Here we go again…

Mr. Bell: Most students:

Some students: (my favorites)

Anatomy Joke:

What should you do if you’re attacked by a pack of clowns?

Go for the juggler!

An Overview

• Anatomy:Structure• Physiology: Function

• Does one determine the other?– Absolutely – structure determines function. See

example in textbook on p. 2 (paragraph labeled “Relationship between Anatomy and Physiology”)

Levels of Structural Organization

• Tissues – groups of similar cells that have common functions

• Organ Systems – group of organs that cooperate to accomplish a common purpose

• Cells – the smallest units of all living things• Organs – composed of two or more tissue types

and performs a specific function for the body• Atoms – building blocks of all matter (including

cells!)

Levels of Structural Organization

• Atoms Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organism

Organ Systems Overview

• Integumentary System: The external covering of the body– aka your skin!• Protection – cushions and protects deep tissues from

injury; integral role in disease prevention• Excretion – gets rid of wastes such as salts and urea • Regulation of body temperature • First point of contact with the environment – contains

receptors for temperature, pressure, and pain that relay information to the brain

Skeletal System

• Bones, Cartilages, Ligaments, and Joints• Functions:– Support – framework and connection point for muscles;

reason we have the shape we do– Movement – muscles attach to different parts of the

skeleton to create movement upon muscle contraction– Protection – protecting covering around the

heart/lungs and skull– Hematopoiesis – production of blood cells– Mineral Storage

Muscular System

• 3 types of muscle– Skeletal – muscles attached to bones; responsible

for movement– Smooth – involuntary muscle; make up hollow

organs that move fluids within the body– Cardiac – specialized muscle of the heart

• Function:– Movement! (locomotion or movement of fluids)

Nervous System

• Brain, Spinal Cord, nerves, sensory receptors• Function:– Respond to stimuli (such as temperature, light,

sound, oxygen levels, stretching of tissue, etc.)• Internal (Ex. oxygen levels) vs. external (Ex. light/sound)

– Control center of the body – assesses information from sensory receptors and sends appropriate response to effectors in the body

Endocrine System

• Glands: thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, thymus, pancreas, pineal, ovaries, testes

• Function: regulate body activity using hormones– Slower than CNS (messages sent to distant

targets)– Ex: Growth, Reproduction, Food usage (cellular

level)

Cardiovascular System:

• Heart and Blood Vessels• Function: Transport oxygen, nutrients,

hormones, and other substances to and from tissue cells (red blood cells)

• Protect the body from invasion (white blood cells)

Lymphatic System

• Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymphoid glands (spleen, tonsils)

• Function: cleanse blood and house cells involved in immunity

Respiratory System

• Nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

• Function: supply oxygen to the rest of the body

• Remove carbon dioxide from the blood

Digestive System

• Oral Cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum

• Function: break down food– Remove nutrients and deliver to blood– Remove waste

Urinary System

• Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra• Function: remove wastes containing nitrogen

from the body (ex: urea)• Maintenance of water/salt balance• Maintenance of pH levels within the body

Reproductive System

• Testes, scrotum, penis, accessory glands, duct system, ovary, uterus, vagina, uterine tubes

• Function: production of offspring– Female: growth and development of offspring

(pregnancy)

Life Functions• Maintenance of boundaries (keep the “inside” on the inside

and the “outside” on the outside…also separates different body systems from others to ensure continuous functioning)

• Movement• Responsiveness (irritability)• Digestion• Metabolism (simple definition: use of energy)• Excretion (removal of wastes)• Reproduction• Growth

Survival Needs

• Nutrients…are a pretty big deal• Oxygen…even bigger deal• Water…kind of in the middle…• Body Temperature• Atmospheric pressure• If these things are not maintained within the

normal homeostatic range, death can result

Homeostasis

• The body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world is continuously changing– Constantly changing (ironic)• Within a narrow range

• The body is maintaining a dynamic equilibrium

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

• Carried out by Nervous and Endocrine Systems• Key Terms:

– Variable: factor or event being regulated– Receptor: sensor that monitors and responds to changes in

variables– Stimuli: changes in variables– Input: information sent from the receptor to the control

center– Afferent Pathway: information flows from the receptor to the

control center…think Afferent Approaches the control center– Control Center: Assesses information and initiates a response

Cont’d…

• Efferent Pathway: information flows from the control center to the effector (think Efferent Exits the control center)

• Effector: provides the means for the control center’s response

• Variable: see previous slide

Homeostasis

Cont’d

• Negative Feedback Mechanisms: – The net effect of the response to the stimulus is to

shut off the original stimulus or reduce its intensity

• Positive Feedback Mechanisms:– Increase the original disturbance and push the

variable farther from its original value– Control infrequent events that occur explosively– Do not require continuous adjustment

Homeostatic Imbalance

• Disturbances in the homeostatic mechanism• Typically result in Disease because body is

outside of its normal homeostatic ranges

Anatomical Position

• Standard position of the body (assumption)– Used to accurately describe body parts and

position– Body is erect with feet parallel and arms hanging

at the sides with palms forward

Body Planes and Sections

• Internal Structures of the Body• Types of Plane:– Sagittal (midsagittal) – divides the body into a left

and right part; a midsagittal plane divides the body into left and right HALVES

– Frontal – divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

– Transverse – divides the body into superior and inferior parts

Body Cavities

• Dorsal– Cranial, Spinal

• Ventral– All structures within chest and abdomen– Much larger

Ventral Body Cavity

• Thoracic Cavity– Lungs/heart/trachea; rib cage– Separated from others by diaphragm– Mediastinum divides R/L halves of the thoracic

cavity• Abdominopelvic Cavity– Abdominal – stomach, liver, intestines, etc.– Pelvic – reproductive organs, bladder and rectum

Subdivisions of the Abdominopelvic Cavity

• Umbilical• Epigastric• Hypogastric (pubic)• Inguinal (R/L)• Lumbar (R/L)• Hypochondriac (R/L)