianilomsiani) baRdaTSi migrirebuli arian zemo qarTlidan(mesxeTi, 2000, gv. 48; r. TofCiSvili 1997, gv. 26; d. SavianiZe,2007).

jaianebisjaianebisjaianebisjaianebisjaianebis Tavdapirveli samkvidro samegreloa. jaianTa saTavadoXV saukunis damlevs unda Camoyalibebuliyo. XVII saukuneSi vinmeSaqar jaianis xuTi Svilidan erTi Zmis Svili àxuTidan wavida damiendo foTis faSas. Semdeg gadavidnen lazeTSi, romlis STamomavalniaxlac cxovroben gonioSi, atareben jaianis gvars, iwodebian aRebad"(o. soselia, 1973, 284, 296).

7 oqruaSvilebSi cxovroben agreTve: SavaZeebi, koCaliZeebi, cecxlaZeebi,abulaZeebi.8 migrirebulia samegreloSi; sof. lesiWineSi mosaxleobs 6 komli.9 imereTs, baRdaTs mravlad mkvidri abulaZeebi zemo qarTlidan arian migrirebulni(msjelobisaTvis ix. d. SavianiZe, 2007).



g. bedoSvili, 1991 - g. bedoSvili, anTroponimuli dakvirvebani,etimologiuri Ziebani, III, Tb., 1991.

g. boWoriZe, 1992 - g. boWoriZe, mogzauroba samcxe-javaxeTSi, Tb.,1992.

r. TofCiSvili, 1997 - r. TofCiSvili, rodis warmoiqmna qarTuligvarsaxelebi, Tb., 1997.

dokumentebi, 1959 - istoriuli dokumentebi imereTis samefosada guria-odiSis samTavroebisa (1466-1770 ww.), wigni I, Tb., 1959.

m. kezevaZe, 2004 - m. kezevaZe, qarTuli gvarsaxelebi imereTSi,quTaisi, 2004.

pal - pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni, Tb., t. I - 1991; t. II - 1993;t. IV - 2007.

i. maisuraZe, 1990 - i. maisuraZe, qarTuli gvarsaxelebi, Tb., 1990.o. soselia, 1973 - o. soselia, narkvevebi feodaluri xanis dasavleT

saqarTvelos socialur-politikuri istoriidan, Tb., 1973.i. sixaruliZe, 1958 - i. sixaruliZe, samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos

toponimika, wigni I, Tb., 1958.siZveleni, 1909 - saqarTvelos siZveleni, t. II, eqvTime TayaiSvilis

redaqciiT, 1909.matiane, 1977 - tbeTis sulTa matiane, teqsti gamosacemad moamzada,

gamokvleva da saZieblebi daurTo Tina enuqiZem, Tb., 1977.S. futkaraZe, 1993 - S. futkaraZe, Cveneburebis qarTuli, baTumi, 1993.qarTlis cxovreba, 1959 - qarTlis cxovreba, Tb., t. II - 1959; t.

IV - 1963.qsZ - qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, III, Tb., 1970.al. Rlonti, 1984 - al. Rlonti, qarTul kilo-TqmaTa sityvis

kona, Tb., 1984.al. Rlonti, 1986 - al. Rlonti, qarTveluri sakuTari saxelebi,

Tb., 1986.d. SavianiZe, 2007 - d. SavianiZe, qarTuli gvarsaxelebi (baRdaTis

eTnografiuli monacemebis mixedviT), quTaisi, 2007.p. cxadaia, 2000 - p. cxadaia, gvarebi da gvarTa dasaxlebani

saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2000.z. WiWinaZe, qarTvelTa gamuslimeba.

d. SavianiZe

DAVID SHAVIANIDZE

GEORGIAN FAMILY-NAMES(On the example of ethnographic materials of some

upper-Acharan villages)

Earlier or more modern political histories have left their traces on the formationof family-names but the mentality of the people with relation to the function offamily-names has remained unchanged.

The study of family names of some upper-Acharan villages attests the casesof formation of family names independently. Acharan Georgians would move todifferent regions of Georgia to maintain their Christian faith. There are also facts oftheir relocation within the Achara region.

To denote the ancestral family-names they used “ganarigi/gamrigo’ and ‘jishi’,based on the name of the ancestor.

They also followed common Georgian tradition of forming woman familynames.

Those Georgians of Didachara who had been converted to Moslem faith avoidedmixing with Turkish communities and continued to make their journeys to holyChristian places for praying and worshiping.

There are also evidences of traditions of living in large extended families. Thetype of abode was called “cherebiani” (cheri means log).

The material is also interesting for the study of Acharan dialect.


revaz Serozia

qarTveluri etimologiuriqarTveluri etimologiuriqarTveluri etimologiuriqarTveluri etimologiuriqarTveluri etimologiurimasalisaTvis. IIImasalisaTvis. IIImasalisaTvis. IIImasalisaTvis. IIImasalisaTvis. III

qarTveluri leqsikuri fondi, rogorc cnobilia, saerToasaliteraturo da mravalferovani sametyvelo variantebisaTvis.gamonakliss nasesxobebic ar warmoadgens (lazuris dRevandeli viTarebisgamoklebiT...). Zir-fuZeebSi fonetikuri cvlilebebiT gamowveuli sxvaobebiuklebliv yvela qarTvelur metyvelebas axasiaTebs met-naklebad. dasadgenimxolod is SeiZleba iyos, Tu romel maTganSia mocemuli amosavaliforma [magaliTisTvis: foTelfoTelfoTelfoTelfoTel (sulxan-saba) Tu foTolfoTolfoTolfoTolfoTol?...]. enis sistemisada struqturis kanonebma (moTxovnebma) unda agvixsnas es da ara mxolodsaliteraturo variantis fiqsirebulobam, _ rakiRa Zvel qarTvelurteqstebSi leqsemis es forma dasturdeba, amosavalic is aris... msgavsidamokidebuleba saetimologio masalisadmi igrZnoba araerT avtorTan.

1. cnobilia Sefardeba TiÃÃÃÃÃa : dixa..... h. fenrixisa da z. sarjvelaZismier arqetipad aRdgenilia dididididiÃÃÃÃÃ- (“saerTozanur” arqetipad -*dididididiÃÃÃÃÃaaaaa), xolog. klimovi Tavisi “qarTul-zanuri erTianobis xanis TeoriiT aRadgens*TiTiTiTiTiÃÃÃÃÃaaaaa arqetips. TavisTavad daismis kiTxva: Tu aseTi “xana” arsebobda dagabatonebuli forma TiTiTiTiTiÃÃÃÃÃaaaaa iyo, rogorRa miviReT Tanamedrove megrul-lazur metyvelebaSi dixadixadixadixadixa?! sistemisa da struqturis gaTvaliswinebiTSeuZlebelia zanurSi disimilaciuri gamJRereba vigulisxmoT. savaraudoa,rom saliteraturo variantSi d>T procesi ÃÃÃÃÃ-s gamo moxda, xolo zanurSiÃÃÃÃÃ-s neitralizeba (xxxxx-Si Serwyma) gacilebiT adre ganxorcielda. amitomacd-m aq SeinarCuna pozicia (saliteraturoSi ÃÃÃÃÃ>x>x>x>x>x gadasvla cnobilia). amrigad,TiTiTiTiTiÃÃÃÃÃa:dixaa:dixaa:dixaa:dixaa:dixa SefardebaSi amosavali viTareba (nawilobriv mainc) megrul-lazurmetyvelebebs aqvs daculi (amitom samarTliania *dididididiÃÃÃÃÃa a a a a arqetipis aRdgena).

SeniSvna: svanuri metyvelebidan moxmobili na-dina-dina-dina-dina-diÃÃÃÃÃ forma(m. Cuxua, 2003), romelic samegrelo-svaneTis toponimiaSicdasturdeba, zanuris im viTarebas asaxavs, roca ÃÃÃÃÃ>x>x>x>x>x procesijer kidev ar iyo realizebuli...

2. specialuri literaturidan cnobilia, bork-il fuZe, uZvelesqarTvelur teqstebSi dadasturebuli, zanuria gaxmovanebiT (“megrulidanan lazuridan aris nasesxebi”). es daskvna gakeTebulia “qarTuli” bark-bark-bark-bark-bark-alalalalal, “megruli” borkborkborkborkbork da “svanuri” barkabarkabarkabarkabarka fuZeTa SepirispirebiT(safiqrebelia, rom megrul metyvelebaSi dadasturebuli barkaliabarkaliabarkaliabarkaliabarkalia(gvari), gi-bark-al-ugi-bark-al-ugi-bark-al-ugi-bark-al-ugi-bark-al-u (daborZikobs), gi-fark-al-u gi-fark-al-u gi-fark-al-u gi-fark-al-u gi-fark-al-u (fexze Zlivs dgas,daqanaobs) formebic bark-al bark-al bark-al bark-al bark-al (//fark-alfark-alfark-alfark-alfark-al) fuZisgan iyos nawarmoebi dais “ukunasesxobad” ver kvalificirdeba).

3. etimologiuri Ziebebis dros zogjer saeWvo (Tu ararsebuliara...) masalasac aris moxmobili: da-lag-eb-a formis laglaglaglaglag Ziri erTSemTxvevaSi Sepirispirebulia megrul log-u-a log-u-a log-u-a log-u-a log-u-a “gamofena gaSla”leqsemasTan (h. fenrixi, z. sarjvelaZe, 2000, gv. 301), Tumca msgavsisityva mocemuli mniSvnelobiT megrul metyvelebaSi ar dasturdeba.meore SemTxevvaSi ({da}-lag-eb-a{da}-lag-eb-a{da}-lag-eb-a{da}-lag-eb-a{da}-lag-eb-a dakavSirebulia svanuri metyvelebislag//lg lag//lg lag//lg lag//lg lag//lg ZirTan, romelic “dafasebas, fasis dadebas” aRniSnavs. aqedan


qarTveluri etimologiuri masalisaTvis. III

gamomdinare, avtori aRniSnul masalas ukavSirebs b-log-in-an-q b-log-in-an-q b-log-in-an-q b-log-in-an-q b-log-in-an-q (“vafaseb”),log-in-u-a log-in-u-a log-in-u-a log-in-u-a log-in-u-a (“dafaseba”)... formebs erTob saeWvo mniSvnelobiT da askvnis:“fuZeTa erTianobas zanursa da svanurSi mxars uWers sityvis semantikac,rac erTaderTi fas/dafasebis SinaarsiT vlindeba; qarTulSi msgavsi gagebaar aris cnobili. cxadia, dafaseba qarTvelur enebSi dadgmis/dadebis(dalagebis) semis Semdgom evolucias warmoadgens” (m. Cuxua, 2003, gv. 138).

gaugebaria, a:o bgeraTSesatyvisobis dasamtkiceblad msgavsimanipulaciebi ratom aris saWiro?! Zneli dasanaxi ar unda iyos, romsaliteraturo laglaglaglaglag (da-lag-eb-a) upirispirdeba megruli metyvelebislogloglogloglog-in fuZes, romelic semantikuradac axlos dgas laglaglaglaglag ZirTan. amasTan,aSkaraa, rom log-in-ilog-in-ilog-in-ilog-in-ilog-in-i da bork-il-ibork-il-ibork-il-ibork-il-ibork-il-i formebi erTgvarovaniasaliteraturo leqsikur fondTan mimarTebiT...

4. ser erT-erTi im ZirTagania, romelic megrul-lazurmametyvelebam dRemde SeinarCuna amosavali formiTa da semantikiT, _misgan sxvadasxva saxeluri da zmnuri fuZeebi iwarmoeba: o-ser-(i)S-eo-ser-(i)S-eo-ser-(i)S-eo-ser-(i)S-eo-ser-(i)S-e(vaxSami), g-i-ser-u-an-s g-i-ser-u-an-s g-i-ser-u-an-s g-i-ser-u-an-s g-i-ser-u-an-s (daiRamebs; Rames gaaTevs), qewa-ser-uqewa-ser-uqewa-ser-uqewa-ser-uqewa-ser-u (TvalTdaubneldeba; gonebas dakargavs), dRaSdoseriTdRaSdoseriTdRaSdoseriTdRaSdoseriTdRaSdoseriT (dRedaRam), ser-ser-ser-ser-ser-ser-ser-ser-ser-ser-iTiTiTiTiT (RamRamobiT)... saliteraturo fondSi ki igi araproduqtiuligaxda. “qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi” ser-iser-iser-iser-iser-i kvalificirebuliarogorc “Zveli”. miuxedavad imisa, rom zanurSi am Zirisgan nawarmoebformaTa aseTi simravle dasturdeba, serserserserser miCneulia “qarTulis”kuTvnilebad, xolo mis kanonzomier Sesatyvisad warmodgenilia zanurio-sar-e o-sar-e o-sar-e o-sar-e o-sar-e (perangi), _ damowmebulia e:ae:ae:ae:ae:a bgeraTSesatyvisobisaTvis (Sdr.:i. yifSiZe, 1994, gv. XXI). aseT SemTxevvaSi unda axsniliyo, Tu ratomgvaqvs zanurSi serserserserser Zirisgan nawarmoebi fuZeebis simravle da aaaaagaxmovanebiT ki _ mxolod erTi leqsema! m. Cuxuam eWvi Seitana ser:sarSepirispirebaSi, magram ara imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom orive (ser,ser,ser,ser,ser,sarsarsarsarsar) dasturdeba megrul-lazur metyvelabaSi. man o-sar-eo-sar-eo-sar-eo-sar-eo-sar-e Seupirispira“qarTul” (gurul) asalaasalaasalaasalaasala (qeCa, kexis qveS dasafeni) da “svanur” uosaruosaruosaruosaruosar(Coxa) fuZeebs da zanurisTvis aRadgina *osoraosoraosoraosoraosora arqetipi (!). avtorismsjelobidan Cans, rom asala:osareasala:osareasala:osareasala:osareasala:osare Sepirispirebisas misTvis mniSvnelovaniiyo osareosareosareosareosare (aseve, zewari) leqsemis meoreuli, gadataniTi mniSvneloba(“urmis nawili”)... rac Seexeba svanuri metyvelebis uosaruosaruosaruosaruosar (Coxa)formas, aSkaraa misi identuroba osareosareosareosareosare-sTan, romlis Ziri da semantikaver daSordeba ser-iser-iser-iser-iser-i sityvas.

SeniSvna: a:oa:oa:oa:oa:o SesatyvisobisaTvis Sepirispirebulia “qarTuli”far-av-sfar-av-sfar-av-sfar-av-sfar-av-s, `megruli" for-u-afor-u-afor-u-afor-u-afor-u-a (dafarva), `svanuri" li-l-far-ili-l-far-ili-l-far-ili-l-far-ili-l-far-i(dafarva), li-fr-en-i li-fr-en-i li-fr-en-i li-fr-en-i li-fr-en-i (dafareba)... megrul metyvelebaSidasturdeba aaaaa-xmovniani formac: o-far-eo-far-eo-far-eo-far-eo-far-e (zurgi) “mosaferebeli”)- ofare qurTinu (zurgi Seaqcia). savaraudoa, rom ser>sarser>sarser>sarser>sarser>sar dafor>farfor>farfor>farfor>farfor>far cvlilebebs zanurSi semantikuri mizezi udevs safuZvlad.

5. baZgar-i (ekliani mcenare) Setanilia sulxan-sabas leqsikonSi.dadasturebulia igi imerul, leCxumur, gurul, aWarul metyvelebebSic(baZg-i, baZgar-i.baZg-i, baZgar-i.baZg-i, baZgar-i.baZg-i, baZgar-i.baZg-i, baZgar-i...). megrulSi Sesatyvisad dasaxelebulia buZg-a buZg-a buZg-a buZg-a buZg-a (eklebiwablis qerqze), romelic miRebulia aRdgenili *burZg<borZg*burZg<borZg*burZg<borZg*burZg<borZg*burZg<borZgformebisagan (h. fenrixi, z. sarjvelaZe, 2007, gv. 97). imave leqsikonSi,sxvagan, es aRdgenili Ziri (burZg(burZg(burZg(burZg(burZg) ukve arqetipad aris warmodgenili“qarTul-zanuri erTianobis xanisaTvis” (gv. 126), _ saubaria “a-a-a-a-a-

r. Serozia

burZg-n-aburZg-n-aburZg-n-aburZg-n-aburZg-n-a (Tmisa); megr. buZg-u-a buZg-u-a buZg-u-a buZg-u-a buZg-u-a (!) (gaburZgna Tmisa), laz. o-buZg-u/o-buZg-u/o-buZg-u/o-buZg-u/o-buZg-u/o-buZg-in-uo-buZg-in-uo-buZg-in-uo-buZg-in-uo-buZg-in-u (gaburZgna Tmisa)” Sepirispirebaze (gv. 125). naSromSidamowmebuli biZg-u-a/buZg-u-a biZg-u-a/buZg-u-a biZg-u-a/buZg-u-a biZg-u-a/buZg-u-a biZg-u-a/buZg-u-a saeWvo formebis garda megrulmetyvelebaSi gamoyenebulia aaaaa da uuuuu xmovniani sxva fuZeebic: baZgar-am-baZgar-am-baZgar-am-baZgar-am-baZgar-am-iiiii (ekliani mcenaris yvavilebiT mosvrili); bawkar-iabawkar-iabawkar-iabawkar-iabawkar-ia (baZgar-ia-sgamkveTrebuli varianti); buZg-ur-ibuZg-ur-ibuZg-ur-ibuZg-ur-ibuZg-ur-i (bususi; burZgli); go-burZg-on-go-burZg-on-go-burZg-on-go-burZg-on-go-burZg-on-il-iil-iil-iil-iil-i,,,,, gobiZgvinafili gobiZgvinafili gobiZgvinafili gobiZgvinafili gobiZgvinafili (gaburZgnuli); sqan nabuZgulu (fexi, “naburZgli”)vabZira Taq (Seni fexi ar vnaxo aq). SesaZlebelia, amave rigSi dasaxeldesburZgla burZgla burZgla burZgla burZgla (gvari) da RubaZgar-iRubaZgar-iRubaZgar-iRubaZgar-iRubaZgar-i (Zunwi, wuwuraqi), Tu vivaraudebTprocess *Rva-baZgari>*RobaZgari>RubaZgari *Rva-baZgari>*RobaZgari>RubaZgari *Rva-baZgari>*RobaZgari>RubaZgari *Rva-baZgari>*RobaZgari>RubaZgari *Rva-baZgari>*RobaZgari>RubaZgari “pirekliani” (?).warmodgenil masalas Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, gaWirdeboda baZg, buZg,baZg, buZg,baZg, buZg,baZg, buZg,baZg, buZg,burZg, biZgburZg, biZgburZg, biZgburZg, biZgburZg, biZg Zirebis ereTmaneTisgan dacileba rogorc struqturis, isesemantikis TvalsazrisiT. amasTan, yuradRebis gareSe ver darCeba isfaqti, rom mTeli es Zir-fuZeebi fiqsirdeba dasavlur qarTvelurarealSi, sadac zanuri metyvelebis maxasiaTebeli kvali saZebari ar aris.arn. Ciqobava roca lazur (Wanur) u-buZg-u-nu-buZg-u-nu-buZg-u-nu-buZg-u-nu-buZg-u-n (dabuJeba), megrulbuZg-abuZg-abuZg-abuZg-abuZg-a (eklebi wablis nayofze) da qarTul buZg-ibuZg-ibuZg-ibuZg-ibuZg-i (“patara zRarbi” _sulxan-saba) fuZeebs erTmaneTs udarebda, iqve aRniSnavda, rom “erTisSexedviT, araferia saerTo fexis “dabuJebas” da zRarbs anda wablisnayofis eklebs Soris, magram es ori ukanaskneli rom erTmaneTsdaukavSirdes, savsebiT bunebrivi iqneboda; dabuJeba iseT gancdas iwvevs;TiTqos “buZgebi” esobodes dabuJebul nawilSi” (arn. Ciqobava, 1938, gv.356). am savsebiT marTebul msjelobaSi mecniers buZg-ur-ibuZg-ur-ibuZg-ur-ibuZg-ur-ibuZg-ur-i (burZgl-i),burZg-ur-iaburZg-ur-iaburZg-ur-iaburZg-ur-iaburZg-ur-ia formebi ar Semoutania (isedac naTeli iyo azri?). Tumcadaismis sakiTxi ga-m-burZgl-aga-m-burZgl-aga-m-burZgl-aga-m-burZgl-aga-m-burZgl-a zmnis zanur baZg, buZg, burZgbaZg, buZg, burZgbaZg, buZg, burZgbaZg, buZg, burZgbaZg, buZg, burZg ZirebTanmimarTebisa. savaraudoa, rom burZgl burZgl burZgl burZgl burZgl (<burZg-alburZg-alburZg-alburZg-alburZg-al. Sdr. kurcx-kurcx-kurcx-kurcx-kurcx-al>kurcxl-ial>kurcxl-ial>kurcxl-ial>kurcxl-ial>kurcxl-i...) guruli metyvelebis meSveobiT damkvidrda qarTvelurleqsikur fondSi.

SeniSvna: araiSviaTad, etimologiur naSromebSi zanurimetyvelebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli formebi romelime dasavlurimetyvelebis (guruli, imeruli...) kuTvnilebad aris miCneuli (ix.zeviT). msgavsi viTarebaa “qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSic”.sasurvelia da saWiroc, axal gamocemaSi aseTi xarvezebi gaswordes.

6. werilobiTi wyaroebis monacemebi da Tanamedrove qarTvelurimetyvelebebi gviCvenebs Z:j dapirispirebas: Z-el-i:j-alZ-el-i:j-alZ-el-i:j-alZ-el-i:j-alZ-el-i:j-al (arn. Ciqobava,1938, gv. 120); Zir-i:jinj-iZir-i:jinj-iZir-i:jinj-iZir-i:jinj-iZir-i:jinj-i (h. fenrixi, z. sarjvelaZe, 2000, gv. 628). amukanasknel dakavSirebaSi Semotanilia agreTve sa-Zir-k-u-el-i sa-Zir-k-u-el-i sa-Zir-k-u-el-i sa-Zir-k-u-el-i sa-Zir-k-u-el-i : jir-k-jir-k-jir-k-jir-k-jir-k-i/jik/ii/jik/ii/jik/ii/jik/ii/jik/i, lazuri jir-ek-ijir-ek-ijir-ek-ijir-ek-ijir-ek-i formebi (fuZeTa segmentacia z. sarjvelaZesekuTvnis). aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom saZirkvelsaZirkvelsaZirkvelsaZirkvelsaZirkvel da jirkjirkjirkjirkjirk fuZebTan jinjjinjjinjjinjjinj-is gaTanabreba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iqneboda SesaZlebeli, Tu Z-el Z-el Z-el Z-el Z-el, Z-Z-Z-Z-Z-iririririr, j-alj-alj-alj-alj-al, j-injj-injj-injj-injj-inj (aseve: Z-ir-kuZ-ir-kuZ-ir-kuZ-ir-kuZ-ir-ku, j-ikj-ikj-ikj-ikj-ik, j-ir-kj-ir-kj-ir-kj-ir-kj-ir-k) formebSi Zireul masaladZZZZZ da jjjjj-s gamovyofdiT.

“qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi” jjjjj Ziridan nawarmoebi fuZeebisakmaod xSiria: jargvali, jikavi, jikaobs, jirki, jirkvi, jirkvajargvali, jikavi, jikaobs, jirki, jirkvi, jirkvajargvali, jikavi, jikaobs, jirki, jirkvi, jirkvajargvali, jikavi, jikaobs, jirki, jirkvi, jirkvajargvali, jikavi, jikaobs, jirki, jirkvi, jirkva(dabali, Caskvnili adamiani), jirkvali, jirkutana; jinkolajirkvali, jirkutana; jinkolajirkvali, jirkutana; jinkolajirkvali, jirkutana; jinkolajirkvali, jirkutana; jinkola (<jinj+kolo“Zirmwara”, mcenare), ojinjali ojinjali ojinjali ojinjali ojinjali (“Suacecxlis Tavze gadebuli Zeli,romelzedac hkidia jaWvi (ician guriaSi, imereTSi” (?), _ yvela formamegrul-lazuri metyvelebis “wilia” saerToqarTvelur leqsikur fondSi

qarTveluri etimologiuri masalisaTvis. III

da ara “qarTvelur enebad” dasayofi masala, bgeraTSesatyvisobissamtkiceblad gamosayenebel-gamosadegi.

Z:j Z:j Z:j Z:j Z:j bgeraTfardoba (aseve, zogierTi sxvac) qarTvelur metyvelebebsSoris dasturdeba (Tumca “regularuli” ar Cans...), magram erTimetyvelebis farglebSi arsebuli formaTvariantebis an am metyvelebidansaerTo leqsikur fondSi damkvidrebuli leqsemebis gamoyenebabgeraTSesatyvisobis dasamowmeblad marTebuli ver iqneba.

SeniSvna: savarudoa, rom i. yifSiZe jirk-ijirk-ijirk-ijirk-ijirk-i sityvis ganmartebisassulxan-sabas eyrdnoboda. SemdgomSi am leqsemis “qarTuloba”ukritikod iqna gaziarebuli. Tumca cnobilia Zveli mwerlobisZirkuZirkuZirkuZirkuZirku forma (i. abulaZe, 1973).


i. abulaZe, 1973 - i. abulaZe, Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni, Tb., 1973.a. mayaSvili, 1963 - a. mayaSvili, botanikuri leqsikoni, Tb., 1963.s.-s.orbeliani, 1966 - sulxan-saba orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli, 1966.h. fenrixi, z. sarjvelaZe, 2000 - h. fenrixi, z. sarjvelaZe, qarTvelur

enaTa etimologiuri leqsikoni, Tb., 2000.i. yifSiZe, 1994 - i. yifSiZe, rCeuli Txzulebani, Tb., 1994.r. Serozia, 2002 - r. Serozia, CvenebiTi sistemisa da orientaciis

kategoriis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxisaTvis Zvel saliteraturo enasada megrul-lazurSi, saenaTmecniero Ziebani, XIII, 2002.

arn. Ciqobava, 1938 - arn. Ciqobava, Wanur-megrul-qarTuli SedarebiTileqsikoni, Tb., 1938.

m. Cuxua, 2003 - m. Cuxua, qarTvelur ena-kiloTa SedarebiTi leqsikoni,Tb., 2000-2003.

a. WinWarauli, 2005 - a. WinWarauli, xevsuruli leqsikoni, Tb., 2005.

REVAZ SHEROZIA

ON THE KARTVELIAN ETYMOLOGY MATERIAL. III

Kartvelian word stock is common to the literary language and to the variety ofthe Georgian speeches. Even the borrowings (except from the today’s condition of theLaz dialect) do not make exceptions to the rule. The variations in the roots and stemsare the results of phonetic changes in all the Georgian dialects. The question is whichone of the phonetic varieties can be regarded as an initial form. The laws of the languagesystem and structure in general should explain the originality of the form, - and notonly the fixed literary forms, as is often believed that if a particular word is found in theancient Kartvelian texts, then it is regarded as original form… This paper discusses roots and stems traced in the speech of Megrels and Laz,as, for instance: log-in-i, ser-i, o-sar-e; badzgar-i, go-burdzg-on-il-i, budzg-ur-i-a,burdzgla (a family name), ghubadzgari; jik-i, jirk-i, jirkval-i.. The present articlepromotes an idea that these and many other common Kartvelian lexemes have beenestablished through Megrel-Laz speech forms.

mzeqala Canqseliani

mdinare mdinare mdinare mdinare mdinare BBBBBeleduras xeobiseleduras xeobiseleduras xeobiseleduras xeobiseleduras xeobis

mikrotoponimiamikrotoponimiamikrotoponimiamikrotoponimiamikrotoponimia

2010 wlis seqtemberSi akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetisqarTveluri dialeqtologiis samecniero-kvleviTi institutis mivlinebiTvimyofebodi lentexis raionSi, kerZod, mdinare Beleduras xeobissoflebSi: Beledi, BaCeSi, fayi, sadac Caviwere mikrotoponimebi.1 masalaSeuswavlelia da am TvalsazrisiT samuSao jer kidev bevria. kvlevis ametapze motivaciis mixedviT gamovyaviT mikrotoponimTa ramdenime jgufi:

a. a. a. a. a. reliefis mixedviT motivirebuli mikrotoponimebi:RoSkmeS _ sof. Beledis erT-erTi ubani, romelic soflis bolos

mdebareobs, RoSkmeS RoSkmeS RoSkmeS RoSkmeS RoSkmeS "ukanisa"; RoSkin RoSkin RoSkin RoSkin RoSkin "ukan", eSeSeSeSeS - "isa", naT. br.niSani (v. Tofuria, m. qaldani, 2000).

skimer _ saialaRo mTa (sof. BaCeSTan axlos); aq uxvad miopovebamJave wylebi. sgimsgimsgimsgimsgim "veZa, mJave wyali",

zagald@S _ qedis saxelia (sof. Beledi), zag@r zag@r zag@r zag@r zag@r "zegani, qedi,gadasasvleli", -@S@S@S@S@S - naT. br. niSani.

sEif _ amaRlebuli da scenis magvari adgili (sof. BaCeSi). sEifsEifsEifsEifsEif"sasoflo moedani, xalxis Sesakrebi adgili, safixvno".

BacWala _ mrude Wala (sof. BaCeSi). adgils mrude, daxriliforma aqvs.

tHba~nak _ tbiani vake (sof. BaCeSi), adgili mTaSi movakebuladgilasaa, sadac agreTve aris tbac, tub@, tHba tub@, tHba tub@, tHba tub@, tHba tub@, tHba "tba, tbori, Waobi",naknaknaknaknak "vake".

BarBHld _ momcro qedis saxelia, romelic vizualurad Zalianhgavs nadiris xaxas (sof. Beledi), BarBBarBBarBBarBBarB "xaxa, piri"; -Hld-Hld-Hld-Hld-Hld - kninobiTobismawarmoebeli sufiqsi.

tEibare laylula _ xevebis gamyofi (sof. Beledi), tEib- tEib- tEib- tEib- tEib-"xevi",,,,, -ar -ar -ar -ar -ar - mr. ricxvis sufiqsi, laylulalaylulalaylulalaylulalaylula - "gamyofi". adgili marTlacyofs sxvadasxva xevs erTmaneTisagan.

wHrani qE@nar _ wiTeli kldeebi (sof. Beledi), wHr@ni wHr@ni wHr@ni wHr@ni wHr@ni "wiTeli",qE@nqE@nqE@nqE@nqE@n "Wiuxi, kldovani adgili", aq klde bunebrivad wiTeli ferisaa.

gEalHldar _ boslebi, adgili mTaSi (sof. BeledTan). gEalgEalgEalgEalgEal"boseli", -HldHldHldHldHld kninobiTobis sufiqsi. adgili vizualurad Zalian gavs

1 Cveni informatorebi iyvnen: neli gazdeliani (51 wlis, sof. Beledi), sadiko

qardava (70 wlis, sof. Beledi), anzor Canqseliani (60 wlis, sof. BaCeSi), gelaCanqseliani (78 wlis, sof. fayi), denola Canqseliani (79 wlis, sof. Beledi), ninoCanqseliani (50 wlis, sof. Beledi).


saqonlis sadgoms. am adgilze Serekil saqonels rom SevxedoT, vifiqrebT,daubamTo.

awolir _ mTis saxelia (sof. Beledi). es mTa kargad Canslentexidanac. awol awol awol awol awol "zvini", mas marTlac zvinis forma aqvs.

lHcqEeir _ mTaSi erTi adgilis saxelia, sadac Zalian civiwyalia (sof. fayi); sityvasityviT: wyali civi (lHclHclHclHclHc "wyali", qEeirqEeirqEeirqEeirqEeir"civi").

naJaEa Rar _ nazvavi Rari, adgili mTaSia (sof. Beledi), J@J@J@J@J@"zvavi", RarRarRarRarRar "Rari".

xoSa laxElHd _ didi mTa (sof. Beledi). xoSa xoSa xoSa xoSa xoSa "ufrosi, didi",laxE laxE laxE laxE laxE "mTa", -lHd -lHd -lHd -lHd -lHd - kninobiTobi sufiqsi.

neska~ laxElHd _ Sua mTa (sof. Beledi). neska neska neska neska neska "Sua, SuaSi,Soris".

naCEalaur _ adgilis saxelia (sof. Beledi). CEal CEal CEal CEal CEal "mewyeri,namewyrali", na-urna-urna-urna-urna-ur - wina viTarebis aRmniSvneli konfiqsi.

Jibe mol _ zeda moli, axo (sof. Beledi). JibeJibeJibeJibeJibe "zeda".SixaS _ mTis movakebuli kalTis saxelia, sadac adre tye gadauwvavT

da daumuSavebiaT (sof. Beledi). Sixa Sixa Sixa Sixa Sixa "dawva".

b. b. b. b. b. mikrotoponimebi kuTvnilebis mixedviT:simona~Sa _ ubani, sadac simonas Sto cxovrobda (sof. fayi).gonierSa mol _ gonieris Stos sakuTrebaSi Semavali adgili,

moli (sof. Beledi).gigo~ mol _ gigos moli (sof. Beledi).mose~ mol _ moses moli (sof. Beledi).xuTSa mol _ xuTas Stos kuTvnili moli (sof. BaCeSi).miqelSer _ ubani, sadac miqelis Sto cxovrobda (sof. fayi).janyvaTSa mol _ janyvaTis Stos moli (sof. Beledi, sof. BaCeSi).maTe~nalag@n _ mTaSi adgils qvia (sof. Beled), informatoris

TqmiT, am adgilas uxsovar dros kacs, saxelad maTes ucxovria;saxelwodebac aqedan modis. n@lag@n/nalagann@lag@n/nalagann@lag@n/nalagann@lag@n/nalagann@lag@n/nalagan "RamenaTevi" anu maTesRamenaTevi.

ladaEari _ sadeve (sof. fayi). gadmocemiT, am adgilas devebsucxovriaT.

g. g. g. g. g. mcenareebis saxelebidan momdinare mikrotoponimebi:lewf@r _ wiflnari; maRali adgilia moSorebuli sacxovrebeli

punqtidan (sof. fayi), wif wif wif wif wif "wifeli", le-le-le-le-le- _ matoponimebeli prefiqsi.leStix _ saTxile (sof. fayi). SdixSdixSdixSdixSdix "Txili".leEcxar _ samsxale (sof. fayi). EicxEicxEicxEicxEicx "msxali".leuskEar _ savaSle (sof. fayi). EsgE/uiskEEsgE/uiskEEsgE/uiskEEsgE/uiskEEsgE/uiskE "vaSli".nafatE _ nafetvari (sof. Beledi). informatoris TqmiT, am

adgilas adre fetvi mohyavdaT, radganac fetvis mosayvanad Sesaferisiadgili mxolod aq iyo, fatEfatEfatEfatEfatE "fetvi",

lemerxelid _ saWinWre (sof. BaCeSi), merxel merxel merxel merxel merxel "WinWari".la~naRi _ saJoloe (sof. Beledi), inaRa inaRa inaRa inaRa inaRa "Jolo".leg~anWE _ saanwle (sof. BaCeSi), ganWE ganWE ganWE ganWE ganWE "anwli",

mdinare Beleduras xeobis mikrotoponimia

leCCEel _ sadiye (sof. BaCeSi), CiCEa CiCEa CiCEa CiCEa CiCEa "diyi".laRe~ - saduce (sof. BaCeSi),,,,, Re Re Re Re Re "duci, mcenare, mxolod WiuxebSi

xarobs, vargisia saWmelad"laburRE _ sabuere (sof. BaCeSi),,,,, burRu burRu burRu burRu burRu "buera, mcenare,

saWmelad vargisi".ifBaldH _ gvimnari (sof. BaCeSi), ifx ifx ifx ifx ifx "gvimra"cxEmaldH _ rcxilnari (sof. BaCeSi),,,,, cxEim cxEim cxEim cxEim cxEim "rcxila".

d. d. d. d. d. rwmena-warmodgenebTan dakavSirebuli mikrotoponimebi:jgHragi nak _ wminda giorgis vake, soflidan moSorebiT ferdobis

saxelia (sof. Beledi). informatoris TqmiT, SesaZloa, am adgilas adreeklesiac yofiliyo. jgHr@g . jgHr@g . jgHr@g . jgHr@g . jgHr@g " wminda giorgi", naknaknaknaknak "vake".

macxEariS _ macxovrisa (sof. BaCeSi); ivaraudeba, rom aqacSesaZloa eklesia yofiliyo, macxEar macxEar macxEar macxEar macxEar "macxovari".

ieruSalim _ ierusalimi; adgilis saxelia (sof. fayi). gadmocemiT,es adgili ierusalimisTvis miumsgavsebiaT da saxelwodebac aqedanmomdinareobs.

qristejora WHSxe nagam _ qristes joris fexdanadgmeli; adgiliasof. faySi.

lerskEen laspHnar _ marjvniv mosabrunebeli, gzis saxelia,romliTac mTaSi adixar (sof. Beledi). arsebobda rwmena, rom am gzasrogorc ki daadgebodi, aucilebeli iyo pirjvris gadasaxva da marjvnivSemobruneba. lerskuenlerskuenlerskuenlerskuenlerskuen "marjvniv", laspHnarlaspHnarlaspHnarlaspHnarlaspHnar "mosabrunebeli".

TaSlamezHr _ saqonlis saZovari ferdobis saxelia (sof. BaCeSi.),sityvasityviT niSnavs: yvelis salocavi. informatoris TqmiT, aq sufTabalaxi amodis, yovelgvari sarevelas gareSe, amoyvanili yvelic iseTivesufTaa da Sesaferisia salocavi puris - lemezirisTvis. T@ST@ST@ST@ST@S "yveli",lamezHr lamezHr lamezHr lamezHr lamezHr "salocavi".

utexuria _ moubrunebeli; udabur tyes qvia (sof. BaCeSi).adgilobrivebis TqmiT, tye saSiS adgilad iTvleboda, saidanac ukanveravin brundeboda. -u-a - u-a - u-a - u-a - u-a - uaryofiTobis gamomxatveli konfiqsi, -ur -ur -ur -ur -ur- uqonlobis sufiqsi,

warmodgenil klasifikaciaSi ver moxvda is mikrotoponimebi,romelTa motivacia bundovania, magaliTad: BudiS, balHdiS, BuraSEil,BudiS, balHdiS, BuraSEil,BudiS, balHdiS, BuraSEil,BudiS, balHdiS, BuraSEil,BudiS, balHdiS, BuraSEil,RHrk~aS,RHrk~aS,RHrk~aS,RHrk~aS,RHrk~aS, mHniaS,mHniaS,mHniaS,mHniaS,mHniaS, Camfana, lHmaya,Camfana, lHmaya,Camfana, lHmaya,Camfana, lHmaya,Camfana, lHmaya, biWuld, isHnder,biWuld, isHnder,biWuld, isHnder,biWuld, isHnder,biWuld, isHnder, caider...caider...caider...caider...caider...


d. bakuraZe, t. futkaraZe - toponimTa klasifikacia, qarTvelurimemkvidreoba, t. I, quTaisi, 1995.

v. Tofuria, m. qaldani, 2000 - v. Tofuria, m. qaldani,�svanurileqsikoni, Tb., 2000.

m. Canqseliani

p. cxadaia, 2005 - p. cxadaia, onomastikis Sesavali, Tb., 2005.

MZEKALA CHANKSELIANI

MICROTOPONYMS OF THE BELADURA RIVER VALLEY

In September, 2010, I recorded place-names in some villages of the LentekhiRegion, namely, in the villages along the Beladura valley. The material has not yetbeen duly studied and it awaits its further processing and investigation. At the presentstage of the research I have identified some groups of the microtoponyms on thebasis of the related motivations.

These are grouped according to:a. Relief: Atsolir, Ghoshkmes, Skimer,Shikhash...b. Ownership: Goniersha mol, Khutsha mol, Mikelsher...c. Relation to plants: Laghei, Lemerkhelid, Leshtikh...d. Rites and beliefs: Ierushalim, Matskhvarish, Utekhuria...Those micro-place names whose motivations were ambiguous have not been

included in the list. As for example: Baldish, Bichuld, Champana, Tsaider…

mdinare Beleduras xeobis mikrotoponimia

heritage xiv

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