health effects, trends and knowledge on pesticide …health effects, trends and knowledge on...

International Journal of Scientific Research and Innovative Technology ISSN: 2313-3759 Vol. 4 No. 1; January 2017

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Health effects, trends and knowledge on pesticide use in Tanzania; Review

Jumanne Rajabu*, Mokiti Tarimo1, Tano Hangali

2

1. The Nelson Mandela African Institute of science and Technology, Arusha-Tanzania

2. Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, Arusha –Tanzania

* Corresponding author contact: [email protected]

_________________________________________________________________

ABSTRACT

This review presents the existing information on pesticide use, knowledge, assessment and health impacts in

Tanzania. Tanzania is not producing synthetic pesticides but imports from various countries. The importation

and use of pesticides has been increasing. Bio-pesticides have also been in the country to control pest in some

parts. Despite of the elaborated, legislation and regulations on pesticides, there are inadequate capacities and

coordination mechanisms in regulatory enforcement, risk assessment and management, health surveillance,

biological monitoring, pesticide data generation and management. Pesticides effects awareness among the

people in Tanzania is inconsistent. Farmers and Health care providers have shown discrepancy in

understanding the pesticide effects on human health. Nevertheless several studies have shown that people

have been affected by pesticides. The information on the assessment of pesticide contamination in animal

foods is limited or inadequate as most studies have been based on secondary information rather than primary

information.

Key words: Human health, pesticide use, Tanzania, Awareness, Inconsistent

1. INTRODUCTION

Tanzania is in the E. Africa and located at latitude

and longitude 5.6944° S, 36.3223° E. Tanzania

has a total surface area of 94.3mil ha, comprising

of arable land for agriculture, 15.1mil ha,

uncultivated land 10.0mil ha, Gross cultivated land

5.1mil ha and irrigated area 345,690 ha. The

country's economy is heavily dependent on

agriculture, which accounts for about 25% of the

GDP. Agriculture coupled with animal production

is an important economic sector in terms of food

production, employment generation, production of

raw material for industries, and generation of

foreign exchange earnings. The agricultural and

livestock sectors are the main sources of

employment and livelihood for about 80% of the

population. Main food crops and cash crops grown

in Tanzania are maize, paddy, sorghum millet,

cassava, sweet potatoes, bananas, pulses, and

wheat; and cash crops including cashew nut,

coffee, cotton, Tea, tobacco and sisal. In recent

years horticultural and vegetable production has

been at an increasing rate. The main types of

livestock in Tanzania include cattle goats, sheep,

and pigs.

Despite development, Pest infestation has been one

of the major constraints to increased agricultural

production in Tanzania. For instance outbreak pests

may cause up to 100% crop loss if not well

managed. Insect pests are also vectors of several

human and animal disease agents which cause a lot

of suffering, reduced productivity and mortality.

This compels therefore, various stakeholders


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including the government at large to pay much

attention on their management, where the option

remained introduction of pesticides which have

shown success in the pest controls worldwide. The

applications of Pesticides have shown success in

increasing of crop yields and animal yields in

Tanzania. They are used to protect crops and

animals from different diseases as they kill pests

that destroy crops and harm animals. In public

health programs pesticides are used to control

vectors that could cause diseases like malaria. In

spite of the good intention of controlling pests,

pesticides can also be toxic to human and therefore

can cause danger and death to human beings.

Again it is being realized that pesticides are

increasingly killing the natural enemies of

agricultural pests (Feenstra et al, 2000).

1.1 Pesticides

Pesticides are defined by the Tropical Pesticide

Research Institute (TPRI) Act No.18 of 1979 as

“any matter of any description (including

acaricides, arboricides, herbicides, insecticides,

fungicides, molluscides, nematicides, hormonal

sprays and defoliants) used or intended to be used,

either alone or together with other material

substances) for the control of weeds, pest and

disease in plants, or for the control of the external

vectors of veterinary or medical disease and

external parasites of man or domestic animals or

for the protection of any food intended for human

consumptions” (Agenda, 2006)

Pesticides can be divided into different groups

according to pest or disease they control, chemical

group or the mode of action. According to

Ak’habuhaya and Lodenius, 1988, the grouping of

pesticides based on the pest/disease they control is

the easiest way of classifying the pesticides. Under

this category pesticides include insecticides,

herbicides, rodenticides, nematicides, fungicides

and fumigants. Insecticides are used to control

agricultural, medical, veterinary and household

pests. While fungicides control fungi, herbicides

are used to control weeds. Acaricides are used

against mites, rodenrocides against rodents and

nematocides against nematodes. Under this

category of classification or grouping of pesticides,

they also include bactericides, defoliants, piscicides

and plant growth regulators (Ak’habuhaya and

Lodenius, 1988).Based on chemical makeup or

chemical structure and properties, pesticides are

classified in groups of Organochlorines

(OCPs);Organophosphates (OPs); Cabamates and

pyrethroids. Organochlorine pesticides have

chlorine atoms in their structures (chlorinated

hydrocarbons). Examples are DDT, Aldrin,

Heptachlor and diedrin. Organophosphorous

pesticides have phosphous atom(s) in their

chemical structures. Examples are fenthion,

malathion and dicrotophos.Carbamate pesticides

have the basic structure of carbamic acid.

Examples of these pesticides includes; propuxur,

carbofuran and thiram (Dithiocarbamate).

Pyrethroids consist of natural and synthetic

pyrethins. Natural ones are extracted from flowers

of pyrethrum plants (chrysanthemum

cinerariaefolium). Synthetic are obtained from

modification of the natural pyrethrins in their

chemical structures. Examples are cypermethrine,

deltamethrine, permethrine and fenvelerate.

The grouping of pesticides according to their mode

of action (Ak’habuhaya and Lodenius,

1988)pesticides are categorized as fumigants

(vapour, gases or gas releasing pesticides that are

used to control pests of stored grains and soil born

pests (Sabiena Feenstra et al, 2000 and

Ak’habuhaya, 1988)); anti-feeding compounds

which prevent the feeding of pests in a treated

material; systemic pesticides which translocate

within the plant and repellent which cause

annoying of pests causing the pest to avoid the area

where are placed.


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Unsound use of pesticides may have adverse

effects to human health and the environment

(Agenda, 2006). Among the concerns rose due to

pesticides effects include and not limited to;

endocrine-disrupting, lowering sperm counts, heart

problems and carcinogenicity. Their residues have

been identified in various animal tissues in

different countries in the world as result of

contamination through processing and through

food chain.

The control of presence of pesticide residues in

various food matrices is a big issue to the

producers, governments and consumers due to

potential risks. Different countries have developed

control mechanisms to limit pesticide

contamination of different food products such that

banning some of these pesticides, establishment of

Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) for each

pesticide active ingredients in different matrices.

1.2 Health impacts of pesticides in Tanzania

Pesticides in Tanzania are extensively used for pest

control in agriculture (Lekei, 2009) animal health

care and improvement of livestock production

(Agenda, 2006). It is estimated that in Tanzania,

81% of all pesticides are used in livestock and

agricultural sectors, 18% in the public health sector

and 1% in other areas including protecting

buildings from damage caused by insect pests.

Although pesticides are important for crop

protection, livestock keeping and for controlling

public health diseases they can pose significant

occupational health and environmental risks if

excessively or inappropriately and haphazardly

used (Lekei, 2009). Farmers and farm workers are

the most vulnerable to pesticides exposure

(Agenda, 2006). Reports show that in Tanzania,

Sixty-eight percent of farmers reported having felt

sick in the previous year after routine application

of pesticides. The most common symptoms that

were reported by the interviewees are dermal

effects (34%), dizziness (31%) and headache

(31%) nausea (18%) and stomach ache (15%)

(Ngowi et al, 2007). Pesticide poisoning was

regarded as a major problem in the community by

63% of health care providers, including 77% of

hospital staff (Ngowi et al, 2001). One third of

health care providers thought that a certain percent

of pesticide poisoning cases remain unrecognized,

and that this percentage is higher in cotton than in

coffee growing areas. According to Manyilizu,

2015 and Ngowi et al, 2001, respiratory tract is the

major route for pesticide to enter the human body;

followed by gastrointestinal tract, skin, and eyes.

The disease conditions reported by pesticide

sprayers including neurologic, sight, skin, and

heart, respiratory, reproductive and sexual health

were assessed and identified using a list of certain

criteria of symptoms that the sprayer was able to

identify (Manyilizu et al, 2015)

Occupational exposure to pesticides takes place

during the production, transportation, preparation

and application of pesticides in the workplace.

Factors involved in occupational pesticide

exposures usually include application intensity,

frequency, duration and method, safety behaviors

(e.g., use of personal protective equipment), as well

as the physiochemical and toxicological profiles

(inherent biological reactivity) of the pesticides in

use. In occupational settings, persons working

directly and frequently with pesticides are groups

with the highest risk of exposure (Ming Ye, et al,

2013). Accidental spills of pesticides, leakages,

incorrect uses of equipment, and non-compliance

with safety guidelines, are the leading causes of

occupational pesticide exposures compared to

environmental exposures where levels of exposure

tend to be fairly low. Occupational exposures to

pesticides are often at relatively high doses,

whether acute or chronic. Chronic exposure to

pesticides is more harmful to human health as


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compared to short-term exposure (Manyilizu et al,

2015).Agricultural workers and their families in

Tanzania are more exposed to hazards than the

general population due to the nature of their work

and living environment (Ngowi et al, 2001).The

higher levels of self-reported adverse health effects

are observed among long-term compared to short-

term exposed individuals (Manyilizu et al, 2015)

1.3 Knowledge on pesticide use in Tanzania

Awareness on safe use of pesticides is an important

prerequisite for avoiding negative impacts on

human health. Specific knowledge and access to

equipment and financial means are required to

follow the recommendations for personal

protection. In Tanzania, small scale farmers have

little access to knowledge and therefore

constrained by lack of appropriate knowledge on

how to handle the different products and how to

access the necessities and possibilities for safe

use(Ngowi, 2003 and Nyambo et al,

2007).Training programs for the safe use of

pesticides at different levels are in place but not

enough considering the size and diversity of the

pesticide stakeholder complex (Nyambo et al,

2007).The training is conducted by different

institutions such that the Tropical Pesticide

Research Institute (TPRI) conducts training on safe

use of pesticides to stockists and fumigators; the

ministry conducts training to farmers through the

extension services. Some studies have documented

that Agricultural extension workers as well as staff

working with pesticide retail shops (Table 1 ) in

Tanzania have inadequate knowledge and therefore

are unable to provide an adequate service to

farmers with regard to safe use of pesticides

because they are not adequately trained in

handling, application (Ngowi, 2003) and health

aspects of pesticides. For example one study

conducted in 1995, with 500 small-scale coffee

farmers in Kilimanjaro and Arusha regions,

NorthernTanzania, indicated that farmers in the

coffee growing areas are exposed to pesticide

hazards due to the lack of knowledge and

agricultural extension services(Ngowi et al,

2001).Professional pesticide sprayers demonstrated

poor knowledge, attitude and practices related to

pesticide use like frequent misclassification of

insecticides as fungicides and vice versa,

misclassification of organochlorine and

organophosphates, spray from 8 AM to 1 PM

without using personal protective devices, mixing

several pesticides with different brand names

containing the same active ingredients which may

lead to overdosing were observed among the

sprayers and this indicates a serious lack of

knowledge (Manyilizu et al, 2015). In fact limited

knowledge of pesticide effects on human and

environmental health is among the factors for

indiscriminate uses of agrochemicals (Nonga et al,

2011)


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Table 1, Academic qualification for staff working in visited pesticide retail shopsSource: Lekei et al,

2014

N Qualification Frequency

1 Degree level (Agriculture, livestock, other) 12

2 Diploma in Agriculture, livestock, other 30

3 Certificate in Agriculture, livestock, other 38

4 Form IV (Ordinary level secondary school certificate) with no additional

training

39

5 Standard VII (Primary school certificate ) with no additional training 31

6 TPRI pest management certificate 6

7 Diploma or certificate in administration or accounting 18

8 Unreported 1

Total 175

1.4 Uses of Pesticides in Tanzania

The application of pesticides in Tanzania has been

increasing from time to time due to the demand.

Acording to Ak’habuhaya and Lodinius, 1988, the

pesticide uses in mid-sixties about 2000 tons were

used and this figure doubled in the mid-seventies.

The application of pesticides in coffee industries

which was the largest pesticide consuming industry

was increasing according the figures in the Fig 1

showing the increase of pesticide consumption in

Tanzania early after the independence.

.

Fig. 1, Amounts (tons) of pesticides imported into Tanzania from 1965 to 1978

Source: Ak’habuhaya, 1988

Most of pesticides used in Tanzania are imported

to sustain the needs of users in various sectors. In

order to control the trading system i.e. importation

and distribution of pesticides Tanzania has

developed a regulatory framework which define

proper practices during trading of pesticides


105

including the importation, packaging, labeling,

storage, marketing, distribution and use (Agenga,

2006). The framework was intended to curb

importation of hazardous pesticides, contamination

of the environment, and to minimize health effects

and stockpiling of pesticides. The existing

framework provides procedures for pesticides

traders to follow from registration of their

products, importation until the pesticides reach end

users. To support the framework, Tanzania is also

using the international treaties including FAO code

of conduct that emphasize on good practices during

export or import of

pesticides (Agenga, 2006). Tanzania pesticide

importation has been increased in recent years.

Table 3 shows the imported pesticides from April

to September, 2015). In general, Tanzania does not

produce synthetic pesticides to other countries.

There are some local firms and subsidiaries of

international companies that do conduct

repackaging and formulation of pesticides locally.

Some parts of Tanzania use biopesticides example

crude extracts of pyrethrum (a flower that contains

a substance used in pesticides), which is mainly

used locally to control mosquitoes. Table 2 below

show the production of pesticide from pyrethrum in

2005 to 2011

Table 2. Bio pesticide (pyrethrum) produced in Tanzania 2005 to 2011

(Source Tanzania bureau of statistics, 2014)

1.5 Regulations and Registration of

pesticides in Tanzania

Tanzania has elaborated a legislation of pesticides;

the parliamentary plant protection act of 1997

controls the registration of pesticides. The law

requires all pesticides to be used in Tanzania be

registered (Stanlinger et al, 2011). According to the

National Law, all pesticide dealers in Tanzania,

including distributors of pesticides, must be

licensed before they are granted operational

permits (Lekei et al, 2015). The tropical pesticide

research institute (TPRI) has been mandated by this

law to register pesticides in the country (Stanlinger

et al, 2012). Agenda, 2006 and Dickshith et al,

2003 reports that there is a significant increase of

pesticide use in Tanzania to about 140% where the

imported amount can exceed the registered

amounts due to donations and specific projects

without official authorization from licensing agent-

TPRI

The registration of pesticides in Tanzania is under

categories of

a) Experimental registration where pesticides are

registered for experimental purpose only for

products which are introduced in the country for

the first time and are being tested in the field and

laboratory;

b) Provisional registration for two years: These are

products which have been approved for general use

after successful local field trials. Apart from

Pesticide unit 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Pyrethrum extract kTonnes 164 33 31 47 143 64 70

Pesticide liquid Tonnes 80 488 124 74 8 12 14

Pesticide powder Tonnes 733 880 1008 1180 568 680 763

Mosquito coils Tonnes 155 138 176 185 169 157 157

Total Tonnes 1132 1539 1339 1486 888 913 1004


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positive bioefficacy, products in this category’

must have minimum adverseenvironmental and

toxicological effects. However, they are subjected

to further laboratory and field tests;

c) Full registration for five years: This category

consists of products upgraded from the Provisional

Registration after being used for at least three years

without causing any serious environmental and

toxicological problems. Their formulations must

have been analysed and approved in the pesticide

quality control laboratory. Products in this category

can be imported, formulated manufactured and sold

in the country;

d) Pesticides registered under restricted

registration: Some products upgraded from

experimental registration are placed in the

restricted registration category if they are very

toxic, environmentally persistent and bio-

accumulative. The category also consists of

technical materials with which active ingredient

content intended for use in formulation plants.

Under each category, the pesticides are further

classified in their respective mode of action as

insecticides; fungicides; herbicides; rodenticides;

acaricides; nematicides; andavicides; and plant

growth regulators.

Currently registered products and those imported to

Tanzania during the period 2013/2014 are

indicated below (Lekei et al, 2015), under the

category of the pest they control a total of 1182

pesticides were registered and 847 according to the

chemical groups as indicated by fig 2 and fig 3.

Fig 2. Registered pesticides according to the pest they control 2013/2014

Source: Lekei, et al 2015


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Fig3. Example of Registered pesticides in Tanzania 2013/2014

Source: Lekei, et al 2014

Tanzania also has banned the use of organochlorine

pesticides therefore are no longer registered in the

country. The following pesticides considered as

persistent organic polluntants (POPs) are banned in

Tanzania and will therefore not recommended for

use by any investor: Aldrin, Camphechlor;

Chlordane; DDT; Dibenzofurans (Chlorinated);

Dieldrin; Endrin; Heptachlor; Hexachlorobenzene;

Mirex; Polychlorinated Biphenyls; and

Polychlorinated Dibenzo-P-Dioxins (SAGCOT,

2014)

1.6 Assessment of pesticides in Tanzania

The Plant Protection Act (1997) and its

Regulations (1999) provide for every pesticide

submitted for registration to be analyzed by the

research institute appointed in accordance with the

Act. TPRI is the appointed research institute and

carries out field tests and laboratory analyses as

necessary to determine the quality of the pesticide.

Inspectors have been legally appointed and are

doing pesticides inspections and monitoring, taking

samples and submitting for analysis whenever need

arises. Facilities available for these services are not

adequate. However, a number of other institutions

provide support e.g. the Government Chemist

Laboratory Agency, Tanzania Bureau of Standards,

Tanzania Food and Nutrition Centre and the

Universities. Laboratory equipment available in

these institutions include High Performance Liquid

Chromatography,Gas Chromatography, and Gas

Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (Nyambo,

2007). Researchers have been conducted to figure

out the pesticide residues in various matrices like

environment and vegetables but such test

information are limited in foods of animal origin

2. CONCLUSION

The use of pesticides in Tanzania has significantly

increased in the recent years. Many important

benefits are achieved by the use of pesticides such

as increased yields of plant crops and animal

productivity through control of pests and diseases.

Tanzania has an elaborated policies, legislation and

regulations on pesticides, where all pesticides to be

used in the country should be registered, although

there are some challenges in the pesticide control


108

and management. There are inadequate capacities

and coordination mechanisms in regulatory

enforcement, risk assessment and management,

health surveillance, biological monitoring,

pesticide data generation and management. The

misuse of pesticides has been associated with

contamination of the environment and potential

impacts to human health. A number of people have

been affected by pesticides at work place or other

exposure. The knowledge about pesticides use and

effects is indiscriminate among stakeholders.

Although studies have conducted to assess the

awareness of people about use and effects of

pesticides, there is limited information on the

assessment of pesticide residues in including

animal food products as an assessment of

contamination various material.

PESTICIDE NAME QT USD PERIOD

Mancozeb 640g/Kg + Metalaxyl 80g/Kg 16170kg 89328.15 September

CCA 21600kg 63180 September

Indoxacarb 140.5g/L 200L 6789.47 August

2, 4-D Amine 720g/L 16000L 34180.2 August

Hexaconazole 50g/L 15800L 36195.41 August

Amitraz 125g/l 10000L 44000 August

Lambda-Cyhalothrine 5% CE) 6000L 21900 August

Sulphur 990g/Kg 90000 August



Aluminium Phosphide 56% 6000kg 42060 August

Copper Oxd+ Arse Pent + Chrom trio 20160kg 57657.6 August



Copper Oxd+ Arse Pent + Chrom trio 20160kg 60480 August

Imidacloprid 700g/Kg 2196kg 25254 September

Glyphosate 480g/L 12600l 26560 September

Cypermethrin 200g/L 4000L 35600 August

Profenofos 500g/l 17024L 100161.44 August

Primiphos methyl 50 EC 1500l 17100 August

Profenofos 500g/L 6396L 45798/48 August

Abamectin 18g/L 2700L 18600 August

Nicosulfuron 700g/l 430kg 8385 August

Glyphosate 480g/L 5100L 13770 August

Fenitrothion 1g/Kg And Deltamethrin

1.3g/Kg

3800kg 16038 August

Alpha-Cypermethrin 0.21 % w/w 2350L 12032 August

Spinosyn A and B 108L 30780 August

Deltamethrin 25% 22Kg 3986 August



cypermethrin high cis 100g/l 9000L 35100 August



109



Glyphosate 328L 3094848 August

Glyphosate 328l 3094848 August


Glyphosate 328l 3094848 August

Mancozeb 800g/Kg 780kg 38915.8 August




Glyphosate 17580L 36352.2 August








Profenofos 7400L 72520 August

Deltamethrin 5g/l 300L 4962 August

Tebuconazole 250g/L 209.8L 5191.99 August

Fluopicolide 62.5g/L+ Propamocarb

hydrochloride 625g/L

4L 128 August

Prencur energy 840 SL 120L 4080 August

Imidacloprid 200g/l 8.64kg 864 August

Metribuzin 480g/l 4.8L 249.6 August

Triadimefon 250g/Kg 90kg 2520 August

Glufosinate Ammonium 200g/l 500L 6750 August

Chlorothalonil 720g/L 1540L 18050 August

Difenoconazole 250g/L 36L 1800 August

Sulphur 80% w/w 700kg 2300 August

Lufenuron 500g/L 120L 5040 August


Actra 25 WG 160kg 13120 August

Sulphur 99% 999660

mTon

27988.8 August

Sulphur 99% 75mTon 21000 August

Sulphur 99% 100250

mTon

28072.8 August

Paraquat dichloride 276g/l 12000L 28560 August


Magnesium Phosphide 823kg 11700(EURO) August

Aluminium Phosphide 56% 432kg 7689.80 August


110

(EURO)

Chlorpyrifos 480 g/L 9650L 69956/50 August

Paraquat dichloride 276g/l 25920L 77500/80 August


Oxyfluorfen 240 g/l 1500L 12750 August

General 200 Sl 1600L 12080 August

Atrazine 500g/lt 11300L 56735 August

Carbosulfan 250g/l 1500L 11250 August

Chlorpyrifos 50g/L 8000L 21600 August

Metolachlor 960 g/l 1000l 5800 August


Betacyfluthrin 150 + Imidacloprid 300g/l 3000L 34550 August

Clodifop propargyl 100g/L 2000L 34400 August

Othelo Top 1000L 29150 August

Mancozeb 800g/Kg 12960L 31104 August

2, 4-D Amine 720g/L 11400L 58689 August

2, 4-D Amine 720g/L 12000l 41490 August



Actra 25 WG 50.4kg 4132.8 August


Thiamethoxam

20g/Kg + Metalaxyl

–M 20g/Kg +

Difenoconazole

2g/Kg

10kg 1020 August

Pirimiphos- Methyl 1.6% + Permethrin

0.3%

192L 4416 August

Mancozeb 800g/Kg 49500kg 140616 August

Lambdacyhalothrin 50g/l 12960L 53524/80 August

Hexaconazole 500g/L 15100L 53556 August



Chlorothalonil 720g/l 16000L 60800 July

Copper Oxd+ Arse Pent + Chrom trio 36000kg 106200 July

Chlorothalonil 720g/L 11480L 54377.82 June

Profenofos 500g/L 8000L 49400 June

Chlorpyriphos

500g/l +

Cypermethrin 50g/

1360L 8760 August

Profenofos 720g/l 2000L 108450 August

Fipronil 50g/l SC 2000L 72000 August

Cypermethrin 144g/l + imidacloprid 1500L 108450 August


111

200g/l

Imidacloprid 200g/l 1500L 108450 August


Pirimiphos Methyl 500g/l 2000L 108450 August



Pretilachlor 300g/l + Pyribenzoxim 20g/l 960L 18201.6 August

S-Metolaclor- 960g/L 1080L 13662 August

Lambdacyhalothrin 50g/l 2880L 22348.8 July

Cypermethrin 100g/L 7000L 22130 June

Emamectin Benzoate 50g/l +

Alphacypermethrin 100g/l

3000L 15270 June

Deltamethrin 25g/L 3500L 14665 June

Chlorosupa 48 EC 6500L 43110 June


0.3%

5oookg 19250 July

Difenoconazole 30g/L 2400L 22056 July

Carbosulfan 350g/l 6000L 36000 July

Abamectin 18g/L 500L 6650 July

Mancozeb 800g/Kg 49500kg 140616 July



Mida 200 SL 210L 3528 July

Cyclone 505EC 1800L 16824 July

Carbendazim 500 g/l 14kg 833 July

Carbendazim 500 g/l 96L 1430.4 July

Chlorpyrifos 500g/L Cypermethrin

50g/L

720L 3216 July

Tetramethrin + Permethrin +

Fenitrothion

212.8kg 6988.8 July

Chlorothalonil 720g/L 6000L 31080 July


Chlorothalonil 720g/L 6000kg 43455 July


Lambdacyhalothrin 50g/l 19000L 90620 July

Profenofos 500g/L 12960L 36936 July



Abamectin 18g/L 444L 16729.92 July

Glyphosate 500g/L 3600L 11808.6 July


Difenoconazole 250g/L 94L 2837.86 July

Lufenuron 500g/L 12.5L 301.75 July


112

Halosulfuronmethyl 750g/Kg 110kg 25270.3 July

Azoxystrobin 250g/L 804L 39974.88 July


Metalaxyl-M 40g/Kg + Mancozeb

640g/Kg

1890kg 8372.7 July

Lambdacyhalohrin 50g/l 68L 461.04 July

Cypermethrin 150g/L+ Chlorpyrifos

300g/L

500L 4745 July


300g/L

800L 11600 July

Cyromazine 750g/Kg 22kg 3928.1 July


640g/Kg

300kg 3000 July


640g/Kg

4120kg 39552 July

Ioxynil + 2,4 - D 326.4kg 15389.76 July

Ioxynil + 2,4 - D 166kg 10260.46 July

Thiamethoxam 20g/Kg + Metalaxyl –M

20g/Kg + Difenoconazole 2g/Kg

345kg 20234.25 July

Azoxystrobin 500g/Kg 250kg 12650 July

Azoxystrobin 500g/Kg 200kg 10410 July


0.3%

408L 478176 July

Cyprodinil 375g/Kg + Fludioxonil

250g/Kg

420kg 20706 July

Propiconazole 250g/L 1500L 21570 July

S-Metolachlor 290g/L + Atrazine 370g/L 600L 3486 July

Diafenthiuron 500g/L 180L 5540.4 July

Sulphur 80% w/w 300kg 645 July


Chlorothalonil 720g/L 340L 2444.6 July

Cyproconazole 80g/L + Propiconazole

250g/L

1200L 20700 July

Mancozeb 800g/Kg 16170kg 89328.15 September

Protecta 21600kg 63180 September

Indoxacarb 140.5g/L 200L 6789.47 August

2, 4-D Amine 720g/L 16000L 34180.2 August

Hexaconazole 50g/L 15800L 36195.41 August

Amitraz 125g/l 10000L 44000 August

Lambdacyhalothrin 50g/l 6000L 21900 August





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Aluminium Phosphide 56% 6000kg 42060 August




Copper Oxd+ Arse Pent + Chrom trio 20160kg 60480 August

Imidacloprid 700g/Kg 2196kg 25254 September

Glyphosate 480g/L 12600l 26560 September


ProCrop Xtra 720EC 17024L 100161.44 August

Primiphos methyl 50 EC 1500l 17100 August

Profenofos 500g/L 6396L 45798/48 August




Fenitrothion 1g/Kg And Deltamethrin

1.3g/Kg

3800kg 16038 August

Alpha-Cypermethrin 0.21 % w/w 2350L 12032 August

Spinosyn A and B 108L 30780 August

Deltamethrin 25% 22Kg 3986 August



Ecotix 100EC 9000L 35100 August





Glyphosate 480g/L 328l 3094848 August


Glyphosate 480g/L 328l 3094848 August





Glyphosate 480g/L 17580L 36352.2 August









Deltamethrin 5g/l 300L 4962 August


114

Tebuconazole 250g/L 209.8L 5191.99 August

Fluopicolide 62.5g/L+ Propamocarb

hydrochloride 625g/L

4L 128 August

Prencur energy 840 SL 120L 4080 August

Imidacloprid 200g/l 8.64kg 864 August

Metribuzin 480g/l 4.8L 249.6 August

Triadimefon 250g/Kg 90kg 2520 August

Glufosinate Ammonium 200g/l 500L 6750 August


Difenoconazole 250g/L 36L 1800 August




Ioxynil + 2,4 - D 160kg 13120 August

Sulphur 99% 999660

mTon

27988.8 August

Sulphur 99% 75mTon 21000 August

Sulphur 99% 100250

mTon

28072.8 August

Paraquat dichloride 276g/l 12000L 28560 August


Magnesium Phosphide 823kg 11700(EURO) August

Aluminium Phosphide 56% 432kg 7689.80

(EURO)

August

Chlorpyrifos 480 g/L 9650L 69956/50 August

Paraquat dichloride 276g/l 25920L 77500/80 August


Oxyfluorfen 240 g/l 1500L 12750 August

General 200 Sl 1600L 12080 August

Atrazine 500g/lt 11300L 56735 August

Carbosulfan 250g/l 1500L 11250 August


Metolachlor 960 g/l 1000l 5800 August

Abanectin 1.8% EC 1500L 13775 August

Betacyfluthrin 150 + Imidacloprid 300g/l 3000L 34550 August

Clodifop propargyl 100g/L 2000L 34400 August

Azoxystrobin 200g/l + Difeconazole

125g/l

1000L 29150 August

Mancozeb 800g/Kg 12960L 31104 August

11400L 58689 August

2, 4-D Amine 720g/L 12000l 41490 August




115

Ioxynil + 2,4 - D 50.4kg 4132.8 August




10kg 1020 August


0.3%

192L 4416 August

Mancozeb 800g/Kg 49500kg 140616 August

Lambdacyhalothrin 50g/l 12960L 53524/80 August

Hexaconazole 500g/L 15100L 53556 August




Copper Oxd+ Arse Pent + Chrom trio 36000kg 106200 July

Chlorothalonil 720g/L 11480L 54377.82 June

Profenofos 500g/L 8000L 49400 June

Excel Crush 505 1360L 8760 August


Fipronil 50g/l SC 2000L 72000 August

Cypermethrin 144g/l + imidacloprid

200g/l

1500L 108450 August

Imidacloprid 200g/l 1500L 108450 August


Pirimiphos Methyl 500g/l 2000L 108450 August



Pretilachlor 300g/l + Pyribenzoxim 20g/l 960L 18201.6 August

S-Metolaclor- 960g/L 1080L 13662 August


Cypermethrin 100g/L 7000L 22130 June

Alfa Supa 10EC 3000L 15270 June

Deltamethrin 25g/L 3500L 14665 June

Granstar 75 WG 6500L 43110 June

Thiamethoxam + Pirimiphosmethyl 5oookg 19250 July

Difenoconazole 30g/L 2400L 22056 July

Carbosulfan 350g/l 6000L 36000 July


Mancozeb 800g/Kg 49500kg 140616 July



Imidacloprid 200g/l 210L 3528 July

Cyclone 505EC 1800L 16824 July

Carbendazim 500 g/l 14kg 833 July

Carbendazim 500 g/l 96L 1430.4 July


116

Isopropylamine Salt Of Glyphosate 480

g/l

720L 3216 July

Tetramethrin + Permethrin +

Fenitrothion

212.8kg 6988.8 July

Chloroplus 720SC 6000L 31080 July


Chlorothalonil 6000kg 43455 July



Glyphosate 12960L 36936 July




Glyphosate 500g/L 3600L 11808.6 July


Difenoconazole 250g/L 94L 2837.86 July

Lufenuron 500g/L 12.5L 301.75 July

Halosulfuronmethyl 750g/Kg 110kg 25270.3 July




640g/Kg

1890kg 8372.7 July


S-Metolaclor- 960g/L 500L 4745 July

S-Metolaclor- 960g/L 800L 11600 July

Cyromazine 750g/Kg 22kg 3928.1 July


640g/Kg

300kg 3000 July


640g/Kg

4120kg 39552 July

Ioxynil + 2,4 - D 326.4kg 15389.76 July

Ioxynil + 2,4 - D 166kg 10260.46 July



345kg 20234.25 July

Azoxystrobin) 250kg 12650 July

Azoxystrobin) 200kg 10410 July


0.3%

408L 478176 July

Cyprodinil 375g/Kg + Fludioxonil

250g/Kg

420kg 20706 July

Propiconazole 250g/L 1500L 21570 July

S-Metolachlor 290g/L + Atrazine 370g/L 600L 3486 July

Diafenthiuron 500g/L 180L 5540.4 July



117


Chlorothalonil 720g/L 340L 2444.6 July

Cyproconazole 80g/L + Propiconazole

250g/L

1200L 20700 July

Lambdacyhalothrin 50g/l 13600L 56,304 Jun

Copper Oxd+ Arse Pent + Chrom trio 20160Kg 57657.6

Sulphur 990g/Kg 58000 May

Imidacloprid 200g/l 1000L 11050 May

Akizon 40SC 4000L 40600 May

Acetamiprid

300g/l+

Lambdacyhalothrin

300g/l

1500L 13575 May

Biotrine 5% EC 2000L 18350 May

Cuprous Oxide 500g/Kg 15000Kg 116400 May

Cypermethrin 100g/l + chlorpyrifos

350g/l

30000L 81700 May

Bathion 60% ULV 13500L 85050 May

Sulphur 99% 100000m/ton 28,000 May

Sulphur 99% 20000 m/ton 8200 May

Mancozeb 800g/Kg 16500Kg 35522 May

Mancozeb 800g/Kg 10780Kg 26875 May

Carbendazim 500 g/l 708L 8035.8 May

Sulphur 99% 675000M/ton 189000 May


640g/Kg

150Kg 27760/50 May

Lufenuron 500g/L 145L 6090 May

Ioxynil + 2,4 - D 12.8Kg 107.5 May



5kg 510 May

Difenoconazole 250g/L 6L 315 May

Thiamethoxam 35 g/L 2700L 183600 Much

Difenoconazole 30g/L 1000L 16000 May

Ioxynil + 2,4 - D 116Kg 8952 May

Abamectin 18g/L 60L 3900 May

Diafenthiuron 500g/L 36L 1954.8 May

Chlorothalonil 720g/L 600L 7500 May

sulphur 500Kg 1500 May

Deltamethrin 25g/l 60 L 992.4 May

Propamocarb hydrochloride 530g/L

+ Fosetyl Aluminium 310g/L

36L 1224 May


118

Benthiocarb 500g/l

Fenoxaprop-P-ethyl 75g/L

100L 2800 May

Saturn 50 EC 419.6 11560 May

Bentazone 160g/litre Propanil 340g/litre 200L 2700 May

Chlorpyrifos 48% 1000L 5200 May

Ametryn 250g/l + Atrazine 250g/l 29000L May

Chlorimuron 500g/Kg 500Kg May

MSMA 720g/l 25000L 3.65 x 25000L May

Diuron 800g/l 15000L 4.40 x 15000L May

2, 4-D Amine 720g/L 6700L 2.50 x 6700L May

Glyphosate 480g/L 12000L 2.3 x 12000L May

Halosulfuron 750g/Kg 50Kg 135.80 x

50Kg

May

Prosynergist (surfactant) 2000L 2.95 x 2000L May

Paraquat 6000L 2.62 x 6000L May

Mancozeb 800g/Kg 16170Kgs 89742 May

Profenofos 720g/l 7400L 72520 May

Fludioxinil 25g/L + Metalaxyl-M 10g/L 2400L 51137.85 May

Sulphur 99% 90000 (in

25kgs pack)

28260

(EURO)

May

Roundup 360 SL 12960 36936 May

Paraquat dichloride 276g/l 12960L 38750/40 May

Roundup 360 SL 12960L 36936 May

Thiamethoxam + Pirimiphosmethyl 3500kg 22750 May


Copper Oxd+ Arse Pent + Chrom trio 18000kgs 53100 May

Profenofos 720g/l 9000L 89550 April

Glyphosate 480g/L 12960L 4259231 April

Glyphosate 480g/L 5076L 17384.22 May

Triadimenol 240g/L 2000L 21510.62 May

Lambdacyhalothrin 50g/l 4000 23910.62 May


Magnesium Phosphide 410kg 7800(EURO) May


300g/L

12800L 70400 May

Lambdacyhalothrin 50g/l 8000L 35460 May

Abamectin 18g/L 7000L 46550 May

Spinosad 0.24g/L 9000Kg 58056 May

Lambdacyhalothrin 50g/l 8504L 38693/62 May

Wilfoen 1000L 9900 May

Carbendazim 800g/Kg 6000kg 25740 May


119

Profenofos 720g/l 1000L 7300 May

Profenophos 720 g/l 10500L 49350 May

Profenophos 720 g/l 5000L 22750 May

Kresoxim-Methyl 500g/Kg 10000L 63000 May

Mancozeb 20000kg 60000 May

Chlorothalonil 720g/L 20000L 70000 May

Mancozeb 640g/Kg + cymoxanil 80g/Kg 10000kg 31450 May

Mancozeb 400g/Kg + Sulphur 300g/Kg 20000kg 40000 May

Fenoxaprop-P-ethyl 75g/L 11000L 37200 May

Fenoxaprop-P-ethyl 75g/L 8000L 27000 May


Chlorpyrifos 480g/L 11200L 46420 May

Mancozeb 640g/Kg + Metalaxyl 80g/Kg 20000kg 76050 May

Mancozeb 640g/Kg + Metalaxyl 80g/Kg 20000kg 75950 May

Mancozeb 800g/Kg 20000kg 58000 May


Sulphur 990g/Kg 58000 April

Fenitrothion 1% + Deltamethrin 0.13%) 6768kg 11844 May

Fenitrothion +Permethrin 11328kg 16992 May

Copper Oxd+ Arse Pent + Chrom trio 18000kgs 53100 May

Chlorpyrifos 480g/L 16000L 76800 April

Profenofos 500g/L 12504L 92111/52 April

Lambdacyhalothrin 30g/L +

Acetamaprid 30g/L

2400L 18540 April

selected Plus 315 EC 4000L 34000 April

Mancozeb 640g/Kg+ Metalaxyl 80g/Kg 1200kg 7800 April

Lambdacyhalothrin 50g/l 22400L 89356 April

Bucril MC 224L 3288 April

Propamocarb hydrochloride 530g/L

+ Fosetyl Aluminium 310g/L

36L 1224 April

Deltamethrin 25g/L 120L 1984.8 April

Imidacloprid 100L 3909.8 April

Mancozeb 800g/Kg 16500Kg 46875 April


Glyphosate 480g/l 12960L 39528 April

2, 4-D Amine 720g/L 11664L 30909.6 April

Mancozeb 800g/Kg 16500Kg 46875 April

Pirimiphos methyl 500g/l Chlorpyrifos

480g/L

15800L 66360 April


480g/L

16000L 48000 April


480g/L

10000L 106200 April


120

Table 3, pesticides imported in Tanzania from April to September, 2015. Source: FAO 2015

Kick Out 480SL 12960L 27216 April

Paraquat dichloride 276g/l 12000L 29244 April


Propineb 700 g/Kg + Metalaxyl 60 g/Kg 5900kg 42500 April



Imazapic 700 WDG 300kg 14577 April

Acetochlor 900g/L 44060L 174037 April

Ametryn 500g/l 1100L 3630 April

Halosulfuron 750g/Kg 35kg 4753 April

Bayleton 25 wp 60L 552 April

Adengo SC 465 300kg 34590 April


Ametryn 250g/l + Atrazine 250g/l 16960L 44096 April

Paraquat 10160L 26619.2 April

Fipronil 200g/L 400L 2240 April

Diuron 800g/l 20980L 92312 April

Prosynergist (surfactant) 5060L 14927 April

Chlorimuron 500g/Kg 1760kg 26928 April

Fluazifop-P-Butly 125g/l 1540L 16786 April

Metribuzine 480g/l 5760L 52876.8 April

MSMA 720g/l 28400L 103660 April

Cymoxanil 8% + Mancozeb 64% 220L 1762.2 April

Trichlopyr 480g/l 720L 5472 April

Clomazone 240g/l 300L 2184 April

Metribuzine 700Kg Hexazinone 240g/L 6120L 37638 April


121

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