Herbert Marcuse

Marcuse in 1955 in Newton,Massachusetts[1]

Born July 19, 1898Berlin, GermanEmpire

Died July 29, 1979(aged 81)Starnberg, WestGermany

Nationality German · American

Alma mater University ofFreiburg

Notable work Eros and Civilization(1955)One-DimensionalMan (1964)

Spouse(s) Sophie Wertheim(m. 1924; died 1951)Inge Neumann(m. 1955; died 1973)Erica Sherover(m. 1976)

Era 20th-centuryphilosophy

Region Western philosophy

School Continentalphilosophy ·Frankfurt Schoolcritical theory ·

Herbert MarcuseHerbert Marcuse (/mɑːrˈkuːzə/; German: [maɐ̯̍kuːzə]; July19, 1898 – July 29, 1979) was a German-Americanphilosopher, sociologist, and political theorist, associated withthe Frankfurt School of Critical Theory. Born in Berlin,Marcuse studied at the Humboldt University of Berlin andthen at Freiburg, where he received his PhD.[3] He was aprominent figure in the Frankfurt-based Institute for SocialResearch – what later became known as the Frankfurt School.He was married to Sophie Wertheim (1924–1951), IngeNeumann (1955–1973), and Erica Sherover (1976–1979).[4][5][6] In his written works, he criticized capitalism,modern technology, historical materialism and entertainmentculture, arguing that they represent new forms of socialcontrol.[7]

Between 1943 and 1950, Marcuse worked in US governmentservice for the Office of Strategic Services (predecessor of theCentral Intelligence Agency) where he criticized the ideology ofthe Communist Party of the Soviet Union in the book SovietMarxism: A Critical Analysis (1958). After his studies, in the1960s and the 1970s he became known as the preeminenttheorist of the New Left and the student movements of WestGermany, France, and the United States; some consider himthe "father of the New Left".[8]

His best known works are Eros and Civilization (1955) andOne-Dimensional Man (1964). His Marxist scholarshipinspired many radical intellectuals and political activists in the1960s and 1970s, both in the United States and internationally.

BiographyEarly lifeEmigration to the United StatesWorld War IIPost-warThe New Left and radical politicsMarriagesDeath

Philosophy and viewsMarcuse's early "Heideggerian Marxism"Marcuse and capitalism

Contents

Western Marxism

Maininterests

Social theory ·communism ·socialism ·industrialism ·technology

Notableideas

Technologicalrationality · greatrefusal[2] · one-dimensional man ·work as free play ·repressive tolerance· repressivedesublimation ·negative thinking ·totalitariandemocracy

CriticismLegacyBibliographySee alsoReferencesFurther readingExternal links

Herbert Marcuse was born July 19, 1898, in Berlin, to CarlMarcuse and Gertrud Kreslawsky. His family was Jewish. In1916 he was drafted into the German Army, but only worked inhorse stables in Berlin during World War I. He then became amember of a Soldiers' Council that participated in the abortedsocialist Spartacist uprising. He completed his PhD thesis atthe University of Freiburg in 1922 on the GermanKünstlerroman after which he moved back to Berlin, where he worked in publishing. In 1924 hemarried Sophie Wertheim, a mathematician. He returned to Freiburg in 1928 to study withEdmund Husserl and write a habilitation with Martin Heidegger, which was published in 1932 asHegel's Ontology and the Theory of Historicity (Hegels Ontologie und die Theorie derGeschichtlichkeit). This study was written in the context of the Hegel renaissance that was takingplace in Europe with an emphasis on Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's ontology of life and history,idealist theory of spirit and dialectic.[9] With his academic career blocked by the rise of the ThirdReich, in 1933 Marcuse joined the Institute for Social Research, popularly known as the FrankfurtSchool, in 1932. He went almost at once into exile with them, first briefly in Geneva, then in theUnited States. Unlike some others, Marcuse did not return to Germany after the war, and when hevisited Frankfurt in 1956, the young Jürgen Habermas was surprised to discover that he was a keymember of the Institute.[10]

In 1933, Marcuse published his first major review, of Karl Marx's Economic and PhilosophicManuscripts of 1844. In this review, Marcuse revised the interpretation of Marxism, from thestandpoint of the works of the early Marx.[9]

While a member of the Institute of Social Research, Marcuse developed a model for critical socialtheory, created a theory of the new stage of state and monopoly capitalism, described therelationships between philosophy, social theory, and cultural criticism, and provided an analysisand critique of German fascism. Marcuse worked closely with critical theorists while at theinstitute.[9]

Influences

Influenced

Biography

Early life

Emigration to the United States

After emigrating from Germany in 1933, Marcuse immigrated to the United States in 1934, wherehe became a citizen in 1940. Although he never returned to Germany to live, he remained one ofthe major theorists associated with the Frankfurt School, along with Max Horkheimer and TheodorW. Adorno (among others). In 1940 he published Reason and Revolution, a dialectical workstudying G. W. F. Hegel and Karl Marx.

During World War II, Marcuse first worked for the US Office of War Information (OWI) on anti-Nazi propaganda projects. In 1943, he transferred to the Research and Analysis Branch of theOffice of Strategic Services (OSS), the precursor to the Central Intelligence Agency.

Directed by the Harvard historian William L. Langer, the Research and Analysis Branch was in factthe biggest American research institution in the first half of the twentieth century. At its zenithbetween 1943 and 1945, it comprised over twelve hundred employees, four hundred of whom werestationed abroad. In many respects, it was the site where post–World War II American socialscience was born, with protégés of some of the most esteemed American university professors, aswell as a large contingent of European intellectual émigrés, in its ranks.

These men comprised the "theoretical brain trust" of the American war machine, which, accordingto its founder, William J. Donovan, would function as a "final clearinghouse" for the secret services—that is, as a structure that, although not engaged in determining war strategy or tactics, would beable to assemble, organize, analyze, and filter the immense flow of military information directedtoward Washington, thanks to the unique capacity of the specialists on hand to interpret therelevant sources.[11]

In March 1943, Marcuse joined his fellow Frankfurt School scholar Franz Neumann in R & A'sCentral European Section as senior analyst and rapidly established himself as "the leading analyston Germany.[12]

After the dissolution of the OSS in 1945, Marcuse was employed by the US Department of State ashead of the Central European section, retiring after the death of his first wife in 1951.

In 1952, Marcuse began a teaching career as a political theorist, first at Columbia University, thenat Harvard University. Marcuse worked at Brandeis University from 1958 to 1965, then at theUniversity of California San Diego until his retirement. It was during his time at BrandeisUniversity that he wrote his most famous work, One-Dimensional Man (1964).[13]

Marcuse was a friend and collaborator of the political sociologist Barrington Moore Jr. and of thepolitical philosopher Robert Paul Wolff, and also a friend of the Columbia University sociologyprofessor C. Wright Mills, one of the founders of the New Left movement. In his "Introduction" toOne-Dimensional Man, Marcuse wrote, "I should like to emphasize the vital importance of thework of C. Wright Mills."[14]

In the post-war period, Marcuse rejected the theory of class struggle and the Marxist concern withlabor, instead claiming, according to Leszek Kołakowski, that since "all questions of materialexistence have been solved, moral commands and prohibitions are no longer relevant." He

World War II

Post-war

regarded the realization of man's erotic nature as the true liberation of humanity, which inspiredthe utopias of Jerry Rubin and others.[15]

Marcuse's critiques of capitalist society (especially his 1955 synthesis of Marx and Sigmund Freud,Eros and Civilization, and his 1964 book One-Dimensional Man) resonated with the concerns ofthe student movement in the 1960s. Because of his willingness to speak at student protests and hisessay "Repressive Tolerance" (1965),[9] Marcuse soon became known in the media as "Father ofthe New Left."[9][16] Contending that the students of the sixties were not waiting for the publicationof his work to act,[16] Marcuse brushed the media's branding of him as "Father of the New Left"aside lightly,[16] saying "It would have been better to call me not the father, but the grandfather, ofthe New Left."[16] His work heavily influenced intellectual discourse on popular culture andscholarly popular culture studies. He had many speaking engagements in the US and Western Blocin the late 1960s and 1970s. He became a close friend and inspirer of the French philosopherAndré Gorz.

Marcuse defended the arrested East German dissident Rudolf Bahro (author of Die Alternative:Zur Kritik des real existierenden Sozialismus [trans., The Alternative in Eastern Europe]),discussing in a 1979 essay Bahro's theories of "change from within."[17]

Many radical scholars and activists were influenced by Marcuse, such as Norman O. Brown,[18]

Angela Davis,[19] Charles J. Moore, Abbie Hoffman, Rudi Dutschke, and Robert M. Young. (See theList of Scholars and Activists link, below.) Among those who critiqued him from the left wereMarxist-humanist Raya Dunayevskaya, fellow German emigre Paul Mattick, both of whomsubjected One-Dimensional Man to a Marxist critique, and Noam Chomsky, who knew and likedMarcuse "but thought very little of his work."[20] Marcuse's 1965 essay "Repressive Tolerance", inwhich he claimed capitalist democracies can have totalitarian aspects, has been criticized byconservatives.[21] Marcuse argues that genuine tolerance does not permit support for "repression",since doing so ensures that marginalized voices will remain unheard. He characterizes tolerance ofrepressive speech as "inauthentic". Instead, he advocates a form of tolerance that is intolerant ofrepressive (namely right-wing) political movements:

Liberating tolerance, then, would mean intolerance against movements from the Rightand toleration of movements from the Left. Surely, no government can be expected tofoster its own subversion, but in a democracy such a right is vested in the people (i.e. inthe majority of the people). This means that the ways should not be blocked on which asubversive majority could develop, and if they are blocked by organized repression andindoctrination, their reopening may require apparently undemocratic means. Theywould include the withdrawal of toleration of speech and assembly from groups andmovements that promote aggressive policies, armament, chauvinism, discriminationon the grounds of race and religion, or that oppose the extension of public services,social security, medical care, etc.[22]

Marcuse later expressed his radical ideas through three pieces of writing. He wrote An Essay onLiberation in 1969, in which he celebrated liberation movements such as those in Vietnam, whichinspired many radicals. In 1972 he wrote Counterrevolution and Revolt, which argues that thehopes of the 1960s were facing a counterrevolution from the right.[9]

The New Left and radical politics

Grave in the Dorotheenstädtischercemetery, Berlin, where Marcuse'sashes were buried in 2003

After Brandeis denied the renewal of his teaching contract in 1965, Marcuse taught at theUniversity of California San Diego until his retirement and devoted the rest of his life to teaching,writing and giving lectures around the world. His efforts brought him attention from the media,which claimed that he openly advocated violence, although he often clarified that only "violence ofdefense" could be appropriate, not "violence of aggression". He continued to promote Marxiantheory, with some of his students helping to spread his ideas. He published his final work TheAesthetic Dimension in 1979 on the role of art in the process of what he termed "emancipation"from bourgeois society.[9]

Marcuse married three times. His first wife wasmathematician Sophie Wertheim (1901–1951), with whom hehad a son, Peter (born 1928). Herbert's second marriage was toInge Neumann (1910–1973), the widow of his close friendFranz Neumann (1900–1954). His third wife was EricaSherover (1938–1988), a former graduate student and fortyyears his junior, whom he married in 1976. His son PeterMarcuse is professor emeritus of urban planning at ColumbiaUniversity. His granddaughter is the novelist Irene Marcuseand his grandson, Harold Marcuse, is a professor of history atthe University of California, Santa Barbara.

On July 29, 1979, ten days after his eighty-first birthday,Marcuse died after suffering a stroke during a visit toGermany. He had spoken at the FrankfurtRömerberggespräche, and was on his way to the Max PlanckInstitute for the Study of the Scientific-Technical World inStarnberg, on invitation from second-generation FrankfurtSchool theorist Jürgen Habermas. In 2003, after his asheswere rediscovered in the United States, they were buried in theDorotheenstädtischer cemetery in Berlin.

Marcuse's famous concept repressive desublimation refers to his argument that postwar massculture, with its profusion of sexual provocations, serves to reinforce political repression. If peopleare preoccupied with inauthentic sexual stimulation, their political energy will be "desublimated";instead of acting constructively to change the world, they remain repressed and uncritical. Marcuseadvanced the prewar thinking of critical theory toward a critical account of the "one-dimensional"nature of bourgeois life in Europe and America. His thinking could, therefore, also be consideredan advance of the concerns of earlier liberal critics such as David Riesman.[23]

Two aspects of Marcuse's work are of particular importance, first, his use of language morefamiliar from the critique of Soviet or Nazi regimes to characterize developments in the advancedindustrial world; and second, his grounding of critical theory in a particular use of psychoanalytic

Marriages

Death

Philosophy and views

Herbert Marcuse and his first wifeSophie Marcuse in their New Yorkapartment

thought. Both of these features of his thinking have often been misunderstood and have given riseto critiques of his work that miss the point of his targets.[24]

During his years in Freiburg, Marcuse wrote a series of essays that explored the possibility ofsynthesizing Marxism and Heidegger's fundamental ontology, as begun in the latter's work Beingand Time (1927). This early interest in Heidegger followed Marcuse's demand for "concretephilosophy," which, he declared in 1928, "concerns itself with the truth of contemporaneoushuman existence."[25] These words were directed against the neo-Kantianism of the mainstream,and against both the revisionist and orthodox Marxist alternatives, in which the subjectivity of theindividual played little role.[26] Though Marcuse quickly distanced himself from Heideggerfollowing Heidegger's endorsement of Nazism, it has been suggested by thinkers such as Jürgen

Habermas that an understanding of Marcuse's later thinkingdemands an appreciation of his early Heideggerianinfluence.[27]

Marcuse's analysis of capitalism derives partially from one ofKarl Marx's main concepts: Objectification,[28] which undercapitalism becomes Alienation. Marx believed that capitalismwas exploiting humans; that by producing objects of a certaincharacter, laborers became alienated and this ultimatelydehumanized them into functional objects themselves.Marcuse took this belief and expanded it. He argued thatcapitalism and industrialization pushed laborers so hard thatthey began to see themselves as extensions of the objects theywere producing. At the beginning of One-Dimensional ManMarcuse writes, "The people recognize themselves in theircommodities; they find their soul in their automobile, hi-fi set,split-level home, kitchen equipment,"[29] meaning that undercapitalism (in consumer society) humans become extensions

of the commodities that they buy, thus making commodities extensions of people's minds andbodies. Affluent mass technological societies, he argues, are totally controlled and manipulated. Insocieties based upon mass production and mass distribution, the individual worker has becomemerely a consumer of its commodities and entire commodified way of life. Modern Capitalism hascreated false needs and false consciousness geared to consumption of commodities: it locks one-dimensional man into the one-dimensional society which produced the need for people torecognize themselves in their commodities.[30]

The very mechanism that ties the individual to his society has changed and social control isanchored in the new needs which it has produced. Most important of all, the pressure ofconsumerism has led to the total integration of the working class into the capitalist system. Itspolitical parties and trade unions have become thoroughly bureaucratized and the power ofnegative thinking or critical reflection has rapidly declined.[31] The working class is no longer apotentially subversive force capable of bringing about revolutionary change. As a result, ratherthan looking to the workers as the revolutionary vanguard, Marcuse put his faith in an alliancebetween radical intellectuals and those groups not yet integrated into one-dimensional society, the

Marcuse's early "Heideggerian Marxism"

Marcuse and capitalism

socially marginalized, the substratum of the outcasts and outsiders, the exploited and persecutedof other ethnicities and other colors, the unemployed and the unemployable. These were thepeople whose standards of living demanded the ending of intolerable conditions and institutionsand whose resistance to one-dimensional society would not be diverted by the system. Theiropposition was revolutionary even if their consciousness was not.[30]

Leszek Kołakowski described Marcuse's views as essentially anti-Marxist, in that they ignoredMarx's critique of Hegel and discarded the historical theory of class struggle entirely in favor of aninverted Freudian reading of human history where all social rules could and should be discarded tocreate a "New World of Happiness." Kołakowski concluded that Marcuse's ideal society "is to beruled despotically by an enlightened group [who] have realized in themselves the unity of Logosand Eros, and thrown off the vexatious authority of logic, mathematics, and the empiricalsciences."[15]

The philosopher Alasdair MacIntyre asserted that almost all of Marcuse's key positions are falseand that his generalizations were based upon the total absence of any account of contemporarysocial structure. Featherstone criticized his portrayal of modern consumerism: it falsely assumedthat consumers were completely passive, uncritically responding to corporate advertising.[30]

Herbert Marcuse appealed to students of the New Left through his emphasis on the power ofcritical thought and his vision of total human emancipation and a non-repressive civilization. Hesupported students he felt were subject to the pressures of a commodifying system, and has beenregarded as an inspirational intellectual leader.[30] He is also considered among the mostinfluential of the Frankfurt School critical theorists on American culture, due to his studies onstudent and counter-cultural movements on the 1960s.[32] The legacy of the 1960s, of whichMarcuse was a vital part, lives on, and the great refusal is still practiced by oppositional groups andindividuals who refuse to conform to the existing systems of oppression and domination.[30]

Books

Hegel's Ontology and Theory of Historicity (1932) originally written in German; English 1987.Studie über Autorität und Familie (1936) in German, republished 1987, 2005. Marcuse wrotejust over 100 pages in this 900-page study.Reason and Revolution: Hegel and the Rise of Social Theory (1941). ISBN 978-1-57392-718-5Eros and Civilization: A Philosophical Inquiry into Freud (1955). ISBN 978-0-415-18663-6Soviet Marxism: A Critical Analysis (1958)One-Dimensional Man: Studies in the Ideology of Advanced Industrial Society (1964).A Critique of Pure Tolerance (1965) Essay "Repressive Tolerance," with additional essays byRobert Paul Wolff and Barrington Moore Jr.Negations: Essays in Critical Theory (1968)An Essay on Liberation (1969)

Criticism

Legacy

Bibliography

Five Lectures (1969)Counterrevolution and Revolt (1972) ISBN 978-0-8070-1533-9The Aesthetic Dimension: Toward a Critique of Marxist Aesthetics (1978) ISBN 978-0-8070-1519-3

Essays

Repressive Tolerance[22] (1965)Liberation[33] (1969)On the Problem of the Dialectic (1976)Protosocialism and Late Capitalism: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis Based on Bahro'sAnalysis (1980)

After MarcuseFreudo-MarxismList of people from Berlin

1. ci.newton.ma.us (http://www.ci.newton.ma.us/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20121020150208/http://www.ci.newton.ma.us/) 2012-10-20 at the Wayback Machine

2. "The Frankfurt School and Critical Theory" (https://www.iep.utm.edu/frankfur/#SH2a), InternetEncyclopedia of Philosophy.

3. Lemert, Charles. Social Theory: The Multicultural and Classic Readings. Westview Press,Boulder, CO. 2010.

4. "Sophie Wertheim (1901–1951)" (http://www.marcuse.org/herbert/people/sophie/sophie.htm).Marcuse.org. Retrieved 2013-09-06.

5. "Inge Neumann (1913–1973)" (http://www.marcuse.org/herbert/people/inge/inge.htm).Marcuse.org. Retrieved 2018-07-05.

6. "Erica Sherover-Marcuse (1938–1988)" (http://www.marcuse.org/herbert/people/ricky/ricky.htm). Marcuse.org. Retrieved 2013-09-06.

7. Mann, Douglas. "A Survey of Modern Social Theory". Oxford University Press. 2008.8. Rothman, Stanley (2017). The End of the Experiment: The Rise of Cultural Elites and the

Decline of America's Civic Culture (https://books.google.com/books?id=DKs0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT177). Routledge. p. 177. ISBN 9781351295628.

9. Douglas Kellner. "Illuminations: Kellner" (http://www.uta.edu/huma/illuminations/kell12.htm).Retrieved October 1, 2012.

10. Lemert, Charles (2009). Social Theory: The Multicultural and Classic Readings (https://books.google.com/books/about/Social_Theory.html?id=sf93K6SYMxIC). Westview Press.ISBN 9780786749577.

11. Secret Reports on Nazi Germany. The Frankfurt School Contribution to the War Effort by FranzNeumann, Herbert Marcuse & Otto Kirchheimer Edited by Raffaele Laudani (PrincetonUniversity Press 2013) p. 2

12. Laudani, Secret Reports p313. Elliott, Anthony and Larry Ray. Key Contemporary Social Theorists. Blackwell Publishers.

2003.14. One-Dimensional Man (Boston: Beacon Press, 1964), p. xvii

See also

References

John Abromeit and W. Mark Cobb, eds. (2004) Herbert Marcuse: A Critical Reader, New York,London: Routledge.

14. One-Dimensional Man (Boston: Beacon Press, 1964), p. xvii15. Kołakowski, Leszek (1981). Main Currents Of Marxism: Volume III, The Breakdown (https://arc

hive.org/details/goldenagemaincur00lesz/page/416). Oxford University Press. p. 416 (https://archive.org/details/goldenagemaincur00lesz/page/416). ISBN 978-0192851093.

16. Tom Bourne (Sept. 1979) (http://www.marcuse.org/herbert/booksabout/70s/Bourne1979MarcuseGrandfatherNewLeft.pdf)

17. Stefan Meretz. "open theory · offene theorie: Protosozialismus und Spätkapitalismus. Versucheiner theoretischen Synthese von Bahros Ansatz (von Herbert Marcuse)" (http://www.opentheory.org/marcuse_ueber_bahro/text.phtml). Opentheory.org. Retrieved 2013-09-06.

18. Dufresne, Todd (2000). Tales from the Freudian Crypt: The Death Drive in Text and Context.Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-8047-3885-9.

19. Davis, Angela (July 1971). "Rhetoric Vs. Reality: Angela Davis tells why black people shouldnot be deceived by words" (https://books.google.com/books?id=5tsDAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false). Ebony. 26 (9). Chicago: Johnson PublishingCompany. pp. 115–120.

20. Barsky, Robert (1997). Noam Chomsky: A Life of Dissent. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MITPress. p. 134 (https://books.google.com/books?id=RKUbyYPG4mcC&pg=PA134).

21. marcuse.org (books about) (http://www.marcuse.org/herbert/booksabout/haters/haters.htm)22. "Repressive Tolerance, by Herbert Marcuse (1965)" (http://www.marcuse.org/herbert/pubs/60s

pubs/65repressivetolerance.htm). Marcuse.org. Retrieved 2013-09-06.23. Elliott, Anthony; Ray, Larry (2002-10-22). Key Contemporary Social Theorists – Google Books

(https://books.google.com/books/about/Key_Contemporary_Social_Theorists.html?id=fTowST-_gmYC). ISBN 9780631219729. Retrieved 2013-09-06.

24. Elliot, Anthony and Larry Ray. Key Contemporary Social Theorists. Blackwell Publishing. 2003.25. Marcuse, Herbert. "On Concrete Philosophy." 1929. In Heideggerian Marxism. Eds. John

Abromeit and Richard Wolin. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 2005. p. 49.26. For a thorough discussion of Marcuse's perspectives on the Marxisms of his day, see

Benhabib's introduction to Hegel's Ontology. (Marcuse, Herbert. Hegel's Ontology and theTheory of Historicity. 1932. Trans. Seyla Benhabib. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1987. pp. xi–xix.)

27. See, e.g., Marcuse, Herbert. Heideggerian Marxism, edited by Richard Wolin and JohnAbromeit, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2005, pp. xi–xxx.

28. "Glossary of Terms: Ob" (https://www.marxists.org/glossary/terms/o/b.htm#objectification).Marxists.org. Retrieved 2013-09-06.

29. marcuse.org (quotations) (http://www.marcuse.org/herbert/quotes/QuotRedThread.html#Capitalism)

30. Parker, Noel; Sim, Stuart (1997). The A–Z Guide to Modern Social and Political Theorists (https://books.google.com/books/about/The_A_Z_guide_to_modern_social_and_polit.html?id=_1mFAAAAMAAJ). Prentice-Hall. ISBN 9780135248850.

31. SEP (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/marcuse/)32. Mann, Douglas. A Survey of Modern Social Theory. Oxford University Press. 2008.33. "Book Review: Herbert Marcuse's An Essay on Liberation Herbert Marcuse's An Essay on

Liberation" (http://www.marcuse.org/herbert/pubs/60spubs/67dialecticlib/69revessaylib02Samson.htm). Marcuse.org. Retrieved 2013-09-06.

Further reading

Harold Bleich (1977) The Philosophy of Herbert Marcuse, Washington: University Press ofAmerica.Paul Breines (1970) Critical Interruptions: New Left Perspectives on Herbert Marcuse, NewYork: Herder and Herder.C. Fred Alford (1985) Science and Revenge of Nature: Marcuse and Habermas, Gainesville:University of Florida Press.Andrew Feenberg and William Leiss (2007) The Essential Marcuse: Selected Writings ofPhilosopher and Social Critic Herbert Marcuse, Boston: Beacon Press.Douglas Kellner (1984). Herbert Marcuse and the Crisis of Marxism. London: Macmillan.ISBN 978-0-520-05295-6.Andrew T. Lamas, Todd Wolfson, and Peter N. Funke, eds. (2017). The Great Refusal: HerbertMarcuse and Contemporary Social Movements (http://www.temple.edu/tempress/titles/2382_reg.html). Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2017.Raffaele Laudani (2013)(Ed) Secret Reports on Nazi Germany. The Frankfurt SchoolContribution to the War Effort by Franz Neumann, Herbert Marcuse & Otto Kirchheimer.Princeton University Press.Herbert Marcuse (1998) Technology, War and Fascism, London: Routledge.Paul Mattick (1972) Critique of Marcuse: One-dimensional man in class society Merlin PressAlain Martineau (1986). Herbert Marcuse's Utopia, Harvest House, Montreal.J. Michael Tilley (2011). "Herbert Marcuse: Social Critique, Haecker and KierkegaardianIndividualism" in Kierkegaard's Influence on Social-Political Thought edited by Jon Stewart.Eliseo Vivas (1971). Contra Marcuse, Arlington House, New Rochelle. ISBN 0-87000-112-4Anthony Elliott and Larry Ray (2003) Key Contemporary Social Theorists.Charles Lemert (2010) Social Theory: the Multicultural and Classic Readings.Noel Parker and Stuart Sim (1997) A-Z Guide to Modern Social and Political TheoristsDouglas Mann (2008). A Survey of Modern Social Theory.

Comprehensive 'Official' Herbert Marcuse Website(http://www.marcuse.org/herbert/index.html), by one of Marcuse's grandsons, with fullbibliographies of primary and secondary works, and full texts of many important worksInternational Herbert Marcuse Society website (http://www.marcusesociety.org)"Herbert Marcuse (on-line) Archive" (https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/marcuse/index.htm) at the Marxists Internet ArchiveHerbert Marcuse Archive (http://cartoon.iguw.tuwien.ac.at/christian/marcuse/welcome.html), byHerbert Marcuse Association"Marcuse: professor behind 1960s rebellion" (https://web.archive.org/web/20041210031755/http://www.worldsocialism.org/wsm-pages/marcuse.html) at the Wayback Machine (archivedDecember 10, 2004) from worldsocialism.org"Illuminations: The Critical Theory Project" (https://web.archive.org/web/20050302050244/http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/kellner/Illumina%20Folder/marc.htm) (detailed biography andessays, by Douglas Kellner).Douglas Kellner, "Herbert Marcuse" (http://pages.gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/kellner/essays/herbertmarcuse.pdf)Bernard Stiegler, "Spirit, Capitalism, and Superego" (http://www.arsindustrialis.org/node/2928)"Herbert Marcuse Biography Indonesian" (http://aprillins.com/biografi-herbert-marcuse-teori-kritis) at aprillins.com

External links

Azurmendi, J. 1969: Pentsalaria eta eragina (http://www.jakingunea.com/aldizkaria/artikulua/pentsalaria-eta-eragina/973) Jakin, 35: 3–16.Goodbye Comrade M (https://www.marxists.org/archive/widgery/1979/09/marcuse.htm)obituary of Marcuse by David Widgery, Socialist Review (September 1979).

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