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@jedj r`j Cimxyoec mn Aii r`j Taoert oe R`jox Cmb

(Faxroe Izr`jxt Me r`j Hmebacj mn r`j Soii; A Xjnijdrome/

Hy Rafo Kjioejg

Oerxmbzdrome

Oe \axr O mn Faxroe Izr`jxtBj Tjx~m Axhorxom) |zhiot`jb oe xjt|metj rm JxatfztBj Iohjxm

Axhorxom) `j jnnjdrzaiiy bjeojt j~je r`j jpotrjedj mn nxjj d`modj) bjnoejb hy Jxatfzt at a

|msjx mn r`j `zfae soii hy s`od` a fae dae a||iy `oftjin rm r`oect s`od` ijab rm jrjxeai

tai~arome) mx rzxe asay nxmf r`jf%1

\axrodziaxiy trxmec ot Izr`jxt a||jai rm Cmbt offzrahij

nmxjgemsijbcj at r`ar s`od` fagjt nxjj d`modj nmx `zfae hjoect of|mttohij (HS; O) 2/%8

R`je

noeaiiy) oe \axr ^O)A Bot|iay mn r`j Nmxdjt me Izr`jxt Tobj) `j jttjeroaiiy raigt hadg rm nxjj

d`modj) cxaeroec ort jpotrjedj nmx r`j tagj mn botdzttome) hzr |xm~oec or m~jx aeb m~jx rm hj

oejnnjdrzai rmsaxb xoc`rjmztejtt) r`zt jp|mtoec a d`modj r`ar ot oe em say nxjj rm jpjxdotj

ortjin rmsaxb r`j cmai mn tai~arome7 oe nadr) or ot hmzeb rmsaxb r`j m||mtorj boxjdrome% Tm&daiijb

nxjj d`modj ot r`jxjhy xj~jaijb at a ~oxrzai mpyfmxme jezedoarjb hy `ot oerxmbzdrmxy qzjtrome)

S`ar ot oejnnjdro~j |msjx hzr em |msjx ar aii (HS; O) 3/=4

Izr`jxt bot|iay mn nmxdjt

oedizbjt axczfjert hzoir z|me tj~je botroedr) yjr oerjxxjiarjb aeb m~jx&ia||oec |xjfotjt mx

attjxromet |mtrziarjb acaoetr r`j jnnodady mn r`j soii mx jnnmxrt mn zt `zfae hjoect rmsaxb r`j

cmai mn mzx mse tai~arome% R`ot |a|jx soii nmdzt |xofaxoiy me r`j tjdmeb mn r`mtj tj~je

attjxromet;Nxjj D`modj Fay Bm r`j Smxgt mn r`j Ias Hzr Emr Nzinoii r`j Ias%

1J% Cmxbme Xz|| . \`oio| T% Sartme (jbormxt/) Izr`jx aeb Jxatfzt; Nxjj Soii aeb Tai~arome (Iohxaxy mn

D`xotroaeDiattodt) Odr`zt Jborome/ (Ejs _mxg) E_; Sjtrfoetrjx \xjtt) 1?3>/) 1

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Ae Aeaiytot mn Izr`jxt Axczfjer Hatjb z|me r`j Attjxrome;

Nxjj D`modj Fay Bm r`j Smxgt mn r`j Ias Hzr Emr Nzinoii r`j Ias (HS; ^O) 8/

Izr`jx hjcoet `ot axczfjer `jxj hy qzmroec \azi; Em `zfae hjoec soii hj kztronojb oe `ot

toc`r hy r`j smxgt mn r`j ias (Xmfaet 4;8

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Aii s`m xjiy me r`j smxgt mn r`j ias axj zebjx a dzxtj) nmx or ot sxorrje) dzxtjb hjj~jxymej s`m bmjt emr ahobj hy aii r`oect sxorrje oe r`j Hmmg mn r`j Ias) aeb bm

r`jf (Caiaroaet 4;1

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On em mej dae hj kztronojb hy gjj|oec r`j ias) s`ar |zx|mtj r`je bmjt r`j ias tjx~j= \azi

aetsjxt tzddoedriy; R`xmzc` r`j ias dmfjt r`j gemsijbcj mn toe (Xmfaet 4;8

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Izr`jx ems |xmdjjbt rm dmerxatr r`j rsm ioc`rt mn r`j ias aeb r`j Cmt|ji) aeb fmtr

jimqzjeriy;

Or ot r`j ratg) nzedrome) aeb jnnjdr mn r`j ias rm hj a ioc`r rm r`j ocemxaer aeb hioeb)

hzr tzd` a ioc`r at xj~jait todgejtt) toe) j~oi) bjar`) `jii) r`j sxar` mn Cmb) r`mzc`or annmxbt em `ji| aeb hxoect em bjio~jxaedj nxmf r`jtj) hzr ot dmerjer rm `a~jxj~jaijb r`jf% R`je) s`je a fae hjdmfjt asaxj mn r`j botjatj mn toe) `j ot

rxmzhijb) botrxjttjb) j~je oe bjt|aox% R`j ias ot em `ji|) fzd` ijtt dae `j `ji|`oftjin% R`jxj ot ejjb mn aemr`jx ioc`r rm xj~jai r`j xjfjby% R`ot ot r`j ~modj mn

r`j cmt|ji) xj~jaioec D`xotr at r`j bjio~jxjx nxmf aii r`jtj r`oect% Or ot emr xjatmemx nxjj d`modj r`ar xj~jait D`xotr7 `ms t`mzib or s`je or ot ortjin baxgejtt aeb

ejjbt r`j ioc`r mn r`j ias rm xj~jai ort botjatj) s`od` hy ort mse ioc`r or bmjt emrtjj) hzr hjioj~jt rm hj `jair`=

14

R`ot xjdaiit r`j smxbt mn r`j a|mtrij; on r`je r`j ioc`r oe ymz ot baxgejtt) `ms cxjar ot r`ar

baxgejtt (Farr`js >;84/% Ba~ob S`ornmxb tzffaxo{jt r`j botroedrome hjrsjje Jxatfzt aeb

Izr`jx me r`j |zx|mtj mn r`j ias) aeb annoxft r`xmzc` r`j smxbt mn Izr`jx r`j dmfnmxroec `m|j

mn r`j Cmt|ji;

Nmx Jxatfzt) r`j ias bjfmetrxarjt nmx zt `ms sj mzc`r rm io~j tm r`ar sj foc`r

hj ta~jb% Nmx Izr`jx) or |iayt a fzd` bonnjxjer xmij oe a |jxtmet ionj% Or ot a conrnxmf Cmb r`ar bjtrxmyt mzx ea~j tjin&bjdj|rome oe mzx mse ahoiory rm ta~j

mzxtji~jt%%%Nmx Izr`jx) nmiimsoec r`j ias daeemr ta~j zt hjdaztj r`ar ot emr r`j

xmij mn ias% R`j ias t`mst zt `ms `ji|ijtt sj rxziy axj% Nmxrzearjiy) addmxboecrm Izr`jx) sj axj emr ahaebmejb oe r`ot bjt|aox% Cmb mnnjxt a xjfjby nmx |jm|ijdazc`r oe toe) R`ot ot r`j ~modj mn r`j cmt|ji) xj~jaioec D`xotr at r`j bjio~jxjx%

12

Ems r`ar Izr`jx `at jtrahiot`jb r`j |zx|mtj mn r`j ias at r`ar s`od` fagjt dmf|ijrj aeb

zrrjx emetjetj mn r`ar sxjrd`jb r`oec) nxjj d`modj)1:

`j acaoe qzmrjt \azi;

Hzr ems r`j xoc`rjmztejtt mn Cmb ot faeonjtrjb a|axr nxmf r`j ias) air`mzc` r`j

ias aeb r`j |xm|`jrt hjax sorejtt rm or7 r`j xoc`rjmztejtt mn Cmb) O tay) r`xmzc`naor` oe Kjtzt D`xotr nmx aii aeb z|me aii s`m hjioj~j oe `of% Nmx r`jxj ot em

botroedrome7 toedj aii `a~j toeejb aeb naiije t`mxr mn r`j cimxy mn Cmb) r`jy axjkztronojb hy `ot cxadj at a conr) r`xmzc` r`j xjbjf|rome s`od` ot oe D`xotr Kjtzt)

s`mf Cmb |zr nmxsaxb at ae jp|oarome hy `ot himmb (Xmfaet 4;81&8:/%

14 Xz|| . Sartme)Izr`jx aeb Jxatfzt) 4%12 Ba~ob F% S`ornmxb)Izr`jx; a Czobj Nmx r`j \jx|ijpjb(Imebme; R.R Diaxg Oer#i) 8

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Izr`jx objeronojt oe r`ot |attacj rsm r`zebjxhmirt acaoetr nxjj d`modj; r`j noxtr) r`ar r`j

xoc`rjmztejtt mn Cmb ot faeonjtrjb a|axr nxmf r`j ias) aeb r`j tjdmeb) r`ar r`j xoc`rjmztejtt

mn Cmb ot xj~jaijb aeb a~aoit nmx aii aeb z|me aii s`m hjioj~j oe D`xotr) aeb r`ar r`jxj ot em

botroedrome%1>

Oe tz||mxr mn r`j noxtr) Izr`jx acaoe dmeejdrt r`j smxgt mn r`j ias aeb nxjj d`modj)

at bzai xjdo|ojert mn `ot bjar`hims;

%%%or ot ~jxy dijaxiy j~objer r`ar aii r`j bj~mrjb jebja~mxt mn nxjj d`modj axj smxr`ahtmizrjiy emr`oec% Nmx on r`j xoc`rjmztejtt mn Cmb jpotrt a|axr nxmf r`j ias aeb

r`j smxgt mn r`j ias) fztr or emr fzd` fmxj jpotr a|axr nxmf nxjj d`modj=Jt|jdoaiiy at r`j `oc`jtr at|oxarome mn nxjj d`modj ot rm |xadrodj fmxai

xoc`rjmztejtt) mx r`j smxgt mn r`j ias) sor` r`j `ji| annmxbjb hy r`j ias rm ortmse hioebejtt aeb ocemxaedj% R`ot jp|xjttome a|axr nxmf jpdizbjt fmxaiiy

cmmb smxgt7 or jpdizbjt fmxai xoc`rjmztejtt7 or jpdizbjt |xj|axaromet nmx cxadj%

13

10

R`j tjdmeb r`zebjxhmirt |mrjedy iojt oe r`j |`xatj r`jxj ot em botroedrome) axczjt Izr`jx)

hjdaztj oe r`j |iaoejtr mn rjxft W\aziV bo~objt r`j jeroxj xadj mn fje oerm rsm) co~oec r`j

xoc`rjmztejtt mn Cmb rm hjioj~jxt aeb bjeyoec or rm zehjioj~jxt%1?

@j `at aixjaby jprjeto~jiy

axczjb oe r`j |xj~omzt tjdrome (HS; ^O) 1/8 Xz|| . Sartme)Izr`jx aeb Jxatfzt) 4

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d`modj (mx oe r`j smxgt mn r`j ias/% Sj r`zt dme~odr r`jf me r`j j~objedj mn r`jox mse

dmetdojedj r`ar nxjj d`modj) s`je or ot bj~mob mn r`j cimxy mn Cmb) ot |jx|jrzaiiy czoiry mn r`j toe

mn zehjiojn) rmcjr`jx sor` aii ort |msjxt) jnnmxrt aeb jerjx|xotjt%88 R`zt Izr`jx jebt `ot

axczfjer annoxfoec `ot attjxrome)Nxjj D`modj Fay Bm r`j Smxgt mn r`j Ias Hzr Emr Nzinoii r`j

Ias%

At emrjb oe r`j oerxmbzdrome) r`jxj ot oerjx|iay aeb m~jxia| hjrsjje Izr`jxt tj~je |xjfotjt

mx attjxromet) aeb r`jox tz||mxroec axczfjert% R`jxj ot aitm a d`xmemimcodai |xmcxjttome r`ar

je`aedjt r`j trxjecr` mn jad` axczfjer) aeb r`jxjhy r`j rxjarotj at a s`mij% Or `at aixjaby hjje

bjfmetrxarjb `ms r`j tjdmeb attjxrome aeaiy{jb `jxj)Nxjj D`modj Fay Bm r`j Smxgt mn r`j

Ias Hzr Emr Nzinoii r`j Ias) `at hjje |xofjb hy Izr`jxt hjcoeeoec attjxrome r`ar Zeo~jxtai

Toenziejtt Eziionojt Nxjj D`modj7 aeb aitm `ms or ijabt oerm r`j r`oxb tjdrome xjnzroec

Dmecxzmzt aeb Dmeboce Fjxor% Oe r`j nmzxr` tjdrome) R`j Xoc`rjmztejtt mn Smxgt aeb mn

Naor`7 aeb a Tzffaxy mn Tr% \azit Rjtrofmey Acaoetr Nxjj D`modj) Izr`jx hxoect mr`jx

|attacjt rm hjax z|me s`ar `at aixjaby hjje jtrahiot`jb oe tjdrome rsm at r`j |zx|mtj mn r`j ias)

aeb r`j xoc`rjmztejtt mn Cmb s`od` ot a|axr nxmf r`j ias;

Tm aitm naor` soii fjae emr`oecair`mzc` Ahxa`af sat kztronojb hy or hjnmxj r`jias sat co~jeon smxgt dmzer nmx aeyr`oec% Acaoe) toedj r`j ias ot r`j |msjx mn

toe (1 Dmx% 1:;:>/ oe r`ar or tjx~jt meiy rm xj~jai aeb emr rm xjfm~j toe) or fagjtr`j dmetdojedj czoiry hjnmxj Cmb) aeb r`xjarjet or sor` sxar`% R`ar ot s`ar \azi

fjaet s`je `j tayt; R`j ias hxoect sxar` (Xmfaet 2;1:/% @ms r`je) dmzibr`jxj hj aey |mttohoiory mn arraoeoec xoc`rjmztejtt r`xmzc` r`j ias=

84

Oe tjdrome no~j) Tr% Km`e; Nxjj D`modj Ot mn r`j Smxib) r`j Nijt`7 Cxadj Ot mn D`xotr) hy

Naor`% R`j Rsm Axj M||mtorjt7 r`j botroedrome hjrsjje nijt` aeb t|oxor ot nzxr`jx jizdobarjb)

at aixjaby emrjb oe r`j aeaiytot ahm~j% Aitm) Km`et ztj mn r`j rjxft soii mn r`j nijt`) aeb

88 Xz|| . Sartme)Izr`jx aeb Jxatfzt) 4

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s`ar say ot r`j ias ~aiob aeb azr`mxoraro~j nmx zt rmbay at D`xotroaet= \xjtzfahiy Izr`jx ot

xjnjxxoec rm Mib Rjtrafjer ias sor` `ot fjerome mn r`j Bjdaimczj aeb `ot aiiztome rm Fmtjt oe

r`ot tjdrome% Sj gems `ms tmfj afmec r`j xjdmetrxzdromeotrt aeb r`jmemfotrt mn mzx rofj) s`m

smzib tjjg rm of|mtj Mib Rjtrafjer ias me tmdojry) foc`r aetsjx r`ot qzjtrome% @msj~jx)

Izr`jx tjjft rm ija~j or zeaetsjxjb%

Izr`jxt axczfjer r`ar s`je \azi dmebjfet r`j smxgt mn r`j ias r`jftji~jt aeb fagjt

r`jf of|omzt oe r`j toc`r mn Cmb) or ot dijax r`ar `j ot dmebjfeoec aii r`mtj s`mtj trxjecr` iay oe

r`jox {jai nmx r`j ias aeb ort smxgt8?ot imcodaiiy aeb jpjcjrodaiiy tmzeb% Hzr oe `ot tzhtjqzjer

bo~otome mn fje at bmjxt mn r`j ias oerm rsm diattjt) |zrroec r`mtj s`m smxg addmxboec rm r`j

T|oxor oe mej) aeb r`mtj s`m smxg addmxboec rm r`j nijt` oe r`j mr`jx)4

A R`jmimcodai Xjnijdrome me Faxroe Izr`jxt

Bj Tjx~m Axhorxom

At ot em bmzhr j~objer nxmf r`j ahm~j jpjcjtot mn Izr`jxt axczfjer) aeb nxmf s`ar O emrjb

at ort trxjecr`t aeb sjagejttjt) O tobj sor` r`j bot|iay mn nmxdjt me r`j tobj mn Izr`jx ar

ejaxiy j~jxy rzxe% T|jdonodaiiy) O bm emr tjj tzd` a r`oec at nxjj d`modj oe Tdxo|rzxj) djxraoeiy

emr at bjnoejb hy Jxatfzt `jxj;

Hy nxjj d`modj oe r`ot |iadj sj fjae r`j |msjx mn r`j `zfae soii hy s`od` a faedae a||iy `oftjin rm r`j r`oect r`ar ijab rm jrjxeai tai~arome) mx rzxe asay nxmf

r`jf%43

At S`ornmxb mhtjx~jt) S`oij Jxatfzt `at emr trarjb oe r`ot qzmrj r`ar r`ot ot a earzxai ahoiory oe

`zfae hjoect mzrtobj mn Cmbt cxadj) r`ar ot s`ar `j oerjebt%40

Izr`jxt botdzttome mn r`j |zx|mtj mn r`j ias ot jt|jdoaiiy jnnjdro~j oe bjtrxmyoec Jxatfzt

|xjfotj r`ar mzrtobj mn Cmbt cxadj) `zfae hjoect `a~j aey earzxai ahoiory rm a||iy r`jftji~jt

rm r`j r`oect r`ar ijab rm jrjxeai tai~aromeeafjiy (air`mzc` Jxatfzt ej~jx adrzaiiy eafjt

r`jf/) xj|jeraedj aeb naor`;

Emrodj `ms tof|ij r`j smxbt axj; R`xmzc` r`j ias dmfjt gemsijbcj mn toe7 yjrr`jy aimej axj |msjxnzi jemzc` rm dmenmzeb aeb m~jxr`xms nxjj d`modj% Nmx on or ot

rxzj r`ar s`je ijnr rm ortjin or bmjt emr gems s`ar toe aeb j~oi axjat `j taythmr` `jxj aeb oe Xmf% 3;(3/; O t`mzib emr `a~j gemse r`ar dm~jrmztejtt ot toe on

r`j ias `ab emr taob) ymz t`aii emr dm~jr)`ms dae or j~jx gems s`ar

4> Xz|| . Sartme)Izr`jx aeb Jxatfzt) 4%43 Xz|| . Sartme)Izr`jx aeb Jxatfzt) 23%40 S`ornmxb)Izr`jx; A Czobj) 03%

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xoc`rjmztejtt aeb cmmbejtt axj= Aeb on or bmjt emr gems s`ar xoc`rjmztejtt ot)`ms dae or trxo~j rmsaxb or=4?

Tm r`j ioc`r mn r`j ias ot ejjbjb rm dme~odr r`j dmetdojedj mn toe) ijaboec rm xj|jeraedj7 aeb r`j

ioc`r mn r`j Cmt|ji ot ejjbjb rm xj~jai r`j xoc`rjmztejtt mn Cmb a|axr nxmf r`j ias) r`xmzc` naor`

oe D`xotr;

R`j xoc`rjmztejtt mn Cmb ot faeonjtrjb a|axr nxmf r`j ias% R`ot botroeczot`jb

r`j xoc`rjmztejtt mn Cmb nxmf r`j xoc`rjmztejtt mn r`j ias) nmx r`j xoc`rjmztejttmn naor` dmfjt nxmf cxadj a|axr nxmf r`j ias% R`j |`xatj a|axr nxmf ias daeemr

fjae aeyr`oec jitj hzr r`ar D`xotroae xoc`rjmztejtt jpotrt a|axr nxmf r`j smxgt mnr`j ias) oe r`j tjetj r`ar r`j smxgt mn r`j ias axj zrrjxiy ztjijtt aeb oejnnjdro~j

nmx mhraoeoec or) at `j tayt offjboarjiy hjims; Sj `mib r`ar a fae ot kztronojb hynaor` a|axr nxmf r`j smxgt mn r`j ias (Xmf% 4;80/%

2