PRESENTED BY: AYISHA IRSHAD (CCEE-12/2013-2014)

PRESENTED TO: SIR SALMAN HAMEED

INRODUCTION London Heathrow Airport or Heathrow is London's main airport

and a major international airport serving London, England, known as London Airport from 1946. Located, in West London, Heathrow is the busiest airport in the United Kingdom and the third busiest airport in the world in total passenger traffic, handling more international passengers than any other airport around the globe. It is also the busiest airport in Europe by passenger traffic and the third busiest by traffic movements.

Heathrow Airport is used by over 90 airlines flying to 170 destinations worldwide. The airport is the primary hub of British Airways

The busiest single destination in passenger numbers is New York, with over 3.8 million passengers between Heathrow and JFK / Newark airports in 2011. The airport has four passenger terminals (Terminals 1, 3, 4 and 5) and a cargo terminal. 

LOCATION Heathrow lies 12 nautical miles (22 km; 14 mi)

west of Central London, The airport holds a Civil Aviation Authority Public Use which allows flights for

public transportation of passengers or for flying instruction.

HISTORY

Aviation at the location of what is now Heathrow Airport began during World War I, when the site was used as a military airfield. By the 1930s the airfield, then known as the Great Western Aerodrome, was privately owned by Fairey Aviation Company, and was used for aircraft assembly and testing, although it was also know as the Harmondsworth Aerodrome and the Heath Row Aerodrome.

In 1943, Heathrow came under the control of the Air Ministry, to be developed as a Royal Air Force transfer station

KEY MILESTONES:•1944: Construction of London Airport's runways begins.•1946: London Airport officially opens.•1955: Her Majesty The Queen opens the Central Terminal Area and Control Tower.•1957: The first non-stop flight to California sets a new record for distance and time.•1964: The Beatles are mobbed at London Airport.•1966: The British Airports Authority is created. London Airport is renamed 'Heathrow'.•1969: Terminal 1 is opened and existing buildings renamed Terminals 2 and 3.•1976: Concorde makes its first passenger flight.

•1977: The London Underground link is opened.•1986: His Royal Highness Prince Charles and Princess Diana inaugurate Terminal 4.•1987: The British Airports Authority is privatized as BAA plc.•1997: The Terminal 5 public planning inquiry ends – the longest in UK history.•1998: The Heathrow Express rail service is launched.•2003: Three Concords make their final touchdown at Heathrow.•2006: The Airbus A380 makes its first UK landing into a newly built Pier 6 at Terminal 3.•2007: A new air traffic control tower is operational – the tallest in the UK.•2008: Terminal 5 is officially opened by Her Majesty The Queen in March; The first commercial A380 flight arrives at Heathrow.•2009: Terminal 4 underwent a major refurbishment to improve facilities.•2010: Demolition work started on Terminal 2 to make way for its £1 billion replacement

CONSTRUCTION

•In the beginning of the First World War the area that is now London Heathrow airport was used as a training ground and British airport for the military

•Around 1930 British aero engineer and aircraft builder Richard fairey paid the vicar of Harmon’s worth at the time £15,000 for a 150 acre piece of land to create an airport to build and test different aircrafts

•After world war II was over the British government handed over the base to the air to becomes London new civil airport,

•as the closing of London Heathrow airport first operational year they estimated that 63,000 passengers had travel through the airport and the by 1951 it has been risen to a 796000 passengers. Terminal 1 opened in 1968 and was formally inaugurated by Queen Elizabeth II in May 1969

In 2004 Heathrow airport holding Ltd signed a contact with Star Alliance Network. Terminal 1 would now facilitate international passengers, with the influx passenger in and out of Terminal 1there would have to be major refurbishment to accommodate all these new passengers. Stated by the project management institute from their project paper

“Terminal 1 had been out of date and badly in need of refurbishment with the 40 year old building not seeing

any significant updates since it was built in the 60s. With serious refurbishment going elsewhere at

Heathrow airport as well as the upcoming opening of Terminal 5 and the introduction of international

passengers to Terminal 1.”

HEATHROW PROJECT LIFE CYCLE

PROJECT LIFE CYCLE

 PROJECT INITIATION

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PLANNING

•Clear mandate was issued to third party suppliers and contractors. To follow a very specific framework of the project

•To have an effective and coordinated team that could respond instantly to the demands of this project, the main contractor should be located in the same office as the project team

•Custom software “online change control” system-Allowed any members of the team to capture changes on/offsite and send them online to senior project manager for instant approval or rejection

EXECUTION CHALLENGES

HEALTH AND SAFETY:•Live operating passenger terminal.•Any interruptions would result in delays for airline operating and financial penalties STRUCTURAL CHALLENGES: •Repair the damaged floor which was initially constructed 40 years earlier21 weeks extra work•Constructed with different material from what was used to the rest of the flooring terminal.•Irregular surfaces of floor 

TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGES:

•Replacement of existing system of terminal building•It required specialist flight system•Flight information display screens•Regulatory systems for passenger processing•Closed circuit televisions.

SOLUTIONS:

•Regular meetings weekly and monthly with all suppliers•Good communications•Large no of stakeholders•Effective delivering team t hat respond instantly to demands and unexpected changes located in some place•An airtight area secured the asbestos roof work so there would be no leak during removal work and new construction and there would be no interruption for terminal operations•Improvements on energy savings and heating•Problems could therefore be passed on to the project manger very quickly due to good monitoring

RESULTS:•Heathrow airport terminal was completed on time in 2008 September•The project was delivered within budget

INFRASTRUCTURE

AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL TOWER

•Air traffic control (ATC) is a service provided by ground-based controllers who direct aircraft on the ground and through controlled airspace.•Provide advisory services to aircraft in non-controlled airspace. •The primary purpose of ATC worldwide is to prevent collisions, organize the flow of traffic, and provide information and other support for pilots. •To prevent collisions, ATC enforces traffic separation rules, which ensure each aircraft maintains a minimum amount of empty space around it at all times.

HEATHROW AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL TOWER

Air traffic control tower was formerly installed in 1955, which was designed by Sir Frederick In April 2005 the new air traffic control tower was topped out and in March 2005 the control tower was erected to its full height of 87m.The cone, which contains the control room, is supported on top of an 85m-high, 4.6m-diameter triangular steel mast anchored to the ground, with three pairs of cable stays The new ATC became operational during the third quarter of 2006

ASSEMBLING OF NEW AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL TOWER

•The commission for a new control tower (or visual control room) at London Heathrow Airport followed on from design of the new Terminal 5 at Heathrow, and reflects the growth in traffic at Europe’s busiest airport. The 87m-tall tower incorporates a 24-hour-a-day, seven-days-a-week facility.

•The location at Heathrow’s centre necessitates full 360 ̊ views from the cab.

•To fulfill these requirements, the final design provides what is thought to be the largest cone of vision of any control tower in the world.

•Also which included reduced angles of vision for individual controllers, larger areas of glass, more solar gain, and wind drag on the tower also it provided air traffic control services to aircraft arriving and departing

FUNCTIONALITY OF AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL TOWER (ATC):•The location at Heathrow’s centre necessitates full 360 ̊ views from the cab

•To fulfill these requirements, the final design provides what is thought to be the largest cone of vision of any control tower in the world.

•Also which included reduced angles of vision for individual controllers, larger areas of glass, more solar gain, and wind drag on the tower also it provided air traffic control services to aircraft arriving and departing.

 

The cab contains four levels (as shown in fig), the highest being the visual control room (VCR), and Accommodating desks for 13 controllers.At the base of this wall is a gallery space used to service the sub-equipment room containing communications and radar equipment. Underneath the sub-equipment level is the rest and recreation area containing a rest room, kitchen, toilet, and office. An external walkway here accesses a permanent cleaning cradle to service the entire cab glass wall. The lowest level accommodates the air-handling plant.The mast structure itself contains stairs, an internal lift, and various risers for IT purposes. This rises through the middle of the cab and services every level. Finally, a three-storey building at the base of the tower contains the NATS offices, administration and training rooms, technical equipment areas, and main plant rooms

CONSTRUCTION STRATEGY

The logistical challenge facing the project team was to design and construct the control tower on an island site surrounded by live runways in the centre of one of the world's busiest airports. The solution was to pre-assemble as much of the tower away from the site as possible and then to ensure that the actual onsite installation was as quick as possible by minimizing site welding using pre-engineered connections. This construction strategy allowed all the construction to take place at low level and the use of high crane jibs, which would have interfered with the radar operation in the airport, was minimized

Location Heathrow Airport, London

Dates Transport

Client 1989 - 2007

The Architect BAA plc

Structural Engineer

Richard Rogers Partnership

Civil Engineer Arup

Principal Contractors

Mott McDonald

Construction Management

Mace/Watsons Steel/AMEC/Schmidlin

CONSTRUCTION METHOD OF ATC

The logistical challenge facing the project team was to design and construct the control tower on an island site surrounded by live runways in the centre of one of the world's busiest airports

. The solution was to pre-assemble as much of the tower away from the site as possible and then to ensure that the actual onsite installation was as quick as possible by minimizing site welding using pre-engineered connections

This construction strategy allowed all the construction to take place at low level and the use of high crane jibs, which would have interfered with the radar operation in the airport, was minimized

PREFABRICATED MAST SECTION

With mast erection complete, the project immediately progressed to fit-out of the base building and the connection of services between it and the cab. Once this was complete, the temporary guy cables were removed and the permanent 150mm diameter locked coil cables installed from a crane and tensioned during a further series of Night-time operations.

The new tower went ”live” in February 2007 when full airport operations transferred and the old tower was closed after 52 years of service. Building a new air-traffic control tower in the centre of Heathrow’s airside operations involved unique construction and operational requirements that largely dictated its architectural and engineering form (a more detailed description of the project has been published elsewhere3). This tower satisfies the air-traffic controllers’ requirements, yet was constructed with no disruption to the airport’s daily operations and no accidents.

RUNWAYS

RUNWAYS OF HEATHROW AIRPORT

•In the 1950s, Heathrow had six runways, arranged in three pairs at different angles in the shape of a hexagram (✡) with the permanent passenger terminal in the middle and the older terminal along the north edge of the field, and two of its runways would always be within 30° of the wind direction.

•As the required length for runways has grown, Heathrow now has only two parallel runways running east–west. These are extended versions of the two east-west runways from the original hexagram

•Heathrow has two parallel east–west runways, plus a cross wind runway along with four operational terminals on a site that covers 3,000 acres (1,200 ha).

CROSSWIND RUNWAY•A consultation process for the building of a third runway and a sixth terminal began in November 2007, and the project was controversially approved on 15 January 2009 by Labor government ministers. It was subsequently cancelled on 12 May 2010 by the Cameron Government.•A third runway at Heathrow is the best solution for linking UK to fast-growing markets The shortlisted option is a new westerly proposal that delivers less noise Heathrow will now work with local communities to develop proposals further. But according to SKYNEWS” A third runway for Heathrow has met with bitter opposition and the publication of the report will likely trigger a substantial political row”.

TERMINLAS

•Terminal 1 opened in 1968 and was formally inaugurated by Queen Elizabeth II in May 1969. Before Terminal 5 opened, Terminal 1 was the base for British Airways' domestic network from Heathrow and for a few of its long haul routes.•With an area of 74,601 m2 (803,000 sq ft. )

Terminal 1 is home to all Heathrow's domestic flights, as well as some European and long-haul destinations. 22 airlines operate from Terminal 1, carrying over 25 million passengers each year.

FACILITIES AT TERMINAL 1:Baggage EnquiriesForeign ExchangeCash Facilities Communication FacilitiesInformation PointsMedical CareToilets and ShowersWorshipArrivals for international passengers are located on the ground floor of Terminal 1. Domestic, Republic of Ireland and Channel Island arrivals and baggage reclaim are located on the first floor of Terminal 1

TERMINAL 2

Heathrow's current major project is the construction of a vast new Terminal 2 on the site of the original Terminal 2 and the Queen's Building. The new development was originally named Heathrow East Terminal. It is designed by Luis Vidal + Architects (LVA), and it is due to open on 4 June 2014. Terminal 2 was completed in November 2013 and is currently undergoing 6 months of testing .The project includes•main Terminal 2 building,• 522-metre (1,713 ft) satellite pier (T2B)• 1,340 space car park and an energy centre and cooling station.• Passengers will be able to choose from a selection of 52 shops and restaurants. •It was reported it is set to open on 23 June 2014.

Former Terminal building in 1972

Former Terminal 2 building in 2007

Terminal 2operate 30 airlines from this terminal carrying over 8.5 million passengers every year. There are some long-haul flights operating from Terminal 2 although most are for European destinations

Baggage EnquiriesForeign ExchangeCash Facilities Communication FacilitiesInformation PointsMedical CareToilets and ShowersWorship

TERMINAL 3

•Terminal 3 opened as The Oceanic Terminal on 13 November 1961 to handle flight departures for long-haul routes. At this time the airport had a direct helicopter service to Central London from the gardens on the roof of the terminal building. Renamed Terminal 3 in 1968

•it was expanded in 1970 with the addition of an arrivals building. Other facilities added included the UK's first moving walkways.

•In 2006, the new £105 million Pier 6 was completed to accommodate the Airbus A380 superjumbo; Singapore Airlines, Emirates and Qantas now operate regular flights from Terminal 3 using the Airbus A380. These three airlines have nearly a dozen daily A380 flights.

•As of 2013, Terminal 3 has an area of 98,962 m2 (1,065,220 sq ft) and in 2011 handled 19.8 million passengers on 104,100 flights

•Today, it is used by 26 airlines and approximately 15.5 million passengers. Terminal 3 mainly operates long-haul flights, although some are to European destinations.

Baggage Enquiries Foreign Exchange Cash Facilities Information Points Medical Care CommunicationToilets and Shower

sWorship Travel Insura

nce

Other Facilities

OTHER FACILITIES

Terminal 3 mainly deals with long-haul flights for US, South America, and Asia. There is also a number of African and Australasian airlines operating from Terminal 3 as well as some flights to Europe

TERMINAL 4

•Opened in 1986, Terminal 4 is situated to the south of the southern runway next to the cargo terminal and is connected to Terminals 1, 2 and 3 by the Heathrow Cargo Tunnel. The terminal has an area of 105,481 m2 (1,135,390 sq ft) .

•it houses 37 airlines and handles approximately 14.2 million passengers each year. The flights operating from Terminal 4 are mainly for long-haul and European destinations, with Air India, Delta and KLM being the major airlines flying from this terminal.

TERMINAL 5

Heathrow Terminal 5 is the newest of Heathrow's terminals. It was opened in 2008 at a cost of £4 billion, and its five floors are large enough to hold 50 football pitches. It is used exclusively by British Airways and Iberia, and provides a huge range of facilities for travellers, including restaurants, shops, hotels, car hire services, business services, parking and bureaux de change facilities.The design of the new terminal began in 1989, but government planning permission was only granted in November 2001. The terminal was officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II on the 14th March 2008 and was open to passengers on the 27th March 2008.Facilities at Heathrow Terminal 5Hotels at or near the terminal Medical HelpCommunication Facilities Hire a car at Heathrow T5Parking at Heathrow T5 Disabled PassengersBaggage EnquiriesCash FacilitiesInformation PointsShowers and Baby ChangingTrolleys and Porter ServicesRelaxation and Leisure FacilitiesBusiness FacilitiesFamily Facilities

SERVICES

FACILITIES

AND

FAMILY FACILITIES AT HEATHROW AIRPORTFamily lounge – Terminal 3The Family Lounge is a dedicated area for families with play areas for ages 0-2 and 3-9, a children's quiet room, a Game Zone for children aged 10 - 15, coffee and soft drink vending, and comfortable seating for adults. There is a discreet area for nursing mothers.

Play areas – Terminals 1, 2, 4 and 5There's plenty of pre-flight fun and entertainment for your children in our free Stay & Play areas. With slides, soft play areas and separate baby and junior zones, there's plenty to keep your young ones entertained and exercised.

Food for familiesChild-friendly restaurants are easy to find at Heathrow. Most provide high chairs and children's menus.You'll find some of Britain's favourite family-friendly restaurant brands at each Heathrow terminal

HEATHROW WI-FI AND INTERNET ACCESS

There's Wi-Fi available throughout the terminal to help you stay in touch or plan your travels.

HEATHROW BUSINESS SERVICES At Heathrow all business travel needs are available helping to meet the deadlines that can’t afford to miss.That’s why Heathrow offer more flights, flying more frequently to key business destinations, and a range of innovations designed to make the business of travel feel less like hard work, and also provide•Heathrow business parking saves time•Relax in a business lounge

• London Heathrow business hotel is ideal when planning conferences, exhibitions and meetings.•The largest room accommodates up to 480 people which is ideal for large or small conferences.•Heathrow airport business hotel offers Wi-Fi, audiovisual resources and varied catering options.•main function room has direct access to a large cargo lift, ideal for cars and large equipment•Additionally, Heathrow offer a 500-square-meter exhibition spaces that is perfect for tradeshows.•Business hotel is less than half a mile from the Heathrow airport and is ideal for events.

HEATHROW AIRPORT LOUNGESExecutive LoungeTerminal 1 and Terminal 3• In the Executive Lounge you'll enjoy service and hospitality for up to three hours before your flight with facilities including:•Complimentary soft drinks, tea, coffee and snacks.•Internet access, computer points, phone and fax.•Television and a selection of newspapers and magazines.•Comfortable chairs in quiet surroundings.

Traveler LoungeTerminal 3Relax in style before you fly at the No.1 Traveler Lounge. Facilities include:Complimentary food and drinkFree Wi-Fi plus newspapers and magazinesGames Rooms and CinemaFamily RoomRunway viewsNo.1 Travel Spa, offering massages and nail treatmentsSingle and twin bedrooms.

MEDICAL HELP AT HEATHROW

Emergency treatment•If you require emergency medical treatment, use any internal telephone. The operator can make sure an ambulance is quickly sent to the right part of the airport.• If you need help finding a telephone, please ask a member of airport staff.

Health centersBasic treatment is provided at the Heathrow Health Centre located, which is staffed by qualified nurses.

PharmaciesBoots the Chemist has branches in all terminals at Heathrow, before and after security, where over-the-counter medicines and treatments can be bought.

MULTI-FAITH PRAYER ROOMSIn addition to the Chapel of St George, Heathrow Airport provides Prayer Rooms to enable people of all Faiths to find a quiet retreat for prayer and meditation in each of the Terminals. Each prayer room is open all day and has relevant literature and resources for worship and reflection.

GROUND TRANSPORTATION

TRAIN

•Heathrow Express: a non-stop service direct to London's Paddington station; trains leave every 15 minutes for the 15-minute journey (21 minutes to/from Terminal 5)

•Heathrow Connect: a stopping service to Paddington calling at up to five National Rail trains leave every 30 minutes for the 27-minute journey. Heathrow Connect services terminate at Heathrow Central station (Terminals 1 & 3).•London Underground four stations serve the airport Terminals 1, 2, 3; Terminal 4; Terminal 5 serves the passenger terminals

BUS AND COACH•Many buses and coaches operate from the large Heathrow airport central bus station serving Terminals 1 and 3, and also from bus stations at Terminals 4 and 5. •Between 1981 and 2004, the airport was linked to central London by a group of routes known as Airbus.

INTER-TERMINAL TRANSPORTTerminals 1 and 3 are within walking distance of each other. Transfers to Terminal 4 and 5 are by Heathrow Express trains or bus. Heathrow Express and Heathrow Connect services between Heathrow Central and Terminals 4 and 5 are free of charge

TAXITaxis are available at all terminals.CARHeathrow is accessible via the nearby M4 motorway or A4 road (Terminals 1–3), the M25 motorway (Terminals 4 and 5), and the A30 road (Terminal 4). There are drop-off and pick-up areas at all terminals and short-

FACTS AND OTHER

Traffic and statisticsAlthough Heathrow Airport Holdings claims that Heathrow is the "world's busiest international airport", in 2011 it ranked third-busiest by total passenger traffic, after Atlanta and Beijing which are both international airports. However, Heathrow does have the highest number of international passengers.In 2011, Heathrow was the busiest airport in Europe in total passenger traffic, with 13.9% more passengers than Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport and 23.0% more than Frankfurt Airport, However, it was in second place behind Charles de Gaulle in total aircraft movements in 2011 with 5.1% fewer landings and take offs than its French counterpart. Heathrow was the third busiest European airport by cargo traffic in 2013, after Paris Charles de Gaulle and Frankfurt.

PASSENGERS NO AT HEATHROW FROM 1986 TO 2013Heathrow's 69 million passengers in 2011, 7% were bound for UK destinations, 41% were short-haul international travelers and 52% were long-haul. The busiest single destination in passenger numbers is New York, with over 3.8 million passengers between Heathrow and JFK / Newark airports in 2011

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