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Helen Keller

Helen Keller holding a magnolia, ca. 1920.

Born Helen Adams KellerJune 27, 1880Tuscumbia, Alabama, U.S.

Died June 1, 1968 (aged 87)Arcan RidgeEaston, Connecticut, U.S.

Occupation Author, political activist, lecturer

Education Radcliffe College

Signature

Helen KellerFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Helen Adams Keller (June 27, 1880 – June 1, 1968) wasan American author, political activist, and lecturer. Shewas the first deafblind person to earn a bachelor of artsdegree.[1][2] The story of how Keller's teacher, AnneSullivan, broke through the isolation imposed by a nearcomplete lack of language, allowing the girl to blossomas she learned to communicate, has become widelyknown through the dramatic depictions of the play andfilm The Miracle Worker. Her birthplace in WestTuscumbia, Alabama is now a museum [1](http://www.helenkellerbirthplace.org) and sponsors anannual "Helen Keller Day". Her birthday on June 27 iscommemorated as Helen Keller Day in the U.S. state ofPennsylvania and was authorized at the federal level bypresidential proclamation by President Jimmy Carter in1980, the 100th anniversary of her birth.

A prolific author, Keller was well­traveled and outspokenin her convictions. A member of the Socialist Party ofAmerica and the Industrial Workers of the World, shecampaigned for women's suffrage, labor rights,socialism, and other similar causes. She was inductedinto the Alabama Women's Hall of Fame in 1971.[3]

Contents

1 Early childhood and illness2 Formal education3 Companions4 Political activities5 Writings6 Akita dog7 Later life8 Portrayals9 Posthumous honors10 Archival material11 See also12 References

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Keller with Anne Sullivanvacationing at Cape Cod in July 1888

13 Further reading13.1 Primary sources13.2 Historiography

14 External links

Early childhood and illness

Helen Adams Keller was born on June 27, 1880, in Tuscumbia,Alabama. Her family lived on a homestead, Ivy Green,[4] thatHelen's grandfather had built decades earlier.[5] She had twoyounger siblings, Mildred Campbell and Phillip Brooks Keller, twoolder half­brothers from her father's prior marriage, James andWilliam Simpson Keller.[6]

Her father, Arthur H. Keller,[7] spent many years as an editor for theTuscumbia North Alabamian, and had served as a captain for theConfederate Army.[5] Her paternal grandmother was the secondcousin of Robert E. Lee.[8] Her mother, Kate Adams,[9] was thedaughter of Charles W. Adams.[10] Though originally fromMassachusetts, Charles Adams also fought for the ConfederateArmy during the American Civil War, earning the rank of colonel(and acting brigadier­general). Her paternal lineage was traced toCasper Keller, a native of Switzerland.[8][11] One of Helen's Swissancestors was the first teacher for the deaf in Zurich. Kellerreflected on this coincidence in her first autobiography, stating "thatthere is no king who has not had a slave among his ancestors, and no slave who has not had a king amonghis."[8]

Helen Keller was born with the ability to see and hear. At 19 months old, she contracted an illnessdescribed by doctors as "an acute congestion of the stomach and the brain", which might have been scarletfever or meningitis. The illness left her both deaf and blind. At that time, she was able to communicatesomewhat with Martha Washington,[13] the six­year­old daughter of the family cook, who understood hersigns; by the age of seven, Keller had more than 60 home signs to communicate with her family.

In 1886, Keller's mother, inspired by an account in Charles Dickens' American Notes of the successfuleducation of another deaf and blind woman, Laura Bridgman, dispatched young Helen, accompanied by herfather, to seek out physician J. Julian Chisolm, an eye, ear, nose, and throat specialist in Baltimore, foradvice.[14] Chisholm referred the Kellers to Alexander Graham Bell, who was working with deaf children atthe time. Bell advised them to contact the Perkins Institute for the Blind, the school where Bridgman hadbeen educated, which was then located in South Boston. Michael Anagnos, the school's director, asked 20­year­old former student Anne Sullivan, herself visually impaired, to become Keller's instructor. It was thebeginning of a 49­year­long relationship during which Sullivan evolved into Keller's governess andeventually her companion.

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Keller and Alexander Graham Bell,1902[12]

Anne Sullivan arrived at Keller's house in March 1887, andimmediately began to teach Helen to communicate by spellingwords into her hand, beginning with "d­o­l­l" for the doll that shehad brought Keller as a present. Keller was frustrated, at first,because she did not understand that every object had a worduniquely identifying it. In fact, when Sullivan was trying to teachKeller the word for "mug", Keller became so frustrated she brokethe doll.[15] Keller's big breakthrough in communication came thenext month, when she realized that the motions her teacher wasmaking on the palm of her hand, while running cool water over herother hand, symbolized the idea of "water"; she then nearlyexhausted Sullivan demanding the names of all the other familiarobjects in her world.

Formal education

Starting in May 1888, Keller attended the Perkins Institute for theBlind. In 1894, Helen Keller and Anne Sullivan moved to NewYork to attend the Wright­Humason School for the Deaf, and to learn from Sarah Fuller at the HoraceMann School for the Deaf. In 1896, they returned to Massachusetts and Keller entered The CambridgeSchool for Young Ladies before gaining admittance, in 1900, to Radcliffe College, where she lived inBriggs Hall, South House. Her admirer, Mark Twain, had introduced her to Standard Oil magnate HenryHuttleston Rogers, who, with his wife Abbie, paid for her education. In 1904, at the age of 24, Kellergraduated from Radcliffe, becoming the first deaf blind person to earn a Bachelor of Arts degree. Shemaintained a correspondence with the Austrian philosopher and pedagogue Wilhelm Jerusalem, who wasone of the first to discover her literary talent.[16]

Determined to communicate with others as conventionally as possible, Keller learned to speak, and spentmuch of her life giving speeches and lectures. She learned to "hear" people's speech by reading their lipswith her hands—her sense of touch had become extremely subtle. She became proficient at using braille[17]and reading sign language with her hands as well. Shortly before World War I, with the assistance of theZoellner Quartet she determined that by placing her fingertips on a resonant tabletop she could experiencemusic played close by.[18]

Companions

Anne Sullivan stayed as a companion to Helen Keller long after she taught her. Anne married John Macy in1905, and her health started failing around 1914. Polly Thomson was hired to keep house. She was a youngwoman from Scotland who had no experience with deaf or blind people. She progressed to working as asecretary as well, and eventually became a constant companion to Keller.[19]

Keller moved to Forest Hills, Queens, together with Anne and John, and used the house as a base for herefforts on behalf of the American Foundation for the Blind.[20]

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Helen Keller portrait, 1904. Due to aprotruding left eye, Keller wasusually photographed in profile. Bothher eyes were replaced in adulthoodwith glass replicas for "medical andcosmetic reasons".[22]

Anne Sullivan died in 1936 after a coma, with Keller holding her hand.[21] Keller and Thomson moved toConnecticut. They traveled worldwide and raised funds for the blind. Thomson had a stroke in 1957 fromwhich she never fully recovered, and died in 1960.[1] Winnie Corbally, a nurse who was originally broughtin to care for Thompson in 1957, stayed on after her death and was Keller's companion for the rest of herlife.[1]

Political activities

Keller went on to become a world­famous speaker and author. Sheis remembered as an advocate for people with disabilities, amidnumerous other causes. She was a suffragist, a pacifist, an opponentof Woodrow Wilson, a radical socialist and a birth controlsupporter. In 1915 she and George Kessler founded the Helen KellerInternational (HKI) organization. This organization is devoted toresearch in vision, health and nutrition. In 1920 she helped to foundthe American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). Keller traveled to 40­some­odd countries with Sullivan, making several trips to Japan andbecoming a favorite of the Japanese people. Keller met every U.S.President from Grover Cleveland to Lyndon B. Johnson and wasfriends with many famous figures, including Alexander GrahamBell, Charlie Chaplin and Mark Twain. Keller and Twain were bothconsidered radicals at the beginning of the 20th century, and as aconsequence, their political views have been forgotten or glossedover in popular perception.[24]

Keller was a member of the Socialist Party and actively campaignedand wrote in support of the working class from 1909 to 1921. Shesupported Socialist Party candidate Eugene V. Debs in each of hiscampaigns for the presidency. Before reading Progress and Poverty,Helen Keller was already a socialist who believed that Georgismwas a good step in the right direction.[25] She later wrote of finding"in Henry George’s philosophy a rare beauty and power of inspiration, anda splendid faith in the essential nobility of human nature."[26]

Newspaper columnists who had praised her courage and intelligence beforeshe expressed her socialist views now called attention to her disabilities.The editor of the Brooklyn Eagle wrote that her "mistakes sprung out of themanifest limitations of her development." Keller responded to that editor,referring to having met him before he knew of her political views:

At that time the compliments he paid me were so generous that Iblush to remember them. But now that I have come out for socialismhe reminds me and the public that I am blind and deaf and especiallyliable to error. I must have shrunk in intelligence during the yearssince I met him. ... Oh, ridiculous Brooklyn Eagle! Socially blind and

"The few own the manybecause they possess themeans of livelihood of all ...The country is governed forthe richest, for thecorporations, the bankers, theland speculators, and for theexploiters of labor. Themajority of mankind areworking people. So long astheir fair demands—theownership and control of theirlivelihoods—are set at naught,we can have neither men'srights nor women's rights.The majority of mankind isground down by industrial

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—Helen Keller, 1911[23]

Helen Keller, circa 1912

deaf, it defends an intolerable system, a system that is the cause ofmuch of the physical blindness and deafness which we are trying toprevent.[27]

Keller joined the Industrial Workers of the World (the IWW, known as theWobblies) in 1912,[24] saying that parliamentary socialism was "sinking in the political bog". She wrote forthe IWW between 1916 and 1918. In Why I Became an IWW,[28] Keller explained that her motivation foractivism came in part from her concern about blindness and other disabilities:

I was appointed on a commission to investigate the conditions of the blind. For the first time I,who had thought blindness a misfortune beyond human control, found that too much of it wastraceable to wrong industrial conditions, often caused by the selfishness and greed ofemployers. And the social evil contributed its share. I found that poverty drove women to a lifeof shame that ended in blindness.

The last sentence refers to prostitution and syphilis, the former a frequent cause of the latter, and the latter aleading cause of blindness. In the same interview, Keller also cited the 1912 strike of textile workers inLawrence, Massachusetts for instigating her support of socialism.

Writings

Keller wrote a total of 12 published books and several articles.

One of her earliest pieces of writing, at age 11, was The Frost King(1891). There were allegations that this story had been plagiarizedfrom The Frost Fairies by Margaret Canby. An investigation intothe matter revealed that Keller may have experienced a case ofcryptomnesia, which was that she had Canby's story read to her butforgot about it, while the memory remained in her subconscious.[1]

At age 22, Keller published her autobiography, The Story of My Life(1903), with help from Sullivan and Sullivan's husband, John Macy.It recounts the story of her life up to age 21 and was written duringher time in college.

Keller wrote The World I Live In in 1908, giving readers an insightinto how she felt about the world.[29] Out of the Dark, a series ofessays on socialism, was published in 1913.

When Keller was young, Anne Sullivan introduced her to PhillipsBrooks, who introduced her to Christianity, Keller famously saying:"I always knew He was there, but I didn't know His name!"[30][31][32]

oppression in order that thesmall remnant may live inease."

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Keller with Kamikaze, circa 1938[35]

Her spiritual autobiography, My Religion,[33] was published in 1927 and then in 1994 extensively revisedand re­issued under the title Light in My Darkness. It advocates the teachings of Emanuel Swedenborg, theChristian revelator and theologian who gives a spiritual interpretation of the teachings of the Bible and whoclaims that the second coming of Jesus Christ has already taken place. Adherents use several names todescribe themselves, including Second Advent Christian, Swedenborgian, and New Church.

Keller described the progressive views of her belief in these words:

But in Swedenborg's teaching it [Divine Providence] is shown to be the government of God'sLove and Wisdom and the creation of uses. Since His Life cannot be less in one being thananother, or His Love manifested less fully in one thing than another, His Providence mustneeds be universal . . . He has provided religion of some kind everywhere, and it does notmatter to what race or creed anyone belongs if he is faithful to his ideals of right living.[34]

Akita dog

When Keller visited Akita Prefecture in Japan in July 1937, sheinquired about Hachikō, the famed Akita dog that had died in 1935.She told a Japanese person that she would like to have an Akita dog;one was given to her within a month, with the name of Kamikaze­go. When he died of canine distemper, his older brother, Kenzan­go,was presented to her as an official gift from the Japanesegovernment in July 1938. Keller is credited with having introducedthe Akita to the United States through these two dogs.

By 1939 a breed standard had been established, and dog shows hadbeen held, but such activities stopped after World War II began.Keller wrote in the Akita Journal:

If ever there was an angel in fur, it was Kamikaze. I know Ishall never feel quite the same tenderness for any other pet.The Akita dog has all the qualities that appeal to me – he isgentle, companionable and trusty.[36][37]

Later life

Keller suffered a series of strokes in 1961 and spent the last years of her life at her home.[1]

On September 14, 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson awarded her the Presidential Medal of Freedom, oneof the United States' two highest civilian honors. In 1965 she was elected to the National Women's Hall ofFame at the New York World's Fair.[1]

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"Anne Sullivan—Helen KellerMemorial" — a bronze sculpture inTewksbury, Massachusetts

Keller devoted much of her later life to raising funds for the American Foundation for the Blind. She diedin her sleep on June 1, 1968, at her home, Arcan Ridge, located in Easton, Connecticut, a few weeks shortof her eighty­eighth birthday. A service was held in her honor at the National Cathedral in Washington,D.C., and her ashes were placed there next to her constant companions, Anne Sullivan and Polly Thomson.

Portrayals

Keller's life has been interpreted many times. She appeared in asilent film, Deliverance (1919), which told her story in amelodramatic, allegorical style.[38]

She was also the subject of the documentaries Helen Keller in HerStory, narrated by Katharine Cornell, and The Story of Helen Keller,part of the Famous Americans series produced by HearstEntertainment.

The Miracle Worker is a cycle of dramatic works ultimately derivedfrom her autobiography, The Story of My Life. The various dramaseach describe the relationship between Keller and Sullivan,depicting how the teacher led her from a state of almost feralwildness into education, activism, and intellectual celebrity. The

common title of the cycle echoes Mark Twain's description of Sullivan as a "miracle worker." Its firstrealization was the 1957 Playhouse 90 teleplay of that title by William Gibson. He adapted it for aBroadway production in 1959 and an Oscar­winning feature film in 1962, starring Anne Bancroft and PattyDuke. It was remade for television in 1979 and 2000.

In 1984, Keller's life story was made into a TV movie called The Miracle Continues.[39] This film thatentailed the semi­sequel to The Miracle Worker recounts her college years and her early adult life. None ofthe early movies hint at the social activism that would become the hallmark of Keller's later life, although aDisney version produced in 2000 states in the credits that she became an activist for social equality.

The Bollywood movie Black (2005) was largely based on Keller's story, from her childhood to hergraduation.

A documentary called Shining Soul: Helen Keller's Spiritual Life and Legacy was produced by theSwedenborg Foundation in the same year. The film focuses on the role played by Emanuel Swedenborg'sspiritual theology in her life and how it inspired Keller's triumph over her triple disabilities of blindness,deafness and a severe speech impediment.

On March 6, 2008, the New England Historic Genealogical Society announced that a staff member haddiscovered a rare 1888 photograph showing Helen and Anne, which, although previously published, hadescaped widespread attention.[40] Depicting Helen holding one of her many dolls, it is believed to be theearliest surviving photograph of Anne Sullivan Macy.[41]

Video footage showing Helen Keller learning to mimic speech sounds also exists.[42]

Posthumous honors

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Helen Keller as depicted on theAlabama state quarter

A preschool for the deaf and hard of hearing in Mysore, India, wasoriginally named after Helen Keller by its founder K. K. Srinivasan.In 1999, Keller was listed in Gallup's Most Widely Admired Peopleof the 20th century.

In 2003, Alabama honored its native daughter on its state quarter.[43]The Alabama state quarter is the only circulating US coin to featurebraille.[44]

The Helen Keller Hospital in Sheffield, Alabama is dedicated toher.[45]

There are streets named after Helen Keller in Zürich, Switzerland, inGetafe, Spain, in Lod, Israel,[46] in Lisbon, Portugal[47] and in Caen,France.

A stamp was issued in 1980 by the United States Postal Service depicting Keller and Sullivan, to mark thecentennial of Keller's birth.

On October 7, 2009, a bronze statue of Helen Keller was added to the National Statuary Hall Collection, asa replacement for the State of Alabama's former 1908 statue of the education reformer Jabez Lamar MonroeCurry. It is displayed in the United States Capitol Visitor Center and depicts Keller as a seven­year­oldchild standing at a water pump. The statue represents the seminal moment in Keller's life when sheunderstood her first word: W­A­T­E­R, as signed into her hand by teacher Anne Sullivan. The pedestal basebears a quotation in raised Latin and braille letters: "The best and most beautiful things in the world cannotbe seen or even touched, they must be felt with the heart."[48] The statue is the first one of a person with adisability and of a child to be permanently displayed at the U.S. Capitol.[49][50][51]

Archival material

Archival material of Helen Keller stored in New York was destroyed when the Twin Towers weredestroyed in the September 11 attacks.

See also

Helen Keller Services for the BlindPerkins School for the BlindRagnhild Kåta

References

1. ^ a b c d e f "The life of Helen Keller"(http://www.rnib.org.uk/xpedio/groups/public/documents/publicwebsite/public_keller.hcsp). Royal NationalInstitute of Blind People. November 20, 2008. Retrieved January 22, 2009.

2. ^ "Helen Keller FAQ" (http://www.perkins.org/vision­loss/helen­keller). Perkins School for the Blind. Retrieved

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2. ^ "Helen Keller FAQ" (http://www.perkins.org/vision­loss/helen­keller). Perkins School for the Blind. RetrievedDecember 25, 2010.

3. ^ "Inductees" (http://www.awhf.org/inductee.html). Alabama Women's Hall of Fame. State of Alabama.Retrieved February 20, 2012.

4. ^ "Helen Keller Birthplace" (http://www.helenkellerbirthplace.org). Retrieved May 3, 2013.

5. ^ a b Nielsen, Kim E. (2007), "The Southern Ties of Helen Keller", Journal of Southern History 73 (4)6. ^ "Helen Keller Kids Museum – Ask Keller" (http://braillebug.afb.org/askkeller.asp?issueid=200810). Retrieved

July 16, 2014.7. ^ "Arthur H. Keller" (http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Multimedia.jsp?id=m­2381). Encyclopedia of

Alabama. Retrieved March 7, 2010.

8. ^ a b c Herrmann, Dorothy; Keller, Helen; Shattuck, Roger (2003), The Story of my Life: The Restored Classic(http://books.google.com/books?id=qc0CBfqMffUC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false), pp. 12–14,ISBN 978­0­393­32568­3, retrieved May 14, 2010

9. ^ "Kate Adams Keller" (http://www.afb.org/braillebug/hkgallery.asp?frameid=4). American Foundation for theBlind. Retrieved March 7, 2010.

10. ^ "Charles W. Adams (1817–1878) profile" (http://www.findagrave.com/cgi­bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=8578177). Findagrave.com. Retrieved August 11, 2009.

11. ^ "American Foundation for the Blind" (http://www.afb.org/braillebug/askkeller.asp?issueid=200511). Afb.org.June 1, 1968. Retrieved August 24, 2010.

12. ^ "Helen Keller and Alexander Graham Bell"(https://www.flickr.com/photos/perkinsarchive/5987950675/in/photolist­aadhNB­a88P7T­a8bG73­diyKG2­diyGkm­diyFmk­aqDS85­a88RrB­diyVbi­a8bFhd­diyVVt­a873en­aoAtFb­a871tk­aqAmfA­aoApuY­a8aThh­abejPo­aqxFee­aDhGKq­a8aTtG­a86RAH­aqEmPS­abaNVH­a89RAY­aqAkAo­aDdRiV­aqE2L5­aoAo3J­a8bRT7­a89NcU­a89Zfy­a89LtW­a8bTm1­a89ZE9­a89XVS­diyZYy­diyEW3­diyJPv­diyE7A­diyLB3­diz4fP­aqBpMr­aqBuxM­diySVs­abbqne­arb4PA­aqBgWz­brGGsE­aoAgRU/). Photograph.

13. ^ Helen Keller. "The Story of My Life" (http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=729&pageno=11). Project Gutenberg. p. 11. Retrieved March 7, 2010.

14. ^ Worthington, W. Curtis. A Family Album: Men Who Made the Medical Center(http://www.muschealth.com/about_us/history/chislom.htm) (Medical University of South Carolina ed.).ISBN 978­0­87152­444­7.

15. ^ Wilkie, Katherine E. Helen Keller: Handicapped Girl. Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs­Merrill.16. ^ Herbert Gantschacher "Back from History! – The correspondence of letters between the Austrian­Jewish

philosopher Wilhelm Jerusalem and the American deafblind writer Helen Keller", Gebärdensache, Vienna 2009,p. 35ff.

17. ^ Specifically, the reordered alphabet known as American Braille18. ^ "First Number Citizens Lecture Course Monday, November Fifth", The Weekly Spectrum

(http://library.ndsu.edu/tools/dspace/load/?file=/repository/bitstream/handle/10365/21055/nds­1917­10­31­0.pdf?sequence=1), North Dakota Agricultural College, Volume XXXVI no. 3, November 7, 1917.

19. ^ "The Life of Helen Keller" (http://www.graceproducts.com/keller/life.html). Graceproducts.com. RetrievedAugust 24, 2010.

20. ^ http://www.rnib.org.uk/aboutus/aboutsightloss/famous/Pages/helenkeller.aspx21. ^ Herrmann, p. 255.

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22. ^ Herrmann, Dorothy. Helen Keller: A Life. New York, NY: Knopf. ISBN 978­0­679­44354­4.23. ^ Helen Keller: Rebel Lives, by Helen Keller & John Davis, Ocean Press, 2003 ISBN 978­1­876175­60­3, pg 57

24. ^ a b Loewen, James W. (1996) [1995]. Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History TextbookGot Wrong (Touchstone Edition ed.). New York, NY: Touchstone Books. pp. 20–22. ISBN 978­0­684­81886­3.

25. ^ "Wonder Woman at Massey Hall: Helen Keller Spoke to Large Audience Who Were Spellbound."(http://www.billgladstone.ca/?p=6485). Toronto Star Weekly. January 1914. Retrieved 31 October 2014.

26. ^ "Progress & Poverty" (http://books.google.com/books?id=kKFQdRePRBYC&lpg=PA262&ots=6waJoLbN­2&dq=Helen%20Keller%20henry%20george&pg=PA262#v=onepage&q=Helen%20Keller%20henry%20george&f=false). Robert Schalkenbach Fdn..

27. ^ Keller, Helen. "How I Became a Socialist" (http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/keller­helen/works/1910s/12_11_03.htm). Retrieved August 27, 2007.

28. ^ "Why I Became an IWW (http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/keller­helen/works/1910s/16_01_16.htm)"in Helen Keller Reference Archive from An interview written by Barbara Bindley, published in the New YorkTribune, January 16, 1916

29. ^ Keller, Helen (2004) [1908]. The World I Live In (NYRB Classics 2004 ed.). New York: NYRB Classics.ISBN 978­1­59017­067­0.

30. ^ H. L. Willmington. Willmington's Guide to the Bible (http://books.google.com/books?id=NeCN2cVnONYC&pg=PA591&dq=Helen+Keller+didn't+know+His+name#v=onepage&q=Helen%20Keller%20didn't%20know%20His%20name&f=false). Tyndale House Publishers. Retrieved October 18, 2007."Sometime after she had progressed to the point that she could engage in conversation, she was told of God andhis love in sending Christ to die on the cross. She is said to have responded with joy, "I always knew he wasthere, but I didn't know his name!""

31. ^ Harold E. Helms. God's Final Answer (http://books.google.com/books?id=PzDfvkvqI0IC&pg=PA78&dq=Helen+Keller+but+I+didn't+know+His+name+Helen+Keller#v=onepage&q=Helen%20Keller%20but%20I%20didn't%20know%20His%20name%20Helen%20Keller&f=false). RetrievedOctober 18, 2007. "A favorite story about Helen Keller concerns her first introduction to the gospel. When Helen,who was both blind and deaf, learned to communicate, Anne Sullivan, her teacher, decided that it was time for herto hear about Jesus Christ. Anne called for Phillips Brooks, the most famous preacher in Boston. With Sullivaninterpreting for him, he talked to Helen Keller about Christ. It wasn't long until a smile lighted up her face.Through her teacher she said, "Mr. Brooks, I have always known about God, but until now I didn't know Hisname.""

32. ^ Mary Lowe Dickinson, Myrta Lockett Avary. Heaven, Home And Happiness (http://books.google.com/books?id=VflZAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA216&dq=Helen+Keller+but+I+didn't+know+His+name+Helen+Keller#v=onepage&q=Helen%20Keller%20but%20I%20didn't%20know%20His%20name%20Helen%20Keller&f=false). KessingerPublishing. Retrieved October 18, 2007. "Phillips Brooks began to tell her about God, who God was, what he haddone, how he loved me, and what he was to us. The child listened very intently. Then she looked up and said,"Mr. Brooks, I knew all that before, but I didn't know His name.""

33. ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=x7oPaKrr4x4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=my+religion&hl=en&ei=EElYTYHQBoG8lQfc0rndBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false

34. ^ Keller, Helen (1927). My Religion. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page and Company. pp. 177–178.35. ^ "Helen Keller with Kamikaze" (https://www.flickr.com/photos/perkinsarchive/5988133230/in/photolist­

a88QuR­a8aBfd­a89Koo­aoxvpa­a8ae1h­aoxL2n­aqB4xZ­diyKUA­aoxJcr­aoxUoi­boxXto­aoAvCm­diyKG2­

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a88QuR­a8aBfd­a89Koo­aoxvpa­a8ae1h­aoxL2n­aqB4xZ­diyKUA­aoxJcr­aoxUoi­boxXto­aoAvCm­diyKG2­dCFsHv­a86XxH­aadvqp­baTb9e­aadhNB­a88P7T­a8bG73­diyGkm­diyFmk­a88RrB­diyVbi­diyVVt­a873en­aoAtFb­a871tk­aoApuY­a8aThh­aDhGKq­a86RAH­a89RAY­aqAkAo­aDdRiV­a89NcU­a89Zfy­a89LtW­aqDS85­a8bFhd­aqAmfA­abejPo­aqxFee­a8aTtG­aqEmPS­abaNVH­aqE2L5­aoAo3J­a8bRT7­a8bTm1/).Photograph.

36. ^ The Akita Inu: The Voice of Japan (http://www.petpublishing.com/dogken/breeds/akita.shtml) by RickBeauchamp in Dog & Kennel

37. ^ "Helen Keller: First Akitas in the USA" (http://www.natural­akita.com/JPTeez/html/helen_keller.html).Natural­akita.com. June 14, 1937. Retrieved August 24, 2010.

38. ^ "Deliverance (1919)" (http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0010061/). Retrieved June 15, 2006.39. ^ "Helen Keller: The Miracle Continues (1984) (TV)" (http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0087401/). Retrieved

June 15, 2006.40. ^ The Independent (March 7, 2008). "Picture of Helen Keller as a child revealed after 120 years"

(http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/picture­of­helen­keller­as­a­child­revealed­after­120­years­792781.html). London. Retrieved May 4, 2010.

41. ^ "Newly Discovered Photograph Features Never Before Seen Image Of Young Helen Keller"(http://www.americanancestors.org/uploadedFiles/American_Ancestors/Content/Marketing/PDF_Archive/hkeller_release_feb08v2.pdf), New England Genealogical Society. Retrieved March 6, 2008.

42. ^ Post to Wall. "Helen Keller learning to mimic speech" (http://www.wimp.com/helenkeller/). Wimp.com.Retrieved October 21, 2013.

43. ^ The United States Mint (March 23, 2010). "A likeness of Helen Keller is featured on Alabama's quarter"(http://www.usmint.gov/mint_programs/50sq_program/states/index.cfm?flash=yes&state=AL). Usmint.gov.Retrieved August 24, 2010.

44. ^ "The Official Alabama State Quarter" (http://www.theus50.com/alabama/quarter.php). The US50. March 17,2003. Retrieved October 21, 2013.

45. ^ "Helen Keller Hospital website" (http://www.helenkeller.com). Helenkeller.com. Retrieved August 24, 2010.46. ?Google Maps" (http://maps.google.com/maps – רחוב הלן קלר, לוד" ^

f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%95%D7%91+%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%9F+%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%A8,+%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%93&sll=37.0625,­95.677068&sspn=42.631141,93.076172&ie=UTF8&t=h&z=16&iwloc=A). Google. January 1, 1970. Retrieved July 24, 2011.

47. ^ "Toponomy section of the Lisbon Municipality website" (http://toponimia.cm­lisboa.pt/pls/htmldb/f?p=106:1:2892419774596293::NO::P1_TOP_ID:283:#ancora). Toponimia.cm­lisboa.pt. January 6, 1968.Retrieved July 24, 2011.

48. ^ "Helen Keller" (http://www.aoc.gov/cc/art/nsh/keller.cfm). The Architect of The Capitol. RetrievedDecember 25, 2009.

49. ^ "Helen Keller Statue Unveiled in Capitol"(http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2009/10/07/politics/main5369775.shtml). CBS News. October 7, 2009.Retrieved December 25, 2008.

50. ^ "Helen Keller statue unveiled at Capitol"(http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/10/07/HELEN.KELLER.STATUE/index.html). CNN. October 7, 2009. RetrievedDecember 25, 2008.

51. ^ "One Impressive Kid Gets Her Statue at Capitol" (http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp­dyn/content/article/2009/10/07/AR2009100703498.html). The Washington Post. October 8, 2009. Retrieved

1/5/2015 Helen Keller ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Wikisource has originalworks written by or about:Helen Keller

Wikiquote has quotationsrelated to: Helen Keller

Wikimedia Commons hasmedia related to HelenKeller.

Further reading

Brooks, Van Wyck. (1956) Helen Keller Sketch for a Portrait (1956)Lash, Joseph P. (1980) Helen and Teacher: The Story of Helen Keller and Anne Sullivan Macy . NewYork, NY: Delacorte Press. ISBN 978­0­440­03654­8Einhorn, Lois J. (1998) Helen Keller, Public Speaker: Sightless But Seen, Deaf But Heard (GreatAmerican Orators)Harrity, Richard and Ralph G. Martin. (1962) The Three Lives of Helen KellerHerrmann, Dorothy (1998) Helen Keller: A Life. New York, NY: Knopf. ISBN 978­0­679­44354­4"Keller, Helen Adams". World Encyclopedia. Philip's(http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t142.e6208). OxfordReference Online. Oxford University Press. University of Edinburgh. 2008. Retrieved February 10,2012.

Primary sources

Keller, Helen with Anne Sullivan and John A. Macy (1903) The Story of My Life. New York, NY:Doubleday, Page & Co.

Historiography

Amico, Eleanor B., ed. Reader's Guide to Women's Studies ( Fitzroy Dearborn, 1998) pp328–29

External links

Helen Keller International (http://www.hki.org/)Helen Heller and Anne Sullivan Archive at Perkins School forthe Blind (http://www.perkinsarchives.org/helen­keller­and­anne­sullivan­links.html/)The Story of My Life by Helen Keller at Project GutenbergHelen Keller (https://wfpp.cdrs.columbia.edu/pioneer/ccp­helen­keller/) at Women Film Pioneers ProjectThe Story of My Life with introduction to the text(http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/keller/life/life.html)Works by or about Helen Keller (http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn­n83­158974) in libraries

dyn/content/article/2009/10/07/AR2009100703498.html). The Washington Post. October 8, 2009. RetrievedDecember 25, 2008.

1/5/2015 Helen Keller ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Keller 13/13

(WorldCat catalog)Booknotes interview with Dorothy Herrmann on Helen Keller: A Life(http://www.booknotes.org/Watch/111945­1/Dorothy+Herrmann.aspx) October 25, 1998."Who Stole Helen Keller?" (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/the­zinn­education­project/who­stole­helen­keller_b_1618568.html) by Ruth Shagoury in the Huffington Post, June 22, 2012.Papers of Helen Adams Keller, 1898–2003 (http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn­3:RAD.SCHL:sch00762)Schlesinger Library (http://radcliffe.harvard.edu/schlesinger­library), Radcliffe Institute, HarvardUniversity.Poems by Florence Earle Coates: "To Helen Keller", "Helen Keller with a Rose", "Against the Gateof Life"

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