Heat Transfer in Nanochannels and

Microchannels: Roadmap 2012

Status, Vision and Research Plan

Satish G. Kandlikar

Rochester Institute of Technology

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Overview of Presentation

ICNMM Conferences – Progress over 10 years

Current Status on Heat Transfer in Microchannels

Unresolved Issues

Research Goals and Plan

Worksheet for developing a collective vision

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ASME – ICNMM Profile

1st ICMM, 2003 Rochester, NY

2nd ICMM, 2004 Rochester, NY

3rd ICMM2005 Toronto, Canada

4th ICNMM2006 Limerick, Ireland

5th ICNMM, 2007 Puebla, Mexico

6th ICNMM, 2008 Darmstadt, Germany

7th ICNMM, 2009 Pohang, South Korea

8th ICNMM, 2010 Montreal, Canada

9th ICNMM, 2011 Edmonton, Canada

10th ICNMM, 2012 Puerto Rico, USA

A truly multidisciplinary international conference dedicated to fundamentals and applications of

nanoscale and microscale transport phenomena

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Renowned Plenary Speakers at ICNMM2011

David Tuckerman & R. Fabian W. Pease

Dongqing Li

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ICNMM11 Participation by Country

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ICNMM11 Papers by Topic Area

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Journal Publications/Special Issues

Heat Transfer Engineering – Afshin Ghajar

Int. J. Thermophysical Sciences – Yildiz Bayazitoglu

Journal of Heat Transfer – Terry Simon

Nanofluidics and Microfluidics – Dongqing Li

Nanoscale and Microscale Transport Phenomena –

Ken Goodson

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NSF Panel on Research Needs in

Microchannel Heat Transfer

Roger Fabian Pease and David Tuckerman –

Electronics Cooling and New Applications

Dongqing Li –

Heat Transfer Applications in Lab-on-Chips

Yoav Peles –

Enhancement through Mixing Techniques

Sushanta Mitra –

Mixing in Adiabatic Microfluidics

Satish Kandlikar –

Enhancement through Roughness

ICNMM2011 – Edmonton

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Highlights of ICNMM2011

Boiling Enhancement Nanorwires for enhancing flow boiling On copper microchannel

bottom surface, Chen Li, U. South Carolina

Nanoengineered wettability, Daniel Attinger – Iowa State U., For efficient energy systems, Evelyn Wang, MIT

Microporous coatings for flow boiling and CHF enhancement in minichannels– S.M. You, UT Austin

Heat pipe using minichannels – Khandekar, IIT Kanpur, Bonjour, INSA – Lyon, Diana_Andra Borca-Tisciuc

Swirl flow – Hassan, Parachute shaped particles – Fatemah Hassanipour

Surface effects of boiling at microscale Kenning, UK

Droplet evaporation and spreading with nanoparticles Matar, Imperial College, UK

Flow boiling enhancement with very high flow rates (Kosar/Bergles, Turkey/USA)

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Highlights of ICNMM2011

Surface treatments

Robust superhydrophobic coatings for digital microfluidics – Amirfazli, U. Alberta

Diffusion/Mass Transfer

Diffusion measurement using microscale experimental techniques – Mitra, U. Alberta

Microscopic freezing phenomena of small droplets in Fuel Cell application

Chikahisa, Japan

Microfluidics

Oxcillators in microchannels El-Genk, N.Mexico

Freezing of water droplets on surfaces Amirfazli, Alberta

Microcoolers using Joule-Thompson effect Takata, Japan

Gas Flow

Gas flow simulation– Colin (INSA-Toulouse, France, Duan Waterloo, Canada, Croce,

Udine, Italy. Kamali, Shiraz U., Iran)

Application to modeling gas flow through filters, microfilter model, Schneider,

Waterloo

Roughness effects in gas flow (Faghri, RI, Ueno, Japan, Kandlikar RIT and Yang,

Taiwan)

Gas flow inmicrotubes (Morini, Italy, Kandlikar, RIT and Yang, Taiwan)

Molecular film for pressure measurement in gas flow, (Matsuda/Nimi Japan) 10

Highlights of ICNMM2011

Single Phase Enhancement

Enhancement geometries suggested in literature analyzed numerically, grooves in microchannels Analyzeed geometries recommended by Kandlikar and Grande (2005) Abouli, Iran, V-grooves Cui, China

Single-phase enhancement with flow modifications Peles, RPI, US

Nanofluids Wang, Hong Kong

Application

Production of hydrogen by chemical reaction in a mini-channel Kuznetsov (Novosibirsck)

Small scale refrigerators, (Barbosa, Brazil)

Thermoelectric coolers and power generators Hendricks, Pacific Northwest Lab

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Effect of surface structure on flow boiling in

microchannels – Karayiannis and Kenning

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STATUS SNAPSHOT –

ELECTRONICS COOLING

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Early Pioneers

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Dr. Robert W. Keyes

1921-2010

Prof. A. Louis London

1913-2008

Prof. James B. Angell

1924-2006

MEMS pioneer. Coined the

term micromachine in 1978.

Co-developed first “lab on a

chip” (a gas chromatograph).

IBM Physicist,

IEEE Fellow.

Studied physical limits

in electronic systems

Courtesy –

Prof. R. F. W. Pease

Stanford University

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Courtesy –

Prof. R. F. W. Pease

Stanford University

ICM Microchannel Liquid Cooler

Offset strip fin arrangement, Colgan et al. (2005)

500 m fin length, 50 m channel width, Flow Length – 2mm

Average h in excess of 500,000 W/m2 C (Steinke and Kandlikar, 2005) 16

STATUS SNAPSHOT –

APPLICATIONS

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Microchannel Based UHT Milk Pasteurizer Our new design is a ‘2-port’ HX with integral heating

◦ applies thermal energy to a liquid, then recaptures heat in adjacent channel

◦ Local balance inherently superior to global balance in 4-port HX (i.e., higher HX effectiveness) due to elimination of flow maldistributions

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Courtesy –

Dr. David Tuckerman

Intellectual Ventures ©

No reproduction or distribution

without express written

permission of Intellectual

Ventures ©

Publications: 1991-2011

Single-Phase Liquid and Gas Flow

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1st ICMM

Microchannel single-phase flow timeline

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Single-Phase Liquid Flow: Unresolved Issues

Enhancement Techniques

◦ Colgan et al. (2005) developed a microcooler

removing a heat flux of 800 W/cm2 and a heat

transfer coefficient of >500,000 W/m2 C.

◦ Complex header arrangement and high pressure

gradient limit its usage across other applications.

Need to develop new enhancement techniques

that excel in heat transfer performance and

provide a simpler header configuration with

lower pressure gradients.

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Single-Phase Gas Flow in microchannels: Largely unexplored topic for enhanced heat transfer

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Microchannel flow boiling timeline

Publications: 1993-2011

Microchannel Flow Boiling

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1st ICMM

Heat transfer in flow boiling affected by instabilities

Hetsroni et al. (2003) – absence of flow oscillations and instabilities in

adiabatic air-water two-phase flows

Steinke and Kandlikar (2004), Instabilities lead to deterioration in h

Water 1 atm., parallel microchannels,

Significant Deterioration in Heat Transfer

during Flow Boiling in Microchannels

Single-phase liquid flow in microcoolers removes

~ 1 kW/cm2 heat flux with water.

Current flow boiling systems are limited to ~ 100

W/cm2 with significantly lower performance

compared to single-phase systems.

Need to develop stable, high performance flow

boiling systems to excel single-phase

microchannel cooling systems.

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Flow Boiling: Unresolved Issue

Research Needs/Opportunities

Unresolved Issues in Microchannel Fundamentals

◦ Single phase enhancement techniques offering low pressure drop penalties

◦ Nano-Micro and Micro-Macro hierarchical transport processes

◦ Stable, high performance during flow boiling in microchannels

New Microscale Devices and Products

◦ nano-micro integrated devices, micro-HX, miniaturized refrigeration, biological and novel applications, electrokinetic flow based systems, micro-reactors,

Integration with Macroscale Systems

◦ Aerospace recuperators, nuclear reactor primary/secondary loops, industrial HX (evaporators/condensers)

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Microchannel Technology Roadmap

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Microchannel Technology Roadmap - Worksheet

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ASME

HTD / FED/ ICNMM 2012

JULY 8 – 12

PUERTO RICO, USA

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See You There

Thank You!