Heat Transfer Enhancement in AutomobileRadiator Using Nanofluids: A Review

Naman Jinsiwale1, Prof. Vishal Achwal2

1Mechanical Engineering, S.I.R.T, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India2 Mechanical Engineering Department, S.I.R.T Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India

1 namanjinsiwale@gmail.com2 vishalachwal60@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:In today’s world one of the most important tasksis to handle the energy available and tominimize the heat losses. Talking about theautomobile sector, engine is the prime energysource. Cooling system in any automobilesystem is of utmost importance as it carries theheat from the engine and dispenses it to theatmosphere. It also enhances the fuel economyand heat transfer rate which in turn helps inmaximizing the engine performance.Keywords: Radiator, Nanofluids, Nanoparticles,Ethylene Glycol, Propylene Glycol, thermalconductivity, heat transfer coefficient, effectiveness.

INTRODUCTION:High performance cooling is the need of the hour.Most internal combustion engines are fluid cooledeither air or liquid cooled in which case a liquidcoolant is made to flow through a heat exchangercommonly known as radiator. The heat transfer ratecan be enhanced by different ways and means.Extended surfaces also called as fins are providedto the radiator which increases the surface area forheat transfer and thus give a comparatively higherheat transfer as compared to one without fins. Theperformance of radiator strongly depends upondifferent parameters like fluid thermal conductivity,Reynolds number nusselt number prandtl number.Various coolants are being used in automobileradiator to serve the purpose of heat transfer.Different fluids have different thermal propertiesand hence perform in different ways. Water beingavailable readily is the prime coolant used inautomobile radiators. However, some other fluidsare often mixed with water in required proportionto get desirable heat transfer characteristics.Ethylene glycol is one such coolant mixed withwater.

A typical car radiator assembly with fanmounted at back

Now a days a new type of coolants are being testedand researches have been carried out to study theenhanced heat transfer rate of a radiator by usingnanofluids. Nanofluids are those fluids which carrysome additional very small sized solid particlestypically of order of nanometer in the base fluidcoolants. Addition of such nano particles increasesthe effective surface area which increases the heattransfer rate ultimately. The added advantage ofusing this method is that it does not require anydesign changes to the existing radiator design. Suchfluids have a high efficiency heat transfercharacteristics as compared to conventional fluidsas these have higher thermal conductivity thanother fluids. Some typical nano particles made upof pure metals are iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Gold(Au), silver (Ag). Nano particles of metal oxideslikes copper oxide(CuO), Ferro ferricoxide(Fe3O4),silicon dioxide (SiO2), Zincoxide(ZnO), Titanium dioxide ( TiO2), aluminumoxide (Al2O3) are also used. Silicon carbides,titanium carbides, silicon nitrides and aluminumnitrides are the common carbides and nitrides usedas nanoparticles. The characteristics of nanofluidare given by its various properties like average

particle size, specific surface area and thermalconductivity.The governing heat transfer equation of a heatexchanger is Q=mCp(Tin-Tout) where, Q= amountof heat transferred, m= mass flow rate, Cp=Specific heat of Fluid and Tin and Tout are inletand outlet temperature of flowing fluid. There aretwo fluids flowing through a heat exchangernamely hot and cold fluid. The hot fluid transferheat to the cold fluid as it flows. The overall heatbalance equation for a heat exchanger isQhot=Qcold i.e. the amount of heat absorbed by thecold fluid is same as that being liberated by hotfluid. Qcold=mcCpc(Tcout - Tcin) where mc=mass flow rate of cold fluid, Cpc = Specific heat ofcold fluid, Tcin, Tcout are inlet and outlettemperatures of cold fluid respectively.Another thing that determines the heat exchangerperformance is the effectiveness of heat exchangerwhich is defined as ratio of actual heat transfer tothe maximum possible heat transfer.Effectiveness=Qactual / Qmax

LITERATURE REVIEW:Rahul Bhagore et.al performed and experiment onan automobile radiator with Al2O3 nanofluid theyobserved that with increase in volumeconcentration of nanoparticles (ranging from 0% to1%) heat transfer rate is increased. He observedthat by adding of 1% Al2O3 nanoparticles atconstant air Reynolds number of 84391 andconstant mass flow rate (0.05 Kg/s), an increase ofabout 40% heat transfer was achieved . Alsooverall heat transfer based on air side was found tobe increased by about 36% with addition of 1%Al2O3 nanoparticles by volume fraction than thebase fluid at constant air Reynolds number andconstant mass flow rate. He also noted that at thesame particle volume fraction, mass flow rate andair Reynolds number, effectiveness of the radiatorincreased up to 40%.[1]Golakiya Satyamkumar et.al studied the heattransfer in an automobile radiator. He found outthat by adding 4% volume fraction of Al2O3 inwater heat transfer rate increases by 17% further,addition of 8% volume fraction of Al2O3 in waterthe effective heat transfer increase is of about 26%in as compared to water as coolant.[2]J.R. Patel, A.M. Mavani et.al studied the fluidflow in an automobile radiator on CFD analysisusing STAR CCM+ software. by using CuO /waternanofluid as a coolant at a constant mass flow rate

of 4 Kg/s. He concluded that CFD Analysis resultsfairly matches with the experimental results whichshow that CFD analysis is a good tool for avoidingcostly and time consuming experimental work.[3]Parashurama M S et.al performed anexperimental investigation to study the use of CuO-water nanofluid as a coolant in a radiator of armytanker diesel engine. The heat transfer rate for a10% volume fraction of CuO-water nanofluid wasstudied. It was found that the overall heat transfercoefficient of nanofluid is higher than that of wateralone and hence the total heat transfer area of theradiator can be reduced. However, the associatedpumping power was found to increase which mayimpose some limitations on the efficient use of thistype of nanofluid in automotive diesel engineradiators.[4]Navid Bozorgan et.al in a study did numericalinvestigation of the use of CuO-water nanofluid asa coolant in a radiator of Chevrolet Suburban dieselengine with a given heat ex- change capacity. Thelocal convective and overall heat transfercoefficients and pumping power for CuO-waternanofluid at different volume fractions (0.1% - 2%)were studied under turbulent flow conditions. Healso considered the effects of the coolant Reynoldsnumber and the vehicle speed on the radiatorperformance in his work. The simulation resultsindicate that the overall heat transfer coefficient ofnanofluid was found to be higher than that of wateralone and therefore the total heat transfer area ofthe radiator can be reduced. He also found out thatassociated pumping power also increases whichmight reduce the efficiency of radiator to someextent.[5]JP Yadav and Bharat Raj Singh performed acomparative study between different coolants vizwater and mixture of water and propylene glycol ina ratio of 40:60. He found out a high difference inthe cooling capacity of the radiator when theflowing coolant was changed from water to water-propylene glycol mixture. He concluded that this ison the account of a very high value of specific heatof water in comparison to the mixture. It thereforecan be concluded that the water is still the bestcoolant but its corrosive properties and the fact thatwater contains dissolved salts which in turnobstructs the coolant flow passage.On the basis of his study he further concluded that:-1. The cooling capacity and the effectiveness aredirectly proportional to the inlet temperature of hotcoolant i.e. as the value of inlet coolant temperature

increases the cooling capacity & the effectivenessof the radiator increases respectively.2. The cooling capacity and the effectiveness arealso directly proportional to the mass flow rate ofthe coolant.[6]V. L. Bhimani et.al In his experimental work heattransfer coefficients in the automobile radiator havebeen measured with two distinct working liquids:pure water and water based nanofluid (smallamount of TiO2 nanoparticle in water) at differentconcentrations and temperatures and concluded asfollows:1. The presence of TiO2 nanoparticle in water atthe concentration of 1 vol. %, the heat transferenhancement of 40-45% compared to pure waterwas recorded.2. Increasing the flow rate of working fluid (orequally Re) enhances the heat transfer coefficientfor both pure water and nanofluid considerably.3. In the study he also found out that the increase inthe effective thermal conductivity and thevariations of the other physical properties does notaffect the heat transfer enhancement on a largeextent. Brownian motion of nanoparticles maybeone of the factors in the enhancement of heattransfer.[7]Hardikkumar B Patel performed a CFD analysisof a car radiator from a comparative study heconcluded that by fixing the water proportion andtaking the reading with different coolant (IE. LikeMethanol, Propanol, Ethanol) in 50 % mixingration with the water, then the Ethanol gives thehighest outlet temperature of 351.3 C among all themixtures and Methanol gives the Least outlettemperature as 350.1 C. So from the result, it isdesirable to use Methanol with water, which givesbetter performance however is other coolants havesimilar properties and hence sometimes it is seenthat other fluids are used as well keeping in mindthe toxicity and other properties Ethanol is moredesirable to use among all the coolants even itgives the high temperature at the outlet.[8]S.P. Venkatesanet.al conducted an experiment onautomobile radiator at constant air Reynoldsnumber (84391) and constant mass flow rate (0.08Kg/s). With the increase in volume fraction ofAl2O3 particles dynamic viscosity of nanofluidwas found to be increased. An overall heat transfercoefficient 490 W/m2K was achieved for 1%Al2O3 in mixture of EG/water (50% volumeconcentration) nanofluid coolant compared 305W/m2K for base fluid which is about 60% increase.

By increasing the volume concentration of Al2O3nanoparticles in the base fluid keeping air Reynoldsnumber and mass flow rate constant, it increasesthe total heat transfer and effectiveness of theradiator. An increase of volume concentration ofthe Al2O3 particles in the base fluids within theoptimal level of 1% will increases the effectivenessof the radiator up to 40% .[9]P.K.Trivedi et.al performed a CFD analysis tostudy heat transfer analysis of an automotiveradiator. Results Showed that the heat transfer rateas well as efficiency can be increased by increasingthe air mass flow rate.[10]P. Sai Sasank et.al in an experiment, by usingwater as base fluid and Al2O3 nanofluid indifferent concentrations 0.025%, 0.05%, 0.1% astest fluids found out that the enhancement in heattransfer has increased by augmentation in theconcentrations of nanoparticle, Improvement in theheat transfer rate was about 12.4% for 0.1% Al2O3nanofluid at 80ºC.[11]Archit Deshpande et.al conducted experimentsusing MWCNT-water nanofluid and Water asengine coolants at varied temperatures (50ºC, 60ºC,70ºC). Keeping the particle concentration ofnanofluid at 0.2% gm/litre. The thermal capacitywas observed to be 19.26 kW at 50ºC. also with arise in temperature to 60ºC There was a rise of53.27% in capacity. The capacity further enhancedto 37.45 kW at 70ºC. Thus he concluded that as thetemperature increases there is an increase inthermal capacity. Similar experiments wereperformed using water as coolant and the resultswere found to be 14.547kW, 26.137kW &31.748kW at 50ºC, 60ºC and 70ºC respectively. Itcan be observed that with MWCNT nanofluidhigher heat transfer capacities can be attained in allcases.[12]Aditya choure et.al with his experimental setupfound out thatdecrease in mass flow rate results inhigher temperature difference between the inlet andoutlet temperature of the coolant which could bedue to the fact that coolant is gets more time toabsorb heat from the heat source. Also among allfluids, Al2O3 nanofluid is having bettertemperature difference.[13]Murat Unverdi et.al studied the The fluctuation ofthe nano particles and their effects on the fluid tofind out that it leads to the change of the flowstructure, especially at higher Reynolds numbers.He also calculated the Nusslet numbers andpressure drops of the nanofluids for the flow rate of

90 kg/h of hot water, Reynolds number was variedbetween 600 and 1900 and the volumeconcentration of Al2O3/water nanofluids in 0.25%,0.5%, 0.75% and 1%. The highest increase inNusselt number occurs in 1 % volumeconcentration. Also increase of about 29.42 %,24.34 %, 18.02 %, 15.37 %, 11.74 % and 9.43 %respectively for nanofluid flow rates of 90, 120,150, 180, 240 and 300 kg/h.[14]Mohammad Hemmat Esfe et.al in his experiment,studied the variations of effective thermalconductivity ofMgO/water–EG (60:40) withtemperature and particle concentration andsuggested new correlations by using regression atdifferent solid volume fractions and temperatures.He concluded that the thermal conductivity ofnanofluid increases with increasing temperature.However the variations of thermal conductivitywith temperature were more tangible at higherconcentration. On the contrary, he also said that atlow solid volume fraction, the thermal conductivityis unaffected by temperature.[15]Krishna Mundada et.al performed a comparativestudy of different nano fluids in radiator he foundout that with water as base fluids The thermalcapacity of the Nano fluids decreases with increasein volume fraction but in case of Ethylene Glycolas base fluids it increases for Al2O3,CuO,TiO2,Fe3O4 nanoparticles with differentvolume fraction. (EG+water) mixture andnanofluids enhances thermal conductivity almostupto 45% also that using Al2O3 nanoparticles ismore benefial than CuO nanoparticles based on theperformance index for 1.5- 2%vol. fraction.[16]Ramjee Singh Prajapati et.al Experimented on anunmixed-unmixed cross flow heat exchanger withdifferent flow rate and different composition of hotfluid and studied the effect of these parameters onoutlet temperatures and overall heat transfercoefficient. It was found that with the increase inthe mass flow rate of cold fluid the cold fluid outlettemperature decreases. Also for an unmixed-unmixed heat exchanger a noticeable downfall inperformance is observed when percentage ofcoolant in water coolant mixture exceeds 50% asthe viscosity becomes higher at higherconcentration and the circulation of fluid will affectand heat transfer rate decreases. [17]V.Niveditha et.al on comparing for all Nano fluidsfor 0.2 volume fraction in aluminum and copperradiator found out that Heat transfer rate is morefor Aluminum Oxide than ethylene Glycol. On

performing CFD analysis it was observed that, heatflux is more when Copper is used than Aluminumalloy.[18]Dr.Syed Amjad Ahmad et.al In an experimentfound out that As the concentration of nanofluidsincreases the heat transfer rate also increases, alsoit was found to be maximum at 0.30%,but with thefurther increase in concentration, heat transfer ratedeclines, maintaining the constant flow rate. As theamount of nanofluids was increased up to 0.50%the heat transfer rate increased initially but thenfalls to the rate same as at 0.1%, keeping the flowrate constant 11 liters per minute.[19]Rashmi Rekha Sahoo et.al performed experimentto study energetic as exergetic performanceanalyses of louvered fin and flat tube automotiveradiator using various coolants (water, EG, PG,water-EG brine, water-PG brine, sugar-cane juiceand alumina-water nanofluid). She found out that athigher temperatures Sugarcane juice gives betterheat transfer and pressure drop characteristics Theeffectiveness, Heat transfer rate, pumping powerincreases with coolant mass flow rate. The coolantflow rate and pumping power reduce by 13% and41% respectively, when sugar cane juice is used inplace of water [20]D.Srinivasu et.al in his study studied the heattransfer phenomena in a louver fin radiator werenumerically dissected at constant air flow of40Kmph and constant flow rate (0.05L/min) hasbeen carried out. nanofluid viscosity was found toincrease With increase in the volume fraction ofAl2O3 particles dynamic. The overall heat transfercoefficient based on the air side increase in thevolume concentration of Al2O3 particles in thebase fluid. He also found out that increase of about78% in heat transfer coefficient can be achieved for5% Al2O3+mixture of water-EG (50% volumeconcentration of Ethyl glycol) nanofluid ascompared to based fluid. In this process constantair Reynolds number (1046.8) and constant flowrate (0.05L/min.) an exponential increase in heattransfer was observed by increasing the volumefraction of Alumina particles.[21]P.Prasad et.al compared the rectangular andlouvered finned heat exchanger with 50/50Ethylene glycol and water mixture as working fluidand observed that louvered fins exhibit better heattransfer characteristics as compared to rectangularfins. The heat transfer rate was found to be 49%more for louvered fins as compared to rectangularfins. He also found that the velocity of air was

significantly higher for louvered fins which mightbe a contributing factor for enhanced heat transferrate in louvered fins.[22]by using ε–NTU method using 80%water-20%EG-based Cu, SiC, Al2O3 and TiO2 nanofluids ascoolant for louvered fin geometry Jahar Sarkaret.al did a detailed parametric studies onautomotive radiator and found that relatively lower(by about 2%) pumping power is required with theuse of nanofluid in radiator one interesting thingthat was observed was however the coolingcapacity and effectiveness increase by adding nanoparticle but beyond 1% volume fraction decrementin the effectiveness and cooling capacity wasobserved.[23]Sai Kiran .S et.al compared the results of CFDanalysis with the experimental results and foundthem to be in good agreement with eachother.According to him,the Brownian motion ofthe nanoparticles plays a vital role in improvementin heat transfer rate of radiator. As thenanoparticles move randomly in the fluid it resultsin the decrease of the boundary layer thickness andthus enhancing the heat transfer. It is observed thatnanoparticle concentration plays an important roletowards heat transfer enhancement.[24]

CONCLUSION:

From the study of this review it could be concludedthat:

1.Heat transfer through radiator is an importantaspect in overall performance evaluation of anautomobile as better cooling increases the engineperformance.

2.There are number of ways in which better heattransfer can be achieved namely extended surfacesas fins which increase the outer heat transfer areaand hence the heat transfer capacity.

3.Another method of heat transfer enhancement isby louvering of fins, it is seen that by changing theorientation angle of a fin the velocity of air passingcan be increased and as a result better cooling isachieved.

4.By varying the coolant composition by addingsome different additives as nano particles theeffective heat transfer area on the coolant side canbe increased.

5.The major problem with nanofluid is the stabilityof nanofluids and thus it make it difficult to use.

6.The effect of nanofluid on overall behavior ofradiator is still not clear as this technology is in itsearly phase.

7.The cost of manufacturing nanofluids is quitehigh.

A number of different combinations of base fluidwith different additives could be used accordingly.Addition of small amount of nanoparticle increasesthe viscosity and thermal conductivity moderately.Also with the increase of mass flow rate the heattransfer rate increases. Higher the particle volumeconcentration of nanoparticle higher is the thermalconductivity. The addition of nanoparticlesincreases the heat transfer surface area which inturn increases the pumping power required. so itwould be right to say that if we could control fluidproperties as per our requirements the efficiencycould be increased as well.

Sno

Nanoparticle

Basefluid

Particle volfraction

Kenhancement

Heattransferenhancement

reference

1 Al2O3 Water 6.8% 40%

Nguyen et

al. [25]

2 Al2O3

HP

COOL

GARD 3.5%

10.41

% -

Kole et

al.[26]

3 ZnO

Ethylene

Glycol 5% 26.5% -

Yu et al.

[27]

4 CuO water .4% 17% 8%

Naraki et al.

[28]

5 Cu

Ethylene

Glycol .30% 40%

Eastman et

al. [29]

6 Al2O3 Water .35% 15% 40%

Heris et al.

[30]

7 Al2O3 Water 1% 3% 45%

Peyghambar

zadeh et al.

[31]

FUTURE SCOPE:

This paper presents an outlook of differentadditives used in radiator and it is clear that a lot ofwork has been done in this field but there is alwaysscope of improvement. From the review presentedit is quite evident that by varying the coolantproperties the heat transfer can be enhanced Themain conclusions from the review are the heattransfer from the radiator depends on variousfactors like coolant inlet temperature, thermalconductivity, mass flow rates and air Reynoldsnumber. Addition of different additives such asEthylene glycol, propylene glycol affects theradiator performance accordingly Ethylene Glycoland Propylene Glycols are used as antifreeze agentswhere as nanoparticles like Al2O3, CuO, TiO2increases the heat transfer rate of the radiator.Glycols are known to have antifreeze properties butstill there is scope of improvement nanofluidsthough increase the heat transfer but also thepumping power also there is the problem ofstability of nanoparticles in base fluids that makesit difficult to use nano coolants commercially. Allthese problems needed to be addressed in order tobring nanofluids in common use.

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