hempel coating reference handbook

HEMPELDear paint user, This updated edition of Hempel's Coating Reference Handbook has been put together to help you get the best possible performance from Hempel's paints.

Originally developed as a tool for our own Coating Advisers by Hempel's Centre for Applied Coatings Technology, we hope a wider audience can benefit from the practical advice, data, references, procedures, equipment and standards used within the coatings industry.

Our own Coating Advisers use Hempel's Coating Reference Handbook every day and we hope that you will also be able to put it to frequent good use in getting the best out of your daily work with paint and coatings.

Pierre-Yves Jullien CEO, Hempel

HEMPEL

Please Note:

Our ISO 9001Certificated QAsystem requires us to inform you that your

possession of this Handbook is not registered at HEMPEL.

HEMPEL therefore cannot take responsibility for the accuracy and update of any

information given in the Handbook at any time of its use and You are requested

to seek such confirmation yourself.

The Coating Reference Handbook

is issued by

HEMPEL A/S

Group Technology Centre

9. Edition, 1. Print, November 2007 Reissued February 2011 with updated pages R 6ab

® HEMPEL A/S, February 2011

HEMPELTABLE OF CONTENTS

1. SUBSTRATES Substrates, survey Stainless Steel Types Aluminium Galvanizing Metallizing Concrete

2. STANDARDS References to the most relevant Standards

3. EQUIPMENT Inspection Equipment Your Equipment Your Safety Equipment A Medicine Box Providable Equipment Special Equipment How to adjust: Your Electronic DFT-Gauge How to adjust: Your Electronic Temperature-Gauge

4. CHECKPOINTS Survey Sheets, STEEL Preparation for Surface Preparation During Surface Preparation Finalizing Surface Preparation Preparation for Paint Application During Paint Application Finalizing Paint Application Final Survey

Survey Sheets, CONCRETE Preparation for Surface Preparation During Surface Preparation Finalizing Surface Preparation Preparation for Paint Application During Paint Application Finalizing Paint Application Final Survey

PAGE

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6

ST 1 - 4

E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 CAL1 CAL2

ISS1 ISS2 ISS3 ISS4 ISS5 ISS6 ISS7

ISC1 ISC2 ISC3 ISC4 ISC5 ISC6 ISC7

Continues INSPTOC1, ed4 27/08/99 EMi


Continued

The individual Checkpoints Steel Surface Welds Concrete Concrete Surface Oil & Grease Lighting Access Preparation Grade, Steel Preparation Grade, Concrete Blasting Profile Dust Water soluble salts Blasting Equipment Mechanical Cleaning Equipment Water Jetting Equipment Application Equipment Quantity of Paints Paint - Qualities Shelf Life Curing Agent Thinner Thinning Stirring Wet Film Thickness Coated Surface before Overcoating Air Temperature Surface Temperature Dew Point Paint Temperature Ventilation Coated Surface, Final Acceptance

5 INDICATIVE GUIDELINES to PROCESSES and PROCEDURES Abrasive Blasting Abrasives Detection of Oil and Grease Preparation Grade Relations

PAGE

P1 a - c P2 a - b P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10 P11a P11b P12 P13 P14 P15 P16 P17 P18 P19 P20 P21 P22 P23 P24 a - c P25 P26 P27 P28 P29 P30 a - c

R1 a - b R2 a - d R3 a - b R4 a - b

Continues INSPTOC2 ed5 11/03/03 EMi


Continued PAGE

Surface Roughness R5 a - b Water Soluble Salts (incl Chlorides and Conductivity) R6 a - d Shopprimers R7 a - c pH-Value R8 Taking Technical Pictures R9 a - b Identifying the Existing Coating R10 Overcoating Intervals R11 Antifouling Compatibility Chart R12 Impressed Current Cathodic Protection R13 Tank Ventilation R14 True Surface Area and "Dead Volume". R15 a - b Water Cleaning, Definitions and Standards. R16 a - b DFT-Rules R17 a - b Temperature Resistance of Paints (Dry Service) R18 Estimating Size of Affected Areas R19 a - c Corrosion Categories (ISO 12944) R20 Wind scales R21 Desinfection of tanks R22 Phonetic Alphabet R23

6. TABLES of CONVERSIONS, TRANSFORMATIONS and CALCULATIONS Temperature T1 Conversion Tables T2 Wet Film Thickness T3 Volume Solids by Thinning T4 Dew Point Table T5 The MOLLIER-(ix) Diagramme T6 Interchange Tables for Airless Spray Nozzles T7 a - b Airless Spray Nozzle Output T7 c Airless Spray. Pressure Loss in Hoses. T7 d Estimating Size of Surfaces Ships, general T8 a

Ships, ballast tanks T8 b Plates and Pipes T8 c Beams, Profiles and Pipes T8 d Containers T8 e Simple Shapes T8 f

Filters, Mesh Sizes T9 Consumption Factors T10

7 COMMUNICATIONS

How to get around to HEMPEL-Offices COM 1 - 2 Replacing lost luggage COM3

INSPTOC3 ed7 24/05/05 EMi

HEMPEL

INSPSUBSTRATES ed1 24/07/95 EMi

HEMPEL SUBSTRATES S1

During your job you may run into a number of different substrates that has to be coated. Below is given a list of the most common ones, and where you may meet them.

ORDINARY STEEL TYPES Constructional steel Consider all these types equal.

Same surface preparation acc Cast Iron to ISO 8501-1:1988.

Cast Iron may have porous surface Cor-Ten Steel Therefore zinc silicates are not

recommended on cast iron

STAINLESS STEEL TYPES Muffler Grade Steel Muffler Grade is low quality

Stainless Steel which should allways Stainless Steel be painted:

The others are the same Seawater Resistant paintingwise. Stainless Steel For instruction see S2

ALUMINUM Extruded sheets All types to be treated equal. and profiles. Cast aluminium should always

be abrasive blasted Cast

For instruction see S3

METAL COATED STEEL Hot dipped Galvanised Steel, fresh. All unexposed surface should

be treated equal. Hot dipped Galvanised Steel, weathered Weathered surfaces are usually

easier to paint. Electrolytic Galvanized Steel Sheet

Zinc - Aluminium Galvanized Steel For instruction see S4

METALLIZING Zinc Sprayed Metallising All surfaces to be treated

equal Aluminium Sprayed Metallising

Zinc - Aluminium Metallizing For instruction see S5

CONCRETE All types Surfaces preparation and sealing

depend on later exposure. For instruction see S6

When meeting other substrates or in doubt always consult your TSD-Manager

INSPS1 ed2 VALIDITY SUBJECT TO CONFIRMATION 13/05/98 EMi

HEMPEL STAINLESS STEEL TYPES S2

Most commonly used Stainless Steel types are:

TYPE: ALLOYING COMMON USE:

Muffler Grade Steel 8 -12 % Chromium Side ond roof panels on Containers.

Stainless Steel: 18-21% Chromium Chemical tanks and equipment. + 8-11% Nickel Side ond roof panels on Reefer

Containers. Panels on transportation equipment

Seawater Resistant As Stainless Steel + Various minor equipment in Stainless Steel: 2-3% Molybdenium contact with sea-water (Filters etc).

SURFACE PREPARATION: Surface preparation allways depends on later performance exposure. The more severe - the more thorough surface preparation is required. For these substrates you cannot talk about ISO 8501-1:1988 and similar, since no millscale or rust is present on the surface. What matters is to obtain the necessary adhesion of the coating.

Later Performance Exposure: Min surface prep Primer type Total DFT MILD Degreasing 1, 2, 3 or 4. 80-110 micron

MEDIUM Degreasing 1, 2, 3 or 4. 110-150 micron (+ Phosphating

or Abrasive Sweeping) SEVERE Abrasive Sweeping Standard Epoxy 150-300 micron

to a dense profile Barrier Coating IMMERSION Abrasive Sweeping Standard Epoxy 250-300 micron

to a dense profile Barrier Coating

Primer Type (2006-status): 1: For Alkyds HEMPEL'S UNI PRIMER 13140 2: For Physically Drying HEMPADUR 15552 3: For Epoxies and PU.s HEMPADUR 15552 4: For WB Acrylics HEMUCRYL 18200 or HEMUCRYL 18032

Indicated HEMPEL primers may not necessarily be found in the HEMPEL Book.


HEMPEL ALUMINIUM S3

Most commonly used Aluminium types are:

TYPE: COMMON USE: Extruded sheets and Structural Elements, Facade Panels Profiles: Side ond roof panels on Reefer

Aluminium Hulls, Superstructures. Containers and on transportation equipment

Anodized Aluminium: Sheets and profiles treated chemically to increase oxide layer.

Cast Aluminium: Various minor equipment

SURFACE PREPARATION: Surface preparation allways depends on later performance exposure. The more severe - the more thorough surface preparation is required. What matters is to obtain the necessary adhesion of the coating. Anodized aluminium cannot be painted directly. The anodizing must be removed beforehand by mechanical methods (abrasive blasting).

Later Performance Exposure: Min surface prep Primer type Total DFT MILD Degreasing 1, 2, 3 or 4. 80-110 micron

MEDIUM Degreasing 1, 2, 3 or 4. 110-150 micron (+ Phosphating. or Abrasive Sweeping)

SEVERE Abrasive Sweeping Standard Epoxy- 150-300 micron to a dense profile barrier system

IMMERSION Abrasive Sweeping Standard Epoxy- 250-300 micron to a dense profile barrier system

Primer Type (2006-status): 1: For Alkyds HEMPEL'S UNI PRIMER 13140 2: For Physically Drying HEMPADUR 15552 3: For Epoxies and PU.s HEMPADUR 15552 4: For WB Acrylics HEMUCRYL 18200 or HEMUCRYL 18032


Avoid copper containing anti-foulings on immersed areas of aluminium hulls.


HEMPELGALVANIZING S4

Most commonly painted Galvanizing (Metal Coating) types are:

TYPE: COMMON USE: Hot dipped Galvanizing: Structural Elements, Lightpoles, Handrails, (Fresh) Roadguards. Side and roof panels on

Reefer Containers. Hot dipped Galvanizing: As fresh hot-dipped galvanizing. (Weathered) Electrolytic galvanizing: Sheets, bolts and minor equipment. Zinc-Aluminium Galvanizing (Sendzimir) Sheets, Facade Panels

SURFACE PREPARATION: Surface preparation allways depends on later performance exposure. The more severe - the more thorough surface preparation is required. What matters is to obtain the necessary adhesion of the coating. Any white rust protection treatment of electrolytic or Sendzimir galvanizing must be removed.

Later Performance Exposure: Min surface prep Primer type Total DFT MILD Degreasing */ 1, 2, 3 or 4. 80-110 micron MEDIUM Degreasing + 2, 3 or 4. 110-150 micron

(+ Phosphating. **/ or Abrasive Sweeping)

SEVERE Abrasive Sweeping Standard Epoxy-150-300 micron to a dense profile barrier system

IMMERSION NOT RECOMMENDED

*/ On weathered galvanizing white rust formation must be removed mechanically. **/ Some tradenames for phosphatising solutions are LITHOFORM and "T"-WASH.

Primer Type (2006-status): 1: For Alkyds HEMPEL'S UNI PRIMER 13140 NB: Only for MILD exposure 2: For Physically Drying HEMPADUR PRIMER 15552 3: For Epoxies and PU.s HEMPADUR PRIMER 15552 4: For WB Acrylics HEMUCRYL 18200 or HEMUCRYL 18032



HEMPELMETALLIZING S5

Most commonly used Metallizing types are:

TYPE:

Zinc Metallizing: Structural Steel in heavy duty environment. Aluminium Metallizing: Structural Steel in heavy duty environment and

exposed to high temperatures. Zinc-Aluminium Structural Steel in heavy duty environment. Metallizing (85/15):

SURFACE PREPARATION: Metallizings should be overcoated as soon as possible to avoid zinc- and aluminium salts to form from the very active surfaces. If done so no further surface preparation is required. If already exposed, high pressure hosing and removal of zinc/aluminium salts by stiff brushes or in severe cases by abrasive sweeping is required. Metallizings "pop" like zinksilicates and should be painted the same way ie. using a special sealer coat or flash-coat technic.

Sealer Type (2006-status):

For Alkyds NOT RECOMMENDED

For Physically Drying HEMPADUR 45080 or preferably Flash-Coat Technic.

For Epoxies and PU.s HEMPADUR 45080 or preferably Flash-Coat Technic.

For WB Acrylics HEMUCRYL 18200 or HEMPADUR 45080

Total DFT depends on later performance exposure: MILD 80-110 micron MEDIUM 110-150 micron SEVERE 150-300 micron IMMERSION NOT RECOMMENDED



HEMPEL CONCRETE S6

Most commonly used Concrete types are:

TYPE: COMMON USE: Straigth unreinforced low strength concrete: Buildings Straigth reinforced low Buildings, Concrete elements, Swimming Pools strength concrete: General Purpose Reinforced high strength Bridges, Structural elements in Buildings, Silos, concrete: Water Treatment Plants.

SURFACE PREPARATION: Concretes should be fully cured, (min 28 days for Portland Cement based Concretes) before coating. Uncured concrete is called "green" concrete and is alkaline. Surface preparation always depend on later performance exposure. The more severe - the more thorough surface preparation is required.

Later Performance Exposure: Min Surface Prep Sealer Type Total DFT. MILD 1 1, 2, 3 or 4 60-120 MEDIUM 2 2, 3 or 4 80-150 SEVERE 3 3 100-200 IMMERSION 3 3 250-500

Minimum Surface Preparation: 1: Degreasing + Dedusting 2: Degreasing + High Pressure Water jetting or High Pressure

Water Hosing with abrasive addition or Abrasive Sweeping. 3: Degreasing + Dry or Wet Abrasive Blasting.

Sealer Type (2006-status): 1: For Alkyds HEMPEL'S UNI PRIMER 13140 (thinned 25-30%) NB: Only for MILD exposure 2: For Physically Drying HEMPEL'S UNI PRIMER 13140 (thinned 25-30%) 3: For Epoxies and PU.s HEMPADUR SEALER 05970 4: For WB Acrylics HEMUCRYL 28820

Indicated HEMPEL primers/sealers may not necessarily be found in the HEMPEL Book.


HEMPEL

INSPSTANDARDS ed1 24/07/95 EMi

HEMPELSTANDARDS ST1

Standards are established to assist in defining procedures and results concerning:

- Conditions of surfaces. - Selection of methods. - How to carry out methods selected. - The quality of the final result.

Standards thus establish the basis on which the control work can be carried out, ensuring that all parties involved understand the requirements in the same way. In the coatng advisers field a number of standards are used. These can be divided into the following groups:

- Internationally recognized standards; should be known to every Paint Coating Inspector.

- National and Association Standards; Should be known to Paint Coating Inspector operating in that specific country.

- Yard Standards; should be known to Paint Coating Inspectors working at the particular yard.

Standards, both international and national, can usually be obtained through the National Bureau of Standards, whereas Association Standards and Yard Standards normally are obtainable at the source only. The following tables give a survey of internationally recognized standards and some national standards of interest together with comments.

Remember to be specific when making reference to a standard in specificatons. General references to standard works such as Steel Structures Painting Council, ASTM or similar are not unambiguous and will, probably, cause discussion once the paint work has been started. During the surveying make use only of the standards specified in the specification. If another standard at a later stage is becoming relevant everybody has to agree.

Standards are updated at intervals. You should be aware of the version(s) referred to in the painting specification.

INSPST1 ed2 13/05/98 EMi

HEMPELSTANDARDS ST2

Check Point Standard Comments

Rust Grade of New Steel

Previously coated surfaces.

Oil/grease

Peeling/ Cracking/ Blistering

Soluble salts on the substrate.

ISO 8501-1: 1988 Photographic standard plus text. Only raw steel with millscale/rust. Rustgrades A, B, C and D.

SSPC. National american standard. Standard for the Preparation of Steel Surfaces prior to Painting.

The European Scale Photografic, Rating from Re 0 (No of Degree of breakdown) to Re 9 (Complete Rusting for Anti- breakdown). corrosive Paints. Old, but still very much used in

containers (2003).

ISO 4628/3-1982 Photografic, Rating from Ri 0 (No breakdown) to Ri 5 (40/50 % breakdown).

ASTM D 610 Photografic, Rating from 10 (No breakdown) to 1 (40/50 % breakdown).

Approximate equivalents are:

ISO rust scale European rust

scale ASTM D 610 Ri 0 Re 0 10 Ri 1 Re 1 9 Ri 2 Re 2 7 Ri 3 Re 3 6 Ri 4 Re 5 4 Ri 5 Re 7 1 to 2

No recommended standard is available. See further Pages R3a-b.

ISO 4628 Series. These standards are mainly used in the ASTM D 714 lab. They can be of value at evaluation of and family. existing coating condition.

NACE/SSPC SP12 defines 3 levels for High Pressure Water Jetting. See further page R16a-b. See also Page R6a - R6c especially for tank coating jobs. ISO 8502-6 Bresle Sampling Method ISO 8502-9 Conductivity Measurements

INSPST2 ed4 VALIDITY SUBJECT TO CONFIRMATION 05/02/03 EMi

HEMPELSTANDARDS ST3


Preparation ISO 8501-1: 1988 Photographic standard plus text. Grade Preparation grades St 2, St 3, Sa 1, Sa 2½ See also and Sa 3. Page R4 Only visible contamination (i.e. no soluble

salts) are considered. Interpretation may be necessary on surfaces blasted with other abrasives than quarts sand and steel grit/shot. Also on shopprimed steel and previously coated surfaces interpretation is necessary.

ISO 8501-2:1994 Text plus photografic examples of preparation of shopprimed and previously coated surfaces.

ISO 8501-4 Water-jetting Standard presently being DRAFT drafted.

SSPC-SP American Standard, text. (See page R4a) Preparation grades: SP-5, SP-10, SP-6, SP-7 SP-3, SP-2, SP-11. Corresponds approximately to ISO 8501-1, but differences excist.

SPSS, Japan 1975 Other standards comparable to DIN 55928 Teil 4 ISO 8501-2:1994 (See page R4b).

NACE/SSPC Standard for preparation by High Pressure SP 12 Water Jetting.

Deals with physical as well as water soluble salt cleanliness.

Roughness RUGOTEST No 3 Comparator type for judgement by eyeball, See also and finger touch. Page R 5

ISO 8503 Includes Comparator types for eyeball and touch judgement, microscopic evaluation and pin gauge.

ASTM D 4417 Includes Keane-Tator Comparator, Testex tape and pin gauge.

Soluble Salts Consult NACE/SSPS SP 12, ISO 8502-6 and 8502-9 and HEMPEL'S Photo Reference: HMP-STD*WJPHOTO*01-97 also see Pages R6a - R6d.

Dust ISO 8502-3 Tape method, classifying dust contamination in 5 ratings. Apply only, if specified and limits of acceptance have been agreed on beforehand. For containers also consult HEMPEL's Code of Practice No 9501-1.


HEMPELSTANDARDS ST4


Dry Film ISO 2808 This standard only sets demands to instruments Thickness to be used and how to calibrate them. Please See Calibration DO NOT calibrate on steel surface with Guide CAL1 HEMPEL'S roughness. Use HEMPEL method in Calibration

CoP 0209-1 Guide CAL1 instead.

ISO 19840 New standards describing calibration, methods of SSPC-PA 2 measurements, sampling plans and decision

rules. Use of these standards have to be specified and agreed upon before the survey is started. Please observe the special requirements in ISO 19840 regarding steel surface roughness compensation.

Adhesion ISO 2409 Cross-Cut and X-Cut test, not relevant for film NOTE: For all thickness above 200 micron. methods, coatings Acceptable result MUST be agreed beforehand. MUST be fully MUST NOT BE USED FOR ZINCSILICATES. dry and cured before testing ASTM D 3359 X-cut and Cross-Cut. X-cut ususally easier to usually 1 - 2 perform than Cross-Cut.months old. MUST NOT BE USED FOR ZINCSILICATES.

SIS 184171 Pull-Off test method. Complicated for field ISO 4624 application, but reliable on plane steel of

min 6 mm thickness. Min pulling strength and HEMPEL'S type of acceptable failures to be agreed CoP 0006-1 beforehand. CoP 9803-1 1 MPa = 1 N/mm² = 10 Kgf/cm²

Pores Low voltage wet sponge poretesters can be used to detect full penetrating porosity. 9V DC should be used, as higher voltage 67 and 90V may give wrong indications. High voltage dry testers are only to be used on critical jobs where a completely porefree surface is a must. Extent is then 100% and all pores repaired.

HEMPEL'S Too high voltage may destruct intact, safe CoP 0005-1 and sound coating. Allways agree on voltage,

extent and pore level on beforehand.

DIN 55670 Deals with high voltage pore testing.

Appearence ISO 2813 Gloss requirements in practice are delicate because spray-dust, condensation, surface wavyness etc. might easily reduce gloss locally below any accepted limit.


HEMPEL

INSPEFP ed1 24/07/95 EMi

HEMPEL INSPECTION EQUIPMENT E1

The primary tools for the Coating Adviser are the eyes, the fingers and the mind.

Although electronic instruments and computers are in rapid development it should never be forgotten that such instruments can only supplement and assist - not replace - careful observations and logic thinking, planning and recording.

All instruments have their limitations. They are accurate only within limits of geometry and temperature and readings often have to be interpreted. Correctly adjusted and used they are valuable tools for documentation. Incorrectly adjusted or used they lead to misconclusions with - in worst cases early failure of the coating as a result.

The equipment used for the job of coating application surveyance must be carried in a way that provides a safe moving around during the survey - and protects the often fragile instruments

A hard bag approx 35 x 30 x 15 cm with min 3 compartments (one for papers, one for fragile instruments and one for hard items) preferably with straps for shoulder carrying is to allow free hands operation is recommendable.

Such a bag also qualify as hand baggage on airlines and you should of course always carry your valuable equipment as hand bagage when travelling by air.

The equipment available for the job of coating application surveyance can convieniently be divided into 3 groups:

Page - What you (the Inspektor) must have. E2 - E4

(Every day equipment)

- What should be providable if necessary E5 '(Equipment for specific purposes and more precise measurements).

- What can be made available. E6 When specification calls for it or e.g. a failure analysis requires it.

Modern electronic equipment need frequent adjustments. Follow the guidelines given on the pages:

Page

- How to adjust your Electronic DFT GAUGE CAL 1 - How to adjust your Electronic TEMPERATURE GAUGE CAL 2

INSPE1 ed2 29/04/97 EMi

HEMPELYOUR EQUIPMENT E2

Equipment Type Comments

DFT-Gauge Small Accuracy of these instruments is usually 3-5%. electronic Keep probe clean and free of wet paint and iron

fillings. Measurements should not be made too close to edges and corners to avoid misreadings from magnetic field distortions.

WFT-Gauge Metallic Do not use plastic types, and discourage use of plastic types in general. Do not clean gauge with grinding paper or similar mechanical action. Always clean immediately after each measurement eg with thinner. Measurements should be made immediately (within seconds) after application. Not applicable to shopprimers and be careful with physically drying paints.

Sling With two fixed Make sure that the wet thermometer is moist Psychrometer thermometers with preferably distilled water. Sling for two (2)

minutes, read, sling for another ½ minute, read, continue untill two consequtive readings give the same results. Those are the readings.

Dew Point The disc-type Consists of two overlapping discs with the Calculator is same rotation centre.

recommended

Surface Mechanical or Both types to be checked with a glas-type Thermometer Electronic standard thermometer regularly, at least once

a month.

Flash Magnifier 5-10 x magnification

pH-paper Universal Both paper and strips are usable pH 0-14

Knife High quality steel, sharp.

Marking Chalk Yellow or white, non-grease.

Filling Knife Keep clean and sharp (Spatula)

Camera Digital Min 1.4 mill pixels. For tank jobs min 3 mill pixels. Do not forget when close-up's are taken also to include overall pictures of the same area. Never distribute pictures/films without the attachment of a descriptive photo legend.

Flashlight Powerfull. Preferably halogen.

Angle Mirror

Note Book and Hempel Note Use water-proof pens for writing Ball Pen Book

Marking Pens Permanent Ink ,thick felt, ethanol based types.

Black, red and green.


HEMPELYOUR SAFETY EQUIPMENT E3

You are an important person, because you are doing an important job. Do what

you can to take care of your health. S A F E T Y F I R S T


Safety Helmet Any, approved by local authority.

Pair of Safety Any, approved Goggles by local authority. Pair of Safety Any, approved Boots, Shoes by local authority. Pair of Gloves. Avoid touching blast cleaned steel with your

bare hands. Keep gloves clean of dirt, oil and grease, or renew.

Boiler suit, Coverall Respiratory The mask should protect against dust as well Protective Mask as organic solvent fumes.

Always bring a spare filter cartridge. Tube of skin Protective Cream Medicine Box A proposal for contents is given on page E4

Many work-sites have their particular rules of safety eg in refineries and on drilling and oil platforms. Before you enter work, always make sure that you know of these and is able to comply with these rules.

NOTE: For special jobs eg tank surveys and tank coating jobs, particular precautions must be taken and particular equipment must be available and used.


HEMPELA Proposal for a MEDICINE BOX

E4 2006

For HEMPEL'S Danish Coating Advisers, our company doctor has

composed the following medicine chest, which should carry only

legal types of medicine, i.e. no drugs or other illegal substances.

Some of the names may be Trade Names, but usually chemists are able to identify such, and offer you identical types.

Medicine Against

1: Antistina Privin Irritation or allergy in the eyes.

2: Brentan Creme Skin Irritation

3: Ciloprin Earache

4: Diproderm Sunrash and allergy.

5: Fenoxcillin Infection in throat and lungs.

6: Fusidin Wound infection

7: Imodium Diarrhoea.

8: Chloramphenicol Infection in the eyes.

9: Codimagnyl Pain

10: Lucosil Infection of the urine tract

11: Pronoctan: Sleeping pills.

*: 2 pcs injection syringes

*: Water repellant plasters

Administration of the medicine is not indicated as it may vary from Brand to Brand, but read and follow the instructions along with the medicine very carefully.

HEMPEL undertakes no responsibility for any possible incompliance of the medicine indicated above with any local regulations prevailing.


HEMPELPROVIDABLE EQUIPMENT E5


DFT-Gauge Magnetic and A straigthforward none-electronic should be computer available for jobs requiring non-spark equipment. electronic A memory- and statistical dft-gauge should be

available for heavy documentation jobs like tank coatings and containers, which would otherwice be too time consuming.

ISO 8501-1:1988 Surface preparation grades. Being a pictorial standard, a copy MUST be available to you in case of disputes of your judgement.

ISO 8501-2:1995 Preparation grades for other steel surface conditions than ISO 8501-1:1988, ie shopprimed surfaces and old painted surfaces. Note text is important. Photoes mostly examples.

HEMPEL'S Photo Reference: Water Jetting HMP-STD*WJPHOTO*01-97

RUGOTEST or Surface roughness comparators. ISO 8503 or Being a comparator standard, a copy MUST be Keane Tator available to you in case of disputes of your Comparator. judgement.

Usually only the one most relevant in your area is necessary. (Consult also pages R5)

Pocket Microscope Magnification approx 10 x with ligth.

Thermohydrograph To be used for monitoring application and curing (°C + %RH) with conditions eg at tank coating jobs. one weeks run. When in use protect against contamination from

blasting and painting.

X-cut template In accordance with ISO2409 / ASTM D 3359.

Measuring Tape 25 mtrs

Conductivity For evaluation of abrasives and possible surface Meter contamination in connection with eg tank coating

jobs.

Bresle For evaluation of possible surface contamination Samplers in connection with eg tank coating jobs.

For use consult page R6c and standard ISO 8502-6/ISO 8502-9.

Spare Parts for Batteries, bulbs, thermometers, pH-strips, personal kits marking chalk, note books, small plastic bags

for samples, films, filters for respiratory masks, skin protective cream, working gloves. Replenishments for medicine chests.


HEMPELSPECIAL EQUIPMENT E6


Adhesion Tester

High Voltage Poretester

Low voltage Wet Sponge Poretester

BSRA-AHR Roughness Gauge

Surftester

A Set of sieves

Standard Colour Cards

Saeberg Only to be used if specification calls for it. Adhesion Coating to be fully dried/cured usually 1 - 2 Tester, months before testing. HATE Acceptable pull-off strength and type of

failures to be agreed on beforehand.

0-15 kV Only to be recommended if coating is to be adjustable absolutely porefree. DC. Inspection thus 100% and all pores to be marked

and repaired. Testing voltage to be agreed beforehand.

GUIDELINES for TESTING VOLTAGE: dft (micron) Testing Voltage kV:

<200 DO NOT TEST 200-300 1 300-400 2 400-500 3 500-600 4 600-700 5 700-800 6 800-900 7 900-1000 8

>1000 (dft-200)/100 Too high voltage may destruct sound coating.

9V 67-90V types are not recommended due to unexplainable, faulty indications even on sound coatings Acceptable number of pores to be agreed on beforehand Only if requested according to customers spec.

Instrument for Requires special training. assessing hull Very seldom used today. roughness of ships bottom.

ISO 8503 In the few cases where a surface roughness comparator may not be sufficiently precise for estimation of abrasive blasting roughness this delicate laboratory instrument type may assist.

For establishing grain size distribution of abrasives.

BS, RAL NCS


3

1 2

HEMPELHOW TO ADJUST YOUR: CAL 1

Electronic DFT gauge WHY?

It is important for interpretation of measurement results, that the same procedures and methods are used. Dry film thickness is the item causing the most disputes about results. HEMPEL always recommend the adjustment procedure described below. HEMPEL working specifications are based on this procediure (HEMPEL CoP 0902-1).

HOW: 1 You must have in your possesion a smooth steel plate (1), free from oil,

grease and milscale, and of a thickness not less than 3 mm for general steel and of 1.5-2 mm for containers. If the plate gets rusty, clean it with fine 200 paper.

2 Your adjustment shims (2) must be clean and undamaged. Do not believe in the suppliers dft-indications. Have the shims measured with a suitable mikrometer.

3 Put the DFT-Gauge probe directly on the smooth steel plate and adjust to zero.

4 Select the shim, which is closest, but above the specified dft. Put this on the steel plate and adjust the DFT-Gauge to the shim's value.

5 Repeat step 3 and 4 untill both adjustment points fit.

Now the DFT-Gauge is adjusted.

Note: - Check adjustment of electronic gauges every day. - Always adjust at the temperature, where you are going to measure. - Keep the steel plate clean and free from rust. If you attach shims to

the plate with adhesive tape, check the plate below the shims minimum every 14 days.

INSPCAL1 ed2 VALIDITY SUBJECT TO CONFIRMATION 06/03/03 EMi

3

2

1

HEMPELHOW TO ADJUST YOUR: CAL 2

Electronic TEMPERATURE GAUGE WHY? Misreading of more than 0.5°C can severely affect your judgement of the possibility of condensation on the surface to be painted. Therefore your gauge must show right within this limit. Electronic gauges tends to drift. Glass thermometers are usually stable.

HOW:

1 Find a correctly showing glass thermometer. The one in your sling thermometer will usually do.

2 In your office (no drag), put your electronic gauge right next to the dry bulb thermoter, and leave them next to each other for at least 5 minutes Compare readings and note down the difference.

3 Find a cool or hot place (depending on where you are in the world, but always in the shade, and repeat 2/.

4 If the difference is the same in steps of 0.5°C and not more than 1°C you can use your temperature gauge. Just note down and remember to add or subtract the difference to your readings.

5 If the difference exceeds 0.5°C or is more than 1°C send your gauge to the supplier for adjustment - and check again on return. You should not try to adjust the instrument yourself, unless a clear instruction is given with the suppliers "How To Use" Manual.

Note: Repeat your check every 6 month!

INSPCAL2 ed1 VALIDITY SUBJECT TO CONFIRMATION 24/07/95 EMi

HEMPEL

INSPCHECKPOINTS 28/07/95 EMi

HEMPELSUBSTRATE: STEEL ISS1 INSPECTION PHASE:

PREPARATION FOR SURFACE PREPARATION

CHECKPOINTS CHECKPOINT No

STEEL SURFACE P1 a - c

WELDS P2 a - b

OIL & GREASE P5

BLASTING EQUIPMENT P12

MECHANICAL CLEANING EQUIPMENT P13

AIR TEMPERATURE P25

SURFACE TEMPERATURE P26

DEW POINT P27

ACCESS P7

LIGHTING P6

QUANTITY OF PAINTS P16

PAINT QUALITIES P17

THINNER P20

SHELF LIFE P18

INSPISS1 ed1 VALIDITY SUBJECT TO CONFIRMATION 25/07/95 EMi


DURING SURFACE PREPARATION


PREPARATION GRADE P8

BLASTING PROFILE P10

STEEL SURFACE P1b

OIL & GREASE P5

WATER-SOLUBLE SALTS P11b



AIR TEMPERATURE P25


DEW POINT P27

ACCESS P7

LIGHTING P6



FINALIZING SURFACE PREPARATION




STEEL SURFACE P1b

OIL & GREASE P5

DUST P11a




PREPARATION FOR PAINT APPLICATION



DUST P11a


OIL & GREASE P5

PAINTED SURFACE P24 a-c

AIR TEMPERATURE P25


DEW POINT P27

PAINT TEMPERATURE P28

APPLICATION EQUIPMENT P15

VENTILATION P29

ACCESS P7

LIGHTING P6

PAINT QUALITIES P17


CURING AGENT P19

THINNER P20

THINNING P21

MIXING/STIRRING P22



DURING PAINT APPLICATION


AIR TEMPERATURE P25


DEW POINT P27



VENTILATION P29

ACCESS P7

LIGHTING P6

PAINT QUALITIES P17


CURING AGENT P19

THINNER P20

THINNING P21

MIXING/STIRRING P22

WET FILM THICKNESS P23



FINALIZING PAINT APPLICATION


AIR TEMPERATURE P25





FINAL SURVEY


AIR TEMPERATURE P25




HEMPELSUBSTRATE: CONCRETE ISC1 INSPECTION PHASE:

PREPARATION FOR SURFACE PREPARATION


CONCRETE P3

CONCRETE SURFACE P4

OIL & GREASE P5

WATER JETTING EQUIPMENT P14



AIR TEMPERATURE P25


DEW POINT P27

ACCESS P7

LIGHTING P6


PAINT QUALITIES P17

THINNER P20

SHELF LIFE P18

INSPISC1 ed1 VALIDITY SUBJECT TO CONFIRMATION 25/07/95 EMi


DURING SURFACE PREPARATION




CONCRETE SURFACE P4

OIL & GREASE P8

WATER JETTING EQUIPMENT P14



AIR TEMPERATURE P25


DEW POINT P27

ACCESS P7

LIGHTING P6



FINALIZING SURFACE PREPARATION




CONCRETE SURFACE P4

OIL & GREASE P5

DUST P11



PREPARATION FOR PAINT APPLICATION



DUST P11

OIL & GREASE P5


AIR TEMPERATURE P25


DEW POINT P27



VENTILATION P29

ACCESS P7

LIGHTING P6

PAINT QUALITIES P17


CURING AGENT P19

THINNER P20

THINNING P21

MIXING/STIRRING P22



DURING PAINT APPLICATION


AIR TEMPERATURE P25


DEW POINT P27



VENTILATION P29

ACCESS P7

LIGHTING P6

PAINT QUALITIES P17


CURING AGENT P19

THINNER P20

THINNING P21

MIXING/STIRRING P22

WET FILM THICKNESS P23



FINALIZING PAINT APPLICATION


AIR TEMPERATURE P25





FINAL SURVEY

CHECKPOINTS

AIR TEMPERATURE

SURFACE TEMPERATURE

PAINTED SURFACE

CHECKPOINT No

P25

P26

P30 a-c


HEMPELCHECKPOINT STEEL SURFACE P 1a WHY? Certain "contaminants" may not be sufficiently removed or cleaned out by the surface preparation specified:

* SALTS * PITTINGS * ANTISPATTER AGENT

Salts are not removed by mechanical methods. It will cause osmotic blistering of the coating, reduced adhesion and underrusting. Pittings invariably contain salts, see above. Also pitted areas receive less dft, when sprayed, causing premature rusting through. Antispatter agents may be incompatible with the coating, resulting in adhesion failure and osmotic blistering later on with peeling and premature rusting/fouling as a result.

CORRECTIVE ACTIONS: Salts must be removed by water. Recommend high pressure fresh water hosing or water hosing at the same time using stiff brushes. For excessive pittings the water hosing must be done during or after the pits have been cleaned up. Recommend wet abrasive blasting or dry blasting followed by high pressure hosing followed by dry blasting again. Watersoluble Antispatters must be removed by water. Other types must be removed by solvent cleaning.

PREVENTIVE ACTIONS: Against salts advice to store under shelter or to establish a procedure of fresh water cleaning before material is taken into manufacture. For pittings advice manufacturers to avoid using pitted, old steel in high performance areas. For refurbishment / dry dockings recommend to include a freshwater hosing /wet blasting in the working procedure as described above under CORRECTIVE ACTIONS. Discourage the used of antispatter agents or recommend a cleaning procedure as described above under CORRECTIVE ACTIONS.

HOW TO DETECT: Visually ISO 8501-1:1988

Salts are difficult to detect. Usually extended exposure to marine or industrial outdoors environment will mean salt contamination.

For CARGO TANK COATINGS and other critical jobs consult the specification and page R 6 a-c.

INSP1a, ed 2 13/05/96 EMi

HEMPELCHECKPOINT STEEL SURFACE P 1b WHY? Three additional potential defects of a steel surface are important:

* LAMINATIONS * SHARP EDGES * DENTS / BURRS

None of these are removed or smoothened sufficiently by abrasive blasting. Laminations are overrolled steel from the milling process. A crevice with millscale and contaminants are formed below the surface. Paint cannot penetrate, but water later have plenty of time to do so, causing premature corrosion. Sharp edges and the contour of dents and burrs produce too low paint film thickness and thus cause premature corrosion as well.

CORRECTIVE ACTIONS: Laminations must be ground off, in severe cases followed by rewelding. NOTE: Some laminations are difficult to see on raw plates, therefore check also after abrasive blasting has been carried out. Sharp edges must be rounded off by grinding. Dents and burrs must be smoothened by grinding Areas may require stripe-coat.

PREVENTIVE ACTIONS: Laminations do occur, even on well rolled plates, but are more frequent from poor steel rolling mills. You cannot do much about it, except correct as given above Some sharp edges may arise from poorly maintained cutting tools. Talk to QC about such. Dents and burr may be caused by careless handling of plates or malpractice. Again talk to QC about it. For tankcoatings do not accept markings.

HOW TO DETECT: Visually, with your knife or spatula and by finger touch. Unless otherwise specified, edges should not feel sharp by the touch of your finger and be without irregularities As-rolled edges are normally OK.

ISO has developed a standard for steel surface condition in connection with coatings.This standard is ISO 8501-3.

INSPP1b, ed4 21/11/06 EMi

HEMPELCHECKPOINT STEEL SURFACE P 1c The general condition of the steel surface may be different from that being the background for the specification, thus influencing the specified surface preparations possibility of achieving the expected result.:

* MILLSCALE * RUSTGRADE * TYPE AND CONDITION OF SHOPPRIMER.

WHY? Millscale is more noble than steel. If insufficiently removed it will create galvanic corrosion between steel and millscale causing the millscale to peel off together with any coating on top of it. Knowledge of the rustgrade is necessary to select correct picture for later assessment of the preparation grade. If shopprimer is not correctly selected and applied (See page R7a-c) saponification, flaking or excessive salting below the paint film may occur causing blistering, peeling and premature corrosion/fouling of the coating on top.

CORRECTIVE ACTIONS: Millscale must be removed by a suitable method, generally abrasive blasting, to a preparation grade necessary for the coating system and later exposure environment.

PREVENTIVE ACTIONS: Report about the conditions observed so that these conditions can be taken into considerations in the future.

HOW TO DETECT: Visually ISO 8501-1:1988 Yard/Contractors shoppriming specification. Dry film thickness gauge

NOTE: You cannot measure dry film thickness of a shopprimer directly on abrasive blasted steel, See page R 7 a-c for guidance.

INSPP1C, ed1 28/07/95 EMi

HEMPELCHECKPOINT WELDS P 2a WHY? Welds can be contaminated from the welding process itself. Important checks for this are:

* SPATTERS * SLAG * SMOKE * BURN-BACK

* Spatters are not removed totally by abrasive blasting.The contour of a spatter will produce both a too low dft and a shading effect upon paint spraying.

* Slag is formed because of the high temperature during welding. Certain mechanical cleaning methods e.g. wirebrushing do not remove slag.

* Smoke, especially from alkaline electrodes may deposit an alkaline watersoluble substance, that can cause osmosis.

* Burn-back means the an applied shopprimer or other coat deteriorates along or on the rear side of welded areas. The primer looses its adhesion, is partly destroyed, charred and oxidized, which may require more extensive surface preparation than specified.

CORRECTIVE ACTIONS: * Spatter must be removed by chipping or grinding. * Slag must be removed by the use of a chipping hammer. * If alkaline smoke has been exposed to open weather more than one month, no

correction is required. Otherwise high pressure hose the welds carefully with fresh water.

* Burn-back should be cleaned carefully to min St 3, ISO 8501-1,1988, if no better surface preparation is specified.

PREVENTIVE ACTIONS: Excessive spatter is often caused by the weld operators working too fast and with wrong weld parameters. You cannot instruct them, but talk to paint foreman or QC-Department about consequences for surface prep workers. Welding in shopprimer may be the cause of porosity, when doing MIG/MAG welding. Grinding to reduce dft or remove shopprimer at weld lines may be a solution. Some manual weld positions (vertical) will cause irregular welds. Slag should be removed by the welder. It is an agreed part of his job. Burn-back and smoke is not possible to prevent.

HOW TO DETECT: Visual and by touch.


INSPP2a ed3 21/11/2006 EMi

HEMPELCHECKPOINT WELDS P 2b WHY? Welds are irregular areas along more even areas. Important checks for suitability to be protected are:

* IRREGULARITIES * UNDERCUTTING * POROSITY

* Irregularities, i.e. wire residues, protrusions etc. are not removed totally by abrasive blasting. The contours may produce a local low dry film thickness upon paint application resulting in premature local rusting and blistering on submerged areas.

* Undercutting produce a deep sharp edged valley in the steel next to the weld. Similar to irregularities this cannot easily be covered with sufficient paint.

* Porosities may contain millscale and weld flux residues, that are not cleaned by mechanical methods incl. blasting. Paint cannot penetrate and cover such porosity.

CORRECTIVE ACTIONS: * Irregularities must be ground smooth, so that they do not feel sharp or

protruding, by feeling with your finger, or as specified in the working specification. * Undercutting must be ground smooth or rewelded if too deep. * Porosity must be removed by grinding, or rewelding. If later exposure is of

low corrosivity, a suitable filler is acceptable.

PREVENTIVE ACTIONS: Excessive undercutting, porosity and irregularities are often caused by the weld operators working too fast and with wrong weld parameters. You cannot instruct them, but talk to paint foreman or QC-Department about consequences for surface prep workers. Welding in shopprimer may be the cause of porosity, when MIG/MAG welding. Grinding to reduce dft or remove shopprimer at weld lines may be a solution. Some manual weld positions (vertical) will cause irregular welds.

HOW TO DETECT: Visual and by touch.

At tankcoating jobs it may be advantageous to have the welds blasted before the inspection of the steel surface. Some porosity and undercutting do not show up until after blasting.


INSPP2b ed3 21/11/2006 EMi

HEMPELCHECKPOINT CONCRETE P 3 WHY? Contrary to steel the "inside" condition of concrete may influence coating performance. Before coating - especially with high performance coatings - the concrete should be:

- FULLY CURED - FREE FROM WATER & CAPILLARY ACTION - SUFFICIENTLY STRONG

Uncured concrete is strongly alkaline, which may saponify especially alkyd coatings leading to poor adhesion and peeling. Too much water - more then 4%w/w - lead to loss of adhesion and consequently to peeling. Subsoil capillary action may continuously attract water above this level. A week concrete may have too low internal strength to carry a heavy duty coating leading to flaking in the concrete and peeling during service.

CORRECTIVE ACTIONS: If uncured you will have to wait until the concrete is cured. Any paint applied should be removed by blasting. Normal Portland cement cures in 28 days at 20°C/68°F. If water content is in excess of 4%w/w or capillary action is discovered contact HEMPEL for advice in each separate situation. If the strength of the concrete is not up to specification contact HEMPEL for advice in each separate situation.

PREVENTIVE ACTIONS: Advice contractor to plan paintapplication according to the time specified for full cure of the cement used for the concrete. Inform the contractor about findings of too high water content, any discovered capillary action or too low strength and ask him to take action.

HOW TO DETECT: Record date of casting and compare to date of painting. Casting date can be obtained from contractor. Special equipment is necessary for measurement of water content. Serious contractors should have such equipment available, otherwise contact HEMPEL. Capillary action can be revealed by placing a rubber matt on the surface for 1 day. After removal there should not be humid concrete underneath. Concrete strength may be determined using the Pull-Off test method. Acceptable strength must be specified beforehand.

INSPP3 ed1 28/07/95 EMi

HEMPELCHECKPOINT CONCRETE SURFACE P 4 WHY? Certain "contaminants" may not be sufficiently removed or cleaned out by the surface preparation specified:

- LAITANCE - FORM OIL - EFFLORESCENCE (White Exudations)

Laitance is a cementitious sludge layer often formed on concrete surfaces during casting. It has low internal strength and easily peels together with any paint on it. Form Oil (Slip Agent) is used in casting forms to allow easy removal after the casting of the concrete. It has properties similar to Oil and Grease, see Checkpoint 5. Efflorescence means water soluble salts brought to the surface by water moving from the interior of the concrete. It has the effect of salts, see Checkpoint 1a.

CORRECTIVE ACTIONS: Laitance should be removed by high pressure water hosing with abrasive addition or high pressure water jetting. Small areas may be mechanically cleaned. Form oil is removed by emulsifier cleaning. The concrete surface should be saturated with fresh water before applying the emulsifier. The latter to be removed again with fresh water hosing. Efflorescence should be removed by high pressure hosing (min 150 Bar). Small areas may be mechanically cleaned or hydrochloric acid treated (Careful with this!).

PREVENTIVE ACTIONS: All three occurrences above are usually related to the manufacturing and casting procedures, decided upon by the contractor. Make sure you notify him of the observations including the consequences for extra surface preparation needed.

HOW TO DETECT: Visually For laitance also scraping with a good knife

For form oils also "Water-on-Goose" Test.


HEMPELCHECKPOINT OIL & GREASE P 5 WHY? Oil and grease is not removed by mechanical surface preparation methods. Contrary it picks up on recycled abrasives and tools, which may then contaminate further areas, when used. Oil and grease prevents adhesion of subsequent coat to be applied, later resulting in poor mechanical resistance and peeling of the paint film, even on its own.

CORRECTIVE ACTIONS: Areas affected must be degreased before continuing. Large areas should be cleaned with emulsifier followed by high pressure fresh water hosing, alternatively stiff brushes and flushing with fresh water. Spots may be cleaned with solvent and clean rags.

PREVENTIVE ACTIONS: Locate sources of oil spillage. Influence repair of leakage and manners of the working force, i.e. no spillage and oily boots.

HOW TO DETECT: Visually, often appears as dark spots. "Water-on-Goose"-test.

Chaulk-Test: Chaulk will often slide on oil, leaving much less of a chaulk line here than on surrounding oil-free surface. (See page R3)


HEMPELCHECKPOINT LIGHTING P 6 WHY? Improper lighting makes it impossible for the executor to see the area and the surface to be treated properly and therefore to achieve a proper result of the job. Also the inspector will not be able to check the outcome satisfactorily. The result will be insufficient surface preparation and/or insufficient filmformation and extremely variable dry film thickness of the coating system leading to millscale and rust residues, locally insufficient roughness of the substrate, pinholes in the paint film in some places and solvent retention and sagging in others. The final consequence will be early rusting and fouling, low chemical resistance and poor aestetical appearance. Proper lighting means being able to read normal newspaper print at any area of the construction to be treated. Local shadows should be avoided.

CORRECTIVE ACTIONS: Rearrange lighting to areas affected to fulfill above requirement. Inspect treated substrate and retreat areas not acceptable. In case of excessive film thickness, saggings or severe pinholing remove affected paint by grinding before repainting.

PREVENTIVE ACTIONS: Rearrange lighting to fulfill above requirement. Optimum lighting is often achieved by a combination of stationary general lighting for safety and orientation, combined with moveable lighting for precise adjustment to the area being treated at any time.

Lighting sources should be protected with replaceable protectives e.g. clear plastfoil for protection against spray dust. Low voltage lamps are to be used in confined spaces.

HOW TO DETECT: Visually.

It is strongly advised to form an impression of safety of lighting at the same time also for your own safety.


HEMPELCHECKPOINT ACCESS P 7 WHY? Improper access to a surface to be painted makes it impossible for the executor to achieve a proper result of the job and for the inspector to evaluate the outcome. The result will be insufficient surface preparation and/or insufficient filmformation and extremely variable dry film thickness of the coating system leading to millscale and rust residues, insufficient roughness of the substrate, pinholes in the paint film in some places and solvent retention and sagging in others. The final consequence will be early rusting and fouling, low chemical resistance and poor aestetical appearance. Proper access means a distance of approx. 30 cm ( 1 foot ) from the working tool the substrate at any location of the construction.

CORRECTIVE ACTIONS: Rearrange access to area affected to fulfill above requirement. Inspect treated substrate and retreat areas not acceptable. In case of excessive film thickness, saggings or severe pinholing remove affected paint by grinding before repainting.

PREVENTIVE ACTIONS: Rearrange access to fulfill above requirement to distance to substrate surface. Extension poles for spraying may be used, but remember that the painter should have full visual contact to all surfaces to be painted, i e only to be used on smooth surfaces like ships hulls and oil tanks exterior.

HOW TO DETECT: Visually.

It is strongly advised to form an impression of safety of scaffolding and other types of access at the same time for

your own safety.


HEMPELCHECKPOINT PREPARATION GRADE P 8

STEEL WHY? Insufficient cleanness (Preparation Grade) will result in millscale and/or rust residues. Millscale residues are more noble than steel and will therefore create a galvanic cell causing corrosion between the millscale and the steel. Thereby, the millscale residues will peel off together with any coating applied on top of it. Rust is mechanically weak and porous and may flake thus peeling off with any coating applied on top of it and being sensitive to mechanical impact. Old rust may contain water soluble salts, leading to osmosis and blistering of the coating.

CORRECTIVE ACTIONS: Areas insufficiently cleaned must be reblasted or mechanically cleaned to the standard specified in the working specification. Pitted areas which may contain salts may need a fresh water wash before blasting See also page P1a.

PREVENTIVE ACTIONS: Instruct operators of proper preparation grade, i.e. set standard. Evaluate if working conditions (light, access) are suitable for the work.

HOW TO DETECT: Visual

ISO 8501-1: 1988 The pictures in the older standard SIS 055900-1967 can still be used for evaluation. Other standards are used. Most common other standards are: USA SSPC JAPAN: SPSS

ISO 8501-4 For waterjetting, being drafted.

Further see Page R4: PREPARATION GRADE RELATIONS

For repair of zinc-rich paints and heavy duty systems by mechanical cleaning SSPC-SP 11 is recommended.


HEMPELCHECKPOINT PREPARATION GRADE P 9

CONCRETE WHY? Insufficient cleanness (Preparation Grade) will result in laitance, efflorescence, form oil or contaminants being left on the surface.Laitance is a weak cement sludge layer formed on the surface during casting.Due to its low strength it will peel off together with any coating applied ontop of it.Efflorescence are salts coming from the inside of the concrete. They will causeosmosis and blistering of the coating.Form oil or other slip agents are used to ease the removal of casting forms afterthe casting. They act like oil and grease impairing adhesion of the coating.

CORRECTIVE ACTIONS: Areas insufficiently cleaned for laitance must be recleaned using a method whichcan remove laitance, e.g.. abrasive blasting, mechanical cleaning, water jettingor acid treatment.Efflorescence must be removed by mechanical cleaning (small areas only) orby high pressure hosing.Form oil must be removed by degreasing.

PREVENTIVE ACTIONS: Instruct operators of proper preparation grade, i.e. set standard. Evaluate if working conditions (light, access) are suitable for the work.

HOW TO DETECT: Visual

Acid treatment involves the use of strong acids which are severe etching solutions giving off fumes as well.

On disposal take care where the acids are going.

It is recommended to avoid acid treatment whenever possible.

INSPP9, ed1 28/07/95 EMi

HEMPELCHECKPOINT BLASTING PROFILE P 10 WHY? Three factors of blasting profile are important:

- HEIGHT - SHAPE - DENSITY

Too low height, too round shape and to poor density prevents proper adhesion of the coating to be applied. Consequence will be poor adhesion resulting in sensitivity to mechanical impact and peeling to steel, even on its own and thus early corrosion. Too high profile may lead to profile peaks protruding the coating resulting in esrly pin-point rusting. Profile cannot be too sharp or too dense.

CORRECTIVE ACTIONS: Areas showing too low height, too round profile or too poor density must be reblasted with coarser abrasive (too low profile), grit type abrasive (too round) or just reblasted (too low density). Areas with too high profile should be given one extra coat of thickness corresponding to difference in roughness Rz-value between specified and observed roughness.

PREVENTIVE ACTIONS: For spendable abrasives, replace abrasive with coarser abrasive (too low profile), finer abrasive (too coarse profile), grit abrasive (too round abrasive) and instruct blasting foreman of required density (too low density). For recycling abrasives, check that working mix is topped up frequently. If this does not help, follow guidelines above regarding spendable abrasives.

HOW TO DETECT: Comparator according to painting specification e.g.:

- RUGOTEST No 3 - ISO 8503 - KEANE-TATOR SURFACE COMPARATOR

Further see Page R5: SURFACE ROUGHNESS


HEMPELCHECKPOINT DUST P 11a WHY?

Although paint adheres well to dust, the dust does not adhere to the steel surface. This results in poor adhesion of the coating and thus sensitivity to mechanical impact and peeling of the coating causing early corrosion.

CORRECTIVE ACTIONS: Areas insufficiently cleaned must be recleaned with clean compressed air. In confined spaces use vacuum cleaning

PREVENTIVE ACTIONS: Instruct operators of proper dedusting requirement, i.e. set standard. Evaluate if working conditions (light, access) are still suitable for the work.

HOW TO DETECT:

Visual and by touch. A piece of white cloth.

Tape Test. This test normally will show some residues. The amount acceptable must be agreed upon on beforehand. Please also consult ISO 8502-3.


HEMPELCHECKPOINT WATER SOLUBLE SALTS P 11b WHY?

Water-soluble salts are not removed by mechanical surface preparation methods. Contrary they may be imbedded into the surface. Water-soluble salts under the paint film will be able to absorb water through the paint film, osmosis, and this will lead to premature blistering and penetration of corroson products.

CORRECTIVE ACTIONS: Salts must be removed by water. Recommend high pressure fresh water hosing or water hosing at the same time using stiff brushes. Always from up towards down.

PREVENTIVE ACTIONS: Against salts advice to store under shelter or to establish a procedure of fresh water cleaning before material is taken into manufacture.

HOW TO DETECT:

Salts are difficult to detect. Usually extended exposure to marine or industrial outdoors environment will mean salt contamination.

Bresle sampling + Conductivity measurement according to either The HEMPEL Method or alternatively ISO 8502-6: Soluble salts on the surface are dissolved in distilled water, using a Bresle Sampler. The amount of dissolved salts are measured by a Conductivity Gauge. For use consult page R6c (HEMPEL Method) or ISO 8502-6.

For CARGO TANK COATINGS and other critical jobs always consult the specification and page R 6 a-c.


HEMPEL CHECKPOINT BLASTING EQUIPMENT P 12

WHY? Insufficient capacity or dimensions of abrasive blasting equipment will result in either insufficient production speed i.e. delays, or insufficient preparation grade and/or surface profile at the required production speed. Lack of oil and water separators between compressor and blasting pot may result in oil drops hitting the blasted surface and water impairing the flow of abrasive through the blasting hose.

All equipment should be fully functional and appear well maintained, to avoid stoppage once the job has been started and thus delays due to break down.

CORRECTIVE ACTIONS: Recommend increased compressor capacity with extra compressors if necessary. Blasting hoses should be as short as possible and min 5/4" int. dia. Oil and water separators should be fitted. If not recommend to fit them. If capacity cannot be increased, check and recommend correct dimensions of existing equipment and have new works-schedule calculated for approval by owners representative

PREVENTIVE ACTIONS: If contractor/yard is inexperienced with the kind of job at hand, discuss with him the requirements, particularly the ones related to the quality of the surface.

HOW TO DETECT: Visually

For guidelines on capacity and consumption, nozzle sizes and air requirements, see Page R1: ABRASIVE BLASTING


HEMPEL CHECKPOINT MECHANICAL P 13

CLEANING EQUIPMENT WHY? Insufficient capacity or condition of mechanical cleaning equipment will result in either insufficient production speed i.e. delays, or insufficient preparation grade and/or surface profile at the required production speed. Lack of oil and water separators between compressor and equipment may result in oil drops being deposited on the surface. Bristles of wirebrushes should be sharp and unbend to avoid polishing of the surface. Grinding discs and sanding paper should be of suitable grain size for the job at hand and not clogged with paint residues and debris. All equipment should be fully functionable and appear well maintained, to avoid stoppage once the job has been started and thus delays due to break down.

CORRECTIVE ACTIONS: Oil and water separators should be fitted. If not recommend to fit them. Replace unsuitable or worn out equipment: wirebrushes, grinding discs and sanding paper.

PREVENTIVE ACTIONS: If contractor/yard in inexperienced with the kind of job at hand, discuss with him the requirements, particularly the ones related to the quality of the surface.

HOW TO DETECT:

Visually

The use of chipping hammers should always be followed by grinding to remove burrs.


HEMPEL CHECKPOINT WATER JETTING P 14

EQUIPMENT WHY? Insufficient capacity or condition of water jetting equipment will result in either insufficient production speed i.e. delays, or insufficient preparation grade at the required production speed. Leakage, too low pressure or wrong execution technic will result in insufficient removal of rust, contaminants or old paint from the surfaces. All equipment should be fully functionable and appear well maintained, to avoid stoppage once the job has been started and thus delays due to break down.

CORRECTIVE ACTIONS: Leakage should be repaired. Equipment too small for keeping specified pressure during operation should be replaced. Nozzles for the hosing should correspond to equipment and be replaced if worn.

PREVENTIVE ACTIONS: If contractor/yard is inexperienced with the kind of job at hand, discuss with him the requirements, particularly the ones related to the quality of the surface. Also point out the importance of correct distance during execution.

HOW TO DETECT:

Visually

Water pressure drops very quickly, when the water has left the water jetting nozzle. Correct distance to obtain full effect is therefore 5-10 cms only.

Further see page R16a-b: WATER CLEANING


HEMPEL CHECKPOINT PAINT APPLICATION P 15

EQUIPMENT WHY? Insufficient capacity and/or wrong type of application equipment will result in uneven and/or insufficient film formation of the paint film. A too low capacity may not be able to atomize the paint properly, resulting in fingering, slow drying, sagging and the painters overthinning the paint. Wrong application equipment may result in too low film thickness of e.g. high-build and solvent-free paints and also in poor wetting of the substrate and and pinholes. All equipment should be fully functionable and appear well maintained, including clean filters and unworn nozzles to avoid stoppage once the job has started and thus delays due to break down.

CORRECTIVE ACTIONS: Recommend suitable size of equipment, pressure and capacity. Reduce spray hoses to minimum length and recommended 3/8" int. dia. hoses. Position conventional spray pots for zinksilicate at same level as sprayer. Check special requirements that may be stated in APPLICATION INSTRUCTIONS.

PREVENTIVE ACTIONS: If contractor/yard in inexperienced with the kind of job at hand, discuss with his relevant responsible person(s) the requirements, particularly the ones related to achieveing correct film thickness and correct film formation.

HOW TO DETECT:

Visually


HEMPELCHECKPOINT QUANTITY OF PAINTS P 16

WHY? The available quantity of paints are important to know for two reasons: - If quantity of any paint in the specification is insufficient, the specified film thickness of that coat cannot be achieved and therefore the specification

i.e. the agreement cannot be kept. - In order to establish paint consumption for the job, and thus to be able to

have the required consumption agreed, it is necessary to know the amount of paint available at the start.

In certain situations e.g. some dry dockings, final area estimates cannot be made until after the ship has entered dry dock. Final requirement for paint quantities cannot be calculated before areas have been estimated.

CORRECTIVE ACTIONS: Extra paint if necessary should be ordered immediately, HEMPEL'S representative on site will be able to assist upon written request. Remember that a delivery period can exist. If paint cannot be supplied in time, find out which paints are available on site in necessary quantities and HEMPEL sales person for possible change in specification.

PREVENTIVE ACTIONS: Lack of sufficient paint quantity may be due to wrong estimate of deterioration and breakdown. To possibly improve estimates, your reporting of the condition will be a valuable part.

HOW TO DETECT:

Visually, counting cans and drums of each paint, curing agent and thinner.


HEMPELCHECKPOINT PAINT - QUALITIES P 17 WHY? The painting specification specifies certain qualities of paint in a certain sequence. To obtain the intentions of the painting specification, and these intentions may not be completely known to you, the qualities and the sequence must be kept. Applying incorrect qualities is a violation of the agreement between the parties involved and may result in a performance different from that designed.

CORRECTIVE ACTIONS: If already applied paint is incompatible with the coating system or the performance requirements, it must be removed completely, even if this cause damage to underlying correct coatings. Blasting should be recommended on larger areas, grinding may suffice on small (a few sqm) areas. Avoid using paint removers. If applied and compatible contact HEMPEL's representative for possible consequences of this change of specification. If not applied yet, return to stock and replace by correct quality.

PREVENTIVE ACTIONS: Storekeeper should know the specification in order to hand out correct paint. If necessary give him a copy of the specification. Check that correct qualities are issued, especially before any essential coating application takes place.

HOW TO DETECT:

Visually Compare labels on cans with specification.


HEMPELCHECKPOINT SHELF LIFE P 18

WHY? Paints are "living" materials just like ourselves. When they get old in the can several things can happen. Some are physical e.g.:

* Settling others are chemical, causing chemical reactions to take place in the can rendering the properties different from those intended, e.g.:

* Gelling Physical changes can usually be remedied by intensive stirring of the paint whereas chemical changes cannot be remedied. Shelf life of HEMPEL paints is indicated only if 1 year or less at 25°C, when stored under cover in original unopened cans. If no specific limits are given one-component paints should not be stored more than 5 years (25°C). Correspondingly two-component paints should not be stored more than 3 years from date of production. If paints are very old, their condition may need to be verified by HEMPEL before use.

CORRECTIVE ACTIONS: If DATASHEET specifically states a shorter shelf life, the paint may need to be discarded. If so have it removed from the work site, so that other painters may not accidentally use it. If the paint is gelled or discoloured discard it and do the same. Otherwise, try to stir up the paint. If this succeeds and the paint thereafter is sprayable without extra thinning, forms a proper film at specified dft and dries/cures proerly it may be used. Remember to replenish discarded paint.

PREVENTIVE ACTIONS: Emphasize the principle of "First in - First out". Also store paint under cool conditions , 15 - 20 °C.

HOW TO DETECT:

Visually, reading the batchnumbers and consulting DATASHEET.

HEMPEL do not generally accept to take back paints with exceeded shelf life. HEMPEL's General Conditions of Sales refers.


HEMPELCHECKPOINT CURING AGENT P 19

WHY? The curing agent is the one that together with the BASE in two-component paints react chemically to form the paint film and to give it its predesigned properties. The CURING AGENT must therefore be the right one - and - added in the right proportion, not to forget mixed uniformly in the paint. If incorrectly selected, added or mixed, the paint will either not cure or only cure partly. Thereby its resistance to mechanical impact/abrasion ,its waterresistance and its resistance to chemicals will be reduced or even lost, resulting in peeling of subsequent coats, softening and severe wear, dissolution in chemicals supposed to be resisted, and prematurely breakdown with corrosion and/or fouling as consequence.

CORRECTIVE ACTIONS: Paint that has been wrongly mixed, must NOT be used. Do not try to adjust wrong mixing ratio. The chance of reaching the correct ratio is too little. To much CURING AGENT is as bad as too little. Mark wrongly mixed paint clearly, and have it removed from site immediately, so that others are not using it by mistake. If already applied, the areas must be reblasted and repainted.

PREVENTIVE ACTIONS: Go through the DATASHEET with the foreman to make sure he is aware of the correct CURING AGENT for each two-component paint and the correct mixing ratio. Try only to issue sets of the two component paints and try to mix only whole sets.

HOW TO DETECT:

Visually TECHNICAL DATASHEET.


HEMPELCHECKPOINT THINNER P 20

WHY? When supplied, the paint is containing the types and amount of solvents, that secures proper evaporation and film formation, when applied at 20°C and according to Technical Datasheet. If further thinning is required, wrong thinner may - if paint is applied - lead to slow drying, solvent retention, phase separation or crystallizing of the applied coat during drying/curing. It may also result in gelatinization or lumping of the paint to be applied. In the latter case the paint will loose its application properties or block filters and nozzles when spraying. In the former case, the defect will not be immediately observable, but the paint may dry slowly and/or remain soft. Phase separation and crystallizing will impair film formation and reduce adhesion of further coats to be applied. The result will be peeling of the upper coats and/or premature rusting/fouling.

CORRECTIVE ACTIONS: Paint that has been thinned with the wrong thinner and shows gelatinization or lumping must NOT be used. Do not try to rethin with right thinner. Mark such wrongly thinned paint clearly, and have it removed from site immediately, so that others are not using it by mistake. Paint that has been thinned with the wrong thinner, but looks all right must NOT be used until you have received approval from your HEMPEL-representative on-site.

If already applied your HEMPEL-representative must approve the coat before further coats are applied. If approval is not given, the areas must be reblasted and repainted.

PREVENTIVE ACTIONS: Go through the DATASHEET with the foreman to make sure he is aware of the correct THINNER for each paint. Avoid wrong (unknown) thinner in the vicinity of the working site.

HOW TO DETECT: Visually Technical DATASHEET


HEMPELCHECKPOINT THINNING P 21

WHY? When supplied, the paint is containing the types and amount of solvents, that secures proper evaporation and film formation, when applied at 20°C and according to Technical Datasheet. Further thinning may be required under certain conditions. Too little thinning will result in fingering during spray application and poor flow of the paint film due to high viscosity resulting in overthickness (high consumption) and/or poor film formation, solvent retention and long drying times. The film will appear uneven and have reduced chemical and corrosion resistance. Too much thinning will give the paint a low viscosity, resulting in sagging and running and too low film thickness, the consequence being a uneven surface and premature corrosion or fouling due to the film thickness being too low in relation to specification.

CORRECTIVE ACTIONS Adjust the thinning ratio to that required for proper application: Do not exceed ratio indicated in the Technical Datasheet or in the Painting Specification. In case extra thinning beyond this is required, obtain approval from your HEMPEL-representative. Too heavily thinned paint can be "diluted" with unthinned paint.

PREVENTIVE ACTIONS: When correct thinning ratio has been established, make sure the paint foreman is informed about it.

HOW TO DETECT: Visually TECHNICAL DATASHEET


HEMPELCHECKPOINT STIRRING P 22

WHY? Before application the paint must be completely uniform throughout the can. Otherwise the paint film will not have the correct composition on the surface, and problems may also arise with blockage of nozzles. Incorrect paint film composition will lead to insufficient curing, poor visual appearence, premature corrosion and fouling. Particularly paints with heavy particles, like zinc-rich paints and anti-foulings and solvent free or solvent less paints need a very good initial stirring to make sure that the paints are fully uniformly mixed.

CORRECTIVE ACTIONS: If not yet applied, continue stirring until completely uniform. If already being applied, stop application. For two-component paints, including zinc-rich paints, reblasting should be recommended. For one-component paints, including antifoulings, the coat should be disregarded as counting in the specification, but removal is normally not necessary. Thus an extra coat will have to be considered.

PREVENTIVE ACTIONS: Specify mechanical stirrers and survey the stirring.

HOW TO DETECT: Visually, and use a of a paint stick or stirrer.


HEMPELCHECKPOINT WET FILM THICKNESS P 23

WHY? Wet film thickness (WFT) is directly related to resulting dry film thickness, when thinning ratio is known. Thus too low wet film thickness spells corresponding too low resulting dry film thickness, and too high wet film thickness will result in too high dry film thickness Too low WFT result in poor flowing together and thus poor film formation. Too high WFT result in solvent retention, prolonged drying time and minimum overcoating interval, overconsumption of and related risk of shortage of paint. Please also consult Checkpoint: DRY FILM THICKNESS P 30c for further consequences on long term performance.

CORRECTIVE ACTIONS: If too low, build up filmthickness to that specified by applying an extra coat. Make sure that a uniform pinhole-free film is achieved. If too high evaluate if a longer drying time/overcoating interval is needed and specify and follow up that this is then being kept. For shopprimers a too high filmthickness is detrimental to cohesion. For zincsilicates it may be so too. In these cases abrasive sweeping/blasting is necessary when later exposure is severe atmospheric or immersion.

If possible adjust total film thickness of anticorrosive system and possible antifouling system by lower film thickness of the following coats.

PREVENTIVE ACTIONS: Make sure that equipment is in working order, and that thinning is as specified. Painters must have their WFT-Gauges and be instructed to use them - and be informed about the correct WFT.

Subdivide areas to be painted an distribute paint as relevant for each subdivided area.

Frequent check of WFT, and control of consumption.

HOW TO DETECT: Wet Film Thickness Gauge. Area/Consumption calculation and control.


HEMPELCHECKPOINT COATED SURFACE P 24a

BEFORE OVERCOATING WHY? Contamination of the coated surface may hinder adhesion of the coat to be applied:

* SALTS * OIL SPILLAGE. * FOREIGN MATTER and/or DUST

Salts may occur during foggy periods near seaside or heavy industry. It will cause osmotic blistering of the coating, loosing adhesion, causing peeling andpremature corrosion/fouling.Oil/grease spillage as well as other foreign matter/dust prevents adhesion,causing peeling and consequently also premature corrosion/fouling.

CORRECTIVE ACTIONS: Salts must be removed by water. Recommend high pressure fresh water hosingor water hosing at the same time using stiff brushes.Oil/grease must be removed on larger areas by emulsion cleaning. Small spotsmay be removed by clean rags and thinner.Never use alkaline cleaners or other chemicals at this stage of curing/drying.Other loose foreign matter and dust must be wiped off. Scrape and clean if thedust has settled firmly.

PREVENTIVE ACTIONS: For salts advice to store under shelter or to establish a procedure of fresh water cleaning before overcoating. Repair any oil leakage and influence instruction of other trades not to walk on areas being painted. Try to avoid blasting and other dust creating works in the vicinity of painting.

HOW TO DETECT: VisuallyFor critical areas see further Page R6a-d.

Salts are difficult to detect. Usually extended exposure to marine or industrial outdoors environment will mean salt contamination. Also fog tends to deposit salts.


HEMPELCHECKPOINT COATED SURFACE P 24b

BEFORE OVERCOATING WHY? Abnormalities in film formation of the coat to be overcoated may hinder adhesion and correct properties of the coat to be applied:

* Spray Dust * Exudation/Sweathing * Holidays and pinholes

Spray dust acts similar to other dust, preventing or reducing adhesion causing peeling and premature corrosion/fouling Sweating/Exudation is the separation of binders or other material to the surface of the applied coating. Consequence is loss of adhesion of the coat to be applied and subsequent peeling and premature corrosion/fouling.Holidays and pinholes cause lack of dry film thickness build-up. Also certain coatsare applied to obtain certain properties. Lack of these coats may influence thefinal coatings behavior. Pinholes may blow their way through subsequent coats.

CORRECTIVE ACTIONS: Spray dust must be scraped away and dedusted. Sweating/Exudation may need a thinner- or a water-wash. However always contact your HEMPEL-representative. Holidays must in case of primers, sealers and topcoats be touched up before overcoating.

For intermediates extra thick application of next coat may suffice to compensate for lack of dry film thickness. Pinholes if very few are generally not considered except in tanks. If many, ask your HEMPEL-representative for solution to the specific case.

PREVENTIVE ACTIONS: Influence application technic and shelter against heavy winds/ high temperaturesto reduce/ avoid dust spray.Exudation occur normally only at too low temperatures, too high film thicknesstoo poor ventilation and/or upon exposure to rain/condensation too early. Influence correct application conditions within the specified limits.Influence application technic and stripe coating to avoid holidays and avoidtoo low film thickness causing possible pinholing in next coat.

HOW TO DETECT: Visually

Exudation often shows as a discoloration of the painted surface or a oily/ greasy layer on top of the coating.


HEMPELCHECKPOINT COATED SURFACE P 24c

BEFORE OVERCOATING WHY? Variations in filmthickness influence drying and the protective properties of the coating:

* Too low film thickness * Too high film thickness

Too low film thickness may cause poor flow together of the film and result in pinholing through the next coat and so on. Result will be an open film of low dry film thickness resulting in premature blistering/pinpoint rusting. Too high film thickness prolong drying time, and may cause sagging/ running. If not respected also risk of sagging of the next coat and solvent retention which will reduce the coatings corrosion protective properties and mechanical and chemical resistance. For antifoulings cold flow may occur.For zincsilicates mud-cracking/flaking may occur.

CORRECTIVE ACTIONS: For too low film thickness apply an extra coat of same paint, in case of primers, sealer or topcoats. If intermediate you may be able to catch up in next coat. It is very important that an uniform pinhole-free paint film is achieved. For too high film thickness allow an increase in the drying time before overcoating or taking into use. Provide good ventilation to all surface affected during this period. For zinc silicates mudcracked areas must be reblasted or scraped depending on size of the areas and repainted.

PREVENTIVE ACTIONS:

Instruct in the right film thickness and how to measure continuously during application (WFT-Gauge). Recommend areas to be subdivided and assist in calculating the amount of paint going on each area. Influence stripe-coating of areas difficult to spray.

HOW TO DETECT:

Dry film thickness gauge.

Observe that the gauge may penetrate into soft and uncured coatings leading to too low readings. Therefore only use the measurements as guideline.

INSPP24c, ed1 28/07/95 EMi

HEMPELCHECKPOINT AIR TEMPERATURE P 25

WHY? A too high air temperature during application may lead to dry spraying and thus poor film formation of the coating, with premature rusting as a consequence.

A too low temperature will usually also affect the substrate temperature negatively leading to slow drying, risk of solvent retention, sagging and for two-component paints insufficient cure and correspondingly risk of side reactions and sweating/exudation of one or more components of the paint material, e.g. curing agent, plasticizer, etc. The result may be insufficient corrosion resistance, poor chemical resistance, poor adhesion of subsequent coats, and for antifoulings "Cold Flow".

CORRECTIVE ACTIONS: Areas with dry spray and poor film formation due to high temperature must be scraped or sanded to remove dust spray,and applied an extra coat. It is very important that the extra application secures a uniform paint film free of porosities. In severe cases remove damaged coating by blasting. Areas affected by too low temperatures must for physically drying paints be allowed longer drying time before overcoating or taken into use. For chemically curing paints provisions must be arranged for increasing temperature to acceptable range (See Datasheet), and protection against rain, and condensation arranged. Before overcoating check for possible sweating/exudation.

PREVENTIVE ACTIONS: For too high temperature look for possibility for sheltering, cooling or painting in nighttime. Find if possible suitable amount of thinning, even if this exceeds datasheet recommendations slightly. However always use recommended thinner. For too low temperature, replan schedule according to prevailing temperature. For two-component paints provisions must be made for increasing temperature, i.e. in tanks and confined spaces, heaters to be installed and insulation to be provided.

DO NOT change spec unless agreed with HEMPELrepresentative

HOW TO DETECT: Thermometer (e.g. slingpsykrometer dry bulb) and visually.


HEMPELCHECKPOINT SURFACE TEMPERATURE P 26

WHY? A too high substrate temperature during application will lead to too quick drying of the coating film resulting in poor film formation, with poor adhesion and premature rusting as a consequence. A too low substrate temperature may cause condensation on the substrate preventing adhesion of the coat to be applied, with later peeling as a consequence Also slow drying, risk of solvent retention, sagging and for two-component paints insufficient cure and correspondingly risk of side reactions and sweating/exudation of components of the paint material can occur. The result may be insufficient corrosion resistance, poor chemical resistance, poor adhesion of subsequent coats, and for antifoulings "Cold Flow".

CORRECTIVE ACTIONS: Areas with dry spray and poor film formation due to high temperature must be scraped or sanded to remove dust spray,and applied an extra coat. It is very important that the extra application secures a uniform paint film, free of porosities. In severe cases remove damaged coating by blasting, scraping or sanding as relevant. Areas where a coat has been applied on areas having had condensation must be reblasted to a sound adhering surface and repainted from there on. Areas affected by too low temperatures must for physically drying paints be allowed longer drying time before overcoating or taken into use. For chemically curing paints provisions must be arranged for increasing temperature to acceptable range (See Datasheet), and protection against rain, and condensation arranged. Before overcoating check for possible sweating.

PREVENTIVE ACTIONS: For too high temperature look for possibility for sheltering , cooling or painting at nighttime. Find if possible suitable amount of thinning, even if this exceeds datasheet recommendations slightly. However always use recommended thinner. For too low temperature, replan schedule according to prevailing temperature. For two-component paints provisions must be made for increasing temperature, i.e. in tanks and confined spaces, heaters to be installed and insulation to be provided.

DO NOT change spec unless agreed with HEMPELrepresentative.

HOW TO DETECT: Surface Thermometer. Additionally for establishing dewpoint: Slingpsykrometer

Dewpoint calculator See Page T5 for Dewpoint Calculation


HEMPELCHECKPOINT DEW POINT P 27

WHY? The dew point of the air tells about the humidity and the risk of condensation. If the dewpoint of the air is higher than the substrate temperature, condensation will take place on the substrate. Paint applied to substrates with condensation will unless a specially formulated paint is utilized (Reference is made to the datasheet or the specification) not achieve adhesion. The consequence of applying paint to a substrate with condensation will thus be poor adhesion and later peeling, leading to premature corrosion and/or fouling.

CORRECTIVE ACTIONS: Areas where a coat has been applied on a surface with condensation must be reblasted, scraped or ground, whichever is relevant, to a sound adhering surface and repainted from there on.

PREVENTIVE ACTIONS: Establish dew point and steel temperature at location of application before the application start. Steel temperature must be over dew point temperature of the air or according to the specification. Dew point temperature do not change by heating the air, only by dehumidifying.

Alternatively increase substrate temperature e.g. by planning application to proceed during daytime. Condensation happens most frequently during evening and night time. Beware of local variations in steel temperature e.g. caused by not emptied ballast tanks and local differences in dew point/humidity e.g. under flat bottoms in a dry dock.

DO NOT change spec unless agreed with your HEMPELrepresentative.

HOW TO DETECT: Slingpsykrometer Dewpoint calculator Additionally for establishing substrate temperature Surface Thermometer

See Page T5 for dewpoint calculation.


HEMPELCHECKPOINT PAINT TEMPERATURE P 28

WHY? A too high paint temperature during application may lead to dry spraying and thus poor film formation of the coating, with premature rusting as a consequence. Also a too high temperature will result in a dramatic reduction in two-component paints pot-life. A too low temperature will lead to high viscosity making the paint difficult to stir up properly and impossible to atomize correctly. Overthinning may be the painters solution, resulting in slow drying and poor sagging resistance - and consequently too low dry film thickness being applied, with premature rusting and fouling as a result.

CORRECTIVE ACTIONS: Areas with dry spray and poor film formation due to high temperature must be scraped or sanded to remove dust spray,and applied an extra coat. It is very important that the extra application secures a uniform film, free of pinholes. In severe cases remove damaged coating by blasting. Areas with sagging may be ground and together with areas with too low dry film thickness must receive extra coats of paint to bring the dft up to the specified.

PREVENTIVE ACTIONS: For too high temperature look for possibility for sheltering or cooling. Find if possible suitable amount of thinning, even if this exceeds datasheet recommendations slightly. However always use recommended thinner.

For too low temperature, take paint into heated room in sufficient time before application to get it heated (24 hours suggested). Do not bring it out to the application site until last minute before it is to be used.

Optimum paint temperature for most paints is 15-25°C.

HOW TO DETECT: Thermometer.

Solvent-free paints already has a very short pot-life. At high temperatures >25°C, it may be necessary to cool down the paint in a reefer container before the application

process.


HEMPELCHECKPOINT VENTILATION P 29

WHY? Solvents need to evaporate from the paint after application. This is valid for solvent-borne paints as well as for water-borne. For evaporation ventilation is needed. Only exeption to this is solventfree paints. Incorrect ventilation (including wind) can be either:

* Too poor (insufficient), or * Too Heavy (excessive)

Too poor ventilation leads to too slow drying and risk of solvent retention Thus overcoating intervals may have to be extended and solvent retention may cause reduced mechanical and chemical resistance including water resistance and cold flow of antifoulings.

Too heavy ventilation may result in dry spraying, increased consumption and skin drying. The latter will also cause solvent retention, giving similar negative performance effects as described above

Beware that locally you may find areas e.g. in a tank, exposed to either insufficient or excessive ventilation.

CORRECTIVE ACTIONS: Allow applied coating to dry for an extended period before overcoating. Scrape spray dust which has occurred and allow the coating longer time to dry through before overcoating.

PREVENTIVE ACTIONS: Insufficient ventilation is seldomly occurring during painting out of doors. In confined spaces and during workshop painting, painting must be stopped until mechanical ventilation has been established. For local areas ventilators may suffice. Excessive wind should cause the application to stop to avoid over consumption. In installations with mechanical ventilation reduce ventilation or shield off the application area from the direct ventilation.

Solvent vapours are heavier than air. Ventilation exhaust must therefore always take place from the lowest parts of the construction, e.g. tank.

HOW TO DETECT: Visually and by judgement and observing application behaviour.


HEMPELCHECKPOINT COATED SURFACE P 30a

FINAL ACCEPTANCE WHY?

Integrity of the coating in the service environment is necessary to secure that the coating remains on the substrate. Important factors are:

* Adhesion * Cohesion (Internal Strength)

Both poor adhesion to the substrate or between coats and poor cohesion may lead to blistering and peeling of the coating thus reducing film thickness and giving poor cosmetic appearance and poor mechanical and chemical resistance. Consequence will be premature corrosion/fouling and unsatisfactory appearance of the coating.

CORRECTIVE ACTIONS: Insufficient adhesion and cohesion cannot be remedied by further coating application. Thus insufficiently adhering or cohering coatings have to be removed by abrasive blasting or other mechanical methods and coatings reapplied from damage and upwards to full film thickness. Never use alkaline cleaners or other chemicals at this stage of curing/drying.

During drying/curing adhesion/cohesion may not be complete to full strength. Therefore ALWAYS consider results obtained as guidance.

Contact your HEMPEL-representative in case of doubt.

PREVENTIVE ACTIONS: Analyze possible causes for insufficient adhesion/cohesion using checkpoints to find out why cause has not been discovered before. Influence these checkpoints to be used in the future.

A properly applied coating according to approved HEMPELspecification will always have adhesion/cohesion properties, which

are characteristic for the particular coating system.

HOW TO DETECT: Visually and by the use of a knife. More advanced adhesion methods exist. However a value can never be employed or accepted until a HEMPEL-approved minimum value for the result of the test has been obtained. Requirement to adhesion and cohesion depend on later exposure and is therefore considered in a HEMPEL-specification. Therefore use adhesion/cohesion tests only if in doubt of some excecutional defects or if specified by customer.

INSP30a, ed1 28/07/95 EMi

HEMPELCHECKPOINT COATED SURFACE P 30b

FINAL ACCEPTANCE WHY? Abnormalities in film formation influence the appearance and protective properties of the coating:

* Spray Dust * Orange Peel * Holidays and pinholes

Spray dust and orange peel provide a poor cosmetic appearance, and an increased roughness, which especially on antifoulings will cause drag and premature fouling.For other surfaces difficulties in cleaning may be the consequence.Holidays and pinholes cause local insufficient dry film thickness resulting in premature blistering/pinpoint rusting, salting of zinc rich primers and premature fouling.

CORRECTIVE ACTIONS: If cosmetic appearance is very important or extend of spray dust or orange peelis judged to be excessive, the areas involved must be scraped, sanded and - after dedusting - be touched up with a coat of final coat.Holidays must be touched up to full dry film thickness.Pinholes if very few are generally not considered except in tanks, where theyhave to be touched up, if necessary after a sanding.If many, ask your HEMPEL-representative for solution to the specific case.

PREVENTIVE ACTIONS: Analyze why potential defect are observed now instead of earlier. Consult checkpoints in the respective phases.

Find those check point(s) which have failed during the work and influence these to be considered in the future.

HOW TO DETECT: Visually5 - 10 X Magnifier.

INSPP30b ed1 28/07/95 EMi

HEMPELCHECKPOINT COATED SURFACE P 30c

FINAL ACCEPTANCE WHY? Variations in filmthickness influence the protective properties of the coating:

* Too low total dry film thickness * Too high total dry film thickness

Too low film thickness means that the specification, as the customer has bought it is not met. Technically the coating may not be able to perform as long as expexted/promised or guaranteed, i.e. early corrosion or fouling may occur and for chemically resistant coatings, they may fail in their protection. Too high filmthickness will cause reduced mechanical resistance, and reduced chemical resistance because of solvent retention.For antifoulings cold flow may occur if the vessel is sailing early after application.For zincsilicates mud-cracking may occur eliminating protection in cracked areas.

CORRECTIVE ACTIONS: For too low film thickness apply extra coat(s) of final coat, where necessary, locally or full depending on extend of insufficient dft. It is important, that a uniform pinhole-free paint film is achieved. For too high film thickness allow an increase in the drying time before overcoating or taking into use. Provide good ventilation to all surface affected during this period. For zinc silicates mudcracked areas must be reblasted or scraped depending on size of the areas and repainted.

PREVENTIVE ACTIONS: Instruct in the right film thickness and how to measure continuously during application (WFT-Gauge). Recommend areas to be subdivided and assist in calculating the amount of paint going on each area. Influence stripe-coating of areas difficult to spray.

HOW TO DETECT: Dry film thickness gauge.Observe that the gauge may penetrate into soft and uncured coatings leadingto too low readings. Therefore allow as long time as necessary before makingthe dft measurements, usually 1-2 days.

Note special procedures for containers and shopprimers.

INSPP30c ed1 28/07/95 EMi

HEMPEL

INSPGUIDELINES 28/07/95 EMi

HEMPELOPEN NOZZLE ABRASIVE BLASTING R1a

CAPACITY AND CONSUMPTION: (Indicative values)

AREA TYPE Sa 2 1/2 Sa 3 NON-METALLIC NON-METALLIC ABRASIVE SQM pr ABRASIVE SQM pr KG/SQM MAN-HOUR KG/SQM MAN-HOUR

NEW STEEL, RUST GRADE A-B

Smooth 40 9 60 6 Normal 45 8 65 5.5 Complicated 60 6 80 4.5

SHOPPRIMED STEEL */ Smooth 30 12 50 7.5 Normal 35 10 55 6.5 Complicated 50 7.5 70 5

OLD STEEL, RUST GRADE C-D

Smooth 50 7.5 70 5 Normal 60 6 80 4.5 Complicated 80 4.5 100 3.5

Figures are primarily based on practical experience with tankcoating jobs. Abrasive blasting using 12 mm nozzles at 7-8 bars.

* / Some types of shopprimers are difficult to remove completely: PVB-types and zinc-shopprimers. The latter will leave some zinc hammered on to the surface.

NOZZLES SIZE AND AIR REQUIREMENT: (Indicative values)

NOZZLE SIZE PRESSURE AT NOZZLE (Bars) mm inch 4 4,6 5 6 7 8 1/3 3,0 3,2 3,5 4,0 4,6

9.5 5/16 4,0 4,5 - 5,5 6,5 10 3/8 4,6 - 5,7 6,4 7,2 11 7/16 5,5 6,1 6,8 7,5 9,1 12 1/2 6,7 - 8,2 9,3 10,4

AIR CONSUMPTION in cbm pr min

NOTE: Wear of nozzles quickly increases air requirement. Also other work, e.g. grinders, airless pumps etc. may require air.

The Compressor should therefore have a 25-50% higher air capacity, than required according to above table.

Venturi shaped nozzles are recommended for maximum efficiency. They should remain undamaged and be replaced when their internal diameter has worn approx. 1-2 mm.

Remember to check and empty oil- and water separators frequently, before they run full.

INSPR1a, ed2 VALIDITY SUBJECT TO CONFIRMATION 30/04/97 EMi

HEMPELOPEN NOZZLE ABRASIVE BLASTING R1b

HOSES Hoses cause pressure loss and thus loss of effect. Following is good practice: 1/ Use min 5/4" hoses with external couplings, and wire for proper grounding

of the blasting equipment. 2/ The blasting hose gives more pressure loss than the air hose. Therefore

if necessary, always long air hose and short blasting hose, i.e. the blasting pot should be as close to the work area as possible.

3/ Do not kink the hoses, always lay them out in as straight lines as possible.

Pressure loss in bars pr 10 m smooth air hose at 7 bar. (Indicative)

Nozzle Size: mm 8 9,5 10 11 12 inch 1/3 5/16 3/8 7/16 1/2

Air consumption cbm/min 4.6 6.5 7.2 9.1 10.4

Internal Diameter of air hose 1/2" / 12 mm na na na na na 3/4" / 18 mm 0.6 na na na na 1" / 25 mm 0.12 0.25 0.33 0.55 0.66 5/4" / 32 mm 0.05 0.10 0.13 0.18 0.20

1 1/2" / 38 mm 0.02 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.09

na: means a pressure loss of more than 1 bar pr 10 m length.

Over the blast pot there will usually be a pressure drop of 1/2 - 1 bar.

INSPR1b ed1 VALIDITY SUBJECT TO CONFIRMATION 30/04/97 EMi

HEMPELABRASIVES, RECYCLABLE R2a

Recyclable abrasives are typically steel grit, steel shot, cut wire and iron grit. For blasting of aluminium and stainless steel corundum can be used.

STEEL AND IRON GRIT

SAE J444:1984-Nomination Grain size Corresponding Average Distribution ISO 11124:1993 HARDNESS

SIZE mm mm designation Nomination HRc G12 1.7 1.4-2.4 G200 S 45-50 G14 1.4 1.2-2.0 G170 M 50-55 G16 1.2 1.0-1.7 G140 L 55-60 G18 1.0 0.7-1.4 G120 H 60-65 G25 0.7 0.4-1.2 G100 G40 0.4 0.3-1.0 G070 G50 0.3 0.2-0.7 G050

Ex: LG18 is 0.7-1.4 mm grit with a nominal size of 1.0 mm and a hardness HRc of 55-60

BS 2451/63-Nomination Distribution

SIZE mm G55 1.4-2.0 G47 1.2-1.7 G39 1.0-1.4 G34 0.85-1.2 G24 0.6-1.0 G17 0.43-0.85 G12 0.3-0.7

STEEL SHOT

SAE J444:1984-Nomination Grain size Corresponding Average Distribution ISO 11124:1993 HARDNESS

SIZE mm mm designation Nomination HRc S550 1.4 1.2-2.0 S170 S 45-50 S460 1.2 1.0-1.8 S140 M 50-55 S390 1.0 0.8-1.4 S120 L 55-60 S330 0.8 0.7-1.2 S100 H 60-65 S280 0.7 0.6-1.0 S080 S230 0.6 0.5-0.8 S070 S170 0.4 0.4-0.7 S060

BS 2451/63-Nomination Distribution

SIZE mm S550 1.4-2.0 S470 1.2-1.7 S390 1.0-1.4 S340 0.85-1.2 S240 0.6-1.0 S170 0.43-0.85 S120 0.3-0.7

MINERAL RECYCLABLE These abrasives usually follow the guidelines for NON-METALLIC SPENDABLE abrasives (See page R2b)

INSPR2a ed3 VALIDITY SUBJECT TO CONFIRMATION 10/02/03 EMi

HEMPELABRASIVES, SPENDABLE R2b

Spendable abrasives are typically used only once or a few times The are normally NON-METALLIC and typical examples are:

* Quartz sand * Aluminium silicate * Copper Slag * Oven or Coal Slag

A lot of local products are found. Spendable abrasives should be sharp edged and hard, they should be high quality, washed with fresh water, dried and classified, and should not leave any foreign matter on the blasted surface. Suitable abrasives should comply with ISO 11126:1993. For tank coating jobs, the abrasive should be checked according to the tank coating specification before starting the job. Sea sand and river sand are often rounded and chloride contaminated, and should therefore be avoided for heavy duty coatings.

SIZE DISTRIBUTION: The size distribution is often given in manufacturers own grade numbers and. in mm. Typical distributions are:

0.4-0.8 mm For general blasting, fine profile 0.4-1.2 mm For general blasting, somewhat coarse profile 0.2-2.0 mm For high profile blasting on old pitted steel 1.2-2.0 mm For high profile blasting on new, unpitted steel

Suitable abrasives grain size distribution should as a minimum comply with ISO 11126:1993.

Mixture of grades for specific purposes can usually be supplied in the distributions or mixtures thereof as requested.

ISO 11126 - Water Solubles Conductivity Measurements: The ISO 11126 states as a requirement to conductivity of water extracts of abrasives a maximum of 25 mS/m. This method is now described in page R6a, and R6d.


HEMPELABRASIVES - GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION R2c

THIS YOU NEED: - A HEMPEL set of sieves - A spring weight (OHAUS) - A calculation form, Page R2d

Approx. 100 grammes TAKING THE SAMPLE:

sample Collect samples at min

5 places in the abrasive at random. Mix them well and take the

Remember the lid test sample from the mix.

READING Weight A

READING Weight B

REPEAT FILL IN ON THE FORM FOR ON PAGE R2d ALL

SIEVES -

AND CALCULATERESULTS

INSPR2c, ed1 VALIDITY SUBJECT TO CONFIRMATION 09/08/99 EMi

HEMPELABRASIVES - GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION R2d

Grain size distribution of the abrasive has significant influence on the surface roughness especially on the roughness height.

Using the charts below you can calculate and plot the distribution obtained. It is advisable to copy the page and use the charts on the copy.

SIEVE GRAIN READING READING D = No SIZE A B (A - B) (A-B)*100

(mm) gramme gramme gramme Amount

in %

2.50 > 2.50

2.00 2.00-2.50

1.60 1.60-2.00

1.00 1.00-1.60

0.80 0.80-1.00

0.50 0.50-0.80

0.25 0.25-0.50

0.00 0.00-0.25

TOTAL AMOUNT OF ABRASIVE:

0.00 0.25 0.50 0.80 1.00 1.60 2.00 2.50

SIEVE SIZE (mm)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

PE

RC

EN

T O

N S

IEV

E (

D)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

C

C=Sum(A-B)

INSPR2d, ed 2 VALIDITY SUBJECT TO CONFIRMATION 05/02/03 EMi

HEMPELDETECTION OF OIL & GREASE R3a

Many methods are described for detection of oil and grease.

Unfortunately most of these are either lab-methods or requiring tools unsuitable for on-site use.

The primary detection method is appearance of the surface. Oil and grease generally cause the surface to have a slightly darker appearance than clean surroundings and grease can usually be felt by the touch of a finger.

Other conditions can cause similar appearance e.g. humidity, so visual appearance is not always definite, especially in the case of spot wise contamination from cutting, drilling and punching in raw steel material.

In such cases a simple method using a piece of chalk can often quickly decide if degreasing is necessary.

The method works as follows:

1 Draw a line at medium pressure with the piece of chalk from a clean area through the suspect area on to another clean area.

2 If the line through the suspect area decreases in intensity, but intensity is regained in the second clean area again, the suspected area is contaminated to the extent, that degreasing is required.

You will probably need some exercise on the right pressure on the piece of chalk to get full benefit from the method.

NB: The method has been experienced not to work well on very smooth surfaces, e.g. on smooth stainless steel and aluminium.


HEMPEL DETECTION OF OIL & GREASE R3b

For tank coating work, newbuilding and repair, the method described in HEMPEL'S TECHNICAL STANDARD FOR TANK COATING WORK TCTF-100-TCW may be employed:

Hydrocarbon Test with isopropanol:

1 sqm of the surface is washed with cotton-wool and hydrocarbon free isopropanol. After each washing the isopropanol is transferred from the cotton-wool into a beaker by pressing. Filtrate the contents of the beaker. Mix in a test tube the filtrate with 2-3 times as much distilled water. The mixture is shaken and must be allowed to stand for approx. 20 minutes. If the sample in the test tube is cloudy, the surface is contaminated with grease and/or oil. Make a blank mixture of the isopropanol with distilled water as a reference. Instead of isopropanol a hydrocarbon free acetone may be used.


HEMPELPREPARATION GRADE RELATIONS (Nearest equivalents). R4a

ISO 8501-1:1988 SSPC Sa 3 SP-5 (White Metal)

Sa 2 1/2 SP-10 (Near white Metal)

Sa 2 SP-6 (Commercial Blast) Is NOT identical to ISO 8501-1:1988 You must consult the SSPC Standard when you meet it in a specification.

Sa 1 SP-7 (Brush -Off Blast)

None SP-11 Mechanical cleaning to bright metal

St 3 SP-3 Machine Tool Cleaning

St 2 SP-2 Hand Tool Cleaning

OTHERS Swedish Standard SIS 055900, 1967 contains pictures identical to those in ISO 8501-1:1988. Ja panese Standard JSRA SPSS-1975 is an expansion of SIS 055900 containing also pictures of shopprimer secondary surface preparation and surface preparation of welds and burns. Since this standard is referred to by some Paint Manufacturers page R4b summarise this standard. ISO 8501-2:1994 is an expansion of ISO 8501-1 covering preparation of shopprimed and previously coated surfaces. NACE /SSPC SP-12 concerns high pressure water jetting preparation grades, please see page R16a-b. ISO 8501-4 is at present (May 2005) still being drafted for Water Jetting.


HEMPELSECONDARY PREPARATION GRADE RELATIONS (Nearest equivalents). R4b

Some other Paint Manufacturers refer in their specifications to Secondary Surface Preparation Standards. Below you may find a brief survey of the contents of the most common of these. For details please refer to the specific Standard which is in both cases a pictorial standard similar in layout to the ISO 8501-1:1988.

JSRA International DESCRIPTION SPSS-1975 Paint

Surface prepared by wire-brushing and by disc sander. Pt1 Loose rust and foreign matter are fairly removed Surface prepared by wire-brushing and by disc sander. Pt2 Almost all rust and foreign matter are fairly removed. Surface prepared by wire-brushing and by disc sander. Pt3 Rust and foreign matter are removed to the extent that the surface has a uniform metallic sheen. Surface prepared by light blast cleaning of slug sands or Ss AS. 1 grit. (Shopprimer with the little trace of rust is noticeable).

Surface prepared by thorough blast cleaning of slug Sd2 AS. 2 sands or grit. Almost all mill scale, rust or foreign matter are fairly removed Surface prepared by very thorough blast cleaning of slug Sd3 AS. 3 sands or grit. Mill scale, rust and foreign matter are removed to the extent that the surface has a uniform metallic sheen.

Before these mechanical or abrasive blast cleaning methods, oil and grease as well as water soluble material which has contaminated the surface should be removed.


HEMPEL SURFACE ROUGHNESS R5a


HEMPELSURFACE ROUGHNESS The Ra, Rz and Rmax - Values R5b

HEMPEL makes use of the Rz-value, when specifying surface roughnessCentre A line relative to which assessment

Arithmetical of the profile is performed. Mean Line The areas limited by the centre line

(Centre Line) and the profile are equal on both sides

Arithmetical The arithmetical mean of the absoluteMean deviation values of the profile departuresof the profile within the sampling length. Ra

Ra (= CLA and AA)

Used on the RUGOTEST

Y2 Y3 Y5The average value of the absolute Y Y4Y1 Ten point values of heights of five maximum height of profile peaks and the depths of five Rz

irregularities maximum profile valleys. Rz Rz = 1/5*(Y1 + Y2 +....+ Y9 + Y10) Y7Y6 Y9 Y10

Y8Rz is approx. 4-6 times Ra

The distance between the highest Maximum height point and the lowest point on the

of the profile profile. Rmax Rmax (Ry) Rmax is approx. 6 times Ra


HEMPELWATER SOLUBLE SALTS R 6aCONDUCTIVITY MEASUREMENTS

WHY?Excessive amounts of water soluble salts cause osmotic blistering of the paintcoating.In many immersion situations this may be detrimental to coating performance,and in such cases checks may be specified or have to be made.Typical jobs are coating of ballast and cargo tanks and offshore structures

WATER SOLUBLES ON THE STEEL SURFACEHEMPEL PROCEDURE in full compliance with ISO 85029.

See Page R 6c Conductivity equiv. Cl equiv. NaCl

Table 1. µS/cm mg/m² mg/m²

0 0 0

2,5 6 10NORSOK Note 6, see page R6b 5 12,0 20

7,5 18 30HEMPEL Note 1, see page R6b 10 24,0 40IMO Note 5, see page R6b 12,5 30,0 50

15 36 6020 48 8025 60 100

HEMPEL Note 2, see page R6b 27,5 66,0 11040 96 160

60 144 240

HEMPEL Note 3, see page R6b 80 192 320

125 300 500

HEMPEL Note 4, see page R6b 185 444 740

SALTS IN MINERAL ABRASIVESPROCEDURE ISO 111276, See Page R 6d

MEASURED CONDUCTIVITY

mS/m

Conductivity acceptance levels are indicated Table 2. 0for an abrasive bulk density of 1.7 kg/l. 5Limits are given for densities 1.4 to 2.0 10

15HEMPEL'S recommended maximum limit for: 20

ISO 11126:1993 limit for abrasives 25 Always 25

30 3525

50 6040

INSPR6A ed7 VALIDITY SUBJECT TO CONFIRMATION

Tank Coatings with Cargo Protection Guide or other

RESISTANCE GUIDEs or for fresh/brackish water

Other tank Coatings & Heavy duty Coatings

HEMPELWATER SOLUBLE SALTS R 6bCONDUCTIVITY MEASUREMENTS

WATER SOLUBLES ON THE STEEL SURFACERELATIONS OF TERMINOLOGY

ConductivityµS/cm mS/m

equiv Clµg/cm² mg/m²

equiv. NaClµg/cm² mg/m²

0 0,0

2,5 0,3

0,0 0

0,6 6

0,0 0

1,0 10

5,0 0,5 1,2 12 2,0 20

7,5 0,75 1,8 18 3,0 30

10,0 1 2,4 24 4,0 40

12,5 1,25 3 30 5,0 50

15 1,5

20 2,0

25 2,5

3,6 36

4,8 48

6,0 60

6,0 60

8,0 80

10 100

27,5 2,75 6,6 66 11 110

40 4

60 6

9,6 96

14,4 144

16 160

24 240

80 8 19,2 192 32 320

125 12,5 30 300 50 500

185 18,5 44,4 444 74 740

Note

6

1

5

2

3

4Notes:Conductivity when measured according to the HEMPELmethod, Page R6c.

1: HEMPEL'S recommended maximum conductivity level for areas permanently

immersed in demineralised, potable and hot water.

2: HEMPEL'S recommended maximum conductivity level for immersed areasand for MULTISTRENGTH products.

3: HEMPEL'S recommended maximum conductivity level for non immersed areas,equivalent to max conductivity accepted by NACE/SSPC SP 12: SC2.

4: Equivalent to max conductivity accepted by NACE/SSPC SP 12: SC3.

5: Max conductivity accepted by IMO Performance Standard for Protective

Coatings and for tank coatings with Cargo Protection Guide or other

RESISTANCE GUIDES.

6: Max conductivity accepted by NORSOK offshore standard.

INSPR6B ed5 VALIDITY SUBJECT TO CONFIRMATION

HEMPELHOW TO DETERMINE: R 6c WATER SOLUBLES ON A STEEL SURFACE PREPARATION:

* DO NOT dedust or touch test area using bare hands. Use only clean gloves, if needed.

* DO NOT touch the test area of the sampler by any THIS YOU NEED: means. - Bresle Samplers, A-1250.

- Syringe, 5 ml plus needle. * A blind test of the A-1250 samplers own contribution - Conductivity Gauge with range

to conductivity should be made every time a new 0 -2000 µS/cm. Accuracy 2 µS/cm package is opened. Use salt free substrate like eg. or better - and automatic tempesmooth plastic or steel washed in distilled water rature compensation to 25°C/77°F.

and air-dried.Procedure as below. - Glass beaker, Diameter 3.5 cm Result = C - Distilled Water, High purity.

Fill in 10 ml distilled Measure Remove protective Inject approx. 3.5 ml distilled water into clean conductivity µS/cm backing and foam. water from beaker with syringe beaker using the and note down. Affix cell to dry surface through spongy foam perimeter. syringe, ie. 2 x 5 ml Result = B and press firmly to create Hold perimeter of cell firmly

completely tight seal. to avoid leakage.

Leave water inside Retrieve water Remove syringe and Measure conductivity for 1 minute back into syringe. empty back into of the approx 10 ml

(NB 1'st time only) Last time as much the original beaker in the beaker in µS/cm as possible Result = A

Temperature compensition is NOT necessary.The gauge does it automatically

INSPR6c ed4 VALIDITY SUBJECT TO CONFIRMATION 22/11/07 EMi

This procedure complies with ISO 8502-9 when using table 1 on page R 6a for interpretation of results.

Final conductivity result = (A - B - C) µS/cm

X 10

THE HEMPEL METHOD

HEMPELHOW TO DETERMINE: R 6d CONDUCTIVITY of MINERAL ABRASIVES

100 g 100 ml

THIS YOU NEED: - Electronic Conductivity Gauge - Balance, ±0.1 g - Measuring Glass, 100 ml - 2 Clean Glass Jars, 250 ml 1 liter distilled/demineralised Water

Conductivity less than 1 mS/m

TAKING THE SAMPLE: - Collect samples at min 5 places in

the abrasive at random. Mix them well and take the

100 g from the mix.

SHAKE 5 Minutes Let stand 1 Hour SHAKE 5 Minutes

Consult R 6a for interpretation of results

DECANT into CLEAN GLASS Measure conductivity with electronic JAR washed with destilled CONDUCTIVITY GAUGE. (mS/m) water and dried out.

MAKE THE WHOLE ANALYSIS TWO (2) TIMES If results are within ± 10%, report average If results deviate >10%, make a third analysis and report average of two closest.

INSPR6d ed3 VALIDITY SUBJECT TO CONFIRMATION 12/02/03 EMi

ABRASIVE

100 ml DISTILLED

WATER

Jar washed with distilled water and dried out

ISO 11127-6

HEMPEL

TYPE: HEMPEL-Quality PVB HEMPEL'S SHOPPRIMER PVB 1525 EPOXY IRON OXIDE HEMPEL'S SHOPPRIMER E 1528 ZINC RICH EPOXY HEMPEL'S SHOPPRIMER ZE 1537 ZINCSILICATE, Medium zinc cont. HEMPEL'S SHOPPRIMER ZS 1572 ZINCSILICATE, Low zinc content HEMPEL'S SHOPPRIMER ZS 1589

SHOPPRIMERS R 7a Shopprimers are special very quick drying primers intended to be applied in a very thin coat of 15-25 micron on automatic equipment and to protect steel plates and profiles during manufacturing and erection periods until the full coating system can be applied. TYPES Following types are available from reputable suppliers today (2003):

Indicated HEMPEL Shopprimer may not necessarily be on the Standard Assortment list.

LIFETIME Protective lifetime of a shopprimer depends so much on local conditions, that a guaranteed lifetime should never be given. Relative lifetime between the types in the same environment is as follows:

TYPE: 15 micron 25 micron PVB EPOXY IRON OXIDE not rec. ZINC RICH EPOXY ZINCSILICATE, Medium zinc cont. ZINCSILICATE, Low zinc content

WELDING PROPERTIES MIG/MAG or CO2 Shopprimers unfortunately influence modern welding techniques and gas cutting. "Old" stick welding and modern plasmacutting is very little affected. Shopprimers influence as follows:

TYPE: 15 micron 25 micron Remarks PVB Porosities EPOXY IRON OXYDE Porosities ZINC RICH EPOXY Poros.+Arc Inst. ZINCSILICATE, Medium zinc cont. Arc Instability ZINCSILICATE, Low zinc content

LATER EXPOSURE AND OVERCOATING: Shopprimer can be over coated with most paints. Note however the following indicative restrictions:

TYPE: Immersion Zn-silicates Multi-Strength PVB EPOXY IRON OXIDE ZINC RICH EPOXY ZINCSILICATE, Medium zinc cont. ZINCSILICATE, Low zinc content

POOR / VERY SHORT VERY SUITED / LONGEST


HEMPELSHOPPRIMERS R 7b

Before you can overcoat any shopprimer it must be clean, and rusted and damaged shopprimer must be mechanically cleaned or abrasive blasted according to specification. This is mandatory for any shopprimer before overcoating. Additionally you may depending on later exposure and the coating to be applied have to do further SECONDARY SURFACE PREPARATION Below is a chart giving some guidance for this:

SECONDARY SURFACE PREPARATION, Indicative:

TYPE: Immersion Zn-silicates Multi-Strength PVB nr EPOXY IRON OXYDE ZINC RICH EPOXY ZINCSILICATE, Medium zinc cont. ZINCSILICATE, Low zinc content

Abrasive blast completely away (Sa 3 appearance) Hard abrasive sweeping. Mechanically clean (avoid polishing) to remove zincsalts and contamination. Light abrasive sweeping to roughen and to remove zinc salts No extra secondary surface preparation.

NOTE: * For TANK LININGs with RESISTANCE GUIDES you must follow what is specified therein.

* Excessive oil spillage on zinc-rich shopprimers cannot be cleaned properly. Therefore abrasive blast such areas and degrease afterwards.

SHOPPRIMER THICKNESS Due to their requirements of extremely fast drying, shopprimers are inherently of low internal strength (cohesion). Therefore all above properties are based on the assumption, that the film thickness is correct, i.e. between 10 and 35 micron and evenly distributed over the plates. If thickness is excessive (se Page R 7c on how to estimate) hard abrasive sweeping is necessary to reduce film thickness before overcoating except where more demanding requirements are set as indicated above.


HEMPELSHOPPRIMERS R 7c

MEASURING FILM THICKNESS The dry film thickness of a shopprimer CANNOT be measured directly on an abrasive blasted steel surface, simply because the surface roughness is often higher than the thickness of the shopprimer. Wet film thickness measurements are not possible either, as the shopprimer dries too fast. Therefore special measures have to be taken when establishing shopprimer thickness. Two cases may call for measurements of shopprimer thickness: 1/ During application of the shopprimer. 2/ When the suitability for overcoating needs to be decided.

DURING APPLICATION: During application shopprimer dry film thickness must be established on smooth panels shopprimed together with the plates/profiles. Since a smooth surface pr sqm represents a smaller surface area than an abrasive blasted surface, the same amount of shopprimer applied to a smooth surface will give a higher dry film thickness than when applied on an abrasive blasted surface. As a rule of thumb following approximate relations exist:

Shopprimer Film Thickness Surface Roughness Smooth Rz = Rz =

40 micron 75 micron RUGOTEST, Approx: - N9 N10 micron 25 20 15 micron 20 15 12

BEFORE OVERCOATING: Since direct DFT-Measurements cannot be used, an approximate method as described below must be used (Note that dry film thickness can in this connection only be too high or too low): 1/ Calibrate the DFT-Gauge (Electronic) on a piece of smooth steel. 2/ Select 5% of the plates/profiles as required to be checked 3/ Mark out an area of 1000 x 100 mm on each of the selected plates/profiles.

4/ Make 10 measurements in each of the marked areas and calculate the average for each area: x x x x x x x x x x => AVERAGE

DECISIONS: DFT is: OK No decision Rejected can be made

- No average values above 35 micron: * - Maximum 10% of the average values * above 35 micron. None above 40 micron:

- No average values below 52 micron: * - Maximum 10% of the average values below 52 micron. None below 47 micron: *

- All other outcome: *


HEMPELpH-VALUE R 8

pH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

ACIDIC NEUTRAL ALKALINE

SPILLAGE

ALKYDS CR's ACRYLICS VINYL's EPOXIES POLYURETHANES ZINC SILICATES

CONSTANT EXPOSURE

ALKYDS NOT RECOMMENDED CR's 3/ ACRYLICS NOT RECOMMENDED VINYL's 3/ EPOXIES 1/ POLYURETHANES NOT RECOMMENDED ZINC SILICATES 2/

1/ Epoxy-polyamide and -amideadduct cured coatings are best for salt-containing water, e.g. seawater. They are less resistant to acids than amine cured epoxies. Epoxy-polyamine and -amineadduct cured coatings are best for water contaminated with organic substance.

2/ Zinc silicates are suitable for immersion only when they are NOT overcoated.

3/ Usually not relevant except for sea-water immersion

RESISTANCE VALUES are INDICATIVE

INSPR8 ed 2 VALIDITY SUBJECT TO CONFIRMATION 11/08/99 EMi

HEMPEL TAKING

TECHNICAL PICTURES

R9a

GENERAL

Photo documentation is a very effective supplement to reporting.

Today's self-adjusting pocket size cameras with build-in flashlight makes the taking of the picture very easy.

BUT WHAT ABOUT THE MOTIVE? Below is given some general guidelines for taking technical pictures:

1: Always make an overview picture, describing location and to which detailed photos can readily be referred.

2: Take pictures in necessary detail to describe the action or condition, you want to tell about. These pictures should be within the area of the overview picture

3: Pictures can easily disproportion a story, e.g. when a report of paint condition is to be made. Do not take pictures of defective areas only. This will lead the receiver to believe, that the whole area surveyed is totally broken down when in fact it may only be a few percent. Try to balance pictures of good and bad according to the actual extent and type of breakdown.

4: Always note down immediately in your Notebook, what each picture is about, so that it is possible to make a good photo-legend to accompany the pictures. The receiver of the report must be able to as quickly as possible - establish where and what the picture describes.


HEMPEL TAKING TECHNICAL PICTURES

at DRY DOCKINGS

R9b

For a normal Dry-docking 20 - 25 photos will usually suffice.

Follow the guidelines on page R9a

REFERENCE PHOTOS

As a condition survey - before start of the work - take four(4) overview photos from the points as shown on the sketch below. The photos from the SB-side must indicate the condition of both the topside area and the A/F area as good as possible.

PHOTO POINTS: 1 DECK FROM AFT 2 DECK FROM FORECASTLE 3 TOPSIDE and BOTTOM 4 TOPSIDE and BOTTOM

1

3 & 4 2


HEMPELIDENTIFYING THE EXISTING COATING QUICK REFERENCE R 10 Sometimes you may need to identify the generic type of the existing coating used for a job, e.g. when NOTE:

repair has to be done and information on the existing coating HAS BEEN CHECKED NOT to exist. This is a "suddenly on-site" guidance

EQUIPMENT: You will need the following equipment: procedure. THINNER 08080, THINNER 08460, TOOL CLEANER and pieces of cloth. Precise determination

will require lab-PROCEDURE: investigations. * Clean the surface with emulsifier to remove dirt and chalking, note if the coating is chalking severely.

* Rub the surface intensively for 2-10 minutes with a piece of cloth soaked in :

THINNER 08080 THINNER 08460 TOOL CLEANER STILL THERE

The coating dissolves The coating dissolves The coating is severely Not or slightly affected only and can be removed and can be removed affected, wrinkling and/or in 08460 and TOOL ri ght through right through blistering. CLEANER

Chlorinated Rubber Vinyl (hard type). Alkyd Epoxy, Modified Epoxy Acrylic, PVC (soft type). Vinyltar Modified alkyds Coal tar Epoxy Bitumen Epoxyesters Polyurethanes Antifoulings Zincsilicates

ADDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS: * Coating soft and black, dark brown or aluminium: ===> Bitumen * Coating hard, but black dark brown or alu, tar smell when scraped: ===> Coal tar epoxy * Coating severely chalking: ===> Epoxy or Chlorinated Rubber * Primer coat metal grey or greyish, metallic sheen when scraped: ===> Zincepoxy or Zincsilicate

CONTR10 ed1 VALIDITY SUBJECT TO CONFIRMATION 06/06/94 EMi

HEMPELOVERCOATING INTERVALS R 11

The TECHNICAL DATASHEET usually gives you the Overcoating Intervals at 20°C/68°F and for the

indicated dry film thickness.

The ACTUAL overcoating intervals depends on the SPECIFICATION, i.e. the actual dft, what generic type is to be overcoated with, what layer and what coat number is it.

Finally when this is settled at 20°C, it has to be transferred to other temperatures.

All this normally appears in the WORKING SPECIFICATION.

If not available contact your HEMPEL-representative, who will assist in working out the necessary information.

INSPR11 ed1 VALIDITY SUBJECT TO CONFIRMATION 28/07/95 EMi

HEMPEL ANTIFOULING COMPATIBILITY CHART

R12 STATUS - November 2006

RECOATING TIN FREE WITH: OCEANIC/ GLOBIC NOTES

OLYMPIC NCT

1 Genuine insoluble binders are defined as based on vinyl or MATRIX TIE COAT REQUIRED chlorinated rubber. Some "insoluble matrix" antifoulings not

(Tin based as High pressure cleaning, min 400 bar based on vinyl or chlorinated rubber should not be recoated well as tin free) Note 1 & 3.2 without consulting the HEMPEL-representative for advise.

2 Only for antifouling systems to be applied in a dft higher TIN FREE HEMPEL: than 250 micron

SELFPOLISHING If tie coat is required: ROSIN BASED: Note 2 Note 4 HEMPATEX HI-BUILD 46330 in min 40 micron, or

HEMPADUR 45182 in min 50 micron SILYLATED: Note 4 ---> NOF: Takata Quantum, Jotun: Sea Quantum

Note 2 ---> CMP: Sea Grand Prix 1000 & 2000, Kansai: Nu Trim METAL Note 2 Note 4 Akzo IP: Ecoloflex, Nippon Paints: Ecoloflex, Kansai Exion ACRYLATES: CMP: Sea Grand Prix 100 & 200, KCC: AF 795 VINYL Note 2 Note 4 Sigma: Alphagen PYRROLIDONE:

TIN BASED NO TIE COAT REQUIRED 3.1 AF must have been exposed to seawater for min 12 months. SELFPOLISHING High pressure cleaning, min 400 bar 3.2 A very thorough high pressure fresh water hosing (HPFWH) is

Notes 3.1 & 3.2 necessary in order to remove loose paint and leached binder. 4 Certain market technologies tend to absorb too much water

TIE COAT RE QUIRED upon fresh water exposure. The strength and porosity of these (typically metalacrylate based) should be evaluated in the dock.

NO TIE COAT RE QUIRED Overcoating will require a flash coat technic during application of first A/F coat and depnding on condition a full tie coat may be required

CAACR12 ed10 VALIDITY SUBJECT TO CONFIRMATION 22/11/06 EMi

EXISTING ANTIFOULING

INSOLUBLE

HEMPEL IMPRESSED CURRENT CATHODIC PROTECTION (ICCP) R13

When Impressed Current Cathodic Protection (ICCP) systems are used, the voltage necessary for passivating the hull is continuously measured by the use of reference anodes. Several types of reference anodes may be used and since the potential is normally referred to the reference anode used it is important to know their relative positions. For use in seawater they are shown on the line below:

When testing and specifying HEMPEL - unless otherwise appearing - use and refer to the saturated Calomel reference anode as basis.

INSPR13 ed1 VALIDITY SUBJECT TO CONFIRMATION

28/07/95

EMi

HEMPELTANKS - VENTILATION R 14

SOLVENT VAPOURS ARE MORE HEAVY THAN AIR. Therefore they always tend to go to the bottom of confined spaces and consequently their removal must always take place by suction from the lower part of such areas.

Control both Inlet Air and Exhaust Air Exhaust by suction is the normal way - but to fully control the ventilation flow, forced inlet blowing should always be used in cooperation with the suction. Forced inlet blowing is also necessary when controlling the atmosphere in the confined space through dehumidifiers.

Sometimes general ventilation is not enough. Local areas inside the confined space may not be sufficiently ventilated via the general ventilation installation. To secure ventilation of the local areas ex-proof portable blowers can be put in these areas.

GENERAL VENTILATION FLOW

FORCED INLET BLOWING AT TOP

VENTILATE BY EXPROOF BLOWER

EXHAUST SUCTION AT BOTTOM


HEMPEL TRUE SURFACE AREA R15a

PROJECTED TRUE SMOOTH" "TOPOGRAPHIC"

SURFACE AREA SURFACE AREA

SURFACE AREA RATIO (Estimated).

Rz "SMOOTH" "TOPOGRAPHIC" micron

30 1 1,27 40 1 1,36 50 1 1,45 60 1 1,54 70 1 1,63

You may think that this affects the paint consumption of the primer coat, but this is not the case with Standard HEMPEL specifications - i.e. if the surface roughness is specified

in the specification, and if the guidance for DFT-measurements given in this booklet and in HEMPEL'S Code of Practice 0209-1 is followed

Only in three cases will compensation have to be considered:

A: When applying SHOPPRIMERS. Reference is made to the TECHNICAL DATASHEETs and section R7 in this booklet. When applying SHOPPRIMERS, their dry film thickness is often lower than the roughness of the substrate and they dry so quickly, that the film follows the contour of the roughness.

B: When surface roughness deviates from that specified. In this case refer to page R15b.

C: If PrEnISO 19840 is referred to in the specification including its normative reference section. Then compensation will have to be done depending on substrate roughness. Study the standard carefully if You meet it, also when responding to the specification.


HEMPEL "DEAD VOLUME" R15b

WHAT IS IT? The "DEAD VOLUME" is normally referred to the amount of paint needed to fill up the surface roughness created by abrasive blasting. The opinion is often that this is an extra amount of paint needed before the protective paint film can be build up over the peaks (Overpeak Protection).

The approx. relationship between roughness Rz and "Dead Volume" is: Rz micron 30 45 60 75 90 105 "Dead Volume": (cm³/m²) 20 30 40 50 60 70

HOW TO CALCULATE THE PAINT REQUIRED?: The paint can be calculated as follows:

Area (m²) x "Dead Volume" (cm³/m²) Paint Volume Solids (%) x 10 in liters

IS IT NECESSARY TO CONSIDER "DEAD VOLUME"?:

The answer is: GENERALLY NOT!

provided that roughness is specified in the PAINTING SPECIFICATION and HEMPEL'S rules for calibration of the DFT-Gauge has been followed. The latter calibrates to an imaginary line so close to the imaginary average paint line for the "Dead volume", that they can be considered the same. Reference is made to HEMPEL'S Code of Practice 0209-1.

WHEN TO CONSIDER "DEAD VOLUME"?:

When surface roughness deviates from that specified. In this case use the difference between "Dead volume" in the specification and the "Dead volume" corresponding to the observed roughness to calculate the change in paint consumption..


HEMPELWATER CLEANING R 16a

DEFINITIONS & STANDARDS Water for cleaning - not only for salt removal - but for removal of paint, rust, oil and debris is becoming a future surface preparation method.

It's environmental advantage, the benefit of not having abrasive material going into ballast pumps and not having to remove abrasive material from confined spaces makes it - not to mention the excellent salt removal ability - a clear winner in surface preparation of old rusty structures like e.g. ballast tanks.

The methods still lack proven definitions of terms and surface preparation standards, but activities to solve this are well under way.

The best result up to now seems to be the NACE/SSPC Joint Standard SP12: "SURFACE PREPARATION AND CLEANING OF STEEL AND OTHER HARD MATERIALS BY HIGH- AND ULTRA-HIGH PRESSURE WATER JETTING PRIOR TO RECOATING", quoted in the following:

DEFINITIONS: * Low-Pressure Water Cleaning (LP WC)

Pressures less than 340 bar/5.000 psi * High Pressure Water Cleaning (HP WC)

Pressures from 340 - 680 bar/5.000 - 10.000 psi * High-Pressure Water Jetting (HP WJ)

Pressures from 680 - 1.700 bar/10.000 - 25.000 psi * Ultrahigh-Pressure Water Jetting (UHP WJ)

Pressures above 1.700 bar/25.000 psi

WJ VISUAL PREPARATION GRADES:

Condition Description (When viewed without magnification) WJ-1 A WJ-1 surface shall be free of all previously existing visible rust,

coatings, mill scale, and foreign matter and have a matte metal finish.

WJ-2 A WJ-2 surface shall be cleaned to a matte finish with at least 95% of the surface area free of all previously existing visible residues and the remaining 5% containing only randomly dispersed stains of rust, coatings, and foreign matter.

WJ-3 A WJ-3 surface shall be cleaned to a matte finish with at least two-thirds of the surface area free of all visible residues (except mill scale) and the remaining one-third containing only randomly dispersed stains of rust, coatings, and foreign matter.

WJ-4 A WJ-4 surface shall have all loose rust, loose mill scale, and loose coatings uniformly removed.


HEMPEL WATER CLEANING R 16b

DEFINITIONS & STANDARDS SC NON-VISUAL PREPARATION GRADES:

Condition Description SC-1 An SC-1 surface is free of all detectable levels of contaminants as

determined using available field test equipment whose sensitivity approximates laboratory equipment. Contaminants for purposes of this standard are chlorides, iron-soluble salts, and sulfates.

SC-2 An SC-2 surface has less than 7 µg/cm² chloride contaminants, less than 10 µg/cm² of soluble ferrous ion levels, and less than 17 µg/cm² sulphate contaminants as verified by field or laboratory

analysis using reliable, reproducible test equipment. SC-3 An SC-3 surface has less than 50 µg/cm² chloride and sulphate

contaminants as verified by field or laboratory analysis using reliable, reproducible test equipment.

The SPECIFICATION Example: The Standard gives the following example of specifying: "All surface to be recoated shall be cleaned as per NACE/SSPC SP12: WJ-2/SC-1 using either HP WJ or UHP WJ; the method ultimately selected by the contractor will be based on his confidence in the capabilities of the equipment and its components."

HEMPEL has issued a Photo Reference: HMP-STD * WJ PHOTO * 01-97 complying with NACE 5 / SSPC-SP 12, 1995.

Further to illustrating the Preparation Grades for various substrates the photo reference also deals with the degree of Flash Rusting, dividing the flash-rusted condition into three (3) levels:

* FR-1 * FR-2 * FR-3

The Photo Reference can be purchased via HEMPEL-Headquarters, Copenhagen

An ISO-standard is being drafted. When finished, the number will be: ISO 8501-4


HEMPELDFT-RULES R 17a

WHY: How to control that specification is met? VERY How many measurements should be taken? RELEVANT How to decide after having taken the measurements? QUESTIONS What is max. DFT?

The customer buys a certain dry film thickness according to the specification. Ideally he should not get less. In practice we know that a job is never perfect, but on the other hand insufficiencies should not be too large neither in quantity (Area) nor in quality (DFT).

Here decision rules come in e.g. the so-called "80-20", "90-10" or similar rules.

HOW DO THEY WORK?

"80 - 20" Quality Quantity

(DFT) (Readings)

dft must not be less than A maximum of 20% of the readings 80% of the specified may be below specified dft.

Many other combinations of figures for the rule can be used and the sum does not necessarily have to be 100. When employed, the usual figures for various segments and areas are:

"80-20" Shipbuilding including tank coatings with Resistance Guides. Offshore and Onshore constructions.

"90-10" Containers.

The Rules are good for general surfaces, - but it is always recommendable to check areas difficult to paint e.g. rear sides of bulb-profiles etc. separately.

HOW MANY MEASUREMENTS TO TAKE? The accuracy of making the correct decision is invariably linked to taking a certain amount of readings at random. Guidelines to how many readings to take are indicated on page R17b.

HOW TO DECIDE: Example by the "80-20"-Rule:

80-: No reading may be below 80% of that specified without repair being undertaken.

-20: Not more than 20% of the measurements may be in the range from 80 - 100% of that specified without repair being undertaken.

INSPR17a ed2 VALIDITY SUBJECT TO CONFIRMATION /02/03 EMi

HEMPELDFT-RULES R 17b

HOW MANY MEASUREMENTS TO TAKE? Several international as well as local standards are now paying interest to statistical methods, when checking dft. Today both ISO and SSPC has issued standards.

Below is quoted the sampling plan described in ISO 19840. For details please refer to the standard.

Area/length of inspection area

m² or m

Minimum number of measurements

Maximum number of measurements allowed

to be repeated

up to 1 5 1 above 1 to 3 10 2 above 3 to 10 15 3 above 10 to 30 20 4 above 30 to 100 30 6

above 100* add 10 for every additional 100 m² or

100 m or part thereof

20% of the minimum number of measurements

Area above 1000 m² or m should be divided into smaller areas

Please further refer to the standards acceptance and rejection criteria. as well as the standards special correction values for steel surface roughness.

Containers Checking container-dft is very important because of the general low dft specified for these and the intense manufacturing procedures. Therefore very frequent checks, many measurements and the use of the "90 - 10" Rule are necessary. A different measurement procedure - taking full advantage of modern electronic equipment - is used as a part of an integrated reporting system.

Chemically Resistant Tank Coatings Also here correct dry film thickness is very important. 1 reading pr every 2 sqm is recommended.

Other important standards

SSPC-PA 2 should be noted. When specified, please refer to the standards specific text for procedures and decision rules.

INSPR17b, ed4 VALIDITY SUBJECT TO CONFIRMATION 17/05/05 EMi

HEMPELINDICATIVE TEMPERATURE RESISTANCE OF PAINTS (Dry Service) R 18

°C -40 -20 0

20 40 60 80 120 160 200 400 600

ALKYDS Mixtures of binders usually

BITUMEN exhibit temperature

C.R.s in between the binders

ACRYLICS which they are mixed of.

VINYLS Note however the

EPOXIES + sign which is valid also

P.U.s ++ for mixed binders.

SILICATES ++ ++

SILICONES

°F -40 -4 32 68 104 140 176 248 320 392 752 1112

Suitable for continuous dry service

Suitability will depend on pigmentation. Above 400°C only aluminium pigment is suitable.

Suitable for short temporary service only

Do not exceed maximum temperature. Binder decomposes.

Also consult TECHNICAL DATASHEET's for specific information on temperature resistance for the products in question.


GROUP DEFECTIVE AREA % EXAMPLES: 0 0 2L means 2-5 % defective 1 <2 area with local occurring 2 2-5 defects. 3 6-25 1S means 0-2 % defective 4 >25 area with scattered defects. 5 100

HEMPEL ESTIMATING SIZE R19a OF AFFECTED AREAS.

HEMPEL'S "SHIP-DATA" system makes often use of an area estimation system using few, but easy to estimate ratings:

This system divides into a simple 5 groups:

SCATTERED 2% LOCAL


HEMPELESTIMATING SIZE R19b OF AFFECTED AREAS


SCATTERED 5% LOCAL


HEMPELESTIMATING SIZE R19c OF AFFECTED AREAS


SCATTERED 25% LOCAL


HEMPEL

CATEGORIES FOR ATMOSPHERIC EXPOSURE Low carbon Examples of typical environments

Corrosivity steel in a temperate climate (informative only) Category thickness

loss Exterior Interior micron

C1 =< 1.3 - Heated buildings with very low clean atmospheres, e.g.

offices, shops, schools, hotels

C2 >1.3 to 25 Atmospheres with low Unheated buildings low level of pollution. where condensation

Mostly rural areas may occur, e.g. depots sports halls

C3 >25 to 50 Urban and industrial Production rooms medium atmospheres, with high humidity and

moderate sulphur some air pollution, e.g. dioxyde pollution. food-processing plants, Coastal areas with low laundries, breweries, salinity. dairies.

C4 >50 to 80 Industrial areas and Chemical plants, high coastal areas with swimming pools,

moderate salinity. coastal ship- and boatyards.

C5-I >80 to 200 Industrial areas with Buildings or areas very high high humidity and with almost permanent (industrial) aggressive atmosphere condensation and with

high pollution. C5-M >80 to 200 Coastal and offshore Buildings or areas very high areas with high with almost permanent (marine) salinity. condensation and with

high pollution.

CATEGORIES FOR WATER AND SOIL

Category Environment Examples of environments and structures

Im1 Fresh water River installations, hydro-electric power plants

Im2 Sea or brackish water Harbour areas with structures like sluice gates, locks, jetties; Off-shore structures.

Im3 Soil Buried tanks, steel piles steel pipes.

CORROSION CATEGORIES R 20 ISO 12944 Section 2

The standard ISO 12944 has introduced a characterisation system for the corrosivity of environments. You may find many environments characterised by a simple abbreviation as follows:

For exact details of this extensive ISO-standard, including 8 sections comprising all aspects of corrosion protection by coatings, please consult the standard itself.


HEMPELWIND SCALES R21

Can we paint today?.

Not only the humidity and air temperature decides this, but for painting in the open also wind may become an important factor:

Below is given the standard wind scales used and comments regarding suitability for airless spray application.

Beaufort number (force)

Wind Speed WMO

Description

Comments

s mph m/s km/h

0 <1 <1 0 <1 Calm Painting possible with standard consumption factor.

1 1-3 1-3 1 1-5 Light air

2 4-6 4-7 2-3 6-11 Light breeze

Painting may be possible

Excessive consumption factor Severe risk of dry spray

3 7-10 8-12 4-5 12-19 Gentle breeze

4 11-16 13-18 6-7 20-28 Moderate breeze

5 17-21 19-24 8-10 29-38 Fresh breeze Painting not possible

6 22-27 25-31 11-13 39-49 Strong breeze

7 28-33 32-38 14-16 50-61 Near gale

8 34-40 39-46 17-20 62-74 Gale

9 41-47 47-54 21-24 75-88 Strong gale

10 48-55 55-63 25-28 89-102 Storm

11 56-63 64-72 29-32 103-117 Violent storm

12 >=64 >=73 >32 118 Hurricane

Even at lower wind speeds, then local conditions e.g. in between tanks may create stronger winds than average and make spray application in these areas critical. Suitable shields can reduce the effect of winds, they should be maintained during the whole drying process as well as strong winds also tend to skin dry freshly applied coatings and thereby cause solvent retention.

Brush and roller application are much less affected by wind.


HEMPELDESINFECTION OF TANKS R22

Desinfection of tanks and the use of desinfection chemicals for cleaning of cargo holds is becoming more frequent.

Potable water tanks are desinfected and the water often needs additional conservation, but also cargo holds and chemical tanks may need desinfection before the next cargo

Further discussions are coming up as to desinfection of ballast tanks in order to avoid transportation of biological flora around the world.

Most commonly used desinfection chemicals are based on chlorine, e.g. sodiumhypochlorite or chloramine, but also hydrogenperoxyde is more frequently met as it does not need to be removed again after desinfection - but just filled up with water.

Desinfection chemicals are all dangerous for coatings - and to avoid coating damage certain rules have to be obeyed:

Rules to respect: * Mix the paint carefully before application and allow for sufficient induction

time. Do not overapply thickness and allow proper time and ventilation between coats especially for solvent containing paints.

* Respect limits of temperature during application and drying/curing to avoid risk of exudation.

* The coating must be fully cured and completely free of solvents before desinfection is carried out, i.e. min 7 - 10 days at 20 DegC and proper ventilation.

* Desinfection at intervals less than 1 month should be avoided whenever possible. Make sure the whole system including valves, pipes and hoses is included.

Recommended Maximum Concentrations for use in tanks and cargo holds (Max. 35°C/95°F):

Sodiumhypochlorite Hydrogenperoxyde Chemical resistent DESINFECTION CONSERVATION DESINFECTION COATING SYSTEM

(Generic) Max. Conc

ppm Max. hours

Max. Conc ppm

Max. Conc percent

Max. hours

Coal tar epoxy 50 4 not relevant 0,25 0,5

Modified epoxy 50 4 1 0,25 0,5

epoxy-polyamide 50 12 3 0,5 1

epoxy-polyamine 100 12 6 1 1

Phenolic epoxy 100 24 6 1 1

Amount of Sodiumhypochlorite (10-15% solution) to be added to 1000 litre of fresh water to form a solution of:

DESINFECTION CONSERVATION To obtain a Conc. of: Add To obtain a Conc. of: Add

50 ppm 330 ml 1 ppm 7 ml 100 ppm 660 ml 3 ppm 20 ml

6 ppm 40 ml


HEMPEL

Letter Pronounce Letter Pronounce Letter Pronounce

A Alpha J Juliet S Sierra

B Bravo K Kilo T Tango

C Charlie L Lima U Uniform

D Delta M Mike V Victor

E Echo N November W Whiskey

F Foxtrot O Oscar X X-ray

G Golf P Papa Y Yankee

H Hotel Q Quebec Z Zulu

I India R Romeo

PHONETIC ALPHABET R23

There are actually many phonetic alphabets, but the most commonly used today for technical communication is the so-called NATO Phonetic Alphabet.

It was developed in the 1950s to be pronounceable for all NATO allies.

Digit Pronounce Digit Pronounce Mark Pronounce

0 Zero 5 Fife (Five) , decimal (point)

1 Wun (One) 6 Six . (full) stop

2 Two 7 Seven

3 Tree (Three) 8 Ait (Eight)

4 Fower (Four) 9 Niner (Nine).


HEMPEL

INSPTABLES 28/07/95 EMi

HEMPELTEMPERATURE T1

TEMPERATURE CONVERSION TABLE

°C °F °C °F °C °F -10 14 20 68 130 266 -9 16 21 70 140 284 -8 18 22 72 150 302 -7 19 23 73 160 320 -6 21 24 75 170 338 -5 23 25 77 180 356 -4 25 26 79 190 374 -3 27 27 81 200 392 -2 28 28 82 225 437 -1 30 29 84 250 482 0 32 30 86 275 527 1 34 32 90 300 572 2 36 34 93 325 617 3 37 36 97 350 662 4 39 38 100 375 707 5 41 40 104 400 752 6 43 42 108 425 797 7 45 44 111 450 842 8 46 46 115 475 887 9 48 48 118 500 932 10 50 50 122 525 977 11 52 55 131 550 1022 12 54 60 140 575 1067 13 55 65 149 600 1112 14 57 70 158 625 1157 15 59 75 167 650 1202 16 61 85 185 675 1247 17 63 95 203 700 1292 18 64 100 212 725 1337 19 66 110 230 750 1382 20 68 120 248 775 1427

To convert From To Calculate

elsius Fahrenheit (9/5 * °C) + 32

renheit Celsius 5/9 * (°F - 32)

INSPT1 ed1 28/07/95 EMi

HEMPELCONVERSION TABLES T2

To convert

Distance:

Area:

Volume:

Area/Volume:

Weight:

Density

Pressure:

Speed

Power

Effect

Energy

V.O.C.:

Multiply by

micron mil 0,04 25 centimeters (cm) inches 0,3937 2,54 meter feet 3,2808 0,304 meter yards 1,09361 0,9144 km nautic mile 0,5396 1,853 km mile 0,621 1,609

sq.meter(m²) sq.ft 10,764 0,0929

liter US gallon 0,264 3,785 liter Imp.gallon 0,22 4,55 m³ ft³ 35,315 0,0283

m²/liter sq.ft/US gallon 40,74 0,024 m²/liter sq.ft/Imp.gallon 48,93 0,020

kg lbs 2,205 0,4536

g/cm³ lb/in³ 0,036 27,68 kg/liter lbs/US gallon 8,344 0,11985

atm. bar 1,013 0,987 atm. kgf/cm² 1,033 0,968 atm. p.s.i. 14,7 0,068 bar kgf/cm² 1,02 0,98 bar p.s.i. 14,5 0,069 kgf/cm² p.s.i. 14,22 0,07 kgf/cm² MPa 0,098 10,2041

N/mm² MPa 1 1

m/s ft/s 3,281 0,305 km/h mile/h 0,621 1,609 km/h knots 0,54 1,852

N lbf 0,225 4,448

kW Horsepower 1,341 0,746 kW kcal/h 859,9 0,0012

kWh Btu 3412 0,0003 kWh Kcal 859,9 0,0012 kcal Btu 3,968 0,252

g/liter lbs/US gallon 0.00834 119,904


HEMPEL WET FILM THICKNESS T3

Wet film thicknesses given below correspond exactly to dry film thicknesses. In practice, always use the tooth on your wft-gauge which is the first above the indicated wft.

THINNING: Thinning affect the volume solids of the paint. Calculate the volume solids after the thinning before you use the tables below.

100 Calculate as follows:DATASHEET VS% * (100+%THINNING)

HIGH BUILD & HIGH SOLIDS PAINTS

MICRON VOLUME SOLIDS % DRY 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 40 80 45 90 50 100 91 WET FILM THICKNESS 55 110 100 MICRON 60 120 109 100 65 130 118 108 70 140 127 117 108 100 80 160 145 133 123 114 107 100 90 180 164 150 138 129 120 113 106 100 100 200 182 167 154 143 133 125 118 111 105 100 125 250 227 208 192 179 167 156 147 139 132 125 150 300 273 250 231 214 200 188 176 167 158 150 175 318 292 269 250 233 219 206 194 184 175 200 333 308 286 267 250 235 222 211 200 225 346 321 300 281 265 250 237 225 250 385 357 333 313 294 278 263 250 275 393 367 344 324 306 289 275 300 429 400 375 353 333 316 300 350 467 438 412 389 368 350 400 500 471 444 421 400 450 529 500 474 450 500 556 526 500

ENAMELS AND SHOPPRIMERS

MICRON VOLUME SOLIDS % DRY 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 15 100 75 60 50 43 20 133 100 80 67 57 WET FILM THICKNESS 25 167 125 100 83 71 63 56 MICRON 30 200 150 120 100 86 75 67 60 55 35 175 140 117 100 88 78 70 64 58 40 200 160 133 114 100 89 80 73 67 45 180 150 129 113 100 90 82 75 50 200 167 143 125 111 100 91 83


HEMPELVOLUME SOLIDS by THINNING T4

The volume solids of a paint is affected by thinning. The more thinning -the lower volume solids of the affected paint. Below is given the resulting volume solids for typical thinning ratios:

DATASHEET VOLUME % THINNING

SOLIDS (%) 2,5 5 7,5 10 12,5 15 17,5

RESULTING VOLUME SOLIDS (%)

20 20 19 19 18 18 17 17 25 24 24 23 23 22 22 21 30 29 29 28 27 27 26 26 35 34 33 33 32 31 30 30 40 39 38 37 36 36 35 34 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 50 49 48 47 45 44 43 43 55 54 52 51 50 49 48 47 60 59 57 56 55 53 52 51 65 63 62 60 59 58 57 55 70 68 67 65 64 62 61 60 75 73 71 70 68 67 65 64 80 78 76 74 73 71 70 68 85 83 81 79 77 76 74 72 90 88 86 84 82 80 78 77 95 93 90 88 86 84 83 81

100 98 95 93 91 89 87 85

20

17 21 25 29 33 38 42 46 50 54 58 63 67 71 75 79 83


HEMPELDEW POINT TABLE T5

Below is given dew points in °C for a number of situations, as determined by your Slingpsykrometer. If you cannot find exactly your readings on the slingpsykrometer, find the one one step higher in both %RH and temperature and the one correspondingly one step lower and interpolate straight forward between them.

RELATIVE HUMIDITY DRY BULB TEMPERATURE °C

%RH 0 2,5 5 7,5 10 12,5 15 17,5 20 22,5 25 20 na na na -14 -12 -9,8 -7,7 -5,6 -3,6 -1,5 0,5 25 na na na -11 -9,1 -6,9 -4,8 -2,7 -0,6 1,5 3,6 30 na na na -8,9 -6,7 -4,5 -2,4 -0,2 1,9 4,1 6,2 35 na na -9,1 -6,9 -4,7 -2,5 -0,3 1,9 4,1 6,3 8,5 40 na na -7,4 -5,2 -2,9 -0,7 1,5 3,8 6,0 8,2 10,5 45 na na -5,9 -3,6 -1,3 0,9 3,2 5,5 7,7 10,0 12,3 50 na na -4,5 -2,2 0,1 2,4 4,7 7,0 9,3 11,6 13,9 55 na na -3,3 -0,9 1,4 3,7 6,1 8,4 10,7 13,0 15,3 60 na -4,4 -2,1 0,3 2,6 5,0 7,3 9,7 12,0 14,4 16,7 65 na -3,4 -1,0 1,4 3,7 6,1 8,5 10,9 13,2 15,6 18,0 70 na -2,4 0,0 2,4 4,8 7,2 9,6 12,0 14,4 16,8 19,1 75 na -1,5 1,0 3,4 5,8 8,2 10,6 13,0 15,4 17,8 20,3 80 na -0,6 1,9 4,3 6,7 9,2 11,6 14,0 16,4 18,9 21,3 85 na 0,2 2,7 5,1 7,6 10,1 12,5 15,0 17,4 19,9 22,3 90 na 1,0 3,5 6,0 8,4 10,9 13,4 15,8 18,3 20,8 23,2 95 na 1,8 4,3 6,8 9,2 11,7 14,2 16,7 19,2 21,7 24,1

100 0,0 2,5 5,0 7,5 10,0 12,5 15,0 17,5 20,0 22,5 25,0

RELATIVE HUMIDITY DRY BULB TEMPERATURE °C

%RH 25 27,5 30 32,5 35 37,5 40 42,5 45 47,5 50 20 0,5 2,6 4,7 6,7 8,8 10,8 12,9 14,9 17,0 19,0 21,0 25 3,7 5,8 7,9 10,0 12,1 14,2 16,3 18,4 20,5 22,6 24,7 30 6,3 8,5 10,6 12,8 14,9 17,1 19,2 21,4 23,5 25,7 27,8 35 8,5 10,7 13,0 15,1 17,3 19,5 21,7 23,9 26,1 28,3 30,5 40 10,5 12,8 15,0 17,2 19,5 21,7 23,9 26,2 28,4 30,6 32,8 45 12,3 14,6 16,8 19,1 21,4 23,6 25,9 28,2 30,4 32,7 34,9 50 13,9 16,2 18,5 20,8 23,1 25,4 27,7 30,0 32,3 34,5 36,8 55 15,4 17,7 20,0 22,4 24,7 27,0 29,3 31,6 33,9 36,3 38,6 60 16,7 19,1 21,4 23,8 26,1 28,5 30,8 33,2 35,5 37,8 40,2 65 18,0 20,4 22,8 25,1 27,5 29,9 32,2 34,6 36,9 39,3 41,7 70 19,2 21,6 24,0 26,4 28,8 31,1 33,5 35,9 38,3 40,7 43,1 75 20,3 22,7 25,1 27,5 29,9 32,4 34,8 37,2 39,6 42,0 44,4 80 21,3 23,8 26,2 28,6 31,1 33,5 35,9 38,3 40,8 43,2 45,6 85 22,3 24,8 27,2 29,7 32,1 34,6 37,0 39,5 41,9 44,4 46,8 90 23,3 25,7 28,2 30,7 33,1 35,6 38,1 40,5 43,0 45,5 47,9 95 24,1 26,6 29,1 31,6 34,1 36,6 39,1 41,5 44,0 46,5 49,0

100 25,0 27,5 30,0 32,5 35,0 37,5 40,0 42,5 45,0 47,5 50,0

°C 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 °F 32 41 50 59 68 77 86 95 104 113 122


HEMPELThe MOLLIER-(ix) DIAGRAMME T6

The MOLLIER or ix-Diagramme is a very useful diagramme for determining humidity conditions.

It can be used for dew-point calculations. It can also be used for calculating how much water is in the air - and how much need to be removed to achieve a required relative humidity.

These latter properties can be very helpful, when doing tank-coating work.

For the correct use of the diagramme please study relevant literature


HEMPELINTERCHANGE TABLE FOR AIRLESS SPRAY NOZZLES (Indicative) T7a

FAN EQUIV. GRACO DeVILBISS BINKS SPRAYING ATLAS SPEEANGLE ORIFICE SYSTEMS COPCO FLO

95° .024" 924 .026" 926 JAC-44 9-2690 9501TC 6895-0001 .029" 929 .031" 931 9-3190 95015TC 6895-0015 .036" 936 9-3690 9502TC 6895-0002

80° .017" 817 .018" JAC-41 9-1880 800050TC 6880-0050 702-188 .019" 819 .021" 821 9-2180 800067TC 6880-0067 702-218 .023" 823 .026" 826 9-2680 8001TC 6880-0001 702-268 .029" 829 .031" 831 9-3180 80015TC 6880-0015 702-318

60° .017" 617 65° .018" JAC-31 9-1860 650050TC 6865-0050

.019" 619

.021" 621 9-2160 650067TC 6865-0067

.023" 623

.026" 626 9-2660 6501TC 6865-001

.029" 629

.031" 631 9-3160 65015TC 6865-0015

.036" 636 9-3660 6502TC 6865-0002

DELAVAN

c2495 c2695 c2995 c3195 c3695

c1880

c2180 c2480 c2680 c2980 c3180

c1865

c2165

c2665 c2965 c3165 c3665

NORDSON

0045/20

0068/20 0014/16

0020/16 0030/16

0045/16

0014/12

0020/12

0030/12

0045/12

0068/12

WAGNER

818

821

826

831

618

621

626

631 636

(Continues) INSPT7a ed1 VALIDITY SUBJECT TO CONFIRMATION

28/07/95

EMi

HEMPELINTERCHANGE TABLE FOR AIRLESS SPRAY NOZZLES (Indicative) T7b

FAN EQUIV. GRACO DeVILBISS BINKS SPRAYING ATLAS SPEEANGLE ORIFICE SYSTEMS COPCO FLO

50° .017" 517 .018" JAC-44 9-1850 500050TC 6850-0050 702-185 .019" 519 .021" 521 9-2150 500067TC 6850-0067 702-215 .023" 523 .026" 526 9-2650 5001TC 6850-0001 702-265 .029" 529 JAC-41 .031" 531 9-3150 6850-0015 702-315

40° .015" 415 JAC-29 9-1540 400033TC 6840-0033 702-154 .017" 417 .018" 9-1840 400050TC 6840-0050 702-184 .019" 419 .021" 421 9-2140 400067TC 6840-0067 702-214 .026" 426 JAC-43 9-2640 4001TC 6840-0001 702-264 .029" 429 .031" 431 9-3140 40015TC 6840-0015 702-314

20° .015" 215 9-1530 250033TC 6825-0033 25° .017" 217

.018" 9-1830 250050TC

.019" 219

.021" 221 9-2130 250067TC 6825-0067

(Continued)

DELAVAN

c1850

c2150

c2650

c3150 c1540

c1840

c2140 c2640 c2940 c3140 1525

c1825

c2125

NORDSON WAGNER

0014/08 518

0020/08 521 0030/08

526 0045/08

531 415

0014/06 418

0020/06 421 426

0045/06 431 215

0014/02 218

221

INSPT7b ed1 VALIDITY SUBJECT TO CONFIRMATION

28/07/95

EMi

HEMPELAIRLESS SPRAY NOZZLES OUTPUT T 7c

How to Us e : Place a ruler betw een the values at the tw o

scales you know , and you w ill get the third.

NB: Approximate only.

Most suitable for low viscosity paints.

INSPT7c ed1 28/07/95 EMi

HEMPELAIRLESS SPRAY T 7d PRESSURE LOSS IN AIRLESS HOSES

Pressure loss or pressure drop in airless hoses can be very significant. It depends on the flow rate of the paint through the hose, i.e.. faster flow equals higher pressure drop Below is given the approximate pressure loss pr 10 m spray hose for three types of paint:

Paint A: Low viscosity e.g. shopprimers Paint B: Medium viscosity e.g. alkyds, waterborne acrylics and enamels in

in general. Paint C: High viscosity e.g. most high build paints and solventless paints

Pressure loss in bars (indicative) pr 10 m hose length Hose Pressure Nozzle size

iD bar .019" .023" .027" .035"

1/4" Paint A 100 2 3 4,5 7,5

150 2,5 4 5,5 9 200 3 4,5 6,5 11

Paint B 100 20 30 45 75 150 25 35 50 90 200 30 45 60 110

Paint C 100 45 65 95 na 150 55 80 120 na 200 65 95 140 na

3/8" Paint A 100 0,5 0,6 0,9 1,5

150 0,5 0,7 1,1 1,8 200 0,6 0,9 1,2 2,1

Paint B 100 4 6 8,5 15 150 5 7,5 11 18 200 6 10 12 22

Paint C 100 10 15 20 35 150 10 15 25 40 200 15 20 30 50

1/2" Paint A 100 0,2 0,2 0,3 0,5

150 0,2 0,25 0,35 0,6 200 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,7

Paint B 100 1,5 2 3 5 150 1,5 2,5 3,5 6 200 2 3 4 7

Paint C 100 3 4,5 6 11 150 3,5 5 7,5 13 200 4 6 8,5 15

INSPT7d ed1 VALIDITY SUBJECT TO CONFIRMATION 29/04/97 EMi

HEMPEL ESTIMATING SIZE OF SURFACES T 8a

SHIPS Bottom A = ((2 x d) + B) x Lpp x P (Incl Boottop) Where d = draught maximum (as per Lloyd's)

B = breadth extreme (as per Lloyd's) Lpp = length between perpendiculars (as per Lloyd's) P = 0.90 for big tankers

0.85 for bulk carriers 0.70-0.75 for dry cargo liners

V or A = Lpp x (Bm + 2 x D) x Bm x Lpp x D

Where D = Mean draft at paint line (m) Bm = Breath molded (m) Lpp = length between perpendiculars V = Displacement (cubic metre) corresponding to the draft.

Boottop: A = 2 x h x (Lpp + 0.5 x B) Where h = width of boottop (to be informed by owner).

Lpp = length between perpendiculars (as per Lloyd's) B = breadth extreme (as per Lloyd's)

Topsides: A = 2 x H x (Loa + 0.5 x B) Where H = Height of topsides (depth - draught (as per Lloyd's)

Loa = Length over all (as per Lloyd's) B = breadth extreme (as per Lloyd's)

Weather Decks: A = Loa x B x N incl. upper decks on (The accuracy depends of your choice of N which superstructure indicate the actual area in relation to its circumscribed foundations, rectangular). hatches and Where Loa = Length over all (as per Lloyd's) top of deck B = breadth extreme (as per Lloyd's) houses. N = 0.92 for big tankers and bulk carriers

0.88 for cargo liners 0.84 for coasters, etc.

INSPT8a ed2 VALIDITY SUBJECT TO CONFIRMATION 29/04/97 EMi

HEMPEL ESTIMATING SIZE OF SURFACES T 8b

SHIPS BALLAST TANKS

Below figures are approximate only and will in practice depend on

construction of the tank.

Tank Approx. Area in sqm

Volume Double bottom tanks F.P.T./ cbm SB & P C & Deep T T.S.T A.P.T.

200 - 950 550 950 400 2150 1800 1050 1650 600 3000 2650 1500 2200 800 3850 3400 2000 2600 1000 4650 4050 2450 3000 1200 5400 4700 2950 3300 1400 6100 5300 3400 3650 1600 6800 5900 3800 3950 1800 7500 6500 4300 4300 2000 8150 7100 4750 4600 2200 8900 7650 5150 4950 2400 9600 8250 5600 5350 2600 10300 8800 6050 5700 2800 11000 9400 6500 6100 3000 11700 10050 6950 6350 3200 12300 10600 7400 6800 3400 12950 11200 7850 7150 3600 12600 11800 8300 7550 3800 14300 12400 8700 7950 4000 15000 12950 9100 8300 4200 15650 13500 9600 8750 4400 16300 14100 10050 9200 4600 16950 14750 10500 9600 4800 17600 15400 10900 10100 5000 18200 16050 11350 10500

NOTE: Single hull oil tankers may have a lower area/volume ratio on their topside tanks, typically 1.2 - 1.5.

Some special tanks like e.g. fresh water tanks may also have a lower area/volume ratio, often 1.5-2.

INSPT8b ed3 VALIDITY SUBJECT TO CONFIRMATION 23/11/06 EMi

HEMPEL ESTIMATING SIZE OF SURFACES T 8c

PLATES PLATE THICKNESS PLATE THICKNESS

mm sqm/t mm sqm/t

1 254.5 16 15.9 2 127.2 17 15.0 3 84.8 18 14.1 4 63.6 19 13.4 5 50.9 20 12.7 6 42.4 21 12.1 7 36.4 22 11.6 8 31.8 23 11.1 9 28.3 24 10.6

10 25.4 25 10.2 11 23.1 26 9.8 12 21.2 27 9.4 13 19.6 28 9.1 14 18.2 29 8.8 15 17.0 30 8.5

Indicated value are for BOTH sides. If one side only reduce by half.

PIPES

Exterior Area (Sqm/m):

pi * eD

pi = 3.14 eD = Exterior Diameter in meters.

Interior Area (Sqm/m):

pi * iD

pi = 3.14 iD = Interior Diameter in meters.

iD

eD

INSPT8c ed2 29/04/97 EMi

HEh

HEMPEL ESTIMATING SIZE OF SURFACES T 8d

BEAMS and PROFILES

Designation/ Size Weight Surface Area Shape kg/m sqm/m sqm/ton

HE (IP) 100 20.4 0.57 27.8 160 42.6 0.92 21.5 220 71.5 1.27 17.8 280 103.0 1.62 15.7 360 142.0 1.85 13.0 600 212.0 2.32 10.9

INP 80 5.94 0.30 51.2 140 14.3 0.50 35.1 200 26.2 0.71 27.1 260 41.9 0.91 21.6 340 68.0 1.15 16.9 400 92.4 1.33 14.4

RHS 20x20 1.1 0.08 70.8 30x30 1.8 0.12 68.6 40x40 2.4 0.16 67.2 60x60 3.6 0.24 66.0 80x80 7.3 0.32 44.1

UNP 30 4.3 0.17 40.7 50 5.6 0.23 41.5 80 8.6 0.31 36.1 180 22.0 0.61 27.8 280 41.8 0.89 21.3 400 71.8 1.18 16.4

20x3 0.88 0.08 87.5 25x4 1.5 0.10 66.9 30x4 1.8 0.12 65.2 40x4 2.4 0.16 64.1 50x6 4.5 0.19 43.4 50x9 6.5 0.19 30.0 75x7 7.9 0.29 36.7 75x10 11.1 0.29 26.2 100x10 15.1 0.39 25.8 100x16 23.2 0.39 16.8 150x15 33.8 0.59 17.3

INSPT8d ed2 29/04/97 EMi

HEMPELESTIMATING SIZE OF SURFACES T 8e

CONTAINERS

Approx. size of 20' Container parts (Sqm):

Dry Cargo Dry Cargo Open Top High-Cube

Corrugation Angle: 45° 90° 45° 90° Exterior excl. roof: 51 59 51 59 Roof: 16 16 Not na na Interior: 67 75 Applicable 51 59 Base excl. floor: 22 22 22 22 Total: 156 172 124 140

Approx. size of 40' Container parts (Sqm):

Dry Cargo Dry Cargo Open Top High-Cube

Corrugation Angle: 45° 90° 45° 90° 45° 90° Exterior excl. roof: 84 102 95 115 84 103 Roof: 32 32 32 32 na na Interior: 118 134 130 147 86 102 Base excl. floor: 44 44 44 44 42 44 Total: 278 312 301 338 212 249

Approx. size of Steel Frame Container parts (Sqm):

Size of Frame: 20' 40' 45' 48" Area (Sqm): 25 40 56 66

Calculation of Area of Corrugated Sheets:

b1 + b2 Area = Height * Linear Length * (b1 * CosA°) + b2

A° b2

b1

Sizes are depending on construction and corrugation angle. If exact sizes are critical , e.g. for consumption calculations, consult Container Manufacturers drawings.

INSPT8e ed2 29/04/97 EMi

B

HEMPEL ESTIMATING SIZE OF SURFACES T 8f

SIMPLE SHAPES Designation Shape Area

Squares a * b Rectangles a

(if coating on both sides, multiply by 2)

b

Cubes [(a * b) + ( a * c) + (b * c)] * 2


b

a

c

Circular Flat 3.14 * r * r r = d/2


d

Spheres 3.14 * d * d


d

Cylindrical 3.14 * d * h + 3.14 * r * r Tanks

r = d/2


d

h

INSPT8f ed5 23/11/06 EMi

HEMPELFILTERS, MESH SIZES T 9

When you put in a filter in the paint line most commonly used filters are 60 mesh or 100 mesh, but how big are they actually? or When we perform an sieve analysis for grain size distribution of abrasives the sieve sizes are some times indicated in mesh. How big are the openings in the sieves?

Below is given the relation between commonly used mesh sizes and the corresponding size of the openings in the filters/sieves:

MESH Size BS410/1962 ASTM E 11-61 Tyler mm mesh/inch mesh/inch mesh/inch

0.100 - - -0.105 150 140 150 0.125 120 120 115 0.149 - 100 100 0.150 100 - -0.160 - - -0.177 - 80 80 0.180 85 - -0.200 - - -0.210 72 70 65 0.250 60 60 60 0.297 - 50 48 0.300 52 - -0.315 - - -0.354 - 45 42 0.355 44 - -0.400 - - -0.420 36 40 35 0.500 30 35 32 0.595 - 30 28 0.600 25 - -0.630 - - -0.707 - 25 24 0.710 22 - -0.800 - - -0.841 - 20 20 1.00 16 18 16 1.19 - 16 14 1.20 14 - -1.25 - - -1.41 - 14 12 1.60 - - -1.68 10 12 10 2.00 8 10 9


HEMPELFACTORS T10

CALCULATION OF PRACTICAL PAINT CONSUMPTION

There are various ways of expressing the relation between the theroretically calculated amount of paint needed to exactly match the dry film thickness specified and the practical amount of paint to be applied taking application conditions and application skills into consideration.

HEMPEL use the "Consumption Factor" to express this relation, but some other paint manufacturers and customers use the terms "Loss" or "Loss Factor".

The consumption factor is always greater than 1, because:

* The result of a spray application will generally result in an average DFT greater than the specified DFT. Typically: Average DFT approx. 1.4 times Specified DFT.

* By any practical application, there will be some paint taken into use, which does not end up on the surface.

The resulting consumption factor is typically around 1.8

The term "Loss" is to be understood as the deviation between the consumption calculated by use of the specified dft, and the actual consumption.

At the end of the day the practical amount of paint used on the construction will be the same no matter which factor is being used for the calculation, because they are related - and the relations are shown below:

CONVERSION FORMULAS EXAMPLE

INSPT10, ed2 28/11/06 EMi

LOSS(%)

LOSSFACTOR(LF)

CONSUMPTIONFACTOR(CF)

(1 - LF) * 100

1 CF

1 LF

1 - (LOSS(%) / 100)

30%

0.70

1.4

(1 - 0.7) * 100

1 1.4

1 0.70

(1 - (30 / 100)

HEMPEL

INSPcommunications 01/08/95 EMi

HEMPELHOW TO GET AROUND TO HEMPEL OFFICES

COM1 2006

Code from: COUNTRY Code to: InternationalInternational HEMPEL

MAIN OFFICE GMT */ 00 DENMARK 45 COPENHAGEN +1 00 ARGENTINA 54 BUENOS AIRES -3

0011 AUSTRALIA 61 MELBOURNE +10 00 BAHRAIN 973 BAHRAIN +3 00 BELGIUM 32 ANTWERP +1 011 CANADA 1 VANCOUVER -8 00 CHILE 56 VINA DEL MAR -4 99 CROATIA 385 UMAG +1 119 CUBA 53 La HABANA -5 00 CYPRUS 357 LIMASSOL +2 00 CZECH REPUBLIC 420 BRNO +1 00 EQUADOR 593 GUAYAQUIL -5 00 ESTONIA 372 TALLINN +3 00 FINLAND 358 HELSINKI +2 00 FRANCE 33 ST. CREPIN +1 00 GERMANY 49 PINNEBERG +1 00 GREAT BRITAIN 44 CWMBRAN 0 00 GREECE 30 PIRAEUS +2

00 60 HONG KONG/CHINA 852 HONG KONG +8 00 ICELAND 354 REYKJAVIK 0 00 INDONESIA 62 BEKASI +7 00 IRELAND 353 DUBLIN 0 00 ITALY 39 GENOA +1 001 KOREA 82 PUSAN +9 00 KUWAIT 965 KUWAIT +3

8*10 LATVIA 371 RIGA +3 00 MALAYSIA 60 S. DARUL EHSAN +8 00 MALTA 356 VALETTA +1 00 The NETHERLANDS 31 ROTTERDAM +1 00 NORWAY 47 BERGEN +1 00 PRC 86 SHANGHAI +8 00 POLAND 48 GDANSK +1 00 PORTUGAL 351 PAMELA +1 0 QATAR 974 QATAR +4 00 ROMANIA 40 BUCHAREST +2

8*10 RUSSIA 7 St. PETERSBUTG +4 00 SAUDI ARABIA 966 DAMMAM +3 001 SINGAPORE 65 SINGAPORE +8 00 SLOVAK REPURBLIC 421 ZVOLEN +1 00 SPAIN 34 BARCELONA +1 00 SWEDEN 46 GOTHENBURG +1 002 TAIWAN 886 TAIPEI +8 001 THAILAND 66 BANGKOK +7 00 TURKEY 90 ISTANBUL +2 00 U.A.E. 971 SHARJAH +4 011 U.S.A. 1 HOUSTON -6

*/ Time may vary 1 hour in contries using daylight saving.

INSPCOM1 ed8 VALIDITY SUBJECT TO CONFIRMATION 23/11/06 EMi

HEMPELHOW TO GET AROUND TO HEMPEL OFFICES

COM 2 2006

For COUNTRY-Codes please see page COM1 COUNTRY OFFICE PHONE FAX DENMARK COPENHAGEN 45 93 38 00 45 88 55 18 ARGENTINA BUENOS AIRES 11 4816 3137 11 4812 7450 AUSTRALIA MELBOURNE 3 9360 0933 3 9360 0894 BAHRAIN BAHRAIN 17 456 191 17 732 191 BELGIUM ANTWERP 3 220 6160 3 220 6179 CANADA VANCOUVER 604 273 3200 604 273 6110 CHILE VINA DEL MAR 32 639006 32 632752 CROATIA UMAG 52 741 777 52 741 352 CUBA La HABANA 7 338 128 7 338 127 CYPRUS LIMASSOL 25 385 873 25 731 672 CZECH REPUBLIC BRNO 545 423 611 545 215 035 EQUADOR GUAYAQUIL 42 11 14 44 42 11 08 54 ESTONIA TALLINN 6 398 793 6 398 794 FINLAND HELSINKI 9 4780 6200 9 4780 6201 FRANCE ST. CREPIN 3 44 08 28 90 3 44 08 28 99 GERMANY PINNEBERG 4101 707 0 4101 707 131 GREAT BRITAIN CWMBRAN 1633 874 024 1633 489 089 GREECE PIRAEUS 210 41 43 400 210 41 43 500 HONG KONG/CHINA HONG KONG 2857 7663 2517 6311 ICELAND REYKJAVIK 588 80 00 568 92 55 INDONESIA BEKASI 21 884 3385 21 884 0820 IRELAND DUBLIN 1 826 1822 1 826 1823 ITALY GENOA 010 835 6947 010 835 6950 KOREA PUSAN 51 647 5854 51 647 6234 KUWAIT KUWAIT 481 33 66 484 33 07 LATVIA RIGA 7 336 688 7 336 689 MALAYSIA S. DARUL EHSAN 3 7845 3037 3 7845 6016 MALTA VALETTA 21 822 268 21 822 273 The NETHERLANDS ROTTERDAM 10 445 4000 10 460 0883 NORWAY BERGEN 55 95 80 00 55 95 80 50 P.R.C SHANGHAI 21 5298 1258 21 5298 1088 POLAND GDANSK 58 521 8900 58 521 8902 PORTUGAL PALMELA 212 351 022 212 352 292 QATAR DOHA 460 0881 460 0901 ROMANIA BUCHAREST 722 540 703 21 323 00 34 RUSSIA St. PETERSBURG 812 242 0113 812 325 2635 SAUDI ARABIA DAMMAM 3 847 1616 3 847 1816 SINGAPORE SINGAPORE 6 799 8383 6 799 8400 SLOVAK REPUBLIC ZVOLEN 455 400 290 455 323 023 SPAIN BARCELONA 937 130 000 937 130 368 SWEDEN GOTHENBURG 31 69 52 50 31 69 47 20 TAIWAN TAIPEI 2 2706 55 35 2 2706 56 90 THAILAND BANGKOK 2 260 3325 7 2 261 1932 TURKEY ISTANBUL 216 585 10 10 216 585 10 11 U.A.E. SHARJAH 6 528 3307 6 528 1491 U.S.A. HOUSTON 936 523 6000 936 523 6073 Many countries have local offices at different locations. Phone the number for the country for further advice. .

INSPCOM2 ed8 VALIDITY SUBJECT TO CONFIRMATION 23/11/06 EMi

HEMPEL Replacing LOST LUGGAGE COM3

NOTE: Size equivalents are approximate.

MEN's

Suits and Coats British 36 38 40 42 44 American 36 38 40 42 44 Continental 46 48 50 52 54

Shirts British 14 14½ 15 15½ 16 American 14 14½ 15 15½ 16 Continental 36 37 38 39 40

Shoes British 7 7½ 8 9 10 American 7½ 8 8½ 9½ 10½ Continental 7 8 9 10 11 Scandinavia 40 41 42 43 44

Socks British 9½ 10 10½ 11 11½ American 9½ 10 10½ 11 11½ Continental 39 40 41 42 43

WOMEN's

Dresses and Suits British 32 33 35 36 38 American 10 12 14 16 18 Continental 40 42 44 46 48 Scandinavia 38 40 42 44 46

Shoes British 4½ 5 6 7 7½ American 6 6½ 7½ 8½ 9 Continental 3 4 5 6 7 Scandinavia 36 37 38 39 40

46 46 56

16½ 16½ 41

11 11½ 11 45

12 12 44

39 20 50 48

8 9½ 8 41

48 48 58

17 17 42

12 12½ 12 46

INSPCOM3 ed1 01/08/95 EMi

hempel coating reference handbook

Documents

concrete preparation

equipment inspection

steel preparation grade

safety equipment

hempel dear paint user

page surface roughness

hempel table of contents

hempel pleasenote