heider & simmel (1944)
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Heider & Simmel (1944). The Intentional Stance. Dennett (1987). Default brain activity. Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. Posterior lateral parietal cortex. Ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Posterior medial parietal cortex. False Belief test. Where will Sally look for her ball?. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Heider & Simmel (1944)
Dennett (1987)
The Intentional Stance
Default brain activity
Posterior lateral parietal cortex
Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex
Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
Posterior medial parietal cortex
False Belief test
Where will Sally look for her ball?
False Belief test
Most three year oldsMost Harvard students
Autism
Kanner (1943)
“He seems almost to draw into his shell and live within himself. When taken into a room, he completely disregarded the people and instantly went for objects.
When a hand was held out to him so that he could not possibly ignore it, he played with it briefly as if it were a detached object. He did not respond to being called, and did not look at his mother when she spoke to him. He never looked up at people's faces. When he had any dealings with persons at all, he treated them, or rather parts of them, as if they were objects.
Autism“He would, in playing, butt his head against his mother as at other times he did against a pillow.
On a crowded beach he would walk straight toward his goal irrespective of whether this involved walking over newspapers, hands, feet, or torsos, much to the discomfiture of their owners. His mother was careful to point out that he did not intentionally deviate from his course in order to walk on others, but neither did he make the slightest attempt to avoid them. It was as if he did not distinguish people from things, or at least did not concern himself about the distinction.”
Kanner (1943)
Normally-developing individual
‘‘The bigger triangle was in control, or trying to take control of the smaller triangle and the circle, the rectangular shaped place was similar to like a room with a closed door that um, if you went in there you were safe until that triangle came in. The small triangle and the circle were trying to escape from the large triangle and when they did, the large triangle became very furious and destroyed things.’’
Autistic individual
‘‘OK, so, a rectangle, two triangles, and a small circle. Let’s see, the triangle and the circle went inside the rectangle, and then the other triangle went in, and then the triangle and the circle went out and took off, left one triangle there. And then the two (pause) parts of the rectangle made like a [sic] upside-down V, and that was it.’’
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
Normal Down syndrome(IQ = 64)
Autistic (IQ = 82)
Percentage of Ss "passing"
Williams syndrome
Attribution – The process of making inferences about the causes of another person’s behavior
Failures of social cognition
“It has a powerful motor”
Does this toy car have a powerful motor?
Failures of social cognition
“It has a powerful motor”
“Isn't it time for us to start withdrawing our forces from Iraq and let them determine their own future?"
Does this person support the war in Iraq?
– Leading Seaman Faye Turney
Failures of social cognition
Internal Cause vs. External Cause
Failures of social cognition
The Correspondence Bias – The tendency to attribute a person’s behavior to internal rather than external causes
pro-Castro essay“. . . the people of Cuba now have a share in the government and are demonstrating their approval by their tremendous response to the trials of building a new society from the wreckage left by the exploiters of foreign industry. ”
anti-Castro essay“Castro can and does attempt to take over our neighbors and convert them to communist sattelites by using methods of infiltration sabotage and subversion. ”
Jones & Harris (1967)
Failures of social cognition
The Correspondence Bias – The tendency to attribute a person’s behavior to internal rather than external causes
Ratings of the writers’ pro-Castro attitudes
Jones & Harris (1967)
Failures of social cognition
010203040506070
Choice No Choice
"Writer" choice
Pro-Castro Anti-Castro
The Correspondence Bias – The tendency to attribute a person’s behavior to internal rather than external causes
Ratings of general intelligence
Ross, Amabile & Steinmetz (1977)
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
of quizmaster of contestant
Target of the evaluation
Observer's evaluation Contestant's evaluation
Failures of social cognition
The Correspondence Bias – The tendency to attribute a person’s behavior to internal rather than external causes
The Fundamental Attribution Error
Posterior lateral parietal cortex
Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex
Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
Posterior medial parietal cortex
Failures of social cognition
Today’s gameplan
The centrality of social cognition
Failures of social cognition
“Social resonance”
Today’s gameplan
The centrality of social cognition
Failures of social cognition
“Social resonance”
Today’s gameplan
The centrality of social cognition
Failures of social cognition
“Social resonance”
– getting others to experience what I experience
– getting myself to experience what others experience
Language
Social resonance me others
Teaching
Social resonance me others
Emotional expression
Social resonance me others
Social resonance makes deception is difficult
Social resonance me others
Social resonance me others
Social resonance makes deception is difficult
Social resonance
Singer et al. (2004)
Your pain = my pain
Social resonance others me
Emotional imitation in infancy
Meltzoff & Moore (1977)
Social resonance others me
Physiological linkage
Levenson & Ruef (1992)
Social resonance others me
Physiological linkage
Levenson & Ruef (1992)
Social resonance others me
Key ideas
• We make sense of each others’ behavior in terms of their psychological states
• Social cognition seems to be a central human function that may have driven the expansion of the human brain
• Despite the importance of understanding the causes of others’ behaviors, humans are not great attributionalists
• Humans have a drive to bring their psychological experience “in register” with that of others and strive to change others’ mental states
• When others’ mental states cannot be changed, we often shift our own experience to be in line with that of others
The centrality of social cognition
Social exclusion is painful
The centrality of social cognition
Social exclusion is painful
Anterior cingulate cortex
The centrality of social cognition
Social exclusion is painful
The centrality of social cognition
Social isolation as a form of torture