hemispheric asymmetry & joke comprehension
TRANSCRIPT
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Hemispheric Asymmetry & Joke Comprehension
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Hemispheric Asymmetry
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Structural AsymmetriesLEFT HEMISPHERE• Extends further posteriorly• More gray matter, more
neurons• Planum temporale larger
in 60-90% of people• Larger insula, frontal
operculum• Less dendritic branching• Greater concentration of
dopamine
RIGHT HEMISPHERE• Extends further anteriorly• Neuron density lower in
frontal “language regions”• Heschl’s gyrus larger
(sometimes twice as big)• Smaller insula, frontal
operculum• More dendritic branching• Greater concentration of
norepinephrine
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Functional Asymmetry
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Left brain/Right brain
SpeechWord-findingGrammar
DiscourseMetaphorsJokes
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When I asked the bartender for something cold and full of rum, he
recommended his ...
Ask(Speaker, Bartender, Q)Q
Recommend(Drink)Cold(Drink)Rum(Drink)
Request
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When I asked the bartender for something cold and full of rum, he
recommended his wife.hic
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Frame-shifting
• Semantic/Pragmatic reanalysis that reorganizes existing elements in the message-level representation into a new frame
Ask(Speaker, Bartender, Q)Q: Recommend(Drink)
Cold(Drink)Rum(Drink)
Request
Wife-of(w, Bartender)Frigid(w)
Alcoholic(w)
Insult
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Implications
• Highlights importance of background knowledge for comprehension & development of expectations
• Reveals flexibility in interpretation– ability to integrate information from initial erroneous
interpretation with new information
• “Surprise” aspect of jokes is not just that a word doesn’t mean what we thought (e.g. “cold”), but that the scenario differs from what we had assumed
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Joke Comprehension TestA teenager is being interviewed for a summer job. “You’ll get $50 a week to start off,” says his boss. “Then after a month you’ll get a raise to $75 a week.”(a) “I’d like to take the job.
When can I start?”(b) “That’s great! I’ll come
back in a month.”(c) “Hey boss, your nose is too
big for your face!”
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RHD & Frame-Shifting• RHD also impairs frame-
shifting in non-joke materials (Brownell, et al. 1986)
Barbara became too bored to finish the history book. She had already spent five years writing it.
Johnny missed the wild pitch. The windshield was shattered.
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Issues
• Is there evidence for hemispheric asymmetry in joke comprehension in healthy adults?
• If so, what hemispheric differences contribute to this asymmetry?– Coarse Coding Hypothesis: Nature of semantic
activation differs in the two hemispheres– Time Course Hypothesis: Timing of semantic
activation differs in the two hemispheres
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Event-Related Brain Potentials
• Sensitive to language comprehension processes
• Sensitive to lateralized brain activity
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Language ERP Effects
• N400– Negative-going wave– 200-700 ms post-word– Peak approx. 400 ms
• Modulated by– Word Class– Contextual Congruity– Cloze Probability
• Index of difficulty of lexical integration
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Goals of Study 1
• Identify ERP indices of frame-shifting needed for joke comprehension
• Look for lateralized ERP effects
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Design
High Constraint: 40%-100%I asked the woman at the party if she remembered
me from last year and she said she never forgets a (face 81%)
Straight: name. Joke: dress.Low Constraint: 10%-40%My husband took the money we were saving to buy
a new car and blew it all at the (casino 18%)Straight: tables. Joke: movies.
(Coulson & Kutas, 2002)
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ERPs to Jokes
(Coulson & Kutas, 2002)
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Findings
• ERP indices of joke processing– High Constraint: Enhanced N400 & LPC– Low Constraint: Late fronto-central positivity
• ERP index of frame-shifting– Sustained negativity
• Lateralized ERP effects– N400: R>L– LPC: R>L– Sustained negativity: evident only over a few left
anterior sites
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Good vs. Poor Joke Comprehenders
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Handedness• 90% of people are right-
handed• 95-98% of right-handers
are LH dominant for speech
• 70% of left-handers are LH dominant for speech
• 30% evidence of bilateral speech representation
• Better aphasia recovery rates in left-handers
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Handedness & AsymmetryLeft-Handers• Larger Corpora Callosa• Symmetric Plana Temporale• Less Hemispheric
Specialization
Right-Handers• Smaller Corpora Callosa• Asymmetric Plana Temporale• More Hemispheric
Specialization
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Handedness & Joke Comprehension
If left-handed folks have more bilateral language representation, what are the consequences for the processing of figurative language phenomena for which the RH is assumed to play a critical role?
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Issues in Coulson & Lovett (2004)
• Do ERPs elicited by jokes differ in the two groups?
• Evidence of less lateral asymmetry in lefties’ brainwaves?
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Materials
Sentences ending either as jokes or with equally unexpected straight endings consistent with the contextually evoked frame
Straight ending: A replacement player hit a homerun with my BALL.
Joke ending: A replacement player hit a homerun with my GIRL.
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Participants
• Laterality Quotient: -51
• Token Test: 37.4/40• Semantic Relations:
16.1/18• Peabody Picture
Vocabulary Test: 164.3/175 (raw score)
• 8 men and 8 women
• Laterality Quotient: +71
• Token Test: 37.2/40• Semantic Relations:
15.8/18• Peabody Picture
Vocabulary Test: 162.0/175 (raw score)
• 8 men and 8 women
Left Handers Right Handers
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Findings
• Slow sustained joke effects– Righties: left anterior
negativity– Lefties: fronto-central
positivity– Highly lateralized
brain response in righties not evident in lefties’ ERPs
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Visual System
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Hemifield Priming
RVF/LH• Strongly Associated
Category Members (yes)Sofa – Chair
• Nonassociated Category Members (no)Lamp – Table
• Typicality Effects (yes)Robin – Crow > Duck – Crow
LVF/RH• Strongly Associated
Category Members (yes)Sofa – Chair
• Nonassociated Category Members (yes)Lamp – Table
• Typicality Effects (no)Robin – Crow =Duck – Crow
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Summation Priming
010203040506070
Naming Accuracy
rvf/LH lvf/RH
Summation Unrelated Beeman et al. (1994)foot, cry, glass
– CUT (summation)– SNOW (unrelated)
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Difference in effects of LHD and RHD reflect broadersemantic activations in the RH that are crucial for theinterpretation of figurative language.
cut
glass
footJohn cut
foot glass
Coarse Coding Hypothesis
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Difference in effects of LHD and RHD reflect broadersemantic activations in the RH that are crucial for theinterpretation of figurative language.
cut
glass
footJohn cut
foot glass
Coarse Coding Hypothesis
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Alternative Formulation• Beyond “broad” activation metaphor• Semantic activation in the RH might
involve alternative frames (schemas, scripts, ICMs) that represent causal and relational information important for joke comprehension
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• If RH involvement in joke comprehension involves semantic activation, the RH should show advantage for lexical integration of “punch-word” for jokes.– Smaller joke effects on the
N400 with LVF/RH presentation than RVF/LH presentation
Testable Implications
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Materials
High Cloze (Expected)
Our new green car blocked the narrow DRIVEWAY.
Low Cloze (Unexpected)
Straight ending: A replacement player hit a homerun with my BALL.
Joke ending: A replacement player hit a homerun with my GIRL.
(Coulson & Williams, 2005)
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+.
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A.
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replacement.
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player.
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hit.
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a.
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home.
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run.
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with.
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my.
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+ girl..
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?.
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His girlfriend cheated on him.Yes/No
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Naming Accuracy
0
20
40
60
80
100
Percent Correct
RVF/lhLVF/rh
RVF/lh 99 95 91LVF/rh 94 69 65
Expected Straight Joke
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Comprehension
0
20
40
60
80
100
Percent Correct
RVF/lhLVF/rh
RVF/lh 95 95 92LVF/rh 94 93 91
Expected Straight Joke
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(Coulson & Williams, 2005)
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Findings
• Consistent w/Coarse Coding Hypothesis
• LVF/rh presentation: Straight N400=Joke N400
• RVF/lh presentation: Joke N400 >Straight N400
• Semantic Activation in RH facilitates lexical integration of critical word in jokes
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Next Question:
• Do semantic representations in the two hemispheres differ in a way relevant to joke comprehension?– Is the RH activating joke-relevant information?– Is the RH just equally confused by joke and
straight endings?
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My church welcomes all denominations, but prefers…
grass (unrelated)
grass (unrelated)tolerance (related)
MormonsStraight:
funds (related)twentiesJoke:
DVF Priming Study
(Wu & Coulson, 2003)
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+.
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My.
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church.
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welcomes.
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all.
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denominations,.
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but.
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prefers.
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twenties..
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+ funds.
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Predictions
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Results
(Wu & Coulson, 2003)
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Conclusions of Reaction Time Study
• RH advantage for joke-related information– Consistent with the coarse coding hypothesis
• LH advantage for straight-related information– RH not advantaged for all kinds of contextually
related information
(Wu & Coulson, 2003)
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Joke: My church welcomes all denominations,
but prefers twenties. funds
Straight: My church welcomes all denominations,
but prefers Mormons. funds
DVF ERP Priming Study
(Coulson & Wu, 2005)
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Joke: My church welcomes all denominations,
but prefers twenties. funds
Straight: My church welcomes all denominations,
but prefers Mormons. funds
DVF ERP Priming Study
(Coulson & Wu, 2005)
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Coulson & Wu, 2005• N400 reflects joke-related priming
– Larger LVF N400 effect suggests joke-related information more active in the RH
– Consistent with coarse coding hypothesis• RVF Frontal positivity
– Selection of information for further processing?– Suppression of irrelevant information?– (Vain) search through semantic memory for link to context?
• Exclusive RVF effect suggests LH may be more important for incorporating joke-relevant information
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Puns• "Six women have come forward that say Arnold
Schwarzenegger groped them without their consent. This proves he would be a hands-on governor." —Jay Leno
• Rare case in which both meanings of an ambiguous word or phrase are contextually relevant
• Is the RH important for pun comprehension?– Activate subordinate meanings of ambiguous words?
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DVF ERP Priming Paradigm
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Materials
Leg (Secondary Unrelated)
Seven days without a pun makes one weak.
Cow (Primary Unrelated)
I could have been a swimmer if I had a stroke.
Leg (Secondary Related)
During branding cowboys have sore calves.
Cow (Primary Related)During branding cowboys have sore calves.
Probe WordPun
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Sample Pun Stimuli
• The calendar maker’s days were numbered. date/death
• On a long trek, nomads used camels to get them over the hump. animal/terrain
• The clam’s relationship was on the rocks. problem/stones
• Lightning storms can be very striking. electrocute/amaze
• I could have been a balloonist but the idea didn’t get off the ground. lift/reality
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Relatedness Norming
1 4 7highly
unrelatedhighlyrelated
Highly Related
Moderately RelatedHighly/ModeratelyUnrelated
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Procedure
• Cross-modal “priming”– Listen to puns– Read laterally presented probe words
• 0 ms ISI
• Tasks– Indicate with a button-press if unable to read
laterally presented probe– Answer true/false comprehension probe,
visually presented after each pun/probe
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“Readability”
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
visual field
perc
enta
ge re
ad p
robe
s
RVF/LHLVF/RH
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Procedure
• Cross-modal “priming”– Listen to puns– Read laterally presented probe words
• 500 ms ISI
• Tasks– Indicate with a button-press if unable to read
laterally presented probe– Answer true/false comprehension probe,
visually presented after each pun/probe
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Coulson & Severens, 2006
• Initially– Both meanings of puns active in LH– Only highly related meaning active in RH
• Later– Both meanings of puns active in both
hemispheres• Puns differ from more semantic jokes in
their involvement of the RH
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Goel & Dolan, 2001
• Semantic Jokes– What do engineers use
for birth control?– Their personalities.– The pill.
• Puns– Why did the golfer
wear two sets of pants?– He got a hole in one.– It was a very cold day.
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