Henry Kissinger – US Negotiator

"If you don't know where you are going, every road will get you nowhere."

Early Life of KissingerHeinz Alfred Kissinger was born on May 27th 1923 in

Furth, Bavaria, to a family of German Jews. In 1938, fleeing Nazi persecution, his family moved to New

York.Although Kissinger assimilated quickly into American

culture, he never lost his pronounced German accent, due to childhood shyness that made him hesitant to speak.

Kissinger was assigned to the 84th Infantry Division where Fritz Kraemer, a fellow emigrant from Germany who, noting Kissinger's fluency in German and his intellect, arranged for him to be assigned to the military intelligence section of the division for denazification in Germany.

Although he possessed absolute authority and powers of arrest, Kissinger took care to avoid abuses against the local population by his command.

His Academic careers were accomplished from Harvard University and his doctoral dissertation was was titled "Peace, Legitimacy, and the Equilibrium”.

Kissinger remained at Harvard as a member of the faculty in the Department of Government and at the Center for International Affairs.

Kissinger became a supporter of, and advisor to Republican nominee, Richard Nixon in 1968 who eventually became the President of US and made Kissinger as National Security Advisor.

Détente Policy and Opening of ChinaHe extended the policy of détente which led

to a significant relaxation in U.S.-Soviet tensions.

He negotiated the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks and the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty with Leonid Brezhnev, General Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party.

He played a crucial role in 1971 talks with Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai ending 23 years of diplomatic isolation and mutual hostility.

Kissinger promised to reveal military intelligence of Soviet Union if China extended a friendly hand.

Another important outcome of détente was to bring preventive diplomacy.

Negotiation took place in China.

Kissinger sought to place diplomatic pressure on the Soviet Union.

The talks concluded with a rapprochement between the United States and the People's Republic of China, and the formation of a new strategic anti-Soviet Sino-American alignment

Paris Peace AccordsThe main negotiators of the agreement were United

States National Security Advisor Dr. Henry Kissinger and Vietnamese politburo member Lê Ðức Thọ.

The negotiations that led to the accord had begun in 1968 and had been subject to various lengthy delays and came to an end in 1973.

Negotiations took place in Paris .North Vietnam demanded that all bombing of North

Vietnam be stopped by USU.S. side demanded that North Vietnam agree to a

reciprocal reduction in South Vietnam.

A similar debate concerned the table to be used at the conference.

The North -circular table -appear to be 'equal' in importance.

The South Vietnamese -a rectangular table - two distinct sides to the conflict.

a compromise -representatives of the northern and southern governments would sit at a circular table, with members representing all other parties sitting on individual square tables around them.

the primary negotiations that led to the agreement were carried out during secret negotiations between Kissinger and Le Duc Tho, which began on 4 August 1969.

It lasted for 3 years because President Nixon and Kissinger were unwilling to overthrow through an agreement a government the North Vietnam had failed to overthrow by force of arms.

The major breakthrough came on 8 October 1972 .Tho significantly modified his bargaining line, allowing that the Saigon regime could remain in power and that negotiations between the two South Vietnamese parties could develop a final settlement

Kissinger and Tho met again on 23 January and signed off on a treaty that was basically identical to the draft of three months earlier. The agreement was signed by the leaders of the official delegations on 27 January at the Majestic Hotel in Paris.

1973 Yom Kippur WarIn 1973, Kissinger negotiated the end to the Yom

Kippur War, which had begun on October 6, 1973.

Egypt and Syria attacked Israel in retaliation to 1967's Israeli offensive and invasion of Sinai.

The war took place for six days.With the intervention of Kissinger on seen

negotiating on behalf of Israel the war came to an early stop.

The negotiation took place between Kissinger and Egyptian foreign minister Ismail Fahmi .

Negotiation took place in EgyptIsrael regained the territory it lost in the

early fighting and gained new territories from Syria and Egypt, including land in Syria east of the previously captured

Golan Heights.Kissinger pressured the Israelis to surrender

some of the newly captured land back to its Arab neighbors', contributing to the first phases of Israeli-Egyptian non-aggression.

Kissinger’s Positive AttributesKissinger possessed a optimistic character

which was reflected in all his negotiations.clearly defined national interests creative problem solvingFlexible thinkingwillingness to take risks and higher

confidence.Policy makerPersuasive Negotiator

Negative AttributesShort Temper

eg. Kissinger-Indira Gandhi incidentMisinterpretation on Cambodia

Thank you…