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Research, Progress and Regulatory Programs for Odor and Air Quality from Intensive Livestock and

Feeding Operations in America

Building EnvironmentResearch & Education

AgAirQuality.com

Agricultural and Biological Engineering

Purdue University

Albert J. Heber, Professorheber@purdue.edu

Air Emissions from LivestockOdorAmmoniaHydrogen sulfideParticulate matter (dust)

Seminar TopicsEnvironmental pressures on livestock producersAir emission researchProposed compliance agreement Cases in Iowa (3/03)

DamagesSuffering/Property

OperationDefendent

$962K/$103K(appealed, confidential)

31,500 finishers2-cell lagoon, deep pit

Iowa Select Farms 2002

-/$76K4,170 finishersDeep pit

Pork Innovation 2002

$46K/$50K4000 finishersDeep pit

Pork Xtra 2002

$45K/$11.5K800 finishersEarthen basin

Wolff 1994

$20K/-200-sow farrow to finishSlurry tank

ISU 1990

Neighbors seek for:Actual damagesPunitive damagesInjunction to close the operationCourt order for abatement of odor

Iowa Supreme Court ruling in 1998

Nuisance Suits

Sources: Miner, 1997; van Sickle, 2003; Lee, 2004

Nuisance SuitsNeighbors seek for:

Actual damagesPunitive damagesInjunction to close the operationCourt order for abatement of odor

IowaSupreme Court ruling in 199814 lawsuits on the books

Missouri52 neighbors v. Continental Grain: $5.2M award60 nuisance suits against PSF since August, 2002

Nebraska11 families v. Progressive Swine Technologies, 2004

Sources: Miner, 1997; van Sickle, 2003; Lee, 2004

State Odor RegulationsIndirect Regulations

Permits (odor management plans)Setbacks (minimum buffer distances)Operator training (certification)Land application restrictions (inject)

Direct Regulations10 states (Redwine and Lacey, 2000)Property line limits

Field olfactometry readings (2-8 D/T)Gas concentrations (H2S and NH3 )

Lawsuits and consent decrees

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State Odor RegulationsHydrogen sulfide limits

30 to 120 ppbMinnesota: 50 ppb not more than twice a year.Texas: 80 and 120 ppb depending on land use.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Con

cent

ratio

n, p

pb

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 Wind Direction, degrees

April 6 - September 24

NW SE

State Odor RegulationsColorado: Farms > 364K kg live mass must:

obtain a permitinstall covers on effluent pondsadhere to setbacksadhere to land application bansimplement odor control technologies and work practices

North Carolina7-year moratorium on new hog facilitiesNew odor rules in 2000Odor management plansOdor control if plan doesn’t work

State LawsuitsMissouri v. Premium Standard Farms, 1999

$650,000 fine$25M for “Next Generation” technologies

State LawsuitsOhio v. Buckeye Egg Farms

Must convert deep pit barns to belt-batteriesRevoked operating permits, July, 2003Closed down one facility, November, 2003

California legislation SB-700DustAmmoniaVOCs

Federal LawsuitsAuthority: U.S. Clean Air Act of 19901. U.S. v. Premium Standard Farms, 2001

Air and water issues$350,000 penaltyEffluent pond emission monitoringBarn emissions monitoringTest soybean oil sprinkling

2. U.S. v. Buckeye Egg Farms, 2004Air issues$880,000 penaltyBarn emissions monitoring and controlsTest dust and ammonia abatementShort term tests indicated 700 tons PM/yr > 250 limit!

Influence of ScienceRegulations

Shaped by untimely political and societal pressuresMarked by simplicity, unfairness, arbitrariness, inaccuracyScientific knowledge will influence the regulations

USDA Agricultural Air Quality Task ForceFour university scientists are membersTask force reports to Secretary with white papersWhite paper on livestock odor, 2000

National Academy of ScienceAddressed accuracy of EPA emission factorsPublished report in 2003Referenced numerous times since publication

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Gas Sampling in Barns Building Air Emissions Research1992 1998 2001

N. European survey

Gas, odorNH3, H2S Gas, odorPurdue

New mobile lab, IPPA Monsanto, 8 finishers

NPB, 2 roomsGas, PM, odor

EPA Methods

Univ. of MN

Odor surveys, tests

Gas, PM

Univ. of MN

Gas, PM, odorPurdue and UMC

EPA/PSF C.D.

2004 2007NH3, PM Purdue and OSU

Ohio C.D.

NH3, PM, H2S, VOC Purdue and othersAFOCAFO

1995 2004

Gas, PM, odorUM, Purdue, TAMU, ISU, UIUC, NCSUUSDA APECAB

Heber, Sweeten, Jacobson2001

Sweeten, Heber, Jacobson2003

NH3, PM, odor Purdue and OSUUSDA-NRI

SamplingManifolds

PC

Gas analyzers

Full-time field engineer

1996-97 Air Quality Study

Meteorological tower

Building 7 Building 8 Building 9Building 6 trailer

Instrument(Control) (Control)(Treatment) (Treatment) trailer

Instrument

Heated gas sampling lineBuried conduit

3,500 data subsets March - September

An Industry-Funded Project

Instrumentshelter

0

10

20

30

9/13 10/11 11/8 12/6 1/3 1/31 2/28 3/28 4/25 5/23 6/20 7/18 8/15Day of 1996 and 1997

NH

3 Con

cent

ratio

n, p

pm

Treated chimney

Control chimney

NH3 concentration 2-30 ppm

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

3/1 3/22 4/12 5/3 5/24 6/14 7/5 7/26 8/16 9/6 9/27Day of 1997

H2S

Con

cent

ratio

n, p

pb

Treated pit

Control pit

H2S concentration 20-1450 ppb

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

9/13 10/11 11/8 12/6 1/3 1/31 2/28 3/28 4/25 5/23 6/20 7/18 8/15

Treated chimney

Control chimney

Pegged!Concentration,ppm

SummerWinterCO2 level

600-5000 ppmv

Emission Rates (swine finishing)

Hydrogen sulfide

Winter: 0.87 g/d-AU

Summer 6.3 g/d-AU

Ammonia: 34-102 g/d-AU

Odor: 75 OU/s-AU (n= 112)

0

40

80

120

160

200

Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep

Ammoniaemission,

g/d-AU

Manure Additive Study, 19997 of 35 products reduced NH3 by 3-15%

7 of 35 products reduced H2S by 23-47%

No products reduced odor emissions

Gas sampling system (GSS)

Calibrationnotebooks

BackupAnalyzers

Hood failure

PC DAQ Reactorroom

Real-Time Particulate Matter Monitoring

Faninlet

External screen

PM10inlet

Cabinet

FRM PM10

Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance

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Purdue Methods Project2001-2002

QAQC-based contract with EPALarge vane anemometersSmall vane anemometers FANS tests on fan outletBESS tests of removed fansEffect of fan degradation on flowSpatial, temporal variationsBypass pumping of sample linesGSS flow and pressure metersSampling period 5-10 minCal gas inputs into gas probesAnalyzer comparisons

Nt vs. auto modes on 17COP-FTIR, CL, EC, PIR

TEOM pilots (TSP, PM10, PM2.5)Collocation of four TEOMsTest 30 vs 50 CEffect of cleaning, filter changes

Odor sampling in barn vs labWireless ISP, web publishing“Pilot test for APECAB”

Heated raceway

TEOM

Air sampling

probe

Heated raceway

TEOM

Air sampling

probe

Odor Concentration

1 of 8 panelists

Olfactometer

Tedlar bag

Panel leader’s hand

PC

Progress Towards Accuracy and Repeatabilityat the Purdue University Odor Laboratory

Source: A.J. Heber and K.L. Fakhoury, 2000

10

100

1000

10000

Mar-99 Jun-99 Sep-99 Dec-99 Mar-00 Jun-00 Sep-00 Nov-00Date

Con

cent

ratio

n, p

pb

20-80 ppb limits (CEN, 1999)

Physical Factors of OdorOdor: Property or quality of a thing that affects, stimulates, or

is perceived by the sense of smell.

1. Odor concentration, OU/m3

2. Odor intensity

3. Persistence

4. Hedonic tone

5. Hedonic tone behavior

6. Character descriptionsBiofilter

Odor Concentrations (OUE/m3)

0

100

200

300

400

500

2/27 3/13 3/27 4/10 4/24 5/8 5/22 6/5Day of test, mm/dd

Odo

r con

c., O

UE

m-3

Inlet(mean = 51 OUE/m3)

Exhaust(mean = 316 OUE/m3)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

2/27 3/13 3/27 4/10 4/24 5/8 5/22 6/5

Day of Test

Inlet T

Exhaust T

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50Mean = 50,400 OUE/s

= 65.6 OUE/s-AU= 7.53 OUE/s-m2

Ventilation rate

Odor emission rate

Vent

ilatio

n R

ate,

m3 /s

Emis

sion

, OU

E/s-

AU

; Tem

pera

ture

, °C

Odor Emission Rates(250,000-hen layer barn)

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Hedonic Tone v. Odor Concentration(High-Rise Layer Barn)

-8

-7

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

010 100 1000

Odor Concentration, OUE m-3

Hed

onic

Ton

e HT = 0.252 OC0.513

R2 = 0.70Inlet air mean = -1.9

Exhaust air mean = -5.0

Mechanically ventilated livestock buildingsContinuous emission monitoring (source)

Multiple gas sampling pointsGases (NMHC, CH4, NH3, H2S, traces)PM10, TSP, PM2.5

Grab samples (bags, traps, canisters)Reliable emission measurements

APECAB Project(USDA-IFAFS) CAPESH Project

(EPA and PSF)

APECAB (IN site)

Control of Air Pollutant Emissions from Swine HousingCAPESH (funded by EPA and Premium Standard Farms)

Twoemissionprojects‘01-’04

Barn Emission Measurement

Ammonia emission = k x 186 m3/s x (25.3 – 1.6) = 11,267 g/d

On-Farm Instrument ShelterSpace for instruments usually unavailableInstrument protection and securityKey to quality assuranceAnalyst comfortMobile

Top Quality DAQ Systems

with Remote Access

Gas Sampling 2001

Gas Sampling 2002

Multiple locations (24)Prevent condensationMonitor pressure (0-1 psi) Monitor flow (0-10 L/min)Bypass pumpingProper surfaces (Teflon)Low residence time (<60 s)Regular leak testsGrab sampling provisionCalibration gas provisionCan add analyzers

P2

M: manifold

P: pumpS: solenoid

H2SF

CH4/NMHC

CO2

P3FNH3

Analyzers

6.4 mm OD3.2 mm ID vinyl

Cal gases

CO2Zero air

NH3H2SNO

SO2

S12

S1

M2

9.5 mm OD,6.4 mm ID Teflon

6-port manifold

F: filter

C6H14/CH4

Cal gas circuit

Exhaust

Vinyl

M3

Flow restrictors

P1

M1

Bypass pumping system

Vinyl

9.5 mm OD, 6.4 mm ID Teflon

1

JarP4

RotameterLeak test

circuit1

P Pressure gage

Air valve

C

S13Calibration line

11-14-03

pFlowdP (+/-)

Sampling probes,

10-115 mlong

6-port diluter

(5 L/min)

Odor sampleport

p

Pressuresensor

M4Exhaust

A

Mass flow meter

f Bf

Mass flow meter

f

PCDAQ

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Sampling Location Groups (SLG)Pit fans operated together as groupPit fans too far apart for one to represent others.

Wall fan group

Pit fan

Instrument shelter

Analyzers

Pit fangroup, stage 1

Pit fan

Samplingmanifold

Mixingmanifold

PREFstage 2

Primary representativeexhaust fan (PREF) for wall fan group

Ceiling inlets

E67E47

N

Attic

PitCages

W20W1

Floor plan (186 m x 30 m)

Hall

Exhaust air locations

Fan number

Instrument shelter

1 2

5

6

43

Animal exposure group

Side view

Cages

Mettower

Cross-sectional view

Exhaust air locations

Thermocouple Air samplingAnemometer (SVA)RH/Temp probeStatic pressure port

To instrumentshelter

Instrument shelter

PitBarn A

(not shown)Barn B

Two 250,000-Hen High-Rise Layer Barns

Building Layout and Sampling Locations

∗

31

S

Attic

Shallow pit with recycle flush

Pens

Side view

5

Exhaust air sampling

Fan # Lab

Instrument trailerBackground air sampling

Met tower

4

2

Barn 7

1-5

Relative humidity/temperature probe

Diffusers

Summer air inlets

Floor plan (61 m x 13 m)

Air sampling Static pressure portTemperature sensor

Anemometer (SPA)

End viewEnd view

Barn 7 Barn 8

NTEOM sampler for PM10

Two 1,100-hd Tunnel-Ventilated Swine Finishing BarnsBarn Ventilation Rates

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

11/25 12/30 2/3 3/10 4/14 5/19 6/23Date

Ven

tilat

ion

flow

, m3/s

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

Inle

t Tem

pera

ture

, oC

Ventilation

Inlet temperature

Daily Means

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

8/25 9/15 10/6 10/27 11/17 12/8 12/29 1/19 2/9 3/2 3/23 4/13

Date, mm/dd

Airf

low

Rat

e, m

3 /s

-20

30

80

130

180

230

Tem

pera

ture

, C; P

ig M

ass,

AUPig mass

Ambient Temp

Control barnTreated barn

Layer Barn

Two Swine Barns

Airflow from 12/3 to 6/15

0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

Fraction of Time

Frac

tion

of C

apac

ity

Cumulative Frequency

Single-Speed Fan Airflow

Fan operationFan static pressureFan performance curve, degradationFan removal and test at BESS labFANS tests (AMCA transfer standard)Small vane anemometers

Small propellor anemometerAMCA transfer standard

(continuous measurement)

FANS, an AMCA transfer standard

(spot measurement)(ARS/Kentucky method)

BESS Lab(AMCA-Standard)

Airflow of Variable Speed FansFan removal and test at BESS labFan operation (vibration sensor)FANS tests to calibrate flow devicesFull impeller anemometers (direct) in chimneySmall vane anemometers (direct)Indirect method for belt drive fans

Static pressureImpeller rpm

Ancillary informationFan performance curveSpeed control signalMotor voltage

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 0

Time of day, h

Vent

ilatio

n ra

te, m

3 /s

-75-50-250255075100125150

dP, p

a

Fan 3

dP

Airflow

PressureSPA

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Hydrogen Sulfide Concentrations (250,000-hen layer barn)

0

10

20

30

40

50

11/25 12/30 2/3 3/10 4/14 5/19 6/23

Date

Con

cent

ratio

in, p

pb

H2S-1stH2S-2nd

Mean concentration = 24±4 ppb

Mean emission rate = 375±70 g/day

Ammonia Concentrations (250,000-hen layer barn)

0

20

40

60

80

100

26-Nov 31-Dec 4-Feb 11-Mar 15-Apr 20-May 24-Jun

Date

Conc

entra

tion,

mg/

m3

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

Tem

pera

ture

, °C

Exhaust (mean = 61 ppm)

Inlet Cages

0

20

40

60

80

100

26-Nov 31-Dec 4-Feb 11-Mar 15-Apr 20-May 24-Jun

Date

Conc

entra

tion,

mg/

m3

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

Tem

pera

ture

, °C

Exhaust (mean = 61 ppm)

Inlet Cages

Ammonia Emission (250,000-hen layer barn)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

26-Nov 31-Dec 4-Feb 11-Mar 15-Apr 20-May 24-Jun

Date

Em

issi

on, g

/d-A

U

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Ven

tilat

ion,

m3 /s

Emission (mean=509)

Ventilation rate

Manure dried out!

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

26-Nov 31-Dec 4-Feb 11-Mar 15-Apr 20-May 24-Jun

Date

Em

issi

on, g

/d-A

U

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Ven

tilat

ion,

m3 /s

Emission (mean=509)

Ventilation rate

Manure dried out!

Collocated TEOM PM10 in layer barn

(baseline test)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 0Time of day, h

Con

cent

ratio

n,

g/m

3 TEOM ATEOM B

`

Lights on

Lights offAnticipatory

Feeding

Three Collocated TEOMs with PM10, PM2.5, and TSP in layer barn exhaust

0

400

800

1200

1600

2000

2400

2800

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 0Time of day, h

Con

cent

ratio

n,

g/m

3

TSP

PM10

PM2.5

PM10 Concentrations & Emission Rates (250K-hen layer barn)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

26-Nov 24-Dec 21-Jan 18-Feb 18-Mar 15-Apr 13-May 10-Jun

Date

PM10

Con

cent

ratio

n, u

g/m

3

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

PM10

Em

issi

on, g

/d-A

U

Mean emission = 9.2±5.3 g/d-AU = 7±4 kg/d

(n=114)

PM10 Emissions

Mean PM10: 565 µg/m3

(n=128) Tunnel-ventilated finishing houses

with flushingin Missouri

Obtain baseline emissionsTested soybean oil sprinklingTested essential oils Tested “biocurtain”

Control of Air Pollutant Emissions from Swine Housing

Barn 7

Barn 8

1

2

3

4

5

6

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Data Acquisition SystemState of the art PC-based hardware, softwareSample line controlInstant data display, no downloadingOn-line data inspection for remote surveillanceAutomatic/remote calibrationAutomatic data distribution and backupAlarm emails

0

4

8

12

16

0 10 20 30 40Time, minute

Con

cent

ratio

n, m

g/m

3

Ammonia

Hydrogen Sulfide

Peak of H2S when flushingwith lagoon effluent!!

25-pig room, Purdue swine farm

Process MonitoringAnimal activity

Heaters

Evaporative cooling

Curtains

Feeders

Flushing

Oil sprinkling

Traffic

Weather

-4000

-3000

-2000

-1000

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 0Time of day, h

Con

cent

ratio

n, µ

g/m

3

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Activ

ity, V

TSP

Activity

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 0Time of Day, h (Nov. 8, 2002)

H2 S

Con

cent

ratio

n, p

pb

Barn A Barn BFlushingevents

Oil pressure

Daily Means of PM10 EmissionMean emission = 0.231 kg/d = 1.6 g/d-AU = 0.21 g/day-pig

= 0.093 tons/year=0.17 lb/yr-pig

0

100

200

300

400

500

8/22 9/26 10/31 12/5 1/9 2/13 3/20 4/24 5/29 7/3 8/7

Date, mm/dd

Em

issi

on R

ate,

g/d

0

50

100

150

200

250

Pig

Mas

s, A

U

Barn 7Barn 8B7 Pig MassB8 Pig Mass

Oil Sprinkling

Essential Oils

Treatment Effects on PM10

Misting of essential oils &

water

Misting of essential oils

Soybean oil sprinkling +

Soybean oil sprinkling

Test

N/S230 ± 27.2196 ± 34.520

N/S346 ± 178326 ± 1014

70%75.4 ± 34.9226 ± 58.98

67%106 ± 27.1313 ± 33.414

ReductionTreatedControln

All emission values in kg/day

Biocurtain~$3.5/pp

PM10inlet

Gasprobe

Baffle

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Daily Means of H2S ConcentrationMean exhaust H2S = 98 ± 13 ppb

Mean ambient H2S = 5 ppb

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

8/22 9/26 10/31 12/5 1/9 2/13 3/20 4/24 5/29 7/3 8/7Date, mm/dd

Con

cent

ratio

n, p

pb

0

50

100

150

200

250

Pig

Mas

s, A

U

Barn 7Barn 8B7 Pig MassB8 Pig Mass

Mean emission = 0.12 kg/d = 0.72 g/d-AU = 0.11 g/day-pigMax emission = 0.46 kg/d

109,000 pigs will emit 100 lb/day from flushing barns

Daily Means of H2S Emission

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

8/22 9/26 10/31 12/5 1/9 2/13 3/20 4/24 5/29 7/3 8/7Date, mm/dd

Emis

sion

Rat

e, k

g/d

0

50

100

150

200

250

Pig

Mas

s, A

U

Barn 7Barn 8B7 Pig MassB8 Pig Mass

Mean NH3 = 17.9 ppmMean ambient NH3 = 0.4 ppm

Daily Means of NH3 Concentration

0

10

20

30

40

8/22 9/26 10/31 12/5 1/9 2/13 3/20 4/24 5/29 7/3 8/7Date, mm/dd

Con

cent

ratio

n, p

pm

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Pig

Mas

s, A

U

Barn 7Barn 8B7 Pig MassB8 Pig Mass

Mean emission = 8.2 kg/d = 55.2 g/d-AU = 7.4 g/day-pigMax emission = 14.1 kg/d

3,600 pigs will emit 100 lb/day

Daily Means of NH3 Emission

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

8/22 9/26 10/31 12/5 1/9 2/13 3/20 4/24 5/29 7/3 8/7Date, mm/dd

Emis

sion

Rat

e, k

g/d

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Pig

Mas

s, A

U

Barn 7Barn 8B7 Pig MassB8 Pig Mass

6-State USDA Air Emission Study, ‘01-’04Aerial

PollutantEmissions

from

ConfinedAnimals

Buildings

Broilers

Layers

CAPESHSite

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USDA National Research Initiative in Air Quality (March 11, 2004)

Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. $400,365 Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Fla. $100,000 Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa $1,399,971

(3 awards) Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kan. $477,775 Montana State University, Bozeman, Mont. $421,184 NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Va. $223,052 North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C. $479,818 Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind. $460,000 University of Connecticut, Storrs, Conn. $466,130 USDA’s ARS, Lubbock, Texas $196,646 USDA’s FS, Seattle, Wash. $475,059

Total: $5,100,000

National Livestock Compliance Agreement

What will livestock industry do?Pay for nationwide monitoring projectComply with laws based on results

What will U.S. EPA do?Grant temporary safe harborForgive all past violationsConvert data into policyEnforce rules following project

Source: John Thorne: C&M Capitolink

Description of Emissions StudySelected farms will represent pork, egg, broiler, turkey and dairy production

Two years of continuous barn emission dataExtractive sampling of gases

Real-time dust measurements

Effluent ponds monitored every seasonOpen path FTIR and UV sensors

Tomography

Backward Lagrangian stochastic modeling

Standardized design and operating procedures

Source: John Thorne: C&M Capitolink

Real-Time Emission Data to be Collected by NAEMS

Ammonia – chemiluminescence, FTIR, UVHydrogen sulfide – Pulsed-fluorescence, UVCarbon dioxide – Photoacoustic Infrared, FTIRPM (PM2.5, PM10 ) – (TEOM)VOC: GC-MSTSP: integrated samples with Illinois method.Building airflow (fan status~vibration, pressure, vane anemometer, FANS)Include ambient measurements of PM, gases

Operational Data to be CollectedHeating, flushing, feeder, and fan operationTemperature and humidityBuilding static pressureAnimal activityLightingWind speed and directionSolar radiationAnimal inventory and massManure productionManure removalsManure, feed and water analysisMilk productionEgg production

Lagoon Measurement Paths

UV-DOAS

UV-DOAS path

FT-IR reflector

FT-IR/scanner

FT-IR path

Trailer

Corner tower

2m

2m

2m

2m

2m

2

2m

2m

2,6,12m

2,6,12m

2m

2m

2m

2m

150 m

150 m

Up to 300 m

Up to 300 m

Approaches: • FT-IR meas / RPM model

• UV-DOAS, FT-IR meas / bLS model

Source: Rich Grant, Purdue University

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FT-IR Ccanning Paths (one of two systems per lagoon)

retro-reflectors transmitter / receiver / scannerOpen paths

Source: Rich Grant, Purdue University

8 122

6 10 4 10 63

11 8 12 5 11 73

9

68127101

94111251

51112492

1071186

PM monitor (TEOM)

Monitoring Plan for Lab 1

Fan stages

Fan vibration sensor

Manure belts (42)

v vvv vv v vvv v vvvv vv vvv

v vv vvv vvvv vvv vvv vvv

Manure belt (1)

Eggs

To barn 4

V

Activity sensor

8

Cages (7 tiers)

TSP samplerT

T

Thermocouple Air sampling (1-7)Propeller anemometer (SPA)

RH/Temp probeStatic pressure port

Barn 2 (161.6 m x 15.9 m)

F46 F24

*

Wind sensor

Solar sensorS

F1F23

***

**

*

***

**

*

4 2

57

F29F41

6

F9 F2F22

F35

1

F15

3

N

OFIS S

*

*

Cross-section

On-farm instrument shelter (OFIS)

* * * ** *S

* *

*

93

7 12 5 11 8 122

6 10 4 10 63

11 8 12 5 11 73

9

68127101

94111251

51112492

1071186

PM monitor (TEOM)

Fan stages

Fan vibration sensor

Manure belts (42)

v vvv vv v vvv v vvvv vv vvv

v vv vvv vvvv vvv vvv vvv

Manure belt (1)

Eggs

To barn 4

Activity sensor

88

Cages (7 tiers)

TSP samplerT

T

Thermocouple Air sampling (1 -13)Anemometer (SPA)

RH/Temp probeStatic pressure portTEOM PM monitor

Barn 2 (201 m x 21 m)

Fan number

On-farm instrument shelter (OFIS)

11 12

109 7

8

F26F50 F38 F29F47

F25 F1F4F22

Barn 1 (201 m x 21 m)

2

5 6

43

1

F26F50

F13

F38 F29F47

F13F25 F1F4F22

Cages (4 tiers)

Barn 1Pit

Barn 2Pit

OFIS

13

* Activity sensorWind sensorSolar sensorS

S

S

**

*

***

*

*

**

*

***

*

*

* * * * * ** * * * * * * ** *

**

**

*

**

1234 567

2334 4455 5666 67 77 77

9 1088

8888

89 9 9 9 9 9 91010101010101010 9

Fan stages

Monitoring Plan

Particulate impaction curtain (PIC)

PIC

Fan vibration sensorB Beta gauge PM monitor

B

v vvv vvvvvvv v vvv vvvvvvv

v vvv vvvvvvv

v vvv vvvvvvv

V

v vvv vvvvvvv

v vvv vvvvvvv

v vvv vvvvvvv

v vvv vvvvvvv

10 7103

8931

99 10 4 7 9 8 10751047587 9

3264 889

26410 9768 5586 69 109 1010

B *

PIC T

T TSP sampler

T

T

N

T

Thermocouple Air sampling (1 -13)Anemometer (SPA)

RH/Temp probeStatic pressure portTEOM PM monitor

Barn 2 (201 m x 21 m)

Fan number

On-farm instrument shelter (OFIS)

11 12

109 77

88

F26F50 F38 F29F47

F25 F1F4F22

Barn 1 (201 m x 21 m)

2

5 6

43

11

F26F50

F13

F38 F29F47

F13F25 F1F4F22

Cages (4 tiers)

Barn 1Pit

Barn 2Pit

OFIS

13

* Activity sensorWind sensorSolar sensorS

S

S

**

*

***

*

*

**

*

***

*

*

**

*

***

*

*

**

*

***

*

*

* * * * * ** ** * * * * ** * * * * * * ** ** * * * * ** *

**

**

*

**

1234 567

2334 4455 5666 67 77 77

9 1088

8888

89 9 9 9 9 9 91010101010101010 9

Fan stages

Monitoring Plan

Particulate impaction curtain (PIC)

PIC

Fan vibration sensorB Beta gauge PM monitor

B

v vvv vvvvvvv v vvv vvvvvvv

v vvv vvvvvvv

v vvv vvvvvvv

V

v vvv vvvvvvv

v vvv vvvvvvv

v vvv vvvvvvv

v vvv vvvvvvv

10 7103

8931

99 10 4 7 9 8 10751047587 9

3264 889

26410 9768 5586 69 109 1010

B *

PIC T

T TSP sampler

T

T

N

T

Schematic of Air Sampling, Measurement, Calibration and GSS Test

S8

P1

M3

P3

Analyzers

Calibration gases

S1

Sampling probes, 10- 115 m long

M2

M1

Mass flow meter

NH3

CO2 (2K)

Exhausts

F

Pressuresensor

F

Bag fillport

Pressure gage(optional)

Jar

P4

Rotameter (0- 250 mL/min)

Leak test circuit

P

Balance air control valve

NH3

f

p

Analyzer calibration circuit

S9

Bypass pumping circuit

Sampling circuit

Solenoids are all at un- energized positions

P: pump F: filterM: manifoldS: solenoid Teflon tubing (in mm):

9.5 OD 6.4 ID6.4 OD 3.2 ID

Vinyl tubing (in mm):6.4 OD 3.2 ID22.2 OD 15.9 ID

Fittings:Teflon Nylon or otherFlow restrictor

Fan 2

Fan 9

Fan 15

Fan 22

Fan 29

Fan 35

Fan 41

Ambient

P2 Disconnect for leakage test

Diluter

Sampling control Data acquisition

NH3

NH3

CO2

Pressuresensor

p

Schematic of Air Sampling, Measurement, Calibration and GSS Test

S8

P1

M3

P3

Analyzers

Calibration gases

S1

Sampling probes, 10- 115 m long

M2

M1

Mass flow meter

NH3

CO2 (2K)CO2 (2K)

Exhausts

F

Pressuresensor

F

Bag fillport

Pressure gage(optional)

Jar

P4

Rotameter (0- 250 mL/min)

Leak test circuit

P

Balance air control valve

NH3NH3

f

pp

Analyzer calibration circuit

S9

Bypass pumping circuit

Sampling circuit

P: pump F: filterM: manifoldS: solenoid Teflon tubing (in mm):

9.5 OD 6.4 ID6.4 OD 3.2 ID

Vinyl tubing (in mm):6.4 OD 3.2 ID22.2 OD 15.9 ID

Fittings:Teflon Nylon or otherFlow restrictor

P: pump F: filterM: manifoldS: solenoid Teflon tubing (in mm):

9.5 OD 6.4 ID6.4 OD 3.2 ID

Vinyl tubing (in mm):6.4 OD 3.2 ID22.2 OD 15.9 ID

Fittings:Teflon Nylon or otherFlow restrictor

Fan 2

Fan 9

Fan 15

Fan 22

Fan 29

Fan 35

Fan 41

Ambient

P2 Disconnect for leakage test

Diluter

Sampling control Data acquisition

NH3

NH3

CO2

Pressuresensor

pPressuresensor

p

Appendix A: Real-Time Data

The next few pages show screen shots of the data acquisition system at Lab 1 in Ohio in case we do not get connected on-line in the seminar.

Front Panel at Lab 1

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11/5/2004 12

Gas Page at Lab 1

N to S

Ambient Ammonia, TEI 17C

Ammonia, MSA Chillgard

N to S-- Ambient

This graph shows an almost perfect increase of ammonia from the north end of the barn to the south end of the barn due to the accumulation of manure on the belt. At the same time, the CO2 concentration is about the same indicating similar ventilation and number of birds along the length of the barn.

AJH. 10/2/04

Temperature Page at Lab 1 Activity Page at Lab 1

Manure belt

Workers

Ambient PM

Barn PM

Bird Activity

Weather Page at Lab 1 Control Page at Lab 1

This is the window for researchers to sign off that they have inspected the data.

13

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11/5/2004 13

SummaryStricter regulationsInnovative compliance agreementConsensus test protocolsCurrent efforts.