heavy metal pollution assessment: from global to local scale...0.0001 to 0.0 02 5 0.0025 to 0.0 06 7...
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EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2010
Heavy metal pollution assessment: from global to local scale
Oleg Travnikov on behalf of MSC-E and CCC
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2010
Scope of EMEP activities on HMs
• Monitoring of heavy metals within EMEP (CCC)
• Analytical laboratory intercomparison for heavy metals in precipitation (CCC)
• Collection and processing of heavy metal emissions data (CEIP)
• Operational modelling of heavy metal transboundary pollution (MSC-E)
• New developments: EMEP global modelling framework (MSC-E, MSC-W)
• New developments: Update of Hg chemical scheme (MSC-E)
• New developments: National/local scale pollution assessment –Case study (MSC-E, CCC, Parties)
• Co-operation with national experts, international organizations and programmes (MSC-E, CCC, Parties)
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2010
Scope of EMEP activities on HMs
• Monitoring of heavy metals within EMEP (CCC)
• Analytical laboratory intercomparison for heavy metals in precipitation (CCC)
• Collection and processing of heavy metal emissions data (CEIP)
• Operational modelling of heavy metal transboundary pollution (MSC-E)
• New developments: EMEP global modelling framework (MSC-E, MSC-W)
• New developments: Update of Hg chemical scheme (MSC-E)
• New developments: National/local scale pollution assessment –Case study (MSC-E, CCC, Parties)
• Co-operation with national experts, international organizations and programmes (MSC-E, CCC, Parties)
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2010
• Common library of modules
• Common input database
• Unified format of model output results
EMEP global models
GLEMOS(MSC-E)
Unified EMEP(MSC-W)
EMEP global modelling framework
Main requirements:
• Flexible choice of the model domain and resolution
• Multi-pollutant formulation
• Multi-media approach
• Computational efficiency
Practical implementation:
• Modular architecture of existing EMEP global models
Input database
Meteorology
Land cover
Emissions
Soil properties
Common library of modules
Atm. transport
SOx/NOx chem.
Deposition
Aerosol dynamics
O3 chemistry
Soil, ocean, etc.
Hg chemistry
POP chemistry
Output results in unified format
Air concentrations Deposition flux Source attribution
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2010
GLEMOS modular architecture
Atmosphere Ocean Terrestrial
Pilot modular architecture
Atmospherictransport
Oceanictransport
Run-off,diffusion
Gas-particlepartitioning
Partitioning,degradation
Partitioning,degradation
POPs
Environmental media:
• Atmosphere
• Ocean
• Terrestrial media (soil, vegetation, freshwater)
Groups of substances:
• Heavy metals (Pb, Cd)
• Mercury
• POPs (PCBs, …)
Media exchange: Deposition, evasion, etc.
Global EMEP Multi-media Modelling System (GLEMOS)
Heavy metals: Pb, Cd
Aerosoldynamics
Leaching,partitioning
Sorption,settling
Mercury
Atmosphericchemistry
Partitioning,chemistry
Oceanicchemistry
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2010
Update of Hg chemical schemeImplementation of halogen mediated chemistry
Source: UNEP/AMAP, 2008
Hg oxidation during AMDEsImportance of halogen
chemistry for Hg cycle:
• Atmospheric mercury depletion events (AMDEs) in Polar Regions
• Quick oxidation and air-surface exchange in marine boundary layer (MBL)
• Intensive oxidation in upper troposphere
• Role in free troposphere - ?
Hg0 air concentration in the Arctic
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350Day of year
Hg
0 con
cent
ratio
n, n
g/m
3
Alert (Canada), 2005
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2010
Update of Hg chemical scheme
Model modifications:
• Implementation of Hg oxidation chemistry with halogens (Br, BrO)
• Assimilation of satellite-derived BrO concentrations
• Parameterization of prompt re-emission of newly deposited Hg from snow
Implementation of halogen mediated chemistry
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Day of year
Hg
0 con
cent
ratio
n, n
h/m
3
Measurements
Model (without AMDE)
Alert (Canada), 2005
Hg0 air concentration (old chemistry)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Day of year
Hg
0 con
cent
ratio
n, n
h/m
3
MeasurementsModel (with AMDE & re-emis.)
Alert (Canada), 2005
Hg0 air concentration (new chemistry)
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2010
0
1
2
3
4
-90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90Latitude
Hg
0 con
cent
rat.
, ng
/m3
0
1
2
3
4
-90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90Latitude
Hg
0 con
cent
rat.
, ng
/m3
0
1
2
3
4
-90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90Latitude
Hg
0 con
cent
rat.
, ng
/m3
Hg0 concentration in ambient air (2005)
Application of GLEMOS modelling system
Hg total deposition (2005)
Hg simulations on a global scale
90º W 10º E 110º E
Europe
East Asia
North America
0
20
40
60
80
-90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90Latitude
Hg
depo
sitio
n,
g/m
2 /y
90º W 10º E 110º E
East Asia Europe
North America
90ºW 10ºE 110ºE
90ºW 10ºE 110ºE
Measurements
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2010
HTAP model intercomparisonSource attribution for Hg deposition on a global scale
Conclusion: The multi-model study provides consistent estimates of relative source attribution despite the significant differences in emissions and chemistry between the models
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
GEOS-Che
mGRAHM
CMAQ-H
g
Dep
ositi
on fl
ux, g
/km2 /y
North America
GLEMOS
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
GEOS-Che
mGRAHM
CMAQ-H
g
Dep
ositi
on fl
ux, g
/km2 /y
Europe
GLEMOS
Europe
North America
East Asia
South Asia
Other
Natur & re-emis
Source regions:
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2010
Global scale simulations Operational modelling on a regional scale (2008)
HgPb
Cd
0
2
4
6
01-J
an29
-Jan
26-F
eb25
-Mar
22-A
pr20
-May
17-J
un15
-Jul
12-A
ug09
-Sep
07-O
ct04
-Nov
02-D
ec30
-Dec
Cd
dep
ositi
on, g
/km
2 /y
Observed
Model
Cd in precipitation (CZ1)
From global to regional and local scale
National/local scaleassessment
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2010
Country scale HM pollution assessment: Case study
Program of the project:
WP1. Compilation of emissions data on a national scale
WP2. Collection and analysis of monitoring data
WP3. Preparation of input meteorological and geophysical data
and model modifications
WP4. Atmospheric modelling with fine resolution (e.g. 5x5 km2)
WP5. Complex analysis of modelling results
WP6. Improvements of assessment approach and re-evaluation
of pollution levels in the country
Initiated by MSC-E and TFMM [ECE/EB.AIR/GE.1/2009/2]
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2010
Country scale HM pollution assessment: Case study
Participated countries:
Czech Republic, Croatia, Netherlands, Spain, Italy, Slovakia
Submitted information:
•••••�Supplementary data
�••���National modelling
•••••�National network
������EMEP network
Monitoring�••���Supplementary data
�••���Gridded (fine res.)
Emissions
SKITESNLHRCZData
�- submitted • - available � - not available
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2010
Case study: Data submission
Emissions data (submitted):
• Resolution – 5x5 km2
• Source categories
• Large-point sources
Monitoring data (submitted):
• 2 EMEP sites (Košetice, Svratouch)
• National network
• Concentration in air (ca. 30 sites), wet deposition (ca. 70 sites)
• Meteorological data from national network
Czech Republic
Cd wet deposition
Cd emissions (2007)
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2010
Case study: Data submission
0. 0001 t o 0.0 02 5 0. 0025 t o 0.0 06 7 0. 0067 t o 0.0 11 4 0. 0114 t o 0.0 19 0. 019 to 0 .1 0. 1 to 0 .5 0. 5 to 1 .5
kg/km2/y
Spatial distributions of lead emissions (10 km x 10 km ) in 2005
Cd (ng/m3)2009
0. 0
0. 5
1. 0
1. 5
2. 0
2. 5
3. 0
Janu
ary
Febr
uary
Mar
ch
Apr
il
May Ju
n
July
Aug
ust
Sept
embe
r
Oct
ober
Nov
embe
r
Dec
embe
r
Yea
r
months
C(n
g/m
3)
Sisak_1
Zagreb_1
Rijeka_1
Emissions data (submitted):
• Resolution – 10x10 km2
• Source categories
Monitoring data (available):
• Ongoing development of national network
• Air concentration (4 sites)
• Wet deposition (4 sites)
Croatia
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2010
Case study: Data submission
Emissions data (submitted):
• Resolution – 5x5 km2
Monitoring data (available):
• 4 EMEP sites, national network
• Air concentration (6 sites)
• Wet deposition (4 sites)
Netherlands
Pb emission (2007)
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2010
Case study: Data submission
Emissions data (available):
• Resolution – 5x5 km2
• Source categories
• Large-point sources
• Temporal variation
National scale model – CHIMERE
Monitoring data (available):
• 4 EMEP sites, national network
• Air concentration (≥ 9 sites)
• Wet deposition (≥ 7 sites)
17032999
19061999
25224999
27058999
33036999
49149999
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4
36
38
40
42
44
Spain
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2010
Case study: Data submission
Monitoring data (available):
• 1 EMEP site, national network
• Lead (33 sites)
• Cadmium (19 sites)
Emissions data (available):
• Resolution – 4x4 km2
• Source categories
• Large-point sources
• Temporal variation
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
01/
01/0
7
08/0
1/0
715
/01/
07
22/0
1/0
72
9/0
1/07
05/
02/0
7
12/0
2/0
7
19/0
2/0
726
/02/
07
05/
03/
071
2/03
/07
19/0
3/0
7
26/0
3/0
702
/04/
07
09/
04
/07
16
/04
/07
23/0
4/0
7
30/0
4/0
70
7/0
5/07
14/
05/0
7
21/0
5/0
728
/05/
07
04/0
6/0
71
1/0
6/07
18/
06/0
7
25/0
6/0
702
/07/
07
09/0
7/0
71
6/0
7/07
23/
07/0
7
30/0
7/0
706
/08/
07
13/0
8/07
20/
08/0
7
27/0
8/0
703
/09/
07
10/
09/
07
17/
09/
072
4/09
/07
01/1
0/0
708
/10/
07
15/
10/
07
22/
10/
072
9/10
/07
05/1
1/0
712
/11/
07
19/
11/
07
26/
11/
070
3/12
/07
con
cen
tratio
n(ug
/l)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120CuPbCd(right axis)
Zn(right axis)
National scale model – MINNI/FARM
Italy
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2010
Case study: Data submission
Emissions data (available):
• Resolution – 50x50 km2
• Source categories
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Road transport
Agglomaration of iron ore
Energy and heat production
Waste incineration
Glass production
Other
Monitoring data (available):
• 4 EMEP sites, national urban network
• Air concentration (10 sites)
• Wet deposition (4 sites)
Slovakia
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2010
• Preparation of fine spatially resolved land cover data
• Processing and adaptation of emissions data for modelling
• Wind re-suspension estimateson a country scale
Case study: Input data for modellingPreparation of meteorological and geophysical data (MSC-E)
Data processing:
• Generation of country scale meteorological fields (MM5)
• Evaluation of meteorological data vs. observations
50x50 km 2
10x10 km 2
Precipitation over Croatia (2007)
0
400
800
1200
1600
2000
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000
Measured, mm/y
Cal
cula
ted,
mm
/y
Rcorr = 0.47
0
400
800
1200
1600
2000
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000
Measured, mm/y
Cal
cula
ted,
mm
/y
Rcorr = 0.69
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2010
Case study: Pilot modelling results
Country scale simulations of heavy metal pollution (MSC-E)
Cd deposition over Czech Republic (2007)
Resolution: 5x5 km2Resolution: 50x50 km2
Comment: Detailed analysis and evaluations of the results are planed at the next stage of the study
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2010
Case study: Future activitiesCzech Rebublic
• Simulations of HM concentration and deposition with fine resolution (5x5 km2)
• Evaluation of source attribution based on administrative regions, large point sources, source categories etc.
• Joint analysis of the results and improvement of the assessment
• Re-evaluation of HM pollution levels in the country
Croatia and Netherlands
• Elaboration of country-specific programmes
• Start model simulations
Other countries
• Continue data collection and processing
• Development of country-specific programmes
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2010
MSC-E and CCC publications
EMEP reports:
• EMEP/CCC-Report 3/2010
• EMEP/CCC-Report 5/2010
• Joint MSC-W/MSC-E Technical Report
• EMEP/MSC-E Technical Report 1/2010
• EMEP/MSC-E Status Report 2/2010
International assessments:
• HTAP 2010 Assessment Report
• AMAP Assessment 2010
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2010
MSC-E and CCC publications
Peer-reviewed publications:
• Aas, W., Alleman, L.Y., Bieber, E., Gladtke, D., Houdret, J.L., Karlsson, V. and Monies, C. Monies (2009). Comparison of methods for measuringatmospheric deposition of arsenic, cadmium, nickel and lead. J. Environ. Monit. 11, 1276-1283
• Pacyna, J.M., Pacyna, E.G. and Aas, W. (2009). Changes of emissions andatmospheric deposition of mercury, lead, and cadmium in Europe. Atmosheric Environment 43, 1, 117-127
• Holy M., Pesch R., Schröder W., Harmens H., Ilyin I. et al. 2009. First thorough identification of factors associated with Cd, Hg and Pbconcentrations in mosses sampled in the European Surveys 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2005. J Atmos Chem (2009) 63:109–124
• Travnikov O. et al. ‘GLEMOS: Application to heavy metal and POP pollution’, ACP (EMEP special issue), in prep.
• Travnikov O. et al. ‘Multi-model assessment of mercury dispersion in the global atmosphere’, ACP (EMEP special issue), in prep.
• Travnikov O., ‘Atmospheric transport of mercury’, In: Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology of Mercury (Eds. Liu, Cai and O’driscoll), Wiley & Son, in prep.
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2010
Workplan elements on HMs for 2011Annual activities:
� Operational monitoring and modelling pollution levels in Europe and evaluation of modelling results against measurements (MSC-E, CCC)
Research and development:
� Further development and testing the GLEMOS modelling systemincluding improvement of modular architecture and implementation of multi-media approach for Hg (MSC-E)
� Continue collaboration with MSC-W on development of the EMEP global modelling framework (MSC-E, MSC-W)
� Further research and evaluation of heavy metal re-suspension (MSC-E, CCE, Parties)
Co-operation:
� Case study: Co-operation with national experts for national/local scale HMs pollution assessment (MSC-E, TFMM, Parties)