healthy urban planning the concept tools and application

7/30/2019 Healthy Urban Planning the Concept Tools and Application

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Mob`qm{ _wgbn S`bnnknjQmo Hlnhosq, Qll`x, bna Bss`khbqkln

Nlvodgow 733;

Xugdkqqoa g{

@buwk Bnawoxx, Sm.A.

Ql

_nkvowxkq{ lf Qo}bx Doakhb` Gwbnhm, Honqow ql O`kdknbqo Mob`qm Akxsbwkqkox


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Mob`qm{ _wgbn S`bnnknj

Bgxqwbhq

Qmkx sbsow o}bdknox qmo hlnnohqklnx goqzoon slsu`bqkln mob`qm bna uwgbn s`bnnknj ql

aovo`ls b mob`qm{ uwgbn s`bnnknj fwbdozlwe qmbq woxqx usln fkvo hlnhosqx. 2 Qmo woslwqhbsquwox qmo hwkqkhb` qmkneknj, xkjnkfkhbnq qmolwkox, bna eo{ kaobx ln obhm lf qmoxohlnhosqx.

Xlhkb` aoqowdknbnqx lf mob`qm Orukq{ Xuxqbknbgò aovo`lsdonq Hkvkh ao`kgowbqkln Mob`qm kn b`` sl`khkox

Zmbq fl``lzx no}q kx b aoxhwksqkln lf qmwoo bxxoxxdonq qll`x bkdoa bq mkjm`kjmqknj qmo

hlnnohqklnx goqzoon mob`qm, hlddunkq{, bna xlhklohlnldkh hlnakqklnx. Qmoxo qll`xzowo aovo`lsoa kn bn offlwq ql aodlnxqwbqo qmo `knebjox goqzoon mob`qm bna xlhkoq{ bxo}swoxxoa kn b xlhkb` aoqowdknbnqx lf mob`qm fwbdozlwe. Kn qmkx hbxo, obhm bxxoxxdonq, qlvbw{knj aojwoox, o}s`khbqox qmo bxxlhkbqklnx goqzoon b joljwbsmkh `lhbò, qmo slsu`bqklnxmob`qm xqbqux, bna qmo xlhklohlnldkh bna s`bnnknj bna aoxkjn hmbwbhqowkxqkhx lf qmbq`lhbò.

Oòvon eo{ fbhqlwx gbxoa ln qmo knqowoxqx lf qmo _nkvowxkq{ lf Qo}bx Doakhb` Gwbnhm-_QDG+, Honqow ql O`kdknbqo Mob`qm Akxsbwkqkox bwo uxoa ql bnb`{yo qmo qmwoo qll`x.Qmo oxxonqkb` oòdonqx lf obhm bxxoxxdonq qll` bwo hbsquwoa kn Qbgò 2, zmkhmaodlnxqwbqox qmo uqk`kq{ lf qmo qll`x.

Fknb``{, b xoq lf wohlddonabqklnx ln mlz ql bss`{ b mob`qm{ uwgbn aovo`lsdonq dlao` qlb `lhb`, slxq akxbxqow xkqo kn qmo _nkqoa Xqbqox kx swoxonqoa. Qmo woslwq wohlddonax qmbqbn{ s`bn lf bhqkln duxq fkwxq lwkjknbqo fwld bn unaowxqbnaknj lf qmo `lhbòx xlhkl$sl`kqkhb` `bnaxhbso.

Kn qmkx hbxo, gohbuxo lf b mokjmqonoa knqowoxq, bhqkvkq{, bna hlnf`khq bwluna slxq akxbxqowwoaovo`lsdonq -mluxknj bna ohlnldkh aovo`lsdonq+, qmo swkdbw{ wohlddonabqklnx bwoqmo fl``lzknj9

2. Qmo offlwq xmluà nlq xoòhq xsohkfkh aovo`lsdonq swliohqx ql bxxoxx bq qmkx qkdo.

2 MOB@QM[ _WGBN S@BNNKNJ BNA QWBNXSLWQ. Mujm Gbwqln, zkqm H`bkwo Dkqhmbd bnaHbqmbwkno Qxluwlu. Qmkx sbsow mkjm`kjmqx qmo kdslwqbnq zlwe lf ZML Mob`qm{ Hkqkox dlvodonq kn xooeknjql knqojwbqo mob`qm s`bnnknj bna uwgbn s`bnnknj. Kq kx gbxoa ln hmbsqow ; $ 'Hkqkox flw solsò' $kn qmo woslwq ln qmo swljwoxx bna bhmkovodonqx lf Ouwlsobn Mob`qm{ Hkqkox akxqwkguqoa ql sbwqkhksbnqx bq qmoGo`fbxq hlnfowonho kn Lhqlgow 7338 -Qxluwlx bna Fbwwknjqln+.mqqs9zzz.unoho.lwjqmososonzlwes`bnuwgbnalhudonqxMGbwqlnsbsow.saf5 bhhoxxoa Bujuxq 8, 733;.


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7. Qmo swkdbw{ fwbdknj lf qmo offlwq xmluà go honqwoa ln onmbnhoa uwgbn aoxkjn,s`bnnknj, bna aovo`lsdonq xqbnabwax ql xusslwq ohlnldkh aovo`lsdonq bnaqluwkxd, zbèbgk`kq{, sm{xkhb` bhqkvkq{ lf b`` eknax, bna goqqow xqwooqxhbsox.

8. Jlb`x lf kdswlvoa nokjmglwmllax onalzoa zkqm bfflwabgò, dk}oa$knhldomluxknj, onmbnhoa jwoon xsbho, sbwex, bna bhhoxx ql jllax bna xowvkhox xmluà go

knhlwslwbqoa guq wodbkn xohlnabw{.1. Qmo offlwq xmluà swlhooa qmwlujm bna kn hllsowbqkln zkqm qmo Hkq{ jlvowndonq.?. Woswoxonqbqkvox fwld qmo Hkq{ jlvowndonq bna lqmow xqbeomlàowx bna eo{

aohkxkln dbeowx -bx wohlddonaoa g{ qmo Hkq{ jlvowndonq+ xmluà go knflwdoabgluq qmo offlwq uxknj b lno$ql$lno dooqknj swlhoxx. Zmon hldsòqoa,knakvkaub`xlwjbnkybqklnx fwld qmo lno$ql$lno dooqknjx xmluà go dowjoa knql b`bwjow jwlus.

6. Qmo swkdbw{ doqmla ql xqoow qmo offlwq xmluà go qmo bxxoxxdonq qll`x bnaxugxoruonq woslwqx. Hldslnonqx qbeon fwld b`` lf qmo qll`x xmluà go uxoa gbxoaln bjwoodonq g{ qmo `bwjow jwlus.

:. @bqow woslwqx fwld qmo bxxoxxdonqx xmluà go bhhldsbnkoa g{ swlslxoa hkq{woxlùqklnx o}swoxxknj xusslwq flw mob`qm{ uwgbn aovo`lsdonq swknhksòx.=. Hlnxoruonq lwaknbnhox xmluà go knqwlauhoa unaow qmo bavkxodonq lf qmo Hkq{ bnazkqm qmo xusslwq lf qmo `bwjow jwlus.


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Lvowvkoz lf Hlnhosq_wgbn s`bnnknj, zlweknj x{xqodbqkhb``{ qmwlujm sl`khkox, woju`bqklnx, bna knkqkbqkvox,o}owqx b xqwlnj knfùonho ln qmo hlnakqklnx kn zmkhm solsò `kvo bna zlwe qmokw bhhoxx qlfbhk`kqkox bna xowvkhox, `kfoxq{òx, bna bgk`kq{ ql aovo`ls xqwlnj xlhkb` noqzlwex.

Xovowb` offlwqx mbvo goon bavbnhoa ql kaonqkf{ eo{ swknhksòx bna oòdonqx lf qmo xlhkb`,nbquwb`, bna guk`q onvkwlndonq qmbq dkjmq xusslwq qmo hlnhosq lf mob`qm{ uwgbn s`bnnknj.

Dlxq wohonq`{ kn Onj`bna, qmo Dbwdlq Xqwbqojkh Wovkoz lf Mob`qm Knorub`kqkox, QbxeJwlus 1 bqqodsqoa ql luq`kno qmo slxkqkvo bna nohoxxbw{ fobquwox lf qmo guk`q onvkwlndonqnooaoa ql xusslwq mob`qm{ `kvox, k.o., woxu`q kn dlwo orub` bna mob`qmkow `kvox.7 Qmo QbxeJwlus kaonqkfkoa qmoxo xk} kqodx bna xusslwqoa qmo wohlddonabqklnx zkqm ovkaonhoaodlnxqwbqknj qmo kdsbhq ln bna wo`bqklnxmks ql mob`qm. .

Qmo kdslwqbnho lf sm{xkhb` bhqkvkq{

Jwoon knfwbxqwuhquwo Zbèbgk`kq{ Bhhoxxkgk`kq{ Mluxknj hlnakqklnx Gukàknjx Aoxkjn Xohuwoa g{ Aoxkjn bna Aoxkjnknj luq Hwkdo

Qmo ZML Wojklnb` Lffkho flw Ouwlso `bunhmoa b mob`qm{ uwgbn s`bnnknj knkqkbqkvo kn2;;: ql knqojwbqo qmo bjonab flw mob`qm zkqm qmbq lf xuxqbknbgò aovo`lsdonq. Qmo mob`qm{hkqkox dlvodonq swldlqoa qmo kaob qmbq qmo rub`kq{, orukq{, bna bwwbnjodonq lf qmo uwgbnonvkwlndonq knfùonhoa mob`qm. Qmo knkqkbqkvo zonq xl fbw bx ql swlnlunho qmbq mudbnmob`qm bna zo``$goknj zowo bq qmo mobwq lf xuxqbknbgò aovo`lsdonq. Mob`qm, bhhlwaknj ql

qmo ZML mob`qm{ uwgbn s`bnnknj kaol`lj{, xmluà go b swkdo jlb` lf uwgbn s`bnnknj,mo`sknj ql swlvkao b hlmowonq bna ovkaonho$ gbxoa flunabqkln flw sl`kh{$dbeknj.

Qmo fkwxq smbxo lf qmkx hl``bglwbqkln woxu`qoa kn Mob`qm{ uwgbn s`bnnknj b ZML jukaoql s`bnnknj flw solsò.8 Qmo sug`khbqkln bavlhbqoa mudbn mob`qm bna zo``goknj bx beo{ jlb` lf qlzn s`bnnknj bna swlvkaoa 27 eo{ mob`qm lgiohqkvox flw s`bnnowx. Kq b`xlaodlnxqwbqoa mlz mob`qm{ hkqkox swknhksòx xuhm bx knqowxohqlwb` hllsowbqkln, hlddunkq{knvl`vodonq, orukq{ bna sl`kqkhb` xusslwq zowo orub``{ woòvbnq ql s`bnnknj. Qmo 7333sug`khbqkln xoq luq sl`kh{ jukao`knox flw aovo`lsdonq swliohqx, nokjmglwmllax, bna hkqkox.

Qmo xohlna smbxo lf qmo ZML mob`qm{ uwgbn s`bnnknj offlwq knvl`voa qmo flwdbqkln lf

qmo Hkq{ Bhqkln Jwlus ln Mob`qm{ _wgbn S`bnnknj. Qmo dodgowx lf qmo Hkq{ BhqklnJwlus kdsòdonqoa swbhqkhb` swljwbdx, uqk`kyknj qmo swknhksòx bavlhbqoa kn qmo glle,Mob`qm{ _wgbn S`bnnknj.

7 Xqwbqojkh Wovkoz lf Mob`qm Knorub`kqkox kn Onj`bna slxq$7323 Qbxe Jwlus 19 Qmo Guk`q Onvkwlndonq bnaMob`qm Knorub`kqkox Fknb` Woslwq 27 Iuno 733;.mqqs9zzz.uh`.bh.uejmojdbwdlqwovkozhlnxu`qbqklnGuk`q\onvkwlndonq\woslwq8 Gbwqln M, Qxluwlu H.Mob`qm{ uwgbn s`bnnknj b ZML jukao ql s`bnnknj flw solsò. @lnaln, O&FNXsln, 7333.


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Bnlqmow 7338 sug`khbqkln wovkozx qmo swbhqkhb` o}sowkonho lf Bhqkln Jwlus hkqkox bnaawbzx luq òxxlnx flw lqmow dunkhksb`kqkox bx qmo{ dlvo qlzbwax mob`qm$knqojwbqoas`bnnknj.1 Go`lz kx lno bqqodsq bq b xowkox lf nkno xuddbw{ swknhksòx awbzknj ln qmoBhqkln Jwlus hbxo xquakox guq b`xl swovklux ZML sug`khbqklnx, oxsohkb``{Mob`qm{ uwgbn

s`bnnknj b ZML jukao ql s`bnnknj flw solsò.

2. Mudbn mob`qm bx b eo{ fbhoq lf xuxqbknbgò aovo`lsdonq7. Hllsowbqkln goqzoon s`bnnknj bna mob`qm bjonhkox8. Hllsowbqkln goqzoon qmo sug`kh, swkvbqo bna vlùnqbw{ xohqlwx1. Hlddunkq{ hlnxu`qbqkln bna odslzowdonq?. Sl`kqkhb` hlddkqdonq bq qmo mkjmoxq òvo`6. Mob`qm$knqojwbqoa s`bnx bna sl`khkox$ bgxlwgknj mob`qm knql qmo dbknxqwobd lf

s`bn$dbeknj bna s`bn kdsòdonqbqkln bhqkvkqkox.:. Mob`qm knqojwbqkln bq b`` xhbòx fwld dbhwl ql dkhwl, k.o., qmo dbkn swklwkq{ lson ql

o}hùaoa jwlusx hmlkhox kn qowdx lf qwbnxslwq lsqklnx, mluxknj lsslwqunkqkox,

zlwe bna wohwobqkln ql woauho qmo mob`qm sonb`qkox lf slvowq{, kddlgk`kq{ bnalqmow akxbavbnqbjo.=. B hldswomonxkvo bsswlbhm ql qmo aoqowdknbnqx lf mob`qm. Xldo lf qmo dlxq

kdslwqbnq bwo9 lsslwqunkq{ flw mob`qm{ `kfoxq{òx -oxsohkb``{ woju`bw o}owhkxo+5 xlhkb` hlmoxkln bna xusslwqkvo xlhkb` noqzlwex5 bhhoxx ql akvowxo ods`l{donq lsslwqunkqkox5 bhhoxx ql mkjm$rub`kq{ fbhk`kqkox -oauhbqklnb`, hu`quwb`, òkxuwo, woqbk`, mob`qm

bna lson xsbho+5 lsslwqunkq{ flw `lhb` flla swlauhqkln bna mob`qm{ flla luqòqx5 wlba xbfoq{ bna b xonxo lf sowxlnb` xohuwkq{5 bn bqqwbhqkvo onvkwlndonq zkqm bhhosqbgò nlkxo òvo`x bna jlla bkw

rub`kq{5 jlla zbqow rub`kq{ bna xbnkqbqkln5 bna woauhqkln kn odkxxklnx qmbq qmwobqon h`kdbqo xqbgk`kq{.

;. Ovkaonho$gbxoa s`bnnknj flw mob`qm

Qmkx sbsow zk`` awbz usln qmo ZML zlwe ln qmo onvkwlndonq bna uwgbn s`bnnknj qlaovo`ls b mob`qm{ uwgbn s`bnnknj fwbdozlwe qmbq woxqx usln qmo fl``lzknj fkvo hlnhosqx9?

Xlhkb` aoqowdknbnqx lf mob`qm Orukq{ Xuxqbknbgò aovo`lsdonq

1 Mob`qm{ uwgbn s`bnnknj kn swbhqkho9 o}sowkonho lf Ouwlsobn hkqkox. Woslwq lf qmo ZML Hkq{ Bhqkln Jwlusln Mob`qm{ _wgbn S`bnnknj. Oakqoa g{9 Mujm Gbwqln, H`bkwo Dkqhmbd bna Hbqmowkno Qxluwlu. ZlwàMob`qm Lwjbnkybqkln 7338. mqqs9zzz.ouwl.zml.knqalhudonqO=76?:.saf? MOB@QM[ _WGBN S@BNNKNJ BNA QWBNXSLWQ. Mujm Gbwqln, zkqm H`bkwo Dkqhmbd bnaHbqmbwkno Qxluwlu. Qmkx sbsow mkjm`kjmqx qmo kdslwqbnq zlwe lf ZML Mob`qm{ Hkqkox dlvodonq kn xooeknjql knqojwbqo mob`qm s`bnnknj bna uwgbn s`bnnknj. Kq kx gbxoa ln hmbsqow ; $ 'Hkqkox flw solsò' $kn qmo woslwq ln qmo swljwoxx bna bhmkovodonqx lf Ouwlsobn Mob`qm{ Hkqkox akxqwkguqoa ql sbwqkhksbnqx bq qmoGo`fbxq hlnfowonho kn Lhqlgow 7338 -Qxluwlx bna Fbwwknjqln+.mqqs9zzz.unoho.lwjqmososonzlwes`bnuwgbnalhudonqxMGbwqlnsbsow.saf5 bhhoxxoa Bujuxq 8, 733;.


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Hkvkh ao`kgowbqkln Mob`qm kn b`` sl`khkox

Obhm lf qmoxo hlnhosqx kx akxhuxxoa kn qmo wodbknaow lf qmo sbsow. Fknb``{, b xoq lfwohlddonabqklnx ln mlz ql bss`{ b mob`qm{ uwgbn aovo`lsdonq dlao` ql b `lhb`, slxqakxbxqow `lhbqkln kn qmo _nkqoa Xqbqox kx swoxonqoa.

Xlhkb` aoqowdknbnqx lf mob`qm

Qmo ZML Hlddkxxkln ln Xlhkb` Aoqowdknbnqx lf Mob`qm -mowobfqow qmo Hlddkxxkln+ mbxalhudonqoa sowvbxkvo mob`qm knorub`kqkox kn dbn{ hlunqwkox.6 Qmokw woslwq, H`lxknj qmojbs kn b jonowbqkln9 mob`qm orukq{ qmwlujm bhqkln ln qmo xlhkb` aoqowdknbnqx lf mob`qm,bxxowqoa qmbq qmoxo knorub`kqkox bwo hòbw`{ bxxlhkbqoa zkqm bn unfbkw akxqwkguqkln lf qmoxlhkb` aoqowdknbnqx lf mob`qm.:

Kn wohonq {obwx, unaowxqbnaknj lf qmo xlhkb` aoqowdknbnqx lf k`` mob`qm mbx aoosonoa, bx mbxenlzòajo bgluq qmo hmb`ònjox kn qbhe`knj qmo hbuxox qmbq unaow`kox qmod.= Qmohlnhosqub` fwbdozlwe uxoa g{ qmo Hlddkxxkln ln Xlhkb` Aoqowdknbnqx lf Mob`qm-HXAM+ -Fkjuwo 2 go`lz+ slknqoa ql knorub`kqkox kn xlhkoq{ goknj funabdonqb` awkvowx lfknorub`kqkox kn mob`qm.

Xlhkb` bna ohlnldkh knorub`kqkox bhq qmwlujm qmo akffowonq o}slxuwox bna vu`nowbgk`kqkoxo}sowkonhoa g{ akffowonq jwlusx xuhm bx xldo xlhkb` bna wbhkbòqmnkh jwlusx, zldon bnadon, bna jwlusx dbweoa g{ vu`nowbgk`kqkox xuhm bx akxbgk`kq{ lw o}sowkonhknj lqmow flwdxlf xlhkb` o}hùxkln. O}slxuwox bwo ql go fluna kn qmo hlnakqklnx lf abk`{ `kfo9 qmohkwhudxqbnhox kn zmkhm solsò bwo glwn, jwlz, `kvo, zlwe, bna bjo. Monho, woauhqkln knmob`qm knorub`kqkox hbn go bhmkovoa g{ bhqknj ln xlhkb` bna ohlnldkh knorub`kqkox bnalwg{ bhqknj ln xsohkfkh o}slxuwox bna vu`nowbgk`kqkox.

Kn qowdx lf xlhkb` aoqowdknbnqx, qmowo kx hòbw ovkaonho bwluna qmo9

Hudu`bqkvo offohq lf mbybwax bna akxbavbnqbjo bhwlxx qmo `kfo hluwxo kno}s`bknknj qmo akxqknhq`{ jwbaoa xlhkb` sbqqownknj lf akxobxo5

Zb{ kn zmkhm obw`{ hmkàmlla kn sbwqkhu`bw knfùonhox mob`qm bna akxbavbnqbjobhwlxx qmo `kfo hluwxo5

Gkl`ljkhb` dohmbnkxdx zmkhm akwohq`{ bna knakwohq`{ akxs`b{ b `kne goqzoonxqwoxx bna solsòx òvo`x lf hlnqwl` lvow qmokw `kvox ql nojbqkvo mob`qm luqhldox5bna

Wlò lf donqb` zo``goknj kn xmbsknj sm{xkhb` mob`qm bna kn hlnqwkguqknj ql `kfohmbnhox.

6 ZML Hlddkxxkln ln qmo Xlhkb` Aoqowdknbnqx lf Mob`qm zogxkqo. mqqs9zzz.uh`.bh.uejmojzmlhxamBhhoxxoa Bujuxq 8, 733;.: H`lxknj qmo jbs kn b jonowbqkln9 Mob`qm orukq{ qmwlujm bhqkln ln qmo xlhkb` aoqowdknbnqx lf mob`qm. QmoFknb` Woslwq lf qmo ZML Hlddkxxkln ln Xlhkb` Aoqowdknbnqx lf Mob`qm. 7= Bujuxq 733=mqqs9zzz.zml.knqxlhkb`\aoqowdknbnqxfknb`\woslwqdoakbhxam\woslwq\zwx\on.saf= Aosbwqdonq lf Mob`qm -733;+ Qbhe`knj Mob`qm Knorub`kqkox9 23 [obwx Ln.


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Dlwolvow, qmo Hlddkxxkln mbx hldskòa ovkaonho ql aodlnxqwbqo qmbq qmo `kvoaonvkwlndonq uwgbn xoqqknjx, nokjmgluwmllax, hlddunkqkox bwo hwkqkhb` ql òvo`x lfmob`qm knorub`kq{ kn qmbq qmo{ hbn swldlqo lw knmkgkq bhhoxx ql jllax bna xowvkhox, xlhkb`hlmoxkln sm{xkhb` bna sx{hml`ljkhb` zo`` goknj bna qmo nbquwb` onvkwlndonq. Mob`qmwo`bqoa luqhldox bx akvowxo bx lgoxkq{, aoswoxxkln bna kniuw{ qmwlujm vklònho lw

bhhkaonq hbn b`` go `kneoa ql qmo `kvoa onvkwlndonq. Sllw mluxknj mbx qmo hbsbhkq{ qlbffohq sllw mob`qm.

Swldlqknj sl`khkox akwohqoa bq woauhknj qmo unfbkw akxqwkguqkln lf qmlxo fbhqlwx qmbq woxu`qkn b xqoos jwbakonq gbxoa ln xlhkb` slxkqkln kx vkozoa bx qmo dlxq offohqkvo doqmla g{zmkhm ql woauho qmo xlhkb` bna mob`qm jwbakonq. Kn qmkx hbxo, woauhknj bavowxo xsbqkb` bnahlddunkq{ knfùonhox ln qmo xlhkb` jwbakonq kn mob`qm g{ hwobqknj b sm{xkhb` onvkwlndonqkn zmkhm solsò hbn `kvo mob`qm{ `kvox, zkqm b jwobqow xonxo lf zo`` goknj mbx goonkaonqkfkoa bx bn kdslwqbnq aoqowdknbnq lf mob`qm.

Qmo Hlddkxxkln mbx aovo`lsoa b dbhwl dlao`, mkjm`kjmqknj qmo eo{ flwhox qmbq awkvo

akxqwkguqklnx lf mob`qm bna zo``$goknj. Kn qmo Hlddkxxklnx fwbdozlwe -go`lz+, qmoakxqwkguqkln lf mob`qm bna zo``goknj kx unaowxqlla ql go hbuxoa g{ dbqowkb`hkwhudxqbnhox, xlhkb` hlmoxkln, sx{hmlxlhkb` fbhqlwx, gombvkluwx, bna gkl`ljkhb` fbhqlwx-qmkwa hlùdn fwld òfq+. Qmoxo fbhqlwx unaowjl hldsò} knqowbhqklnx, bna bq qkdox bwosuxmoa knql bna doakbqoa qmwlujm qmo mob`qm x{xqod.

Qmoxo hkwhudxqbnhox bwo kn quwn knfùonhoa g{ xlhkb` slxkqkln -xohlna hlùdn fwld òfq+.Bhhlwaknj ql qmo fwbdozlwe xlhkb` slqkln kx dbao us lf oauhbqkln, lhhusbqkln, knhldo,jonaow, oqmnkhkq{ bna wbho. Fuwqmowdlwo, xlhkb` slxkqkln kx knfùonhoa g{ bna knfùonhoxqmo xlhkl$sl`kqkhb`, hu`quwb`, bna xlhkb` hlnqo}q kn zmkhm kq kx hlnqbknoa. Qmkx kx qmo `bxqgl} lw hlùdn ql qmo òfq kn qmo fwbdozlwe.

Knakvkaub`x sbqmx bhwlxx qmo `kfo hluwxo hbn go unaowxqlla kn qmoxo qowdx, guq flw obhmknakvkaub`, qmokw hkwhudxqbnhox bna knakvkaub` hmbwbhqowkxqkhx zk`` qbeo b sbwqkhu`bw sbqm.Knakvkaub`x o}sowkonho akffowonq mbybwax zkqm vbw{knj òvo`x lf swlqohqkln bna woxk`konho.


9/48

;

Fkjuwo 2 Hlddkxxkln ln qmo Xlhkb` Aoqowdknbnqx lf Mob`qm

Fwbdozlwe

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Dbqowkb` Hkwhudxqbnhox

Xlhkb` Hlmoxkln

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bna vbùox

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XLHKB@ AOQOWDKNBNQX LF MOB@QM BNA MOB@QM KNOR_KQKOX

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Aoxhwkgoa jonowb``{, mob`qm knorukqkox bwo bvlkabgò jwlus mob`qm akffowonhox woxu`qknjfwld unorub` xlhkb` slxkqklnx hbuxoa g{ wobxlnoa sl`kh{ aohkxklnx bna xlhkoqb`bwwbnjodonqx qbeon us bna kdsòdonqoa g{ jlvowndonqx.

Qmo hlnhosq lf orukq{ uxoa kn wo`bqkln ql mob`qm o}swoxxox qmo nlqkln lf knqonqklnb`kq{ bnahbuxbqkln. Qmo aofknkqkln dbeox kq ovkaonq qmbq sbqqownx lf jwlus akffowonhox kn mob`qm bwoqmo woxu`q lf dlwo qmbn iuxq knakvkaub` bhqx lf zbnqln bgbnalndonq, sllw mob`qm mbgkqx, lw`kfoxq{ò. Wbqmow, jwlus akffowonhox kn mob`qm aovo`ls -hbuxbqkln+ kn jwobq sbwq fwld qmobhhosqbnho lf xlhkb` knorub`kqkox kn b x{xqod qmbq swlauhox unorub` xlhkb` slxkqklnx qmbq knquwn aoqowdkno qmo knorukqbgò akxqwkguqkln lf woxluwhox.

Fknb``{, b mob`qm orukq{ fwbdozlwe kx honqowoa ln vbùo$ iuajdonqx bna sl`kqkhbàohkxklnx. Qmo zb{ `lhb` aohkxklnx bwo dbao bna qmo vbùox unaowsknnknj qmlxo aohkxklnxkx zkao`{ wohljnkyoa bx kdslwqbnq kn qowdx lf qmo rub`kq{ lf qmo aohkxklnx, bqqonqkln ql qmobffohqx lf qmo aohkxklnx, bna qmo hlddkqdonq lf `lhb` xqbeomlàowx ql dbeknj qmo

aohkxklnx zlwe -ZML 2;;:g+.;

; ZML Wojklnb` Lffkho flw Ouwlso -2;;:g+, Hkq{ s`bnnknj flw mob`qm bna xuxqbknbgò aovo`lsdonq-mqqs9zzz.zml.aemobeqm{$hkqkoxmhssug.mqd(s`bnnknj+, Hlsonmbjon, _WKHSSL@H 36 38 3?b,Ouwlsobn Xuxqbknbgò Aovo`lsdonq bna Mob`qm Xowkox, Nl.2.


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Qmo aoqowdknbqkln ql odgwbho orukq{ bx b vbùo kx nlq unkvowxb`. Ql qmo o}qonq qmbq qmohu`quwb` qllèkq23lf b xlhkoq{ odgwbhox howqbkn vbùox bna kaob`x, k.o., knakvkaub`woxslnxkgk`kq{, qmo gllq$xqwbs donqb`kq{, bna qmo go`kof qmbq obhm knakvkaub` mbxunfoqqowoa, fwoo zk`` ql dbeo mkxmow lzn zb{ xl qmbq mbwa zlwe kx wozbwaoa bna slvowq{kx iuxqkho flw b `bhe lf offlwq, qmo hlnhosq lf orukq{ kx xohlnabw{ ql fwoo dbweoq swknhksòx.

Qmo offohqkvo knqojwbqkln lf qmo orukq{ swknhksò kn uwgbn s`bnnknj xmluà aohwobxo qmlxoonvkwlndonqb` fbhqlwx qmbq woauho qmo rub`kq{ lf qmo uwgbn fbgwkh xuhm bx hbw uxo, bna bkw,bna nlkxo sl`ùqkln. B`qownbqkvo`{, orukqbgò uwgbn s`bnnknj zluà qmon odgwbhosl`khkox, woju`bqklnx bna qmo hwobqkln lf x{xqodx qmbq knhwobxo qmo rub`kq{ lf sug`kh xsbhox,xlhkb` hlmoxkln, mob`qm{ `kfo xq{òx, bna ods`l{donq lsslwqunkqkox.

Qmo Hlddkxxkln mbx aovo`lsoa b xoq lf uwgbn s`bnnknj jukao`knox qmbq knhlwslwbqonlqklnx lf orukq{ bna qmo xlhkb` aoqowdknbnqx lf mob`qm. Odgwbhknj qmwoo `bwjo,lvowbwhmknj wohlddonabqklnx, qmo Hlddkxxklnx fu`` xoq lf wohlddonabqklnx s`bhoxuwgbn s`bnnknj unaow qmo fkwxq wohlddonabqkln, zmkhm hb``x flw kdswlvknj abk`{ `kvknj

hlnakqklnx.

22

Qmo Hlddkxxklnx uwgbn s`bnnknj swlslxb` kx qkqòa, Mob`qm{ S`bhox Mob`qm{ Solsò bnaBhqkln Bwob 2 xqbqox qmbq sl`kqkhb` iuwkxakhqklnx xmluà s`bho mob`qm bna mob`qm orukq{ bqqmo honqow lf uwgbn jlvownbnho bna s`bnnknj9 2+ g{ oxqbg`kxmknj dohmbnkxdx qmbqfbhk`kqbqo bhqkln g{ `lhb` jlvowndonqx bna hlddunkqkox ql ilknq`{ gukà mob`qmkow bna xbfowhkqkox5 7+ g{ onxuwknj hl``bglwbqkln bdlnj `lhb` jlvowndonq bna hlddunkqkox ql gukàbfflwabgò mluxknj, usjwbao uwgbn xùdx, bna onxuwo gbxkh xbnkqbqkln bna nokjmglwmllabdonkqkox -swlvkxkln lf zbqow bna xbnkqbqkln, oòhqwkhkq{, bna sbvoa xkaozbèxxqwooqx+ ql b``hlddunkqkox wojbwaòxx lf bgk`kq{ ql sb{5 bna 8+ g{ s`bnnknj bna aoxkjnknj, kn sbwqnowxmkszkqm hlddunkqkox, dlao` uwgbn bwobx qmbq swldlqo sm{xkhb` bhqkvkq{ qmwlujm knvoxqdonq knbhqkvo qwbnxslwq bna xusslwq mob`qm{ obqknj, bhhoxx ql bna bvbk`bgk`kq{ lf flla qmwlujm woqbk`s`bnnknj, bna woauhox vklònho bna hwkdo qmwlujm jlla onvkwlndonqb` aoxkjn bnawoju`bqlw{ hlnqwl`x, knhùaknj hlnqwl` lf qmo nudgow lf b`hlml` luqòqx.

Xuxqbknbgò aovo`lsdonq

Xuxqbknbgò aovo`lsdonq kx xbka ql onhldsbxx onvkwlndonqb`, bna ohlnldkh xuxqonbnho,bna xlhkl$aodljwbsmkh bna mob`qm akdonxklnx.27 Bn onbhqdonq lf qmo hlnhosq lf

23 Qmo bqqwkguqox lf jwlusx lw xlhkoqkox qmbq xmbso mlz qmo{ h`bxxkf{, ovbùbqo, bna bxxkjn dobnknj qlunaowxqbna o}sowkonhox. Qmoxo bqqwkguqox knhùao xmbwoa vbùox, hlaox lf dbnnowx, awoxx, `bnjubjo, wo`kjkln,

wkqub`x, nlwdx lf gombvklw, bna x{xqodx lf go`kof. Dlwo jonowb``{, qmo hu`quwb` qllèkq knhùaox b xoq lfakxqknhqkvo xskwkqub`, dbqowkb`, knqo`òhqub`, bna odlqklnb` fobquwox qmbq b xlhkoq{ uxox ql knqowswoqo}sowkonhox.22 Bnno} 2 Fu`` Wohlddonabqklnx lf qmo HXAM5 Xoo LVOWBWHMKNJ WOHLDDONABQKLN Nl. 2Kdswlvo Abk`{ @kvknj Hlnakqklnx. mqqs9zzz.uh`.bh.uejmojdbwdlqwovkozhxamwohlddonabqklnx27 Xuxqbknbgò aovo`lsdonq bna mob`qm9 Hlnhosqx, swknhksòx bna fwbdozlwe flw bhqkln flw Ouwlsobn hkqkoxbna qlznx Ouwlsobn Xuxqbknbgò Aovo`lsdonq bna Mob`qm Xowkox 9 Glle 2. Hmbwòx Swkho, Oakqlw.Sug`kxmoa g{ qmo ZML Wojklnb` Lffkho flw Ouwlso, Hlsonmbjon 2;;:.mqqs9zzz.ouwl.zml.knqalhudonqO?872=.saf


11/48

22

xuxqbknbgò aovo`lsdonq zluà bqqodsq ql aovo`ls bn onvkwlndonq uxknj sl`khkox,woju`bqklnx bna jukao`knox qmbq9 2+ kdswlvo qmo rub`kq{ lf `kfo bna dooq swoxonq nooaxzmkò `kvknj zkqmkn qmo hbww{knj hbsbhkq{ lf xusslwqknj ohlx{xqodx5 7+ odgwbho qmo nooaxbna hlnhownx lf fuquwo jonowbqklnx5 8+ o}swoxx b hlnhown flw qmo rub`kq{ lf `kfo -nlq iuxqknhldo jwlzqm+5 1+ hlnxkaow orukq{ goqzoon solsò kn qmo swoxonq -knhùaknj swovonqkln

lf slvowq{+5 bna ?+ qbeo knql bhhlunq qmo xlhkb` bna oqmkhb` akdonxklnx lf mudbn zo`fbwo.

Qmo Ouwlsobn Hlddkxxklnx Jwoon sbsow ln qmo uwgbn onvkwlndonqxqbqox qmbq9xuxqbknbgò aovo`lsdonq kx b duhm gwlbaow hlnhosq qmbn onvkwlndonqb` swlqohqkln.28 Kqknhùaox knqojwbqknj lvowb`` xqwbqojkox flw aovo`lsdonq zkqm bhqkln ql qbeo bhhlunq lf qmo`lnj$qowd offohqx ln qmo onvkwlndonq bna hlnxoruonq`{ ln mudbn zo``goknj lf huwwonqqwonax kn swlauhqkln, hlnxudsqkln, bna gombvklw.

Qmux, xuxqbknbgò aovo`lsdonq knhùaox odslzowdonq, orukq{, bna mob`qm bx zo`` bx brub`kq{ lf `kfo qmbq onhldsbxxox onvkwlndonq, mob`qm bna xlhkb` xohuwkq{. Kq kds`koxhmbnjknj o}kxqknj aovo`lsdonq xqwbqojkox.

B dlao` lf qmo wo`bqklnxmks goqzoon qmo xlhkb`, ohlnldkh, mob`qm, bna onvkwlndonqb`bxsohqx lf xuxqbknbgò aovo`lsdonq kx xmlzn kn Fkj. 7.21 Kn qmkx dlao` qmo xlhkb`,ohlnldkh, onvkwlndonqb` bna mob`qm bxsohqx lf uwgbn aovo`lsdonq bwo knqowwo`bqoaflwdknj bn knqowxohqkln. Mob`qm kx bn kdslwqbnq knsuqqknj fbhqlw xmbsknj qmo knqowxohqklnlf qmo qmwoo bwobx. Qmo luqsuq kx xuxqbknbgk`kq{.

Lno dkjmq b`xl bwjuo qmo nooa flw bn bwwlz qmbq jlox kn glqm akwohqklnx flw mob`qm. Qmoknqowbhqkln lf qmo qmwoo `bwjo bwobx swlauhox xuxqbknbgk`kq{ guq b`xl xmbsox mob`qm. Bno}s`bnbqkln kx nlq swlvkaoa flw qmo xoòhqkln lf qmo qmwoo hmbwbhqowkxqkhx bq qmo luqow oajoxlf qmo dlao`$ vkbgò, hlnvkvkb`, bna orukqbgò.

B`qownbqkvo`{, qmo ZML alhudonq swlvkaox swknhksòx bna fkoàx lf bhqkln ql xusslwq qmodlao`.2? Qmo hlnhosq lf orukq{ kx wosobqoa. Fuwqmow, qmo `bwjo bwobx lf bhqkln fwld qmodlao` gohldo xkqox flw bhqkln knhùaknj qmo hbqojlw{ lf mob`qm.

Swknhksòx Orukq{ Knqojwkq{ Woxslnxkgk`kq{

Fkoàx lf bhqkln

28 Hlddkxxkln lf qmo Ouwlsobn Hlddunkqkox. Jwoon sbsow ln qmo uwgbn onvkwlndonq. Gwuxxo`x, Lffkho flwLffkhkb` Sug`khbqklnx lf qmo Ouwlsobn Hlddunkqkox, 2;;3, s. ?; -HG$HL$;3$7:6$ON$H+.21 Qbeon fwld Xuxqbknbgò aovo`lsdonq bna mob`qm9 Hlnhosqx, swknhksòx bna fwbdozlwe flw bhqkln flwOuwlsobn hkqkox bna qlznx Ouwlsobn Xuxqbknbgò Aovo`lsdonq bna Mob`qm Xowkox 9 Glle 25 sbjo 8?.Hmbwòx Swkho, Oakqlw. Sug`kxmoa g{ qmo ZML Wojklnb` Lffkho flw Ouwlso, Hlsonmbjon 2;;:.mqqs9zzz.ouwl.zml.knqalhudonqO?872=.saf

2? Xoo nlqo 23 sbjo 86.


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27

Onvkwlndonq Ohlnld{ Mob`qm Vbùox bna xlhkb` lwjbnkybqkln

Fkjuwo 7 Hlnhosqub` dlao` lf xuxqbknbgò

aovo`lsdonq

_`qkdbqo`{, qmo ZML dlao` lf xuxqbknbgò aovo`lsdonq xoodx ql xb{ qmbq onvkwlndonqb`,uwgbn bna mob`qm hmb`ònjox bwo knqowwo`bqoa, bna qmbq bn knqojwbqoa bsswlbhm kx worukwoaqmbq unaowqbeox bhqkln bq vbwklux òvo`x xkdu`qbnolux`{.

Hkvkh ao`kgowbqkln

Qmo knhùxkln lf hlddunkq{ sbwqkhksbqkln kx honqwb` ql qmo bhmkovodonq lf xuhhoxxfu`luqhldox kn obhm lf qmo hlnhosqx o}s`lwoa. Qmo oxxonqkb` bwjudonq swoxonqoa mbx goon

Onvkwlndonq

Ohlnld{ Xlhkb`

Vbùox

Mob`qm

Xuxqbknbgk`kq{

Vkbgò

Hlnvkvkb`

Orukqbgò


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qmbq mob`qm{ uwgbn aovo`lsdonq zkqm kqx unaowsknnknjx lf orukq{ bna qmo xlhkbàoqowdknbnqx lf mob`qm hbn ln`{ go bqqbknoa qmwlujm b swlhoxx qmbq kx aodlhwbqkh,hllsowbqkvo, bna s`bnnoa. Qmo hlnqonqkln kx qmbq b`` solsò, knhùaknj sllw bnaakxbavbnqbjoa jwlusx, duxq mbvo b xb{ kn aohkxklnx bgluq qmo onvkwlndonq bnaaovo`lsdonq qmbq bffohqx zmowo qmo{ `kvo bna zlwe.

Hlddunkq{ onjbjodonq wofowx ql qmo swlhoxx lf joqqknj hlddunkqkox knvl`voa knaohkxklnx qmbq bffohq qmod. Qmo aohkxklnx db{ knhùao s`bnnknj, aovo`lsdonq,dbnbjodonq bna ovbùbqkln lf xowvkhoxswljwbdx, bx zo`` bx sug`kh sl`kh{ aohkxklnx lwbhqkvkqkox qmbq bkd ql kdswlvo mob`qm.26

Hlddunkq{ sbwqkhksbqkln kn qmo xonxo lf goknj b aodlhwbqkh swbhqkho kx dlwo bsq`{aoxhwkgoa bx qmo hbsbhkq{ flw hkvkh swbhqkhox. Woxobwhm bna b jwlzknj hlnxonxuxaodlnxqwbqo qmbq hkvkh hbsbhkq{ kn hlddunkqkox o}sowkonhknj mob`qm knorukqkox mbx `lnj$qowd slxkqkvo kdsbhqx vkb qzl wluqox9 2+ qmwlujm qmo bhmkovodonq lf b dlwo orukqbgòsug`kh sl`kh{ bjonab qmbq kn qmo sbxq db{ mbvo goon woswoxonqbqkvo lf qmo knqowoxqx lf

jwlusx qmbq mbvo akxswlslwqklnbqo bdlunqx lf slzow bna knfùonho, bna 7+ g{ zb{ lfkdswlvodonqx kn sm{xkhb` mob`qm flw knakvkaub`x bna kn `lnj$qowd hlddunkq{ mob`qmdobxuwox.2:

Hkvkh swbhqkhox mbvo qmwoo kdslwqbnq woxu`qx2=9 2+ hlddunkq{ dodgowx bwo gwlujmq knqlqmo swlhoxx bna foo` b jwobqow voxqoa knqowoxq kn xuhhoxxfu` hmbnjo, 7+ hlddunkq{dodgowx hbn bss`{ noz xek``x ql baawoxx lqmow xlhkb` aoqowdknbnqx lf mob`qm, bna 8+hlddunkq{ dodgowx lffxoq qmo sx{hmlxlhkb` offohqx lf slzowòxxnoxx, xlhkb` o}hùxkln,`bhe lf buqlnld{, bna aohwobxoa hlddunkq{ knvl`vodonq { jbknknj xek``x bna b xonxo lfoffkhbh{ qmbq hbn sowdobqo dbn{ bxsohqx lf qmokw `kvox bna kdswlvo gwlba`{ `kfo bna mob`qmluqhldox.

B vbwkoq{ lf bsswlbhmox db{ go uxoa ql bhmkovo hlddunkq{ onjbjodonq lw hkvkhswbhqkhox. Qmoxo knhùao hkqkyonx sbno`x bna iuwkox, nokjmglwmlla hlddkqqoox bnaflwudx, hlddunkq{ hmbdsklnx bna qmo hl``bglwbqkvo doqmlal`lj{2; -uxoa kn knkqkbqkvoxxuhm bx qmo Mob`qm{ Hlddunkqkox Hl``bglwbqkvo+. B`qmlujm qmoxo bsswlbhmox mbvo goon

26 Slsb{ I -7336+ Hlddunkq{ onjbjodonq bna hlddunkq{ aovo`lsdonq bna mob`qm kdswlvodonq9 bgbhejwluna sbsow flw NKHO -bvbk`bgò ln woruoxq g{ odbk`knj bnqln{.dlwjbnCnkho.lwj.ue lw`lwwbkno.qb{`lwCnkho.lwj.ue+.2: Wkfekn XG, @ozbnal$Munaq J, Awbsow BE -7333+ Sbwqkhksbqlw{ bsswlbhmox kn mob`qm swldlqkln bnas`bnnknj9 b `kqowbquwo wovkoz. @lnaln9 Mob`qm Aovo`lsdonq Bjonh{5 Zb`òwxqokn N -7336+ Zmbq kx qmo

ovkaonho ln offohqkvonoxx lf odslzowdonq ql kdswlvo mob`qm< ZML Ouwlso9 Mob`qm Ovkaonho Noqzlwe5Jk``kox S -2;;=+ Offohqkvonoxx lf b``kbnhox bna sbwqnowxmksx flw mob`qm swldlqkln. Mob`qm SwldlqklnKnqownbqklnb` 28 -7+9;;273.2= Bnawoxx -733=+. Dobxuwknj Hkvkh Hbsbhkq{. Bhhoxxoa bqmqqs9zzz.gwkajknjqmomob`qmjbs.hldus`lbaxdobxuwknj\hkvkh\hbsbhkq{\ibhexln.saf2; Qmo hl``bglwbqkvo doqmlal`lj{ zbx aovo`lsoa kn qmo _X bna Xzoaon. Kq mbx goon uxoa g{ qmo Mob`qm{Hlddunkqkox Hl``bglwbqkvo kn Onj`bna ql woauho fb``x bdlnj làow solsò bna ql zkaon bhhoxx ql b mob`qm{akoq. Kq kx uxoa ql aovo`ls noz zb{x lf zlweknj gbxoa ln o}kxqknj jlla swbhqkho. B wofowonho sbnoàovo`lsx b xoq lf swknhksòx, kaobx bna bhqklnx qmbq bwo knqwlauhoa auwknj b xowkox lf òbwnknj zlwexmlsx. Bqqmo xbdo qkdo, swbhqkho kx kdsòdonqoa ln sbwqkhksbqknj xkqox uxknj xdb``, wbska, knhwodonqb` hmbnjox.


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kn o}kxqonho flw xovowb` aohbaox, dbn{ fbhqlwx swovonq qmod fwld goknj kdsòdonqoaoffohqkvo`{, knhùaknj9

qmo hu`quwo lf xqbquqlw{ xohqlw lwjbnkybqklnx5 qmo aldknbnho lf swlfoxxklnb` hu`quwox bna kaol`ljkox kn kdslxknj qmokw lzn

xqwuhquwox bna xlùqklnx ln hlddunkqkox5

hldsoqknj bna hlnf`khqknj swklwkqkox5 qmo xek``x bna hldsoqonhkox lf xqbff5 bna qmo hbsbhkq{ bna zk``knjnoxx lf xowvkho uxowx bna qmo sug`kh ql joq knvl`voa. 73

Qmo ZML Hlddkxxkln ln qmo Xlhkb` Aoqowdknbnqx lf Mob`qm swoxonqoawohlddonabqklnx ln hkvkh sbwqkhksbqkln flw dbwjknb`kyoa jwlusx zkqm b flhux ln sl`kqkhbòdslzowdonq, xlhkb` knhùxkln, bna jkvknj b vlkhoql qmo akxonfwbnhmkxoa.72

Qmkx wohlddonabqkln fwld qmo Hlddkxxkln mbx qzl bhqkln bwobx. Qmo fkwxq bwob bxexjlvowndonq ql odslzow b`` jwlusx kn xlhkoq{ qmwlujm fbkw woswoxonqbqkln kn aohkxkln$dbeknj qmbq bffohqx mlz xlhkoq{ lsowbqox, bna ql hwobqo bna dbknqbkn b xlhkb``{ knhùxkvo

fwbdozlwe flw sl`kh{$dbeknj. Qmo flhux kx ln x{xqodx qmbq woju`bqo xlhkoq{ xuhm bx qmosl`kqkhb` bna òjb` x{xqodx bna mlz qmo{ hlnnohq bna jkvo vlkho ql òjkqkdkxo bnaxusslwq dbwjknb`kyoa jwlusx

Qmo Hlddkxxklnx Bhqkln Bwob qzl ln sl`kqkhb` slzow bna knhùxkln b`xl wohlddonaoaqmbq x{xqodx go suq knql s`bho ql b``lz b glqqld us bsswlbhm ql aohkxkln dbeknj bnasbwqkhksbqkln ql fbhk`kqbqo qmo knvl`vodonq lf hkvkh xlhkoq{.

Bnawoxx -7333+ aovo`lsoa b dlao` - Fkjuwo 8+ flw hkvkh sbwqkhksbqkln qmbq o}bdknox mlzqmo hkvkh hbsbhkq{ lf b hlddunkq{ kdsbhqx bna kx kdsbhqoa g{ qmo xlhkb` aoqowdknbnqx lfmob`qm -XALM+. Qmo honqwb` fkjuwo kn qmo dlao` kx qmo lwbnjo gl} zkqm b qzl$zb{ bwwlz.Qmkx kx dobnq ql knakhbqo qmo slzowfu` bna slzowòxx wlò qmbq hkvkh hbsbhkq{ db{ s`b{ knlwaowknj b aodlhwbqkh xlhkoq{.

Kn qmo dlao` qmo qzl$zb{ bwwlz knakhbqox qmbq hkvkh hbsbhkq{ kx glqm xmbsoa g{ b xlhkoq{xxlhkb`, sl`kqkhb`, ohlnldkh, bna hu`quwb` fbhqlwx bna, hlnhldkqbnq`{, db{ suxm gbhe qlknfùonho, xmbso, bna kdsbhq qmo xqwuhquwb` x{xqodx bna sl`khkox lf b xlhkoq{$ nlqo qmobwwlz alznzbwa qlzbwax sl`kqkhb` bavlhbh{ bna swbhqkhox lf xqwlnj aodlhwbh{ . Knhlddunkqkox qmbq lsowbqo ln qmo dbwjknx bna o}sowkonho xlhkb` bna mob`qm knorub`kqkox,hkvkh hbsbhkq{ kx zobe lw nln$o}kxqonq.

Dlvknj ql qmo wkjmq kn qmo akbjwbd zo xoo qmo dohmbnkxdx bna sbqmzb{x qmbq lsowbqo qlb``lz hkvkh hbsbhkq{ ql joq unaow qmo xekn bna swlauho knorub`kqkox lsowbqknj qmwlujm bnag{ xmbsknj gombvkluwb`, dbqowkb` knorub`kqkox, bna sm{xkl`ljkhb` bna sx{hmlxlhkb`,sbqmzb{x.

73 Skhekn H, Slsb{ I, Xqbo`{ E oq b`. -7337+ Aovo`lsknj b dlao` ql onmbnho qmo hbsbhkq{ lf xqbquqlw{lwjbnkxbqklnx ql onjbjo zkqm `b{ hlddunkqkox. Iluwnb` lf Mob`qm Xowvkhox Woxobwhm bna Sl`kh{ :9-2+.72 Bnno} 2 Fu`` Wohlddonabqklnx lf qmo HXAM5 xoo Lvowbwhmknj Wohlddonabqkln Nl. 7Qbheò qmo Knorukqbgò Akxqwkguqkln lf Slzow, Dlno{ bna Woxluwhox5 Sl`kqkhb` Odslzowdonq Knhùxklnbna Vlkho. mqqs9zzz.uh`.bh.uejmojdbwdlqwovkozhxamwohlddonabqklnx


15/48

2?

Fkjuwo 8 Hkvkh hbsbhkq{ bna qmo xlhkb` aoqowdknbnqx lf

mob`qm

Quwnknj bjbkn ql qmo ZML Hlddkxxkln ln qmo XALM zo xoo qmo kaobx lf qmo Bnawoxx-7333+ dlao` bna qmo o}swoxxkln lf qmo mob`qm offohqx lf hkvkh sbwqkhksbqkln bx qmoHlddkxkln xqwoxxox mlz sbwqkhksbqkln bna qmo baaoa hlnqwl` lvow lnox `kfo mbx qmoslqonqkb` ql hlnqwkguqo ql kdswlvoa sx{hml$xlhkb` zo`` goknj bna, bx b woxu`q, ql lqmowmob`qm luqhldox.77

77 Bnno} 2 Fu`` Wohlddonabqklnx lf qmo HXAM5 xoo Lvowbwhmknj Wohlddonabqkln Nl. 7


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Xqwonjqmonknj hkvkh onjbjodonq, sbwqkhu`bw`{ bdlnj jwlusx zml bwo aoswkvoa lw kxl`bqoa-bna xl xuffow fwld sx{hml$xlhkb` xqwoxx bna `bhe lf hlnqwl`+ flwdx qmo gbxkx flw hkqkyonxbna hlddunkqkox zkqm qmo bgk`kq{ ql o}owq knfùonho ln sl`khkox qmbq bffohq qmod bna qlgukà knakvkaub`x hbsbhkq{ zkqmkn qmo hlddunkq{ k.o. hbsbhkq{ fwld sbwqkhksbqkln kn

hlddunkq{ funhqklnx, jwlusx, oqh.

Hkvkh slzow, bhhlwaknj ql qmo ZML Hlddkxxkln, kx xmbsoa glqm g{ qmo bgk`kq{ lfhlddunkqkox ql aofkno bna lwjbnkyo qmodxo`vox, bna g{ qmo o}qonq ql zmkhm b xlhkoq{xnbqklnb` bna `lhb` lwjbnkybqklnx knvl`vo bna odslzow hlddunkqkox.

Bnawoxx -7336+ dobxuwox b hlddunkq{x hkvkh hbsbhkq{ uxknj qmo fl``lzknj oòdonqx9Sl`kqkhb` offkhbh{ bna qwuxq5

xlhkb` hlmoxkln5 xlhkb` hbskqb`5 hl`òhqkvo xo`f$offkhbh{5

Sowhokvoa hbsbgk`kq{ lf lqmow hlddunkq{ dodgowx5 bna, Sowhokvoa offkhbh{ ql xl`vo swlgòdx bx b jwlus78Slsb{ -7336+ dlao`x -Fkjuwo 1+ qmo aojwoox lf hlddunkq{ onjbjodonq qmbq wbnjo fwldxkds`{ knflwdknj qmo dodgowx lf qmo hlddunkq{ ql jwbnqknj hlddunkq{ hlnqwl`.71 Kn qmodlao`, qmowo bwo qmwoo o}sohqoa luqhldox9 xowvkho luqhldox5 knqowdoakbqo xlhkb`luqhldox5 bna mob`qm luqhldox. Bx qmo aojwoo lf hlddunkq{ onjbjodonq oxhb`bqoxqlzbwax hlnqwl` g{ qmo hlddunkq{ qmo òvo`x lf bhmkovodonq kn obhm luqhldo knhwobxo.

Qbheò qmo Knorukqbgò Akxqwkguqkln lf Slzow, Dlno{ bna Woxluwhox5 Sl`kqkhb` Odslzowdonq Knhùxklnbna Vlkho. mqqs9zzz.uh`.bh.uejmojdbwdlqwovkozhxamwohlddonabqklnx78mqqs9zzz.gwkajknjqmomob`qmjbs.hldus`lbaxdobxuwknj\hkvkh\hbsbhkq{\ibhexln.saf71 Slsb{ I -7336+ Hlddunkq{ onjbjodonq bna hlddunkq{ aovo`lsdonq bna mob`qm kdswlvodonq9 bgbhejwluna sbsow flw NKHO -bvbk`bgò ln woruoxq g{ odbk`knj bnqln{.dlwjbnCnkho.lwj.uelw`lwwbkno.qb{`lwCnkho.lwj.ue+. B`xl xoo sbjo =5 NKHO sug`kh mob`qm jukabnho ;Hlddunkq{ onjbjodonq ql kdswlvo mob`qm. Fogwubw{ 733=.mqqs9zzz.nkho.lwj.uenkhodoakbsafSM33;JukabnhoZlwa.alh(\Hl``bglwbqkvo\doqmlal`lj{\-knhùakn


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18/48

2=

balsqoa b woxlùqkln ln onxuwknj mob`qm swlqohqkln kn b`` Hlddunkq{ sl`khkox bnabhqkvkqkox.76

Qmo unaowxqbnaknj lf MkBS kx b`xl knqwknxkhb``{ `kneoa ql qmo wkxo lf onvkwlndonqb` bnaohl`ljkhb` bnb`{xkx kn qmo 2;:3x bna 2;=3x.7: Qmkx ohl`ljkhb` vkoz lf mob`qm, b`xl hb`òa

qmo xlhklonvkwlndonqb` bsswlbhm, odsmbxkyox qmbq qmo hlnqo}qx kn zmkhm solsò `kvo bnaqmo zb{x qmbq solsò wo`bqo ql qmod bwo swlfluna`{ knfùonhoa g{ sug`kh sl`khkox. 7=

Xkdk`bw ql qmo hlnhosq lf xuxqbknbgò aovo`lsdonq, MkBS bssobwx ql hlnqbkn oòdonqxwo`bqoa ql qmo zo``goknj lf qmo ohlnld{ bx zo`` bx dbeknj hlnqwkguqklnx ql qmo mob`qm lfnbqklnx qmwlujm xqwuhquwox, dohmbnkxdx, bna bhqklnx s`bnnoa bna dbnbjoa dbkn`{ g{xohqlwx lqmow qmbn mob`qm. .7;

Fkjuwo ? -b`xl dbweoa bx Fkjuwo 2+ go`lz k`ùxqwbqox qmo knqowhlnnohqoa wo`bqklnxmksgoqzoon mob`qm bna qmo ohlnld{ bx o}swoxxoa kn MkBS. Qmo dlao` dbeox hòbw qmbqzmkò qmo xlhkb` aoqowdknbnqx bffohq mob`qm, qmo luqhldo lf jlla lw sllw nbqklnb` mob`qmxqbqux zk`` fuwqmow kdsbhq qmo ohlnld{ lf b nbqkln. B mob`qm{ bna xek`òa slsu`bqkln kxhwkqkhb` ql zlweflwho sbwqkhksbqkln bna swlauhqkvkq{, bna monho b nbqklnx fuquwo `kvknjxqbnabwax.

76

Mob`qm kn B`` Sl`khkox9 Swlxsohqx bna slqonqkb`x -7336+. mqqs9zzz.ouwl.zml.knqalhudonqO=;763.safOakqlwx9 Qkdl Xqm` , Dbqqmkbx Zkxdbw, Oovb L``k`b, Oowl @bmqknon, Ekddl @ossl. Dknkxqw{ lf Xlhkb`Bffbkwx bna Mob`qm, Mob`qm Aosbwqdonq, Fkn`bna.7: @bglnqo W.Mob`qm swldlqkln bna odslzowdonq9 swbhqkho fwbdozlwex. Qlwlnql, Honqwo flw Mob`qmSwldlqkln, _nkvowxkq{ lf Qlwlnql, 2;;8.7= Dk`kl N. Dbeknj mob`qm{ sug`kh sl`kh{5 aovo`lsknj qmo xhkonho lf bwq9 bn ohl`ljkhb` fwbdozlwe flw sl`kh{xquakox.Mob`qm Swldlqkln, 2;==, 7-8+97867:1.7; Mob`qm kn B`` Sl`khkox9 Swlxsohqx bna slqonqkb`x -7336+. mqqs9zzz.ouwl.zml.knqalhudonqO=;763.safOakqlwx9 Qkdl Xqm` , Dbqqmkbx Zkxdbw, Oovb L``k`b, Oowl @bmqknon, Ekddl @ossl. Dknkxqw{ lf Xlhkb`Bffbkwx bna Mob`qm, Mob`qm Aosbwqdonq, Fkn`bna.


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2;

Fkjuwo ? Mob`qm kn b``

sl`khkox

Hlnhosqub``{, Mob`qm kn B`` Sl`khkox kx, gbxoa ln vbùox bna swknhksòx xkdk`bw ql qmlxo knqmo ZMLx hb`` flw du`qkxohqlwb` bhqkln flw mob`qm,83 bna qmo hlnhosq lf gukàknj mob`qm{sug`kh sl`khkox,82 lw qmo zmlò jlvowndonq bsswlbhm.87

83 J`lxxbw{ lf qowdx uxoa kn qmo Mob`qm flw B`` Xowkox Nl. 2=. Jonovb, Zlwà Mob`qmLwjbnkybqkln, 2;=1.82Lqqbzb Hmbwqow flw Mob`qm Swldlqkln. Fkwxq knqownbqklnb` hlnfowonho ln mob`qm swldlqkln.Lqqbzb, 72 Nlvodgow 2;=6, ZMLMSWMOS;?.2 -mqqs9zzz.zml.knqmswNSMalhxlqqbzb\hmbwqow\ms.saf, bhhoxxoa 7= Iu`{ 7336+.87 7=. Gbnjele Hmbwqow flw Mob`qm Swldlqkln kn b J`lgb`kyoa Zlwà. Qmo 6qm J`lgb` Hlnfowonholn Mob`qm Swldlqkln. Gbnjele, Bujuxq 733? -mqqs9zzz.zml.knqmob`qmswldlqklnhlnfowonhox6jhmsmsw\3?3=7;\/73GHMS.saf, bhhoxxoa 7= Iu`{ 7336+


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73

Qmo `kqowbquwo xoodx ql xusslwq qmkx nlqkln bna jkvox qmo kdswoxxkln qmbq qmo balsqkln bnakdsòdonqbqkln lf qmo MkBS hlnhosq bssobw ql go qmo dlxq akffkhu`q kxxuo kn qowdx lfswbhqkhb` sl`kh{$dbeknj.88Wofowwoa ql bx glqm balsqkln lw bjonab xoqqknj, bn kxxuo fbhknj MkBS kx mlz ql onmbnhoqmo fobxkgk`kq{ qmbq sl`kh{$dbeowx zml mbvo nlq swovklux`{ hlnxkaowoa mob`qm bx sbwq lf

qmo bjonab zk`` gojkn ql hlnxkaow bna uxo mob`qm hwkqowkb kn aohkxkln$dbeknj.

Qmo hmb`ònjo kx dbeknj qmo hbxo ql sl`kh{$dbeowx qmbq qmo mob`qm kds`khbqklnx lf lqmowsl`khkox xmluà go qbeon knql hlnxkaowbqkln kn sl`kh{$flwdu`bqkln bna kdsòdonqbqkln bqb`` bwobx bna òvo`x lf sl`kh{$dbeknj.

Xqwbqojkox ql mo`s dlvo MkBS lnql qmo sl`kh{ bjonab hlnxkxqx lf qmwoo bsswlbhmox. Qmofkwxq kx ql joq lqmow xohqlwx lw xqbeomlàowx knxkao xohqlwx ql hlnqwkguqo ql kdswlvknjmob`qm lw swldlqo fbhqlwx wo`bqoa ql mob`qm aoqowdknbnqx. Qmkx xqwbqoj{ eoosx mob`qm bx bdbkn lgiohqkvo. Qmo bkd kx glqm ql bhmkovo mob`qm jbknx bna ql qwbnxfow woxslnxkgk`kq{ flwswldlqknj mob`qm ql vbwklux bjonhkox, bhqlwx lw qmo jlvowndonq bx b zmlò.

Lno o}bdsò lf qmkx ekna lf sl`kh{ kx qmo xdleknj hlnqwl` sl`kh{ zmowo sugkh mob`qm mbxgoon xuhhoxxfu` kn hlnvknhknj lqmow xohqlwx ql dbeo mob`qm$wo`bqoa aohkxklnx.81 Kn hbxoxzmowo qmo mob`qm lgiohqkvo hlnf`khqx zkqm qmo lqmow xohqlwx jlb`x lw vbùox nokqmowxqwbqoj{ kx `keo`{ ql mo`s dlvo bn MkBS offlwq flwzbwa.

Qmo xohlna xqwbqoj{ ql dlvo MkBS lnql qmo sl`kh{ bjonab flhuxox ln kaonqkf{knj bnabhmkovknj duqub` jbknx lw luqhldox flw b`` xohqlwx knvl`voa kn qmo swlhoxx. Qmkx xqwbqoj{hluà go hb`òa b duqub` jbknx xqwbqoj{ lw b zkn$zkn xqwbqoj{.

Qmo bkd lf b zkn$zkn xqwbqoj{ kx ql hlnxkaow o}sohqoa mob`qm jbknx, guq b`xl, flw o}bdsò,xlhkb` bna ohlnldkh jbkn qmbq dkjmq go bqqbknoa. Qmkx xqwbqoj{ hluà go b`xl hb`òa qmox{nowj{ dlao` zmowog{ sbwqnow lwjbnkybqklnx db{ wob`kyo dlwo bhqknj qljoqmow qmbn qmo{zluà g{ zlweknj ln qmokw lzn.8?

B qmkwa xqwbqoj{, zmkhm kx dlwo lf bn lsslwqunkq{, lhhuwx auwknj b hwkxkx. Sl`khkox bwobavbnhoa kn qkdox lf hwkxox, zmkhm kds`{ qmbq mob`qm lgiohqkvox db{ bxxudo b mkjmows`bho ln qmo sl`kqkhb` bjonab. Zmkò kq db{ lw db{ nlq go b mob`qm hwkxkx, kn qmoxo hbxoxlno dkjmq uxo okqmow xqwbqoj{ lno lw qzl bglvo.

88

Nuqgobd A. Mlz alox ovkaonho knfùonho sug`kh mob`qm sl`kh{< Qbhe`knj mob`qm knorub`kqkoxkn Onj`bna.Mob`qm Swldlqkln Iluwnb` lf Buxqwb`kb, 7338, 21-8+92?12?=5 Ilffo D, Dknao`` I. B qonqbqkvoxqos qlzbwax mob`qm{ sug`kh sl`kh{.Iluwnb` lf Oskaodkl`lj{bna Hlddunkq{ Mob`qm, 7331, ?=-27+9;66;6=5 Zbnòxx A. Xohuwknj jlla mob`qm flw qmo zmlò slsu`bqkln. @lnaln, MDXL, 7331.81 @ossl, E, Vowqkl M. Xdleknj hlnqwl` sl`kh{ kn Fkn`bna9 b hbxo xqua{ kn sl`kh{ flwdu`bqklnbna kdsòdonqbqkln.Mob`qm Swldlqkln, 2;=6, 2-2+9?26.8? Dbheknqlxm D. Sbwqnowxmks9 kxxuox lf sl`kh{ bna nojlqkbqkln.@lhb` Ohlnld{, 2;;7,:-8+9723771.


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Xqwbqoj{ lno bxxowqx mob`qm lgiohqkvox lw xqwbqoj{ qzl bavbnhox b sbwqnowxmks zkqm bnlqmowxohqlw ql xmlz mlz lqmow sl`kh{ lgiohqkvox db{ go doq g{ uxknj mob`qm bx lno awkvow qldbeo qmo hbxo.Bn o}bdsò dkjmq go bn obwqmrubeo lw lqmow nbquwb` akxbxqow qmbq swldsqx dbxxkvowogukàknj.

Bx wogukàknj gojknx qmo lsslwqunkq{ ql bavbnho vbwklux mluxknj bnalw ohlnldkhaovo`lsdonq sl`khkox db{ go swoxonqoa. Zmkò b`` lf qmo sl`khkox dooq qmo xohqlwx jlb`xxldo db{ go dlwo swl mob`qm qmbn lqmowx. Zmon xuhm hwkxox odowjo, qmo{ zk`` ln`{ òbaql jlla sl`khkox kf qmowo kx o}sowqkxo ql bnb`{yo bna swlauho jlla xlùqklnx bnab`qownbqkvox flw qmo xkqubqkln.

Qmo kdsòdonqbqkln lf qmo MkBS hlnhosq kx knfùonhoa g{ b dknkdud lf qmo fl``lzknjfbhqlwx.86

Fknaknj hlddln jwluna flw b zkn$zkn xqwbqoj{ kn xohqlwx zmowo qmowo bwohlnqwbxqknj kddoakbqo lw `lnj$qowd knqowoxqx hbn go hmb`ònjknj bna worukwoxfuwqmow zlwe, bhqkln bna swoxxuwo.

Qmo nudgow bna vbwkbgk`kq{ lf qmo xohqlwx qmbq duxq hllsowbqo ql jbknkdswlvodonq lf mob`qm aoqowdknbnqx db{ go xugxqbnqkb`. Flw o}bdsò, zkqmdobxuwox qmbq qw{ ql onxuwo qmbq mob`qmkow xluwhox lf flla flw fbdk`kox. Sug`khsl`khkox db{ go kn s`bho ql onxuwo mob`qmkow b`qownbqkvox kn b hlddunkq{ qmwlujm`bna uxo sl`khkox bna xugxkakox ql gukà bhhoxxkgò flla luqòqx. Guq bhhoxx bnahmlkhox bwo aosonaonq ln lqmow hlnxqwbknknj fbhqlwx, zmkhm aosona ln sl`khkox knlqmow xohqlwx qmbq bwo nlq nohoxxbwk`{ akwohq`{ wo`bqoa ql `bna uxo bna aovo`lsdonqxuhm bx zlweknj qkdox, ods`l{donq hlnakqklnx, bna zbjox b`` lf zmkhm knfùonhoqmo xhlso bna hlnqo}q kn zmkhm fbdk`kox hbn dbeo hmlkhox.

Qmo hlxqx lf qmo xqwbqojkox bwo kdslwqbnq bna bn{ mob`qm sl`kh{ dobxuwox qmbqnojbqkvo`{ knfùonho qmo hlxq xqwuhquwo lf bnlqmow sug`kh sl`kh{ bwob zk`` fbhofuwqmow swlgòdx kn kdsòdonqbqkln. Fuwqmow, qmo gonofkqx lf mob`qm dobxuwox qonaql go dlwo akffkhu`q ql dobxuwo qmbn kddoakbqo hlxqx. Zo mbvo gohldobhhuxqldoa ql baawoxxknj qmo hlxqx bna gonofkqx lf b sbwqkhu`bw lw nbwwlzqwobqdonq$gbxoa knqowvonqkln kn hldsbwkxln ql b hmbnjo lf gwlbaow sl`khkox.

Qmo òvo` lf sug`kh bhqkln kx kdslwqbnq. Xldo hlnxkaowbqkln duxq go jkvon qlzmoqmow `lhb` sl`khkox zk`` go kdsbhqfu` unòxx xhlso flw kdsòdonqbqkln bq qmo`lhb` òvo` kx bhhldsbnkoa g{ bhqkln bq qmo xqbqo, nbqklnb`, wojklnb` lw ovonj`lgb` òvo`x

Qmo mob`qm kdsbhqx lf sbwqkhu`bw sl`kh{ hmbnjox bwo nlq nohoxxbwk`{ akwohq bnakddoakbqo, guq db{ ln`{ gohldo ovkaonq duhm `bqow. Hlnqknukq{ bna fl``lz$usbwo kdslwqbnq gohbuxo xldo kxxuox bwo qbheòa dlwo obxk`{ qmbn lqmowx bna xldozk`` worukwo hlnxqbnq bna `lnj$qowd bqqonqkln ovon bx xlhkoqkox qona ql flwjoq qmokdslwqbnho lf qmknjx bna noz jonowbqklnx balsq akffowonq swklwkqkox bna bhqkvkqkox.Xuxqbknbgk`kq{, xuxqonbnho, bna b `lnj$qowd slknq lf vkoz bwo nooaoa kn MkBS bx

86 Mob`qm kn B`` Sl`khkox9 Swlxsohqx bna slqonqkb`x -7336+. mqqs9zzz.ouwl.zml.knqalhudonqO=;763.safOax9 Qkdl Xqm` , Dbqqmkbx Zkxdbw, Oovb L``k`b, Oowl @bmqknon, Ekddl @ossl. Dknkxqw{ lf Xlhkb` Bffbkwxbna Mob`qm, Mob`qm Aosbwqdonq, Fkn`bna.


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77

zo`` bx onxuwknj qmbq enlzòajo gbxkx, mudbn hbsbhkq{ bna hlnqknukq{ lf zlwe bwodbknqbknoa.

B Mob`qm{ _wgbn Aovo`lsdonq Dlao`

Woxobwhm ovkaonho xusslwqknj qmo hlnnohqkln goqzoon qmo onvkwlndonq, mob`qm{ uwgbns`bnnknj, bna mob`qm luqhldox db{ go fluna kn b aoqbkòa woslwq fwld Qbxe Flwho Fluw lfqmo Dbwdlq Xqwbqojkh Wovkoz lf Mob`qm Knorub`kqkox kn Onj`bna Slxq 7323.8: Nudowluxxquakox bwo swoxonqoa zkqm b gwkof aoxhwksqkln lf qmo xusslwqknj ovkaonho.

Mujm Gbwqln -733?+ aoxhwkgox bn knqojwbqoa hlnhosqub` fwbdozlwe qmbq hldgknox bnohlx{xqod bnb`{xkx qmbq o}swoxxox qmo wo`bqklnxmks goqzoon solsò bna qmokw onvkwlndonqzkqm b sug`kh mob`qm bsswlbhm zmkhm kaonqkfkox qmo woòvbnq xlhkbònvkwlndonqbàoqowdknbnqx lf zo``$goknj ql mo`s bwqkhu`bqo zmbq mob`qm{, xuxqbknbgò bwobx dkjmq go`keo.8=

Xqbwqknj bx obw`{ bx 73338; Gbwqln gojbn ql aovkxo b dlao` qmbq zluà hbsquwo qmo fbhqlwxbdonbgò ql s`bnnknj sl`kh{ qmbq o}owq bn knfùonho ln knakvkaub` `kfoxq{ò bna gombvkluw.Mkx dlao` bna xugxoruonq aowkvbqklnx hbdo fwld Zmkqomoba bna Ab`jwon*x 2;;2 fkjuwolf qmo aoqowdknbnqx lf mob`qm.13

Qmowo bssobw ql go dbn{ vowxklnx lf qmo dlao` bna qmo nudgow lf xsmowox bna s`bhodonqlf hbqojlwkox hmbnjox lvow qkdo. Wofowwoa ql bx qmo ohlx{xqod mob`qm dbs kn Gbwqln-733?+, lw b mudbn ohl`lj{ dlao`, qmo akbjwbd go`lz -Fkjuwo 6+12 xoqx luq qmo vbwkluxxsmowox lf xlhkb` bna ohlnldkh `kfo bna qmo zkaow onvkwlndonq qmbq bwo bffohqoa g{s`bnnknj.

Gbwqln -733?+ xb{x qmbq qmo dlao` mbx xovon xsmowox woswoxonqknj akffowonq oòdonqx lfxqlhe lw hbskqb` knhùaknj xlhkb`, ohlnldkh, bna onvkwlndonqb`. Obhm xsmowo kx glqm bswlhoxx bna b xqbqo lf goknj. Ql go lf vbùo Gbwqln -733?+ odsmbxkyox a{nbdkh -bxlsslxoa ql xqbqkh+ uxo lf qmo dlao` kn qmo bnb`{xkx lf slqonqkb` kdsbhqx, o.j., sm{xkhb`hmbnjo hbn kdsbhq qmo xuxqbknbgk`kq{ bna mob`qm lf bn bwob.Kn qmkx dlao`, Xsmowo 6 kx hlnxkaowoa qmo xsmowo lfakwohqs`bnnknj knfùonho.17 Kqwoswoxonqx qmo sm{xkhb` flwd bna dbnbjodonq lf qmo guk`q onvkwlndonq bna kdsbhqx ql b

8: Xqwbqojkh Wovkoz lf Mob`qm Knorub`kqkox kn Onj`bna slxq$7323 Qbxe Jwlus 19 Qmo Guk`q Onvkwlndonq bnaMob`qm Knorub`kqkox Fknb` Woslwq 27 Iuno 733;.mqqs9zzz.uh`.bh.uejmojdbwdlqwovkozhlnxu`qbqklnGuk`q\onvkwlndonq\woslwq8=

Gbwqln, -733?+ B Mob`qm Dbs flw _wgbn S`bnnowx9 Qlzbwax b Hlnhosqub` Dlao` flw Mob`qm{ XuxqbknbgòXoqqòdonqx. Guk`q Onvkwlndonq 82-1+. sjx 88;$??.8; Gbwqln, M. bna Qxluwlu, H. -7333+. Mob`qm{ _wgbn S`bnnknj. @lnaln9 Xsln Swoxx.13 Abm`jwon J, Zmkqomoba D. Sl`khkox bna xqwbqojkox ql swldlqo xlhkb` orukq{ kn mob`qm.Xqlheml`d, Knxqkquqo flw Fuquwo Xquakox, 2;;2.12 Gbwqln, M., Jwbnq, D., Jukxo, W -7331+ Xmbsknj nokjmglwmllax $ b jukao flw mob`qm, xuxqbknbgk`kq{ bnavkqb`kq{. Xsln Swoxx, @lnaln.17 MOB@QM[ _WGBN S@BNNKNJ BNA QWBNXSLWQ. Mujm Gbwqln, zkqm H`bkwo Dkqhmbd bnaHbqmbwkno Qxluwlu. Qmkx sbsow kx gbxoa ln hmbsqow ; $ 'Hkqkox flw solsò' $kn qmo woslwq ln qmo swljwoxx bnabhmkovodonqx lf Ouwlsobn Mob`qm{ Hkqkox akxqwkguqoa ql sbwqkhksbnqx bq qmo Go`fbxq hlnfowonho kn Lhqlgow


23/48

78

jwobqow lw òxxow o}qonq ln b`` qmo lqmow xsmowox, `kqowb``{ xmbsknj xldo lf qmo lsqklnx qmbqbwo lson ql knakvkaub`x, xlhkb` jwlusx, bna guxknoxxox.

Flw o}bdsò qmo swlsonxkq{ lf solsò ql o}owhkxo kx bffohqoa g{ bvbk`bgk`kq{, hlnvonkonho,xbfoq{, bna bqqwbhqkvonoxx lf soaoxqwkbn bna h{h`knj bvonuox, sbwex bna s`b{knj fkoàx. Zo

enlz qmbq o}owhkxo kx hwkqkhb``{ kdslwqbnq flw hmkàwon, {oq kn xldo hlunqwkox, zbèknj qlxhmll` mbx gohldo bn unslsu`bw lhhusbqkln.18

Gbwqln -733?+ dobnq ql xqbwqò bna bzbeon s`bnnowx bna aoxkjnowx ql qmo wo`bqklnxmksgoqzoon qmo gwlbaow hlnqo}q bna qmo xsbhox qmbq qmo{ babsq. Mo go`kovoa qmbq qmos`bhodonq lf xsmowo 6 zkqmkn qmo dlao` zluà akxs`b{ mlz s`bnnknj mba ql zlwe knwo`bqkln ql b`` lf qmo lqmow xsmowox.

Qmo `lhb` ohlnld{ mbx goon xsmowo 8 kn lqmow dlao`x s`bhknj kq h`lxo ql qmo knakvkaub`.Kn qmo hbxo lf Fkjuwo 6, `lhb` ohlnld{ kx xsmowo ?. Gbwqln -733?+ aofknoa kq ql knhùaoswkvbqo, sug`kh, vlùnqbw{, bna knflwdb` xohqlwx. Zkqm xsbho hlnxqwkhqoa bna hlnqwl`òa,

qmo `lhb` ohlnld{ kx xoon bx b awkvow lf sm{xkhb` hmbnjo bna bn kdslwqbnq swohuwxlw knmlz bhqkvkqkox zlwe lw fbk` ql zlwe.

Lf fuwqmow knqowoxq kn qmo akbjwbd kx qmo kaonqkfkhbqkln uxoa flw qmo qls bna glqqld lf qmohkwhò. Qmo qls mb`f kx dbweoa bx xsbqkb` zmkò qmo glqqld mb`f lf qmo akbjwbd kx bxsbqkb`.Kn xlhkb` oskaodkl`lj{11 xsbqkb` sbqqownknj dobnx bn o}bdknbqkln lf qmo zb{ qmoknakvkaub`x lw unkqx bwo bwwbnjoa zkqmkn bn onvkwlndonq. B`qownbqkvo`{, bxsbqkb` knakhbqoxqmo bgxonho lf dobxuwox lw qmo nooa ql bhhlunq flw qmo zb{ qmbq xugiohqx, unkqx, lwknakvkaub`x bwo bwwbnjoa zkqmkn b hlnqo}q lw bn onvkwlndonq.

Kn hbxox zmowo qmo bxsbqkb` hlnhosq kx uxoa kq hbn b`xl knakhbqo qmbq qmo bwwbnjodonqxzkqmkn qmo onvkwlndonq bwo kwwoòvbnq. Kn qmkx hbxo zkqm Fkjuwo 6 zo hbn xoo mlz qmkxdkjmq zlwe kn qmbq qmo `bwjow hlnqo}q glunaoa g{ qmo glqqld mb`f lf qmo akbjwbd knhùaoxhu`quwb` go`kofx, nlwdx vbùox, bna jonowb`, xlhkb`, sl`kqkhb`, ohlnldkh bna qohmnl`ljkhb`hlnakqklnx sùx jlvownbnho bna knxqkquqklnx.

Qmoxo fbhqlwx -kn qmo bxsbqkb` slwqkln+ hlnqwl`, xmbso, bna xoq qmo sbwbdoqowx flw qmo qlsmb`f lf qmo xsmowo. Kn bn uwgbn aovo`lsdonq fwbdozlwe, bx swoxonqoa kn qmkx hbxo, qmkxzluà go hlnxkxqonq zmowo zo bwo hlnhownoa zkqm s`bnnknj bna bffohqknj qmo flwd bnaxmbso lf qmo kqodx zkqmkn xsmowo 6 zmkhm knfùonhox qmo lqmow xsmowox.

B xsbqkb` vkoz bna bnb`{xkx lf qmo sbqqownknj zkqmkn qmo xsmowox bq qmo qls lf qmo dlao`zluà go o}sohqoa kn qmkx hlnhosqub`kybqkln lf uwgbn s`bnnknj.

7338 -Qxluwlx bna Fbwwknjqln+.mqqs9zzz.unoho.lwjqmososonzlwes`bnuwgbnalhudonqxMGbwqlnsbsow.saf18 Hllsow, B -7338+ 'Zbè ql Xhmll`' kn _wgbn Aoxkjn Rubwqow`{. Kxxuo =:, Xuddow 7338.11 Doqmlax kn xlhkb` oskaodkl`lj{. - 7336 +. I. Dkhmbo` Lbeox, Ib{ X. Ebufdbn.Ilxxo{$Gbxx5 2xq oakqkln.


24/48

71

Fkjuwo 6 Mudbn ohl lj{ dlao`

Bnb`{xkx lf Qmwoo Qll`x flw Mob`qm{ _wgbn Aovo`lsdonq

B Aoxhwksqkvo Wovkoz

Kn qmkx xohqkln lf qmo woslwq, zo o}s`lwo qmwoo qll`x qmbq db{ go uxoa flw mob`qm{ uwgbnaovo`lsdonq bna s`bnnknj.

_wgbn mob`qm orukq{ bxxoxxdonq bna woxslnxo qll` -_wgbn MOBWQ+ Qmo Wbska Bxxoxxdonq Qll` flw Xdb``$Bwob Mob`qm Nooax Mob`qm{ Aovo`lsdonq Dobxuwodonq Qll` -MADQ+


25/48

7?

_wgbn Mob`qm Orukq{ Bxxoxxdonq bna Woxslnxo Qll` -_wgbn MOBWQ+

Qmkx knxqwudonq mbx goon aovo`lsoa g{ qmo ZML bna `bunhmoa kn Qomwbn, Kwbn, kn Bswk`733=. Qmo _wgbn MOBWQ qll` zbx aoxkjnoa ql jkvo sl`kh{$dbeowx bna eo{ xqbeomlàowxbq nbqklnb` bna `lhb` òvo`x b uxow$fwkona`{ jukao ql bxxoxx bna woxslna ql uwgbn mob`qm

knorukqkox. Kq kx huwwonq`{ goknj sk`lq$qoxqoa kn fkvo hlunqwkox9 Gwbyk`, Knakb, Kwbn,Smk`kssknox bna Ybdgkb.

Qmo eo{ lgiohqkvox lf _wgbn MOBWQ knhùao qmo fl``lzknj9

Bxxkxq hlddunkqkox ql kaonqkf{ jbsx bna knqowvonqklnx bna swldlqo mob`qm orukq{. Mo`s sl`kh{$dbeowx bhmkovo b goqqow unaowxqbnaknj lf xlhkb` aoqowdknbnqx bna

bxxlhkbqoa mob`qm luqhldox. Xqkdu`bqo sl`kh{$dbeowx ql dbeo xqwbqojkh aohkxklnx bna knqowvonqklnx xonxkqkvo

ql qmo nooax lf vu`nowbgò jwlusx. Bxxkxq swljwbd dbnbjowx ql aovo`ls goqqow knqowxohqlwb` hl``bglwbqkln bna

hlddunkhbqkln xqwbqojkox aob`knj zkqm vbwklux aoqowdknbnqx lf mob`qm

Zmkò qmo qll` db{ go aoxhwkgoa bx uxow$fwkona`{ kq kx worukwox b òvo` lf xlsmkxqkhbqklnbna hldsoqonhkox qmbq o}hooax qmo xek``x lf ovow{ab{ hlddunkq{ dodgowx. Xsohkb`kxqxzkqm bhhoxx ql abqbgbxox bna hlddunkq{ òvo` xlhkl$aodljwbsmkh knflwdbqkln zluànooa ql go ods`l{oa ql kdsòdonq _wgbn MOBWQ.

ZML knakhbqox qmbq dknkdb` hlxq db{ go knvl`voa kn joqqknj qmo abqb woxluwhox `lhbqoazkqmkn qmo knxqkquqklnb` dohmbnkxdx lf nbqklnb` bna `lhb` jlvowndonqx. Qmo{ wohlddonaqmbq abqb xmluà go lgqbknoa bx duhm bx slxxkgò fwld o}kxqknj knflwdbqkln x{xqodx bnawoju`bw wohlwax bna woslwqx.

@kdkqbqklnx lf _wgbn MOBWQ kaonqkfkoa g{ qmo ZML knhùao qmo fl``lzknj9 Qmo slxxkgò bgxonho lf wluqkno abqb auo ql zobenoxxox kn xuwvok``bnho bna knflwdbqklnx{xqodx5 Qmo fbkùwo ln qmo sbwq lf jlvowndonqx ql akxbjjwojbqo abqb g{ xlhklohlnldkh xqbqux,joljwbsmkh bwob, jonaow, oqh. Qmkx kx hwkqkhb` kn aoqowdknknj mob`qm knorukqkox guq nlqwluqkno`{ alno g{ b`` jlvowndonqx bq b` òvo`x. Qmo akffowonhox kn knakhbqlw aofknkqklnx bdlnj hlunqwkox hbn `kdkq qmo knqownbqklnb`hldsbwbgk`kq{ lf abqb. Qmo ZML kx mlsofu` qmbq g{ 733; kq hbn wobhm bjwoodonq bdlnjdodgow hlunqwkox ln b xoq lf hlwo knakhbqlwx qmbq zk`` go uxofu` bdlnj b`` hlunqwkox bnawojklnx.

@kdkqoa fknbnhkb` woxluwhox

Qmo _wgbn MOBWQ qll` mbx qzl hldslnonqx knhùaknj b Mob`qm Orukq{ bxxoxxdonq bna bMob`qm Orukq{ woxslnxo xohqkln. Qmo bxxoxxdonq hldslnonq kx aoxkjnoa ql kaonqkf{akffowonhox kn hkq{ lw uwgbn bwob sowflwdbnho bna db{ go hlnxkaowoa qmo dlwo qohmnkhb`lf qmo qzl xohqklnx.


26/48

76

Qmo bxxoxxdonq hldslnonq mbx qzl qll`x$ b dlnkqlw bna b dbqwk}. Qmo dlnkqlw -fkjuwo:+ s`lqx mob`qm knakhbqlwx -o.j. b`` hbnhow dlwqb`kq{ wbqo sow 233,333+ kn lwaow ql dbeo brukhe hldsbwkxln zkqmkn lw bhwlxx hkqkox lvow qkdo. Qmo dlnkqlw b`xl uxox qmo nbqklnb`bvowbjo bna fuquwo sl`kh{ qbwjoqx nbqklnb` lw knqownbqklnb` bx gonhmdbwex ql swlvkao bwofowonho slknq flw qwbheknj knorukqkox.

Qmo dbqwk} -fkjuwo =+ swoxonqx b gwlba hldsbwkxln lf qmo sowflwdbnho lf hkqkox bhwlxxmob`qm aoqowdknbnq knakhbqlwx fwld qmo fluw sl`kh{ aldbknx. Kq hwobqox b xkdsò vkxub` qlkaonqkf{ zmowo qmo knorukqkox bwo glqm kn qowdx lf xsohkfkh aoqowdknbnqx lw xsohkfkhslsu`bqkln jwlusx.

Qmo bxxoxxdonq dlnkqlwknj qll` kx aoxkjnoa ql kaonqkf{ akffowonhox kn hkq{ lw uwgbn bwobsowflwdbnho uxknj qzl xoqx lf knakhbqlwx akxbjjwojbqoa g{ orukq{ akdonxklnx. Qmo mob`qmknakhbqlwx bwo go`lz bna aoxhwkgoa bx xuddbw{ mob`qm luqhldo knakhbqlwx bna akxobxoxsohkfkh wbqo. Qmo knakhbqlwx gbxoa ln fluw sl`kh{ bwobx bwo uxoa kn qmo dbqwk} -qll` 7 lfhldslnonq 2 bxxoxxdonq+.

Xuddbw{ Mob`qm luqhldo knakhbqlwx@kfo o}sohqbnh{ bq gkwqmKnfbnq bna unaow fkvo dlwqb`kq{ wbqoxDbqownb` dlwqb`kq{ wbqklDlwgkakq{ bna dlwqb`kq{ wbqox

Akxobxo xsohkfkh dlwgkakq{ bna dlwqb`kq{ wbqoxl B`` hbnhowl Akbgoqox do``kquxl Hbwaklvbxhu`bw akxobxol Woxskwbqlw{ akxobxoxl Qugowhu`lxkxl MKVl Donqb` k``noxxl Vklònho bna kniuwkox

Qmo no}q xoq lf knakhbqlwx flw qll` 7 qmo dbqwk}$ kx hbqojlwkyoa knql fluw dbilw sl`kh{aldbknx9

Sm{xkhb` onvkwlndonq bna knfwbxqwuhquwoHlnxkxqx lf knakhbqlwx wo`bqoa ql aoqowdknbnqx bna knqowbhqklnx qmbq hbuxoonvkwlndonqb` bna sm{xkhb` mbybwax bna qmwobqx bxxlhkbqoa zkqm `kvknj hlnakqklnxbq qmo mluxomlà òvo` bna onvkwlndonqb` hlnakqklnx kn qmo hlddunkq{

Mluxomlàx zkqm bhhoxx ql xbfo zbqow Mluxomlàx zkqm bhhoxx ql xbnkqbw{ fbhk`kq{ Knhkaonho wbqo lf wlba qwbffkh kniuwkox

Xlhkb` bna mudbn aovo`lsdonql Knhùaox knakhbqlwx wo`bqoa ql aoqowdknbnqx bna knqowbhqklnx qmbq knfùonhox

xlhkb` o}hùxkln bna lqmow mknawbnhox ql mudbn aovo`lsdonq xuhm bxgbwwkowx ql bhhoxx kn oauhbqkln, mob`qm bna lqmow xlhkb` xowvkhox


27/48

7:

@kqowbh{ wbqo Gkwqmx bqqonaoa g{ xek`òa mob`qm sowxlnno` Sowhonqbjo lf fu``{ kddunkyoa knfbnqx

Ohlnldkhxl Hlnxkxqx lf knakhbqlwx wo`bqoa ql aoqowdknbnqx bna knqowbhqklnx bxxlhkbqoa

zkqm ohlnldkh gbwwkowx Ods`l{donq wbqo -bhhoxx ql ilgx+ Sowhonqbjo lf zldon obwnknj bn knhldo Sow hbskqb knhldo -òvo` lf knhldo+

Jlvownbnhol Knhùaox knakhbqlwx wo`bqoa ql aoqowdknbnqx bna knqowbhqklnx knvl`voa zkqm

jlvownbnho, wkjmqx bna sl`kqkhb` o}hùxkln Nudgow lf aovo`lsdonq swliohqx s`bnnoa bna kdsòdonqoa zkqm

qmo hlddunkq{ Sowhonqbjo lf jlvowndonq xsonaknj b``lhbqoa ql mob`qm bna lqmow

xlhkb` xowvkhox

Vlqow sbwqkhksbqkln wbqo

Kn Fkjuwo :$ qmo dlnkqlw$ hl`lwx woswoxonq qmo òvo` lf sowflwdbnho lf b hkq{. Jwoonknakhbqox b òvo` lf bhhlds`kxmdonq qmbq mbx bqqbknoa lw xuwsbxxoa qmo nbqklnb` jlb` lwqbwjoq. [o``lz woswoxonqx b òvo` lf bhhlds`kxmdonq qmbq kx orub` ql lw xldozmbq bglvoqmo bvowbjo nbqklnb` xqbqux guq mbx nlq {oq bqqbknoa qmo nbqklnb` jlb` lw qbwjoq. Woadobnxqmo òvo` lf sowflwdbnho kx go`lz qmo gbxo`kno nbqklnb` bvowbjo. Hkwhòx woswoxonq qmobvowbjo sowflwdbnho lf b hkq{ flw b xsohkfkh slknq kn qkdo -{obw+. S`lqqknj qmo sowflwdbnholf qmo hkq{ ln b sowklakh -o.j. {obw`{+ gbxkx swlvkaox bn knakhbqkln lf qmo qwonax knsowflwdbnho. Akbdlnax woswoxonq qmo wbnjo lf sowflwdbnho lf qmo hkq{ zkqmkn b xsohkfkhslknq kn qkdo -{obw+ gbxoa ln b hldsbwkxln lf qzl slsu`bqkln jwlusx -o.j. dbò vx.fodbò+ lw joljwbsmkh bwobx. Qmo akbdlna woswoxonqx qmo bavbnqbjoa jwlus bna qmo `lzowqwkbnjò woswoxonqx qmo akxbavbnqbjoa jwlus.


28/48

7=

Fkjuwo : MOBWQ dlnkqlw hldslnonq$ qls

Fkjuwo = MOBWQ dbqwk} hldslnonq$glqqld


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Qmo _wgbn Mob`qm Orukq{ Dbqwk} -fkjuwo =+ kx qmo xohlna qll` lf qmo fkwxq hldslnonq, -k.o.,bxxoxxdonq+ lf qmo _wgbn MOBWQ qll`. Qmo dbqwk} swoxonqx b gwlba hldsbwkxln lf qmosowflwdbnho lf hkqkox bhwlxx mob`qm aoqowdknbnq knakhbqlwx fwld qmo fluw sl`kh{ aldbknx.Kq hwobqox b xkdsò vkxub` ql kaonqkf{ zmowo qmo knorukqkox bwo kn qowdx lf xsohkfkhaoqowdknbnqx lw xsohkfkh slsu`bqkln jwlusx.

Kn fkjuwo = hlùdnx woswoxonq qmo sowflwdbnho lf b hkq{ gbxoa ln qmo akffowonqaoqowdknbnqx. Qmo hl`lw hlaox kn obhm xrubwo knakhbqo qmo òvo` lf bhhlds`kxmdonq. Knqmo fkjuwo bglvo, Hkq{ O kx sowflwdknj goqqow qmbn Hkq{ B -dlwo jwoon xrubwox+ bhwlxxdlxq knakhbqlwx. Hkq{ B kx, kn sbwqkhu`bw, sowflwdknj sllw`{ kn Sl`kh{ Aldbkn 8.

Qmo wlzx kn fkjuwo = swlvkao b gwlba skhquwo lf qmo offohqkvonoxx lf b sbwqkhu`bw sl`kh{ lwswljwbd knqowvonqkln. Flw o}bdsò, kn qmo fkjuwo bglvo, Sl`kh{ Aldbkn 2 mbx `lqx lfjwoon xrubwox bna unaow Knakhbqlwx 2.7 bna 2.8 kn sbwqkhu`bw, b`` xrubwox bwo okqmow jwoonlw {o``lz. Qmkx knakhbqox qmo offohqkvonoxx lf knqowvonqklnx ln qmkx knakhbqlw, bna slxxkg`{qmo òvo` lf woxluwhox bna offlwqx goknj dbao.

Qmo xohlna hldslnonq lf qmo _wgbn MOBWQ qll` kx qmo Mob`qm Orukq{ Woxslnxoknvonqlw{. Kq kx b `kxq lf 833 swlslxoa knqowvonqklnx lw bhqklnx jwlusoa unaow fkvoxujjoxqoa woxslnxo xqwbqojkox. Qmo woxslnxo knvonqlw{, bhhlwaknj ql qmo ZML, hbn go bgbxkx flw wovkozknj mlz huwwonq sl`khkox, swljwbdx bna xqwbqojkox db{ go kdswlvoa lwzmbq fuquwo knqowvonqklnx db{ go worukwoa ql baawoxx orukq{ jbsx kaonqkfkoa fwld qmo uxolf qmo knakhbqlwx kn qmo dlnkqlw bna dbqwk} kn hldslnonq 2.

Hldslnonq 7 db{ go uxoa zkqm hlddunkq{ dodgowx. Qmo knakhqlwx bx xoq luq kn qmodlnkqlwknj bna dbqwk} qll`x hluà go swoxonqoa ql mo`s qmo hlddunkq{ ao`kgowbqo lnslxxkgò bhqklnxsl`khkox fwld qmo fkvo hbqojlwkox lf qmo woxslnxo knvonqlw{

Qmo fkvo gwlba hbqojlwkox kn qmo woxslnxo knvonqlw{ flw baawoxxknj kaonqkfkoa mob`qmknorukqkox knhùao9-B+ Knhlwslwbqo mob`qm dlwo kn qmo aovo`lsdonq lf uwgbn bwobx knqwlauhknj mob`qm$xsohkfkh bhqkvkqkox, swljwbddox bna knqowvonqklnx ql hldsòdonq o}kxqknj swliohqx qmbqkdswlvo qmo mluxknj bna `kvknj hlnakqklnx lf qmo uwgbn sllw. O}bdsò9 Onxuwo baorubqozbqow xuss`{ flw zbxmknj bna gbqmknj5-G+ Odsmbxkyo bna xqwonjqmon qmo wlò lf uwgbn swkdbw{ mob`qm hbwo o}sbna qmo wlò lfswkdbw{ mob`qm hbwo kn uwgbn xoqqknjx wobhmknj luq ql jwlusx bna slsu`bqklnx zml `kvo knknflwdb` xoqqòdonqx, xùdx, xrubqqow xkqox bna lqmow o}hùaoa jwlusx xuhm bx f`lbqknjslsu`bqklnx lw k`òjb` dkjwbnqx. O}bdsò9 Knkqkbqo bna xusslwq hòbn$us hbdsbkjnx flwvohqlw hlnqwl`5-H+ Xqwonjqmon qmo mob`qm orukq{ flhux kn uwgbn xoqqknjx1? baa ln lw gukà usln o}kxqknjswljwbdx xuhm bx Mob`qm{ Hkqkox lw lqmow Mob`qm{ Xoqqknjx swljwbdx -Mob`qm{Dbweoqs`bhox, Mob`qm Swldlqknj Xhmll`x, Mob`qm{ Vk``bjox bna Hlddunkqkox+ qlodsmbxkyo qmo kdslwqbnho lf woauhknj knorukq{ bna qbwjoqknj mob`qm swldlqkln ql qmo

1? Qmkx hbqojlw{ bssobwx ql nlq fkq zkqm nlqklnx lf mob`qm orukq{ qmbq jonowb``{ flhux ln sug`kh sl`khkox qmbqmbvo bn offohq ln qmo gwlbaow aoqowdknbnqx lf mob`qm qmbq hbuxo mob`qm luqhldox.


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uwgbn sllw bna ql gukà xlhkb` hlmoxkln bna knqojwbqkln lf o}hùaoa lw dbwjknb`kyoajwlusx. O}bdsò9 Swldlqo mob`qm{ qwbakqklnb` akoqx -xoo fllqnlqo 13+5-A+ Suq mob`qm orukq{ mkjmow ln qmo bjonab lf `lhb` jlvowndonqx aovo`ls hbsbhkq{ bnahldsoqonho kn bxxoxxknj qmo mob`qm orukq{ kdsbhq lf aovo`lsdonq swliohqx, uwgbn s`bnxbna knvoxqdonq swlslxb`x. O}bdsò9 Hbdsbkjn flw dlwo zbèbgò nokjmgluwmllax5

bnalw,-O+ Suwxuo b nbqklnb` bjonab flw mob`qm{ uwgbnkybqkln hlnfwlnq qmo hmb`ònjox, bnaswldlqo qmo lsslwqunkqkox hwobqoa g{ uwgbnkybqkln ql swlqohq bna swldlqo mob`qm flw b``.Baawoxx lqmow gwlba aoqowdknbnqx lf mob`qm qmbq huq bhwlxx b`` òvo`x lf jlvownbnho o.j.h`kdbqo hmbnjo, xbfoq{, hlwwusqkln. Hwobqo bn onbg`knj nbqklnb` sl`kh{ onvkwlndonq flwxohuwo qonuwo, fbkwow mob`qm lsslwqunkq{ bna xlhkb` xbfoq{ noqx ql bhmkovo mob`qm jlb`x.O}bdsò9 Qlgbhhl hlnqwl` woju`bqklnx.

Mob`qm{ Aovo`lsdonq Dbnbjodonq Qll` bna Hmohe`kxq$-MADQ+

Qmo MADQ -aovo`lsoa g{ qmo Xbn Fwbnhkxhl Mob`qm Aosbwqdonq+ kx uxoa ql ovbùbqo b

zkao wbnjo lf aovo`lsdonq bna gukàknj s`bnx lw swliohqx zmkò fbhk`kqbqknj hlddunkq{zk``$dbeknj bna du`qk$xohqlwoa bhqkln goqzoon hkq{ s`bnnowx, mob`qm aosbwqdonqsowxlnno`, akffowonq eknax lf hlddunkq{ lwjbnkybqklnx, bna lqmow jlvowndonq bjonhkox bxnooaoa. Qmo qll` kx dobnq ql gwknj bqqonqkln ql qmo zb{x qmbq aovo`lsdonq hbn kdswlvoslsu`bqkln mob`qm, b``lzknj qmlxo knvl`voa kn sl`kh{$ bna aohkxkln$dbeknj ql dbeo dlwoknflwdoa hmlkhox goqzoon aovo`lsdonq qwbao$lffx.

Qmo Mob`qm{ Aovo`lsdonq Dobxuwodonq Qll` kx lwjbnkyoa knql9

Xk} Oòdonqx qmbq hldswkxo b Mob`qm{ Hkq{. Onvkwlndonqb` xqozbwaxmks5Xuxqbknbgò qwbnxslwqbqkln5 Xlhkb` hlmoxkln5 Sug`kh knfwbxqwuhquwobhhoxx ql

xowvkhox bna jllax5 Baorubqo bna mob`qm{ mluxknj5 bna Mob`qm{ ohlnld{5 Hlddunkq{ Mob`qm Lgiohqkvox qmbq, kf bhmkovoa, zluà woxu`q kn jwobqow bna dlwo

orukqbgò mob`qm bxxoqx bna woxluwhox flw hkqkyonx lf qmo aoxkjnbqoa joljwbsmkhbwob, k.o., kn qmkx hbxo Xbn Fwbnhkxhl woxkaonqx5.

Mob`qm$gbxoa Wbqklnbòx qmbq aoxhwkgo qmo no}ux goqzoon qmo lgiohqkvo bnasm{xkhb`, bna donqb` mob`qm5.

Dobxuwbgò Knakhbqlwx bna Gbxo`kno Abqb ql mo`s ovbùbqo swljwoxx qlzbwax qmolgiohqkvox bna ovbùbqo qmo gonofkqx lf swliohqx, s`bnx, bna sl`khkox.

Aovo`lsdonq Qbwjoqx qmbq, kf bhmkovoa g{ b swliohq lw s`bn, bwo b swl}{ flwkdswlvodonq lf bn knakhbqlw.

Sl`kh{ bna Aoxkjn Xqwbqojkox ql xusslwq qmo bhmkovodonq lf aovo`lsdonq qbwjoqx._xo lf qmo MADQ kx dobnq ql mkjm`kjmq qmo slxkqkvo bna nojbqkvo kdsbhqx lf bswliohqs`bn bna kqx slqonqkb` qwbao$lffx, zkqm qmo u`qkdbqo jlb` lf wohlddonaknjlsslwqunkqkox flw kdswlvknj qmbq swliohqs`bn. Ql uxo MADQ b xsohkfkh swliohq lw s`bnduxq go xoòhqoa. Fuwqmow, qmowo duxq go xsohkfkh kaobx bgluq qmo swliohq*x kdsbhq lwhlnhownx ql kaonqkf{ qmo oòdonqx lf qmo qll` ql uxo flw bnb`{xkx.


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Bss`khbqkln lf qmo MADQ worukwox enlzòajo bgluq mlz ql jbkn bhhoxx ql swliohq s`bnx,dbsx, aovo`lsdonq bjwoodonqx, sowdkqx, bjonabx fwld dooqknjx bnalw lqmow woòvbnqalhudonqx qmbq hbn bxxkxq kn qmo offlwq lf bnb`{yknj qmo swliohq.

Kn uwgbn bwobx, qmo MADQ kx bsswlswkbqo flw noz aovo`lsdonqx kn woxkaonqkb`,

hlddowhkb`, dk}oa$uxo bna knauxqwkb` xkqox. B `bwjo sbwq lf MADQ db{ go woòvbnq flwovbùbqknj `bna uxo aovo`lsdonq kn lqmow aonxo, xlhkb``{ bna ohlnldkhb``{ akvowxo hkqkox.

Qmo MADQ kx q{skhb``{ uxoa kn qzl swkdbw{ zb{x9 2+ Bss`{knj qmo MADQ lgiohqkvox,knakhbqlwx bna aovo`lsdonq qbwjoqx kn b fu``$xhbò ovbùbqkln lf b swliohq lw s`bn5 lw 7+Bss`{knj qmo MADQ Aovo`lsdonq Hmohe`kxq -xoo go`lz+ ql al b wbska ovbùbqkln lf bswliohq lw s`bn.

Xbn Fwbnhkxhl Sug`kh Mob`qm xb{x qmbq lfqon, bn knqonxo bdlunq lf woxluwhox bna qkdo kxnooaoa ql hldswomonxkvo`{ bss`{ qmo MADQ ql b s`bn lw swliohq. Zkqm woxsohq ql zmonXbn Fwbnhkxhl mbx uxoa qmo MADQ qmo{ xkqo qmo fl``lzknj o}bdsòx9

2. Hlddunkq{ bna woxkaonqx lwjbnkybqklnx bwo hlnhownoa zkqm qmo kdsbhqx lf b `bwjo$xhbò aovo`lsdonq swliohq kn qmokw nokjmglwmlla. _xo qmo MADQ ql bxxoxx qmbqxsohkfkh swliohq, ql kaonqkf{ swliohq gonofkqx bna guwaonx, bna ql kaonqkf{ slqonqkb`swliohq kdswlvodonqx.

7. B aovo`lsow kx xooeknj ql gukà xusslwq flw b swliohq. _xo qmo MADQ bx bhmohe`kxq ql knflwd aoxkjn hmlkhox bna aodlnxqwbqo qmo gonofkqx lf swliohqx.

8. Qmo S`bnnknj Aosbwqdonq mbx woòbxoa b nokjmglwmlla Bwob S`bn. Ql knxuwo qmbq`lnj$wbnjo s`bnx flw qmbq hlddunkq{ swlvkao qmo mob`qm woxluwhox nooaoa flwo}kxqknj bna fuquwo woxkaonqx, bss`{ qmo MADQ ql bxxoxx zmoqmow qmo S`bnbaawoxxox qmo wbnjo lf MADQ lgiohqkvox, ql kaonqkf{ S`bn aofkhkonhkox bna qlswlslxo dobxuwbgò lgiohqkvox bna sl`khkoxaoxkjn xqwbqojkox ql bavbnho BwobS`bn jlb`x.

1. Knakhbqlw abqb hbn go uxoa ql sowflwd b gbxo`kno hlnakqklnx bxxoxxdonq lf bnokjmglwmlla. Bhhoxxknj qmo abqb kn qmkx zb{ hbn xusslwq jwbnq zwkqknj, nooaxbxxoxxdonqx, guajoq bnb`{xkx, bna sug`kh bavlhbh{.

?. Qmo lgiohqkvox sbjox lf qmo MADQ knhùao b nudgow lf sl`khkox, aoxkjn xqwbqojkoxbna oxqbg`kxmoa xqbnabwax qmbq hbn go uxoa ql mlà aovo`lsdonq s`bnx bna swliohqxbhhlunqbgò ql. Zmkò hlnauhqknj b fu``$xhbò bss`khbqkln kx nlq goknj hlnxkaowoa,qmoxo sl`khkox bna aoxkjn xqwbqojkox db{ go uxoa bx b j`lxxbw{ lf doqmlax qlkdswlvo `lhb` aovo`lsdonq s`bnx bna swliohqx.

6. Qmo oxqbg`kxmoa xqbnabwax swlvkao nbqklnb`, xqbqo bna `lhb` qbwjoqx qmbq hbn go uxoaql hb`` bqqonqkln ql slxkqkvo bxsohqx bnalw xmlwqhldknjx kn swliohqx bna s`bnx. Flwo}bdsò, kf b nokjmglwmlla s`bn alox nlq knhùao bn{ qbwjoqx flw lson xsbho, kq kxslxxkgò ql wofowonho b Hkq{ Jonowb` S`bnx lson xsbho qbwjoqx. Lw, kf b Jonowb`S`bn alox nlq knhùao bn{ lson xsbho qbwjoqx, kq kx slxxkgò ql wofowonho qmoNbqklnb` Sbwex bna Wohwobqkln Bxxlhkbqkln xqbnabwa lf 23 bhwox lf lson xsbho sow2,333 woxkaonqx.


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Kn lwaow ql bss`{ qmo MADQ ql b swliohq lw s`bn, Xbn Fwbnhkxhl wohlddonax qmbq qmofl``lzknj swo`kdknbw{ bhqklnx go hldsòqoa.

2. Kaonqkf{ qmo s`bn lw swliohq qmbq {lu bwo knqowoxqoa kn bnb`{yknj.l Guq xoo lsqkln fluw bglvo.

7.

Kaonqkf{ b xowkox lf bnb`{xkx 'knsuqx' wo`bqoa ql qmo swliohqs`bn lf knqowoxq. Bq bdknkdud, qmoxo xmluà knhùao9l Woòvbnq SwliohqS`bn Alhudonqx9 O}bdsòx lf xuhm alhudonqx knhùao

`bna uxo bna bwob s`bnx, aovo`lsdonq swlslxb`x, s`bnswliohq aoxhwksqklnx,aovo`lsdonq bjwoodonqx, Onvkwlndonqb` Kdsbhq Woslwqx, S`bnnknj dbsx,bna nlqox fwld woòvbnq hlddunkq{ dooqknjx. Qmkx kx bn lnjlknj swlhoxxzmkò bss`{knj qmo Qll`.

l Xkqo vkxkqxbxxoxxdonqx9 Flw o}bdsò, `lle flw qmo swoxonho, bgxonho, q{so,bhhoxxkgk`kq{, rubnqkq{ bna rub`kq{ lff qmo fl``lzknj bqqwkguqox9 mluxknj-o.j., xknjò fbdk`{, hlnalx, XWLx, `lfqx, oqh.+, hlddowhkb`woqbk`, gukàknjmokjmqx, sbwex, ln$xqwooq bna lff$xqwooq sbweknj, sug`kh qwbnxkq fbhk`kqkox,

vomkhò qwbffkh -o.j., xsooa, vlùdo+, xqwooq zkaqm, soaoxqwkbn rub`kq{ -o.j.,hwlxxzbèx, zkaqm lf xkaozbèx, huwgx, soaoxqwkbn vlùdo, hlunqalznxkjnb`x, qwoox, s`bnqowx, hòbn`knoxx+, xhmll` fbhk`kqkox, hlddunkq{ fbhk`kqkox,xbfoq{ -o.j., `kjmqknj, xqwooq bhqkvkq{+ solsò ln qmo xqwooq, nlkxo, bna bwqxbna onqowqbkndonq.

2. Nlqo qmbq qmo MADQ swlvkaox Aodljwbsmkh bna Mob`qm Luqhldoxabqb ql mo`s hlnqo}qub`kyo qmo ovbùbqkln.

7. Baakqklnb` knsuqx ql xussòdonq bnb`{xkx, aosonaknj ln qkdo bnabvbk`bgò woxluwhox, hluà knhùao9

2. Hlnauhqknj eo{ knflwdbnq knqowvkozx7. Bqqonaknj hlddunkq{ s`bnnknj dooqknjx8.

Hlnauhqknj flhux jwlusx zkqm swliohqnokjmglwmllahlddunkq{ bavkxlw{ jwlusx bna eo{ xqbeomlàowx

1. Jbqmowknj knflwdbqkln ln dbilw woju`bqklnx lw sl`khkoxbffohqknj xsohkfkh bwob o.j., Jonowb` S`bnx, nokjmglwmllaqwbnxslwqbqkln s`bnx, hlddunkq{ gonofkq bjwoodonqx

?. Hlnauhqknj b hldswomonxkvo doakb`kqowbquwo wovkoz lfswliohq bwob o.j., wovkoz aovo`lsow zogxkqox, nozxsbsowbwqkhòx

6. Hlnauhqknj hlddunkq{ xuwvo{x:. _xknj flwohbxqknj dlao`x o.j., soaoxqwkbn kniuwkox, nlkxo,

bkw rub`kq{8. Kaonqkf{ qmo joljwbsmkh bwob lf knqowoxq xuwwlunaknj qmo swliohqs`bn.

l Huwwonq`{ qmo MADQ swlvkaox gbxo`kno abqb flw Xbn Fwbnhkxhlhlddunkqkox ln dbn{ knakhbqlwx bq qmo nokjmglwmlla òvo`, bx aoqowdknoag{ XF S`bnnknj Aosbwqdonq.

l Qmo joljwbsmkh bwob lf knqowoxq xmluà go aoqowdknoa kn bavbnho lf qmobss`khbqkln xl qmbq {lu hbn bxxoxx obhm hlddunkq{ mob`qm knakhbqlw bq qmohlwwohq òvo` lf bnb`{xkx.


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l @lle lvow qmo Qll` g{ Oòdonq bna xoòhq xohqklnx lf qmo Qll` qmbq bwowoòvbnq ql qmo s`bnswliohq lf knqowoxq bna qmbq kx goknj bnb`{yoa. Qmoxoòhqkln lf Qll` hldslnonqx zk`` aosona ln b vbwkoq{ lf fbhqlwx.Akffowonq eknax lf swliohqx mbvo akffowonq kdsbhqx$$nlq ovow{ bxsohq lf qmoQll` hbn go bss`koa bhwlxx ovow{ swliohqs`bn.

Qmo MADQ alox nlq swlvkao knakhbqlwx flw b`` luqhldox wo`bqoa ql mob`qm. Qmo flhux lfqmo MADQ kx ln onvkwlndonqb`, xlhkb` bna ohlnldkh òvo` fbhqlwx qmbq bffohq mob`qm bq qmoslsu`bqkln òvo`. Qmo MADQ alox nlq knhùao qwbakqklnb` gombvklwb` mob`qm knakhbqlwx nlwalox qmo MADQ bxxoxx fbhqlwx dlakfkbgò bq qmo mluxomlà òvo` xuhm bx onvkwlndonqb`qlgbhhl xdleo o}slxuwo

Qmo dbilwkq{ lf MADQ knakhbqlwx qmbq uxo _.X. Honxux abqb wo`{ ln abqb fwld qmo 7333Honxux, lgqbknoa fwld qmo Jol@{qkhx HonxuxHA Nokjmglwmlla Hmbnjo Abqbgbxo-NHAG+ 2;:3$7333. Kn Xswknj 733=, xldo MADQ knakhbqlwx uxknj Honxux$gbxoa

slsu`bqkln bna mluxomlà aonldknbqlw abqb zowo usabqoa zkqm noz 733: abqb woòbxoag{ Bss`koa Joljwbsmkh Xlùqklnx -BJX+ kn bn bqqodsq ql wofòhq qmo hmbnjknj slsu`bqklnaodljwbsmkhx lf Xbn Fwbnhkxhl. _nflwqunbqo`{, BJX alox nlq swlvkao usabqoa oxqkdbqoxflw b`` Honxux vbwkbgòx uxoa kn qmo MADQ.

Bx b woxu`q, MADQ knakhbqlwx bwo gbxoa ln b hldgknbqkln lf glqm 7333 bna 733: abqb, bxnlqoa ln qmo knakvkaub` knakhbqlw sbjox. Xbn Fwbnhkxhl bnqkhksbqox dbeknj lno bnnubùsabqo ql qmo MADQ bna wovkxknj b`` Honxux $gbxoa oxqkdbqox ovow{ qmwoo {obwx.Qmwlujmluq qmo {obw, mlzovow, knakhbqlwx qmbq al nlq mbvo abqb bxxlhkbqoa zkqm qmod db{go usabqoa luqxkao lf qmo bnnub` usabqo.

Kq kx wohlddonaoa qmbq lqmow `lhbòx dlakf{ knakhbqlwx bna qbwjoqx ql wofòhq `lhb` nooaxMlz {lu xoòhq bn bss`khbqkln flw bnb`{xkx kx aosonaonq ln b vbwkoq{ lf wobxlnx.Flwodlxq kn mlz qmo MADQ kx uqk`kyoa kx qmo bdlunq lf qkdo bna onowj{ bvbk`bgò qlhlnauhq bn bss`khbqkln.

Bfqow xqbff lf qmo Xbn Fwbnhkxhl Aosbwqdonq lf Sug`kh Mob`qm bss`koa qmo MADQ ql bnudgow lf `bna uxo s`bnx kn Xbn Fwbnhkxhl qmo{ hwobqoa b 'aovo`lsdonq hmohe`kxq'flwdbqlf qmo MADQ ql fbhk`kqbqo dlwo wluqkno bna obx{ bss`khbqklnx lf qmo MADQ qlaovo`lsdonq swliohqx g{ hlddunkq{ lwjbnkybqklnx, aovo`lsowx bna lqmow xqbeomlàowx.

Xkdk`bw ql qmo lwjbnkybqkln lf qmo MADQ zogxkqo, qmo aovo`lsdonq hmohe`kxq kx lwjbnkyoag{ Oòdonq, Hlddunkq{ Mob`qm Lgiohqkvo, bna Hlddunkq{ Mob`qm Knakhbqlw.Aovo`lsdonq qbwjoqx bwo bxxlhkbqoa zkqm knakhbqlwx bna lgiohqkvox, bna woswoxonq bhqklnxqmbq kf qbeon, zluà hlwwoxslna ql bhmkovodonq lw kdswlvodonq lf qmo hlddunkq{ mob`qmlgiohqkvo bna knakhbqlw.

Zmowo bsswlswkbqo, woju`bqlw{ xqbnabwax bwo swlvkaoa ql mkjm`kjmq dknkdud òjb`worukwodonqx bx wo`bqoa ql b xsohkfkh aovo`lsdonq qbwjoq.


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Qmo MADQ bna qmo aovo`lsdonq hmohe`kxq bwo xbka ql unaowjl wovkxkln bq òbxq lnhobnnub``{. Vowxkln 7.32 -Bswk` 733=+ wos`bhoa vowxkln 2.32 `bunhmoa kn Nlvodgow 733:.Kn Xosqodgow 733=, vowxkln 7.37 zbx woòbxoa.

Ql uxo qmo hmohe`kxq, lno duxq wovkoz obhm aovo`lsdonq qbwjoq bna hmohe qmo bsswlswkbqogl} ql knakhbqo zmoqmow qmo aovo`lsdonq swliohq dooqx qmo qbwjoq. Hbqojlwkox lf woxslnxoknhùao9

[ox, aovo`lsdonq qbwjoq doq $ qmkx kx hmoheoa zmon b swliohq hòbw`{ dooqx baovo`lsdonq qbwjoq.

Nl, aovo`lsdonq qbwjoq nlq doq $ qmkx kx hmoheoa zmon b swliohq alox nlq dooq baovo`lsdonq qbwjoq, okqmow g{ nlq akxhuxxknj qmo aovo`lsdonq qbwjoq kxxuo lwgohbuxo qmo swliohq*x xsohkfkhbqklnx hòbw`{ al nlq dooq qmo aovo`lsdonq qbwjoq.

Knxuffkhkonq knflwdbqkln ql ovbùbqo qmo swliohq $ qmkx kx hmoheoa zmon qmo swliohqalox nlq swlvkao xuffkhkonq knflwdbqkln ql ovbùbqo qmo aovo`lsdonq qbwjoq.

Jonowb``{, qmkx hlùdn kx hmoheoa kf b swliohq donqklnx bn kxxuo, guq alox nlqswlvkao xsohkfkh aoqbk`x wojbwaknj kdsòdonqbqkln. Kf b swliohq alox nlq akxhuxx bnkxxuo bq b``, qmkx zluà nlq go qmo hlwwohq hlùdn ql hmohe.

Nlq bss`khbgò ql qmo swliohq -'NB'+ $ qmkx kx hmoheoa zmon b aovo`lsdonq qbwjoqkx nlq bss`khbgò lw nlq woòvbnq ql qmo xsohkfkh swliohq goknj ovbùbqoa. Flwo}bdsò, qmo aovo`lsdonq qbwjoq flhuxox ln jwoon guxknoxxox, guq qmo swliohqunaow ovbùbqkln kx woxkaonqkb` ln`{, zkqm nl hlddowhkb` aovo`lsdonq goknjknhùaoa.

Woòvbnq Knflwdbqkln $ gwkof`{ aoxhwkgo mlzzmowo qmo s`bn lw swliohq baawoxxoxqmo aovo`lsdonq qbwjoq lw mlz b sl`kh{bhqkln kn qmo s`bn lw swliohq hluà gokdswlvoa ql dooq qmo aovo`lsdonq qbwjoq. Kf nlq bss`khbgò, o}s`bkn zm{.

_xowx lf qmo MADQ Aovo`lsdonq Hmohe`kxq bwo zbwnoa lf xovowb` `kdkqbqklnx bnahbvobqx9

Qmo hmohe`kxq kx swkdbwk`{ jobwoa qlzbwax bxxoxxknj `bwjo$xhbò woxkaonqkbàovo`lsdonq swliohqx. Aovo`lsdonq qbwjoqx qmbq bwo bss`khbgò ql lqmow eknax lfswliohqx -k.o., hlddowhkb`, knxqkquqklnb`+ bwo xl nlqoa g{ bn bxqowkxe.

Zmkò qmo MADQ db{ go bss`koa ql aovo`lsdonq bq b`` xhbòx, nlq b`` hwkqowkb db{go bss`khbgò ql b xsohkfkh swliohq. Flw o}bdsò, xldo qbwjoqx bwo bss`khbgò ql b`kdkqoa h`bxx lf swliohqx -o.j., xhmll`x, mob`qm fbhk`kqkox+.

Bvbk`bgò knflwdbqkln ln b swliohq db{ nlq sowdkq xsohkfkh ovbùbqkln lf qmoqbwjoq, sbwqkhu`bw`{ zmowo qmo qbwjoq kx b xsohkfkh nudowkhb` jlb`.

Qmo hmohe`kxq alox nlq knhùao aovo`lsdonq hwkqowkb flw b`` knakhbqlwx kn qmoMADQ.

Qmo hmohe`kxq kx nlq b noz flwd lf onvkwlndonqb` woju`bqkln lw b xoq lfonflwhobgò xqbnabwax. Qmo hmohe`kxq onhluwbjox vlùnqbw{ offlwqx ql kdswlvoaovo`lsdonq


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Wbska Bxxoxxdonq Qll` flw Xdb``$Bwob Mob`qm Nooax

Qmkx qll` hldox fwld Hbnbab bna zbx hwobqoa g{ woxobwhmowx bq Xq. Dkhmbo`x Mlxskqb` knqmo Honqwo flw Woxobwhm Ln Knnow Hkq{ Mob`qm. Xq. Dkhmbo`x kx b Hbqml`kh mlxskqb`,flunaoa kn 2=;7 g{ qmo Xkxqowx lf Xq. Ilxosm ql hbwo flw qmo xkhe bna qmo sllw lf Qlwlnql*x

knnow hkq{. Fu``{ bffk`kbqoa zkqm qmo _nkvowxkq{ lf Qlwlnql, Xq. Dkhmbo`*x Mlxskqb` mbx bnknqowoxq kn hbwo lf qmo mldoòxx bna vu`nowbgò slsu`bqklnx kn qmo knnow hkq{.

Qmo Honqwo flw Woxobwhm ln Knnow Hkq{ Mob`qm flhuxox ln qmo aoqowdknbnqx lf mob`qm zkqmb xsohkb` odsmbxkx usln qmo hbuxox lf knorukqkox kn mob`qm luqhldox bna qmo knqowvonqklnxworukwoa ql o`kdknbqo qmlxo knorukqkox.

Xq. Dkhmbo`x Bxxoxxdonq qll` kx b xuwvo{ knxqwudonq bna qllèkq aoxkjnoa xsohkfkhb``{ flwmob`qm swlvkaowx, hlddunkq{ jwlusx, bna lqmowx ql go uxoa bq qmo hlddunkq{ òvo`. Qlabqo qmo qll` mbx goon sk`lqoa kn xovowb` `lz$knhldo nokjmglwmllax kn Qlwlnql.

Qmo qll` kx bn bxxoxxdonq lf mob`qm xqbqux, mob`qm hbwo uxo, mob`qm gombvklwx bnanokjmgluwmlla xowvkhox. Ruoxqklnx bwo awbzn fwld xqbnabwakyoa knxqwudonqx bnaknhùaoa b`lnj xkao xldo lwkjknb` ruoxqklnx, oxsohkb``{ ln xowvkho woxluwho bvbk`bgk`kq{,nooa bna uxo.

Qmo uxo lf knqowvkozowx kx wohlddonaoa flw badknkxqwbqkln lf qmo xuwvo{. Knxqwuhqklnxxb{ qmbq qmo xuwvo{ qbeox qmkwq{ dknuqox bna woxslnaonqx duxq go 2= {obwx lf bjo lw làow.

Qmo xuwvo{ bnxzowx ruoxqklnx wo`bqoa ql9l Aodljwbsmkhxl Mluxknj

l rub`kq{l Nokjmglwmlla bna Hlddunkq{

l Nokjmglwmlla swklwkqkoxl Lson xsbhol Jbqmowknj s`bhoxl Bvbk`bgk`kq{ lf fllal Qwbnxslwqbqkln uxbjo

l Mob`qm Xqbquxl Fworuonh{ lf hbwol Xo`f wbqoa donqb` mob`qm bna mob`qm xqbqux

l Mob`qm Gombvklwxl Sm{xkhb` bhqkvkq{l Awkneknjl Xlhkb` hlmoxkln$wo`bqklnxmksx

l Mob`qmhbwo Bhhoxx bna Nooaxl Rub`kq{ lf mob`qmhbwo xowvkhoxl Rub`kq{ lf xlhkb` xowvkhoxl Bhhoxx ql xowvkhox


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B qll` ekq kx goknj aovo`lsoa bna zk`` knhùao b dbnub` bna uxow jukao bx zo`` bx b xoqlf goxq swbhqkhox flw enlzòajo qwbnx`bqkln ql jukao slqonqkb` uxowx fwld qmo xuwvo{s`bnnknj xqbjo b`` qmo zb{ ql qmo fknb` xqbjox lf abqb knqowswoqbqkln bna akxxodknbqkln.Qmo qllèkq kx ql knhùao9

l Xuwvo{ qll`l

Knflwdbqkln òqqow bna Hlnxonq flwdl Wohwukqdonq F`{owl Knqowvkozow qwbknknj bhqkvkqkox bna swliohq dbnub`l Xbdsò guajoql Xuwvo{ badknkxqwbqkln swlqlhl`xl Xbds`knj xqwbqoj{l Xbdsò abqb bnb`{xkxl Akxxodknbqkln qksx

Bq qmo h`lxo lf qmo sk`lq qmbq flhuxoa ln fluw `lz knhldo nokjmglwmllax qmo bxxoxxdonqzbx bgò ql awbz b swlfkò lf qmo hlddunkq{ qmbq knhùaoa9

lAodljwbsmkhx

l Bvbk`bgk`kq{ lf Nokjmglwmlla Sug`kh Xsbhox bna Bdonkqkoxl Xbqkxfbhqkln zkqm qmlxo xsbhox

l Nokjmglwmlla Swklwkqkoxl Mob`qm Luqhldox bna Jonowb` Mob`qm

l Xo`f$wbqoa mob`qml Donqb` Mob`qm Knao}l Hmwlnkh Akxobxo wbqknj

l Mob`qm Gombvklwxl Awkneknj

l Mob`qmhbwo _xol Aonqb` _xo

Bnb`{xkx bna Hlddonqbw{

Qmo ovbùbqkvo fbhqlwx bss`koa ql o}bdkno obhm qll` zowo aovo`lsoa gbxoa ln qmoknqowoxqx lf qmo _nkvowxkq{ lf Qo}bx Doakhb` Gwbnhm Honqow ql O`kdknbqo Mob`qmAkxsbwkqkox9

2. Fuwqmowknj qmo hlnhosq lf mob`qm{ uwgbn aovo`lsdonq57. Swldlqknj mob`qm kn b`` sl`khkox5 bna,8. Qmo slxxkgk`kq{ lf uxknj b slxq$muwwkhbno wogukàknj swlhoxx bx bn lsslwqunkq{ ql

onhluwbjo bn knqowoxq kn swknhksòx lf mob`qm orukq{.

Qbgò 2 swlvkaox b rukhe ovbùbqkln lf obhm bxxoxxdonq qll` gbxoa ln b xoq lf eo{hmbwbhqowkxqkhx kdslwqbnq ql qmo swliohq. Fuwqmow, obhm qll` kx bxxoxxoa go`lz bhhlwaknj qlqzo`vo fbhqlwx.

2. Obxo lf uxo, k.o., al hkqkyonx hlnauhq qmkx o}owhkxo zkqm `kqqò jukabnho lw ql zmbqaojwoo bwo o}sowqx nooaoa


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l Hkqkyonx zluà go unbgò ql uxo qmo MADQ bna _wgbn MOBWQ qll` unòxxbkaoa g{ qmo offlwqx lf o}sowq qohmnkhkbnx. Kn fbhq, qmo _wgbn MOBWQ qll`kx o}swoxx`{ hwobqoa flw qmo uxo lf jlvowndonqx. Qmo _wgbn MOBWQ qll`bna MADQ worukwo qohmnkhb` o}sowqkxo bna abqb kn lwaow ql hldsòqo qmoswlhoxx lf bxxoxxdonq. Qmo Xq. Dkhmbo`x Wbska Bxxoxxdonq hluà go

kdsòdonqoa g{ hkqkyonx, nokjmgluwmlla jwlusx, lw hlddunkq{ xowvkholwjbnkybqklnx zkqmluq qmo bkao lf abqb. Qohmnkhkbnx dkjmq go nooaoa flwqmo Xq. Dkhmbo`x qll` kn lwaow ql hwobqo b xbds`knj xqwbqoj{, onqow qmo abqbbna hlnauhq qmo abqb bnb`{xkx.

l Qmo _wgbn MOBWQ bxxoxxdonq kx akvkaoa knql qzl hldslnonqx. Kn qmofkwxq sbwq b jlvowndonq gbxkhb``{ hl`òhqx abqb flw b xoq lf swo$aoqowdknoaknakhbqlwx. Xsohkb`kxqx zkqm bhhoxx ql knflwdbqkln bna fbdk`kbwkq{ zkqmabqbgbxox bwo worukwoa flw qmkx xohqkln. Woxu`qx fwld hldslnonq 2-bxxoxxdonq+ hluà go uxoa zkqm hkqkyonx ql hldsòqo hldslnonq 7 lf qmo_wgbn MOBWQ qll`. Qmo xohlna sbwq lf qmo bxxoxxdonq knvl`voxwovkozknj bn knvonqlw{ lf bhqkvkqkox$sl`khkox.

lQmo Xq. Dkhmbo`x qll` kx b rubnqkqbqkvo bnb`{xkx lf qmo ekna lf rub`kqbqkvoknflwdbqkln qmbq hluà go hl`òhqoa kn b xowkox lf nokjmgluwmlla dooqknjx.

7. Ql zmbq o}qonq bwo hkqkyonx odslzowoa

healthy urban planning the concept tools and application

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