health consequences of war and militarism

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Health Consequences Health Consequences of War and of War and Militarism Militarism Martin Donohoe, MD, Martin Donohoe, MD, FACP FACP

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Health Consequences of War and Militarism. Martin Donohoe, MD, FACP. Outline. The history and epidemiology of war Nuclear weapons Chemical weapons Biological weapons. Outline. Economic and environmental consequences of militarism and war Health consequences of militarism and war - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Health Consequences Health Consequences of War and Militarismof War and Militarism

Martin Donohoe, MD, Martin Donohoe, MD, FACPFACP

Page 2: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

OutlineOutline The history and epidemiology of warThe history and epidemiology of war

Nuclear weaponsNuclear weapons

Chemical weaponsChemical weapons

Biological weaponsBiological weapons

Page 3: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

OutlineOutline Economic and environmental Economic and environmental

consequences of militarism and warconsequences of militarism and war Health consequences of militarism Health consequences of militarism

and warand war Contemporary conflictsContemporary conflicts

Afghanistan, “War on terror”, Middle EastAfghanistan, “War on terror”, Middle East SolutionsSolutions

Page 4: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

History of WarHistory of War Violent conflict ubiquitous in the Violent conflict ubiquitous in the

animal kingdom:animal kingdom: Interspecies conflict – food, territoryInterspecies conflict – food, territory Intraspecies conflict – food, territory, Intraspecies conflict – food, territory,

mates (usually not directly fatal)mates (usually not directly fatal) Violence among non-human primatesViolence among non-human primates

Gorilla infanticideGorilla infanticide Chimpanzee killing bandsChimpanzee killing bands

Page 5: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

History of warHistory of war 10,000 yrs ago – agriculture10,000 yrs ago – agriculture

Stable populations, division of labor, Stable populations, division of labor, warrior classwarrior class

3500 yrs ago – bronze weapons and 3500 yrs ago – bronze weapons and armorarmor

2200 yrs ago – iron2200 yrs ago – iron 1900 yrs ago - horses1900 yrs ago - horses

Page 6: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

History of warHistory of war Ninth Century China - bombs Ninth Century China - bombs

developeddeveloped Thirteenth Century China – rocketsThirteenth Century China – rockets

Forgotten until the 19Forgotten until the 19thth Century Century 1783 – Balloon1783 – Balloon

Montgolfier brothersMontgolfier brothers Prussian general JCG Heyne – used for Prussian general JCG Heyne – used for

bombingbombing

Page 7: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

History of WarHistory of War 1903 – Wright brothers/Kitty Hawk – 1903 – Wright brothers/Kitty Hawk –

airplaneairplane

2020thth Century – nuclear submarines, Century – nuclear submarines, predator drones, weaponization of predator drones, weaponization of spacespace

Page 8: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

History of WarHistory of War

Belief that each new invention would Belief that each new invention would eliminate warfareeliminate warfare

Instead, increased casualties, killing Instead, increased casualties, killing at a distanceat a distance

Page 9: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Epidemiology of WarfareEpidemiology of Warfare Deaths in war:Deaths in war:

1717thth Century = 19/million population Century = 19/million population 1818thth Century = 19/million population Century = 19/million population 1919thth Century = 11/million population Century = 11/million population 2020thth Century = 183/million population Century = 183/million population

Increasing casualties to civiliansIncreasing casualties to civilians 85-90% in 2085-90% in 20thth Century (vs. 10% late Century (vs. 10% late

1919thth Century) Century)

Page 10: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

War Deaths, 1945-2000War Deaths, 1945-2000

Page 11: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Legacies of Colonial Legacies of Colonial ExploitationExploitation

Christopher Columbus’ log entry upon Christopher Columbus’ log entry upon meeting the Arawaks of the Bahamas:meeting the Arawaks of the Bahamas:““They…brought us…many…things…They…brought us…many…things…They willingly traded everything they They willingly traded everything they owned…They do not bear arms…They owned…They do not bear arms…They would make fine servants…With fifty would make fine servants…With fifty men we could subjugate them all and men we could subjugate them all and make them do whatever we want.”make them do whatever we want.”

Page 12: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Legacies of Colonial Legacies of Colonial ExploitationExploitation

Winston Churchill (speaking in favor Winston Churchill (speaking in favor of RAF’s “experimental” bombing of of RAF’s “experimental” bombing of Iraqis in 1920s, which killed 9,000 Iraqis in 1920s, which killed 9,000 people with 97 tons of bombs):people with 97 tons of bombs):““I am strongly in favor of using I am strongly in favor of using poisoned gas against uncivilized poisoned gas against uncivilized tribes to spread a lively terror…tribes to spread a lively terror…against recalcitrant Arabs as an against recalcitrant Arabs as an experiment”experiment”

Page 13: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Legacies of Colonial Legacies of Colonial ExploitationExploitation

Cecil Rhodes (Rhodesia, Rhodes Cecil Rhodes (Rhodesia, Rhodes Scholarship, DeBeers Mining Company):Scholarship, DeBeers Mining Company):““We must find new lands from which we We must find new lands from which we can easily obtain raw materials and at the can easily obtain raw materials and at the same time exploit the cheap slave labour same time exploit the cheap slave labour that is available from the natives of the that is available from the natives of the colonies. The colonies would also provide colonies. The colonies would also provide a dumping ground for the surplus goods a dumping ground for the surplus goods produced in our factories.”produced in our factories.”

Page 14: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Contemporary WarsContemporary Wars 250 wars in the 20250 wars in the 20thth Century Century

Incidence of war rising since 1950Incidence of war rising since 1950

Most conflicts within poor statesMost conflicts within poor states

27 separate civil wars currently underway27 separate civil wars currently underway 19 involve U.S.-supplied weapons19 involve U.S.-supplied weapons

Page 15: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Contemporary WarsContemporary Wars 72 million lives lost in 2072 million lives lost in 20thth Century Century

wars, another 52 million through wars, another 52 million through genocidesgenocides

WW II: first war with WW II: first war with more battle deaths than deaths from other causes, such as accidents, disease, and infections

Page 16: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Vietnam War US dropped the equivalent of one 500 US dropped the equivalent of one 500

lb. bomb on every person in Vietnamlb. bomb on every person in Vietnam Vietnam War: 11.5 to 3 million Vietnam War: 11.5 to 3 million

Vietnamese casualties; 58,000 Vietnamese casualties; 58,000 AmericanAmerican More US soldiers died of suicide More US soldiers died of suicide

after Vietnam than died in combat after Vietnam than died in combat during the war.during the war.

Page 17: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Contemporary WarsContemporary Wars Gulf War I: US planted one land mine Gulf War I: US planted one land mine

for every Iraqi citizenfor every Iraqi citizen 310,000 direct war-related deaths in 310,000 direct war-related deaths in

2000 (0.5% of worldwide mortality); 2000 (0.5% of worldwide mortality); indirect deaths much largerindirect deaths much larger

Page 18: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Consequences of WarConsequences of War Deaths, injuries, psychological sequelaeDeaths, injuries, psychological sequelae Collapse of health care system affecting Collapse of health care system affecting

those with acute and chronic illnessesthose with acute and chronic illnesses FamineFamine Environmental degradationEnvironmental degradation Increasing poverty and debtIncreasing poverty and debt All lead to recurrent cycles of violenceAll lead to recurrent cycles of violence

Page 19: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Consequences of WarConsequences of War Contributes, along with persecution, Contributes, along with persecution,

poverty, and environmental degradation, poverty, and environmental degradation, to the 240 million people “on the move”to the 240 million people “on the move” International migrants – 168 millionInternational migrants – 168 million Refugees, including Palestinians – 16 millionRefugees, including Palestinians – 16 million Internally displaced due to conflict or Internally displaced due to conflict or

persecution (25 million) or natural disasters persecution (25 million) or natural disasters and other causes (30 million)and other causes (30 million)

Asylum seekers – 940,000Asylum seekers – 940,000

Page 20: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Atomic Weapons - HistoryAtomic Weapons - History Hiroshima, August 6, 1945Hiroshima, August 6, 1945

““The day that humanity started taking The day that humanity started taking its final exam” – Buckminster Fullerits final exam” – Buckminster Fuller

15 kiloton bomb, 140,000 deaths15 kiloton bomb, 140,000 deaths Nagasaki, August 9, 1945Nagasaki, August 9, 1945

22 kiloton bomb, 70,000 casualties22 kiloton bomb, 70,000 casualties

Page 21: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

The Hiroshima BombThe Hiroshima Bomb

Page 22: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Atomic ExplosionAtomic Explosion

Page 23: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Atomic Weapons – Other Atomic Weapons – Other VictimsVictims

Hundreds of thousands of hibakusha Hundreds of thousands of hibakusha – atomic bomb survivors– atomic bomb survivors

1054 U.S. nuclear tests since 1940s, 1054 U.S. nuclear tests since 1940s, 331 in atmosphere331 in atmosphere

80,000 cancers (15,000 fatal) in US 80,000 cancers (15,000 fatal) in US citizens as a result of fallout from citizens as a result of fallout from atmospheric testingatmospheric testing

NCI/CDCNCI/CDC

Page 24: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Atomic Weapons – Other Atomic Weapons – Other VictimsVictims

Thousands of illnesses and deaths, Thousands of illnesses and deaths, higher CA risk in 600,000 former higher CA risk in 600,000 former employeesemployees- DOE- DOE

Bush administration trying to limit Bush administration trying to limit payments mandated by Congress in payments mandated by Congress in 2001 ($150,000 plus lifetime medical 2001 ($150,000 plus lifetime medical benefits)benefits)

Page 25: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Atomic Weapons TodayAtomic Weapons Today Approximately 14,000 nuclear weapons Approximately 14,000 nuclear weapons

at 11 sites in 14 countries (1/2 active or at 11 sites in 14 countries (1/2 active or operationally-deployed)operationally-deployed) 5,000 active U.S. warheads today (½ 5,000 active U.S. warheads today (½

on hair-trigger alert); 8,000 in Russiaon hair-trigger alert); 8,000 in Russia Several thousand megatons (100,000 Several thousand megatons (100,000

Hiroshimas)Hiroshimas)

Page 26: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Atomic Weapons TodayAtomic Weapons Today US and Russia have 13,000 actively US and Russia have 13,000 actively

deployed warheadsdeployed warheads 2500 (US) and 2000 (Russia) on high alert2500 (US) and 2000 (Russia) on high alert

Fired within 15 minutes, reach targets in 30 Fired within 15 minutes, reach targets in 30 minutesminutes

Vastly redundant arsenalVastly redundant arsenal 150-200 weapons adequate to destroy all 150-200 weapons adequate to destroy all

major urban centers in Russia major urban centers in Russia

Page 27: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Atomic Weapons TodayAtomic Weapons Today

Accidental intermediate-sized launch Accidental intermediate-sized launch of weapons from a single Russian of weapons from a single Russian submarine would immediately kill 6.8 submarine would immediately kill 6.8 million Americans in 8 citiesmillion Americans in 8 cities

Page 28: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Nuclear Weapons – Oops!Nuclear Weapons – Oops! Pentagon: 32 nuclear weapons Pentagon: 32 nuclear weapons

accidents since 1950accidents since 1950 GAO: 233GAO: 233 Since 1950, 10 nuclear weapons lost Since 1950, 10 nuclear weapons lost

and never recoveredand never recovered All laying on seabed, potentially leaking All laying on seabed, potentially leaking

radioactivityradioactivity

Page 29: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Effects of a Nuclear Effects of a Nuclear ExplosionExplosion

Immediate:Immediate:

Vaporized by thermal radiationVaporized by thermal radiation

Crushed by blast waveCrushed by blast wave

Burned and suffocated by firestormBurned and suffocated by firestorm

Page 30: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Effects of a Nuclear Effects of a Nuclear ExplosionExplosion

Intermediate:Intermediate: Suffering, painful deathsSuffering, painful deaths Health care personnel/resources Health care personnel/resources

overwhelmedoverwhelmed FamineFamine RefugeesRefugees Devastated transportation infrastructureDevastated transportation infrastructure

Page 31: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Effects of a Nuclear Effects of a Nuclear ExplosionExplosion

Late effects:Late effects: CancerCancer Psychological trauma (PTSD, anxiety, Psychological trauma (PTSD, anxiety,

depression)depression) nuclear winter (mass starvation due to nuclear winter (mass starvation due to

disruption of agricultural, transportation, disruption of agricultural, transportation, industrial and health care systems)industrial and health care systems)

Page 32: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Effects of a 20 megaton Effects of a 20 megaton nuclear explosionnuclear explosion

Ground zero - 2 miles:Ground zero - 2 miles: Within 1/100 second fireball hotter than Within 1/100 second fireball hotter than

sun; everything vaporizedsun; everything vaporized

2 - 4 miles:2 - 4 miles: 25 psi pressures; 650 mph winds25 psi pressures; 650 mph winds Buildings ripped apart and leveledBuildings ripped apart and leveled

Page 33: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Effects of a 20 megaton Effects of a 20 megaton nuclear explosionnuclear explosion

4 - 10 miles:4 - 10 miles: 7 – 10 psi; 200 mph winds7 – 10 psi; 200 mph winds Sheet metal melts; concrete buildings Sheet metal melts; concrete buildings

heavily damaged (all others leveled)heavily damaged (all others leveled) 16 miles:16 miles:

100 mph winds, firestorm, T = 1400100 mph winds, firestorm, T = 1400° C° C 100% mortality100% mortality

Page 34: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Effects of a 20 megaton Effects of a 20 megaton nuclear explosionnuclear explosion

21 miles:21 miles: 2 psi; 100 mph winds2 psi; 100 mph winds Shattered glass, flying debriShattered glass, flying debri

29 miles:29 miles: 33° burns over all exposed skin° burns over all exposed skin

40 miles:40 miles: Retinal burns blind all who witness Retinal burns blind all who witness

explosionexplosion

Page 35: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Effects of a 20 megaton Effects of a 20 megaton nuclear explosion over Bostonnuclear explosion over Boston

Death toll:Death toll:

1,000,000 within minutes1,000,000 within minutes

1,800,000 survivors:1,800,000 survivors: 1,100,000 fatally injured1,100,000 fatally injured 500,000 with major injuries500,000 with major injuries 200,000 without injuries200,000 without injuries

Page 36: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Types of InjuriesTypes of Injuries BurnsBurns BlindingsBlindings DeafeningsDeafenings PTXPTX FxsFxs Shrapnel woundsShrapnel wounds

Page 37: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Radiation SicknessRadiation Sickness Very high dose: cerebral edema, N/V/D, Very high dose: cerebral edema, N/V/D,

speech and gait difficulties, convulsions, speech and gait difficulties, convulsions, coma, death within 1-2 dayscoma, death within 1-2 days

Medium doses: N/V/D Medium doses: N/V/D → resolves → → resolves → recurrent hematemesis, bloody D → recurrent hematemesis, bloody D → majority diemajority die

Low doses: BM failure, infections, Low doses: BM failure, infections, bleeding, sores, ± deathbleeding, sores, ± death

Page 38: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Effects on health Effects on health professionalsprofessionals

70% killed or fatally wounded70% killed or fatally wounded

15% injured15% injured

< 1000 survive< 1000 survive

Page 39: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Effects on health care Effects on health care systemsystem

Most major hospitals destroyedMost major hospitals destroyed EMS system debilitatedEMS system debilitated No X-ray machines, electricity, water, No X-ray machines, electricity, water,

antibiotics or other meds, antibiotics or other meds, blood/plasma, bandagesblood/plasma, bandages

2000 burn unit beds in US (100 per 2000 burn unit beds in US (100 per major city) – essentially destroyedmajor city) – essentially destroyed

Page 40: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Effects on Health Care Effects on Health Care SystemSystem

1500 patients/doctor1500 patients/doctor

10 min/pt10 min/pt

4 hours sleep/noc4 hours sleep/noc

2 weeks to see all injured2 weeks to see all injured

Page 41: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Ultimate OutcomesUltimate Outcomes

Boston (pop. 2.8 million in 1998)Boston (pop. 2.8 million in 1998)

> 2.5 million dead after one month> 2.5 million dead after one month More than 6x as many Americans as More than 6x as many Americans as

died in WW IIdied in WW II

Page 42: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Health hazards of the Nuclear Health hazards of the Nuclear CycleCycle

Ecosystem degradation: e.g., Bikini IslandEcosystem degradation: e.g., Bikini Island Uranium mining: 5-fold increase in lung Uranium mining: 5-fold increase in lung

cancercancer Depleted uranium:Depleted uranium:

increased stillbirths, birth defects, childhood increased stillbirths, birth defects, childhood leukemias, other cancers in Southern Iraqleukemias, other cancers in Southern Iraq

Possible increase in lung CA in U.S. soldiers Possible increase in lung CA in U.S. soldiers (data sparse)(data sparse)

Page 43: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Nuclear Waste DisposalNuclear Waste Disposal On-site storage:On-site storage:

118 commercial reactors118 commercial reactors

10 weapons plants10 weapons plants

37 research reactors37 research reactors

Page 44: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Nuclear Waste DisposalNuclear Waste Disposal Skull Valley, Goshute Indian Skull Valley, Goshute Indian

Reservation, UtahReservation, Utah Private fuel storage consortiumPrivate fuel storage consortium Temporary storage of 44,000 tons of high-Temporary storage of 44,000 tons of high-

level nuclear wastelevel nuclear waste Bribes to tribes; environmental injusticeBribes to tribes; environmental injustice

Waste Isolation Pilot Plant, New MexicoWaste Isolation Pilot Plant, New Mexico Defense Dept. wasteDefense Dept. waste

Page 45: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Nuclear Waste Disposal – Nuclear Waste Disposal – Yucca MountainYucca Mountain

On DOE land claimed On DOE land claimed by Western Shoshone by Western Shoshone Nation under the Ruby Nation under the Ruby Valley Treaty of 1863Valley Treaty of 1863

100 miles from Las 100 miles from Las VegasVegas

Near aquifer and Near aquifer and earthquake faultearthquake fault

Page 46: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Nuclear Waste Disposal – Nuclear Waste Disposal – Yucca MountainYucca Mountain

Est. 100,000 shipments of 70,000 – Est. 100,000 shipments of 70,000 – 120,000 tons of waste over 25 yrs120,000 tons of waste over 25 yrs

Coming within ½ mile of 50 million Coming within ½ mile of 50 million AmericansAmericans

Est. 200-350 accidentsEst. 200-350 accidents Nuclear rouletteNuclear roulette Unlikely to occur – other options Unlikely to occur – other options

being consideredbeing considered

Page 47: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Nuclear Power PlantsNuclear Power Plants 104 plants in US104 plants in US

Aging, equipment Aging, equipment failures (8 from 3/00-failures (8 from 3/00-4/01 4/01 → shutdowns)→ shutdowns)

435 plants worldwide 435 plants worldwide (generate 16% of (generate 16% of planet’s electricity)planet’s electricity)

60 plants in Russia60 plants in Russia ? Condition, safety? Condition, safety

Page 48: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Nuclear PowerNuclear Power Supply of uranium for fission to run Supply of uranium for fission to run

out by 2050out by 2050 Alternate sources:Alternate sources:

MOX (mixed oxide) fuel (reprocessed MOX (mixed oxide) fuel (reprocessed spent fuel – plutonium and uranium)spent fuel – plutonium and uranium)

Breeder reactors – make more fuel Breeder reactors – make more fuel (plutonium) than they consume(plutonium) than they consume

Fission – currently impracticalFission – currently impractical

Page 49: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Nuclear Power Plant Nuclear Power Plant AccidentsAccidents

Three Mile Island (1979)Three Mile Island (1979) 50,000 to 100,000 excess deaths50,000 to 100,000 excess deaths

Chernobyl:Chernobyl: 50 deaths (among highly exposed emergency 50 deaths (among highly exposed emergency

workers)workers) 4000 thyroid cancers (most have survived)4000 thyroid cancers (most have survived) Expected 3940 deaths from radiation-induced Expected 3940 deaths from radiation-induced

cancerscancers Greatest problem anxietyGreatest problem anxiety

Page 50: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Nuclear Power PlantsNuclear Power Plants For every US plant that has its license For every US plant that has its license

renewed, 12 additional cancer deaths (NRC)renewed, 12 additional cancer deaths (NRC) Plus any deaths from accidents, non-Plus any deaths from accidents, non-

routine releases, high level waste and routine releases, high level waste and spent fuelspent fuel

Nuclear power industry receives $10 Nuclear power industry receives $10 billion/yr in taxpayer subsidiesbillion/yr in taxpayer subsidies

Precautionary principlePrecautionary principle

Page 51: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Nuclear Power PlantsNuclear Power Plants

Page 52: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Nuclear TerrorismNuclear Terrorism Attack on nuclear power plant or other Attack on nuclear power plant or other

nuclear installationnuclear installation 47% of nuclear plants failed to repel mock 47% of nuclear plants failed to repel mock

terrorist attacks conducted by the NRC in the terrorist attacks conducted by the NRC in the 1990s1990s

Dirty bombDirty bomb Potential tens to hundreds of thousands of Potential tens to hundreds of thousands of

deaths, billions of dollars of damage, chaosdeaths, billions of dollars of damage, chaos Numerous radiation sources left over from Cold Numerous radiation sources left over from Cold

War in post-Soviet countriesWar in post-Soviet countries

Page 53: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Nuclear TerrorismNuclear Terrorism Collapse of Soviet Union –15,000 nuclear Collapse of Soviet Union –15,000 nuclear

warheads and enough highly-enriched warheads and enough highly-enriched uranium and plutonium to make 60,000 uranium and plutonium to make 60,000 moremore

More than 90% of Russia’s fissile materials More than 90% of Russia’s fissile materials are located in 171 buildings, only 11 of are located in 171 buildings, only 11 of which have been fully securedwhich have been fully secured

175 cases of nuclear trafficking from 1993 175 cases of nuclear trafficking from 1993 – 2001 (NRC)– 2001 (NRC)

Page 54: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Nuclear TerrorismNuclear Terrorism Reports of weapons missing from Soviet Reports of weapons missing from Soviet

arsenalarsenal Non-proliferation efforts, including the Non-proliferation efforts, including the

DOE’s Nuclear Cities Initiative, get a DOE’s Nuclear Cities Initiative, get a fraction of 1% of the defense budget, fraction of 1% of the defense budget, further cuts plannedfurther cuts planned

The Nth Country experiment (1964): 3 The Nth Country experiment (1964): 3 science post-docs with no nuclear know-science post-docs with no nuclear know-how designed a working atom bombhow designed a working atom bomb

Page 55: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Chemical WeaponsChemical Weapons 428 BC – Athenians and Spartans burned 428 BC – Athenians and Spartans burned

wax, pitch and sulfurwax, pitch and sulfur Davinci – arsenic and sulfur shellsDavinci – arsenic and sulfur shells WW IWW I

Italians vs. EthiopiansItalians vs. Ethiopians Japanese vs. ChineseJapanese vs. Chinese Germans vs. AlliesGermans vs. Allies

Franz Haber – chlorine gasFranz Haber – chlorine gas 91,000 deaths and 1.3 million injuries91,000 deaths and 1.3 million injuries

Page 56: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Chemical WeaponsChemical Weapons Egypt vs. South Yemen (1963-7)Egypt vs. South Yemen (1963-7) Iran/Iraq War (1980s)Iran/Iraq War (1980s) Gulf War (versus Kurds, ? Others)Gulf War (versus Kurds, ? Others)

Gulf War Syndrome (real per Gulf War Syndrome (real per Congressionally-mandated scientific panel, Congressionally-mandated scientific panel, 2008)2008)

1995 Tokyo subway attack by Aum Shrinko 1995 Tokyo subway attack by Aum Shrinko cult using sarincult using sarin 12 dead, 5000 injured or incapacitated12 dead, 5000 injured or incapacitated

Page 57: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Types of Chemical WeaponsTypes of Chemical Weapons Nerve gasses / paralyticsNerve gasses / paralytics

E.g., sarin, VXE.g., sarin, VX S/S: paralysis (incl. resp. muscles), S/S: paralysis (incl. resp. muscles),

headache, dizziness, N/Vheadache, dizziness, N/V Rx: Rx: ± gas masks, pretreatment with ± gas masks, pretreatment with

pyridostigmine, pyridostigmine, decontamination, decontamination, antidotes (atropine, pralidoxime, antidotes (atropine, pralidoxime, diazepam, tropicamide)diazepam, tropicamide)

Page 58: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Types of Chemical WeaponsTypes of Chemical Weapons Blistering agents:Blistering agents:

E.g., sulphur mustardE.g., sulphur mustard S/S: burns, blindness, pulmonary S/S: burns, blindness, pulmonary

toxicity, BM suppression, N/V/Dtoxicity, BM suppression, N/V/D Rx: decontamination, analgesia, Rx: decontamination, analgesia,

pulmonary and eye carepulmonary and eye care

Page 59: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Types of Chemical WeaponsTypes of Chemical Weapons Pulmonary toxicantsPulmonary toxicants

E.g., chlorine, phosgeneE.g., chlorine, phosgene S/S: pneumonitis, laryngeal spasm, S/S: pneumonitis, laryngeal spasm,

pulmonary edema, ARDSpulmonary edema, ARDS Rx: O2, bronchodilators, Rx: O2, bronchodilators,

corticosteroids, ?ibuprofen, ?corticosteroids, ?ibuprofen, ?acetylcysteineacetylcysteine

Page 60: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Chemical Weapons:Chemical Weapons:Vietnam and NapalmVietnam and Napalm

Page 61: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Chemical Weapons:Chemical Weapons:Vietnam and NapalmVietnam and Napalm

Page 62: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Chemical Weapons:Chemical Weapons:Vietnam and NapalmVietnam and Napalm

Page 63: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Chemical WeaponsChemical Weapons 1972 Biological and Toxic Weapons 1972 Biological and Toxic Weapons

Convention prohibits development, Convention prohibits development, production, and stockpilingproduction, and stockpiling

1989 stockpiles:1989 stockpiles: US – 36,000 tonsUS – 36,000 tons Russia – 270,000 tons (1/2 = nerve gas)Russia – 270,000 tons (1/2 = nerve gas)

Page 64: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Other Chemical Weapons:Other Chemical Weapons:Tear gasTear gas

Use in civil and political unrestUse in civil and political unrest

Causes eye, skin and pulmonary toxicity, N/V, Causes eye, skin and pulmonary toxicity, N/V, photophobia and headache, trauma due to photophobia and headache, trauma due to blastblast

Rx: wash skin, flush eyes, IVF, humidified O2, Rx: wash skin, flush eyes, IVF, humidified O2, bronchodilators prn, bronchodilators prn, ±prophylactic antibiotics±prophylactic antibiotics

Page 65: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Other Chemical Weapons:Other Chemical Weapons:Pepper SprayPepper Spray

Derived from cayenne peppers (contains Derived from cayenne peppers (contains 10-15% oleoresin capsicum)10-15% oleoresin capsicum)

1.5-2 million Scoville unit heat rating1.5-2 million Scoville unit heat rating JalapeJalapeñño pepper = 2500-5000 Scoville o pepper = 2500-5000 Scoville

unitsunits HabaHabaññero pepper (world’s hottest) = ero pepper (world’s hottest) =

300,000 Scoville units300,000 Scoville units Use in civil and political unrestUse in civil and political unrest

Page 66: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Other Chemical WeaponsOther Chemical Weapons Calmatives: mind-altering or sleep-Calmatives: mind-altering or sleep-

inducing weapons (benzo-, SSRI-, and inducing weapons (benzo-, SSRI-, and anesthetic derivatives)anesthetic derivatives)

Cramp-inducing agentsCramp-inducing agents Stink bombs (“?Race specific?”)Stink bombs (“?Race specific?”) Colored smoke as an obscurantColored smoke as an obscurant Crowd control vs use in warfareCrowd control vs use in warfare US pilot amphetamine useUS pilot amphetamine use

Page 67: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Biological Weapons - HistoryBiological Weapons - History Sixth Century BC: Assyrians poison wells Sixth Century BC: Assyrians poison wells

with rye ergotwith rye ergot 300 BC: Greeks pollute wells300 BC: Greeks pollute wells Later: Romans and Persians, Classical, Later: Romans and Persians, Classical,

Medieval and Renaissance periods, US Medieval and Renaissance periods, US Civil War (General Johnson at Vicksburg)Civil War (General Johnson at Vicksburg)

1414thth Century: Tatars catapulting plague- Century: Tatars catapulting plague-infested corpsesinfested corpses

Page 68: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Biological Weapons - HistoryBiological Weapons - History Koch’s postulates: anthrax – first Koch’s postulates: anthrax – first

linkage of a specific disease with a linkage of a specific disease with a specific pathogenspecific pathogen

Louis Pasteur: anthrax and cholera Louis Pasteur: anthrax and cholera vaccinesvaccines

Page 69: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Biological Weapons - HistoryBiological Weapons - History Sir Jeffrey Amherst (French and Indian Sir Jeffrey Amherst (French and Indian

Wars - smallpox): “You would do well Wars - smallpox): “You would do well to try to inoculate the Indians, by to try to inoculate the Indians, by means of blankets, … to extirpate this means of blankets, … to extirpate this execrable race”execrable race”

WW I: Cholera, plague, glanders, WW I: Cholera, plague, glanders, anthraxanthrax

Page 70: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Biological Weapons – WW IIBiological Weapons – WW II Unit 731, Manchuria, Shiro IshiiUnit 731, Manchuria, Shiro Ishii British “Operation Vegetarian” (anthrax British “Operation Vegetarian” (anthrax

cakes / Germany)cakes / Germany) US military personnel received typhoid, US military personnel received typhoid,

smallpox, yellow fever and tetanus smallpox, yellow fever and tetanus vaccinesvaccines

Those who refused subject to court martialThose who refused subject to court martial c.f., Gulf War – pyridostigmine, botulism c.f., Gulf War – pyridostigmine, botulism

vaccinevaccine

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Biological Weapons – WW IIBiological Weapons – WW II Unlicensed yellow fever vaccine Unlicensed yellow fever vaccine

contaminated with hepatitis Bcontaminated with hepatitis B

330,000 infections330,000 infections

51,000 cases of symptomatic hep B51,000 cases of symptomatic hep B

Long term outcomes goodLong term outcomes good

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Biological Weapons Post Biological Weapons Post WWIIWWII

SwerdloskSwerdlosk

ZimbabweZimbabwe

False alarmsFalse alarms

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Biological Weapons TodayBiological Weapons Today 17 countries possess (+ Al Qaeda?)17 countries possess (+ Al Qaeda?) US role in supplying other nations:US role in supplying other nations:

e.g., 1985-1989: US companies sold to Iraq:e.g., 1985-1989: US companies sold to Iraq: Bacillus anthracis, Clostridium botulinum, Bacillus anthracis, Clostridium botulinum,

Histoplasma capsulatum, Brucella melitensis, Histoplasma capsulatum, Brucella melitensis, Clostsridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani, and Clostsridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani, and E. coliE. coli

Despite evidence of use of chemical weapons Despite evidence of use of chemical weapons against Kurdsagainst Kurds

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Biological Weapons TodayBiological Weapons Today 1972 Biological Weapons Protocol: signed 1972 Biological Weapons Protocol: signed

by 158 nationsby 158 nations Lacks adequate enforcement mechanismsLacks adequate enforcement mechanisms US has rejected enforcement (wary of US has rejected enforcement (wary of

foreign inspectors discovering military foreign inspectors discovering military secrets and/or trade secrets of secrets and/or trade secrets of biotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies)companies)

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Biological Weapons - AgentsBiological Weapons - AgentsAnthraxAnthrax BrucellosisBrucellosis CholeraCholeraGlandersGlanders Pneumonic plaguePneumonic plagueTularemiaTularemia Q FeverQ Fever SmallpoxSmallpoxVenezuelan Equine EncephalitisVenezuelan Equine EncephalitisViral Hemorrhagic Fevers (e.g., Ebola)Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (e.g., Ebola)BotulismBotulism Staph enterotoxin BStaph enterotoxin BRicinRicin MycxotoxinsMycxotoxins

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Biological Weapons TodayBiological Weapons Today Genetic weapons – targeted at specific Genetic weapons – targeted at specific

ethnic groupsethnic groups

1999: FBI – “at least once a day a 1999: FBI – “at least once a day a politician, school, abortion clinic, or politician, school, abortion clinic, or other controversial person or institution other controversial person or institution receives an envelope from a dissident receives an envelope from a dissident containing a powder and a note containing a powder and a note announcing a lethal dose of anthrax”announcing a lethal dose of anthrax”

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Biological Weapons TodayBiological Weapons Today Use, along with chemical weapons, in Use, along with chemical weapons, in

“The Drug War”:“The Drug War”: Fusarium oxysporumFusarium oxysporum fungus to eradicate fungus to eradicate

coca pants in Columbia; coca pants in Columbia; Fusarium Fusarium oxysporumoxysporum and Pleaspora papaveracea and Pleaspora papaveracea fungus to eradicate opium poppies in fungus to eradicate opium poppies in Central AsiaCentral Asia

? Marijuana? Marijuana Food crops also destroyedFood crops also destroyed US, UN Drug Control Program, othersUS, UN Drug Control Program, others

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Biological Weapons TodayBiological Weapons Today Quarantine Issues:Quarantine Issues:

Quarantine versus IsolationQuarantine versus Isolation National versus foreign outbreaks / National versus foreign outbreaks /

border controlborder control Adverse consequences – increased risk Adverse consequences – increased risk

of disease transmission in quarantined of disease transmission in quarantined population, violence, mistrust of population, violence, mistrust of government, ethnic biasgovernment, ethnic bias

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SmallpoxSmallpox DNA virus; decimated native DNA virus; decimated native

American populations; eradicated by American populations; eradicated by WHO vaccination campaign in 1972; WHO vaccination campaign in 1972; genome sequencedgenome sequenced

?Only remaining viral stocks at CDCP ?Only remaining viral stocks at CDCP and in Siberia?and in Siberia?

WHO Executive Board recommended WHO Executive Board recommended retaining storesretaining stores

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SmallpoxSmallpox Incubation period 7-17 days (avg. = 12)Incubation period 7-17 days (avg. = 12) Spread by droplet infection; highly Spread by droplet infection; highly

contagiouscontagious Symptoms: abrupt onset of Symptoms: abrupt onset of

F/HA/myalgias F/HA/myalgias → non-specific → non-specific erythematous rash (most prominent on erythematous rash (most prominent on face and extremities, simultaneous; face and extremities, simultaneous; varicella – most prominent on trunk, varicella – most prominent on trunk, successive waves) → MSOF → deathsuccessive waves) → MSOF → death

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SmallpoxSmallpox Dx: clinical, EM of vesicular fluidDx: clinical, EM of vesicular fluid

Rx: isolation, post-exposure Rx: isolation, post-exposure vaccination, supportive care, ?vaccination, supportive care, ?antiviralsantivirals

30 % fatality rate30 % fatality rate

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SmallpoxSmallpox

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Smallpox VaccinationSmallpox Vaccination VacciniaVaccinia US ended in 1972US ended in 1972 Waning (?negligible) immunityWaning (?negligible) immunity Effects: local reaction. LymphadenopathyEffects: local reaction. Lymphadenopathy Side effects: postvaccinial encephalitis Side effects: postvaccinial encephalitis

(1/300,000), progressive vaccinia; (1/300,000), progressive vaccinia; eczema vaccinatum, generalized vacciniaeczema vaccinatum, generalized vaccinia

Vaccinia immune globulin may modulateVaccinia immune globulin may modulate

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Smallpox VaccinationSmallpox Vaccination Acambis and subcontractor Baxter Acambis and subcontractor Baxter

Int’l. - $428 million contract to Int’l. - $428 million contract to produce 155 million doses of produce 155 million doses of smallpox vaccine by the end of 2002smallpox vaccine by the end of 2002

Would bring total to 286 million Would bring total to 286 million (enough for every American)(enough for every American)

Fed govt has ordered 209 million Fed govt has ordered 209 million doses from a British companydoses from a British company

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Smallpox VaccinationSmallpox Vaccination Current recommendation: isolation and Current recommendation: isolation and

vaccination / VIG for close contactsvaccination / VIG for close contacts Vaccination of all US citizens not feasible:Vaccination of all US citizens not feasible:

Inadequate suppliesInadequate supplies Several hundred deathsSeveral hundred deaths ? Diversion of resources from usual childhood ? Diversion of resources from usual childhood

vaccinesvaccines ? vaccinate health professionals, public ? vaccinate health professionals, public

servantsservants Infectivity, disability, workman’s comp issuesInfectivity, disability, workman’s comp issues

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AnthraxAnthrax Bacillus anthracisBacillus anthracis, aerobic, G+, , aerobic, G+,

spore-forming rodspore-forming rod

ZoonosisZoonosis

Invisible and odorless when Invisible and odorless when aerosolizedaerosolized

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AnthraxAnthrax 1979 accidental release at Swerdlosk 1979 accidental release at Swerdlosk

(USSR): 250 cases, 100 deaths, town (USSR): 250 cases, 100 deaths, town abandoned due to contaminationabandoned due to contamination

Aum Shrinko cult attempted aerosol Aum Shrinko cult attempted aerosol dispersal – unsuccessfuldispersal – unsuccessful

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AnthraxAnthrax Est. 50kg release over urban center Est. 50kg release over urban center

of 5 million people would sicken 250K of 5 million people would sicken 250K and kill 100Kand kill 100K

100 kg release would have the same 100 kg release would have the same # of casualties as a hydrogen bomb # of casualties as a hydrogen bomb explosionexplosion

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Cutaneous AnthraxCutaneous Anthrax 2000 cases/yr worldwide2000 cases/yr worldwide

Due to exposure to infected animals / Due to exposure to infected animals / animal productsanimal products

Epidemic in Zimbabwe, 1989-1995: Epidemic in Zimbabwe, 1989-1995: 10,000 cases10,000 cases

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Cutaneous AnthraxCutaneous Anthrax Incubation period 1-10 days (avg. = Incubation period 1-10 days (avg. =

5)5) Pruritic macule or papule day 1Pruritic macule or papule day 1 Round ulcer day 2Round ulcer day 2 Black eschar follows; resolves over 1-Black eschar follows; resolves over 1-

2 weeks2 weeks Painful lymphadenopathyPainful lymphadenopathy

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Cutaneous AnthraxCutaneous Anthrax

Antibiotic Rx (doxy, cipro, pcn) Antibiotic Rx (doxy, cipro, pcn) decreases likelihood of systemic decreases likelihood of systemic diseasedisease

Fatality rate 20% without antibiotics; Fatality rate 20% without antibiotics; rare with antibioticsrare with antibiotics

Following 9/11: 11 casesFollowing 9/11: 11 cases

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Cutaneous Anthrax - UlcerCutaneous Anthrax - Ulcer

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Cutaneous Anthrax - EscharCutaneous Anthrax - Eschar

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Gastrointestinal AnthraxGastrointestinal Anthrax From ingestion of poorly cooked, From ingestion of poorly cooked,

infected meatinfected meat Oropharyngeal ulcers – LAN – edema – Oropharyngeal ulcers – LAN – edema –

sepsissepsis Terminal ileal / cecal lesion - N/V/bloody Terminal ileal / cecal lesion - N/V/bloody

D/acute abdomen/ascites/sepsisD/acute abdomen/ascites/sepsis Rx: Abx (doxy, cipro, pcn), supportive Rx: Abx (doxy, cipro, pcn), supportive

carecare

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Inhalational AnthraxInhalational Anthrax Stage I:Stage I:

begins 2-43 days post-exposurebegins 2-43 days post-exposure

F/dyspnea/cough/HA/V/Ch/weakness/AP/F/dyspnea/cough/HA/V/Ch/weakness/AP/CPCP

Lasts a few hours to a few daysLasts a few hours to a few days

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Inhalational AnthraxInhalational Anthrax Stage II:Stage II:

F/dyspnea/diaphoresis/shockF/dyspnea/diaphoresis/shock CXR with widened mediastinum due to CXR with widened mediastinum due to

lymphadenopathylymphadenopathy ±pleural effusions±pleural effusions 50% develop hemorrhagic meningitis – 50% develop hemorrhagic meningitis –

meningismus, delirium and obtundationmeningismus, delirium and obtundation Rapid progression to cyanosis, Rapid progression to cyanosis,

hypotension and deathhypotension and death

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Inhalational AnthraxInhalational AnthraxWidened MediastinumWidened Mediastinum

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Inhalational AnthraxInhalational Anthrax

Page 99: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Inhalational AnthraxInhalational Anthrax Dx: blood cultures, XR/CT, post-Dx: blood cultures, XR/CT, post-

mortem; serology not helpfulmortem; serology not helpful

Case fatality rate approx. 50%Case fatality rate approx. 50% Rx:Rx:

post-exposure antibiotics (doxycycline, post-exposure antibiotics (doxycycline, ciprofloxacin, penicillin)ciprofloxacin, penicillin)

Supportive careSupportive care

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Anthrax VaccineAnthrax Vaccine 3 or 4 dose series3 or 4 dose series US armed service members – approx US armed service members – approx

450K vaccinated to date450K vaccinated to date Side effects: HA 0.4%, local rxn 3.6%, Side effects: HA 0.4%, local rxn 3.6%,

mild systemic SEs in 1%mild systemic SEs in 1% Manufacturer = BioportManufacturer = Bioport

Contract to produce 4.6 million doses for Contract to produce 4.6 million doses for the DODthe DOD

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Anthrax VaccineAnthrax Vaccine Pre/post exposure vaccinationPre/post exposure vaccination

Improved vaccine under Improved vaccine under developmentdevelopment

?Groups to vaccinate??Groups to vaccinate?

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Anthrax – The BandAnthrax – The Band

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Non-lethal weaponsNon-lethal weapons High-power microwaves (crammed High-power microwaves (crammed

into cruise missiles, discharge a huge into cruise missiles, discharge a huge energy pulse to damage electronics)energy pulse to damage electronics)

Soft bombsSoft bombs E.g., carbon fiber showers to short E.g., carbon fiber showers to short

circuit electrical power grids (used in circuit electrical power grids (used in former Yugoslavia and in Gulf War I)former Yugoslavia and in Gulf War I)

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““Non-lethal” Weapons Non-lethal” Weapons Proposed and Under Proposed and Under

DevelopmentDevelopment AcousticAcoustic

Acoustic bulletsAcoustic bullets Curdler unit – shrieks, clangsCurdler unit – shrieks, clangs Infrasound – penetrates most buildings and Infrasound – penetrates most buildings and

vehicles, causes nausea, diarrhea, vehicles, causes nausea, diarrhea, disorientation, internal organ damage and disorientation, internal organ damage and even deatheven death

““Squawk box” – intolerable ultrasound Squawk box” – intolerable ultrasound pulsespulses

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““Non-lethal” Weapons Non-lethal” Weapons Proposed and Under Proposed and Under

DevelopmentDevelopment Acoustic and optical weaponsAcoustic and optical weapons

Photic driver – ultrasound plus Photic driver – ultrasound plus stroboscopic infrared flasher to penetrate stroboscopic infrared flasher to penetrate closed eyelids and cause seizuresclosed eyelids and cause seizures

Psycho-correction devices – send Psycho-correction devices – send subliminal visual and aural messagessubliminal visual and aural messages

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““Non-lethal” Weapons Non-lethal” Weapons Proposed and Under Proposed and Under

DevelopmentDevelopment Barrier Weapons:Barrier Weapons:

Slick coatings – slippery like iceSlick coatings – slippery like ice Sticky foam (used by US in Somalia)Sticky foam (used by US in Somalia)

Obscurants:Obscurants: Colored smoke – felt to cause more Colored smoke – felt to cause more

psychological panic than white smokepsychological panic than white smoke Markers:Markers:

Fluorescent powder visible under UV lightFluorescent powder visible under UV light Sponge grenades impregnated with infrared Sponge grenades impregnated with infrared

dyedye To mark targetsTo mark targets

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““Non-lethal” Weapons Non-lethal” Weapons Proposed and Under Proposed and Under

DevelopmentDevelopment Riot ControlRiot Control

Invisible tear gasInvisible tear gas Electrical:Electrical:

Police or soldier’s jacket which jolts Police or soldier’s jacket which jolts anyone who touches itanyone who touches it

Cattle prods (malicious and accidental Cattle prods (malicious and accidental use by civilians)use by civilians)

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““Non-lethal” Weapons Non-lethal” Weapons Proposed and Under Proposed and Under

DevelopmentDevelopment Biotechnical:Biotechnical:

Biodegrading microbes (to destroy fuel)Biodegrading microbes (to destroy fuel) Genetic code alterations (to create less-than-Genetic code alterations (to create less-than-

lethal but long-term disablements, perhaps for lethal but long-term disablements, perhaps for generations, thereby creating a societal generations, thereby creating a societal burden)burden)

Neuro-implants for behavior modificationNeuro-implants for behavior modification Project Agile (1996) – race-specific stink bombsProject Agile (1996) – race-specific stink bombs Pheromones (to impair human and animal Pheromones (to impair human and animal

reproduction; mark individuals for assaults by reproduction; mark individuals for assaults by killer bees, other animals or pests)killer bees, other animals or pests)

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““Non-lethal” Weapons Non-lethal” Weapons Proposed and Under Proposed and Under

DevelopmentDevelopment Holograms:Holograms:

God/gods/other religious figures or God/gods/other religious figures or symbolssymbols

Soldier forcesSoldier forces Death, dead comradesDeath, dead comrades

OthersOthers

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Other WMDsOther WMDs Small armsSmall arms

Land minesLand mines

Cluster bombsCluster bombs

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Health Care System Health Care System Preparedness for Weapons of Preparedness for Weapons of

Mass DestructionMass Destruction ¾ of US ERs not fully prepared for ¾ of US ERs not fully prepared for

treating mass casualtiestreating mass casualties Only 12% of US hospitals have Only 12% of US hospitals have

bioterrorism response measures bioterrorism response measures developed and in placedeveloped and in place

Congressional panel estimates Congressional panel estimates > 50% > 50% chance of terrorist act involving chance of terrorist act involving WMDs by 2013WMDs by 2013

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Health Care System Health Care System Preparedness for Weapons of Preparedness for Weapons of

Mass DestructionMass Destruction US public health / emergency care US public health / emergency care

system already in disarraysystem already in disarray

80% of states facing budget cuts or 80% of states facing budget cuts or holdbacksholdbacks

Medicaid over budget in 23 statesMedicaid over budget in 23 states

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Costs of MilitarizationCosts of Militarization US: over ½ of discretionary tax dollars US: over ½ of discretionary tax dollars

spent on the militaryspent on the military US military budget represents 43% of total US military budget represents 43% of total

world military budget ($1.5 trillion in 2009)world military budget ($1.5 trillion in 2009) Increased spending on nuclear weaponsIncreased spending on nuclear weapons Inadequate spending to prevent the Inadequate spending to prevent the

spread of chemical, biological, and nuclear spread of chemical, biological, and nuclear weaponsweapons

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2009 Federal Budget2009 Federal Budget$2.65 trillion$2.65 trillion

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Missile Defense ShieldMissile Defense ShieldThe Militarization of SpaceThe Militarization of Space

Star Wars program proceeding, Star Wars program proceeding, despite:despite: Astronomical cost – est. $100 billionAstronomical cost – est. $100 billion Strong opposition by scientific communityStrong opposition by scientific community Spectacular failures in 2/4 tests, despite Spectacular failures in 2/4 tests, despite

highly structured conditionshighly structured conditions Abandonment of ABM Treaty by Bush Abandonment of ABM Treaty by Bush

administrationadministration

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Missile Defense ShieldMissile Defense ShieldThe Militarization of SpaceThe Militarization of Space

““Shield” or very porous umbrellaShield” or very porous umbrella Easily overwhelmed and fooled by Easily overwhelmed and fooled by

inexpensive decoysinexpensive decoys No protection against internal No protection against internal

accidents or terrorists bringing accidents or terrorists bringing weapon onto US soil or “dirty bomb”weapon onto US soil or “dirty bomb”

Proposed use of moon for spy Proposed use of moon for spy observatories and weaponsobservatories and weapons

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Dwight EisenhowerDwight Eisenhower

““The problem in defense spending is to The problem in defense spending is to figure out how far you should go figure out how far you should go without destroying from within that without destroying from within that which you are trying to protect from which you are trying to protect from without”without”

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Meanwhile...Meanwhile...Social Injustices AboundSocial Injustices Abound

51 million Americans lack health 51 million Americans lack health insuranceinsurance

25% of US children live in poverty25% of US children live in poverty Homelessness, public educational system Homelessness, public educational system

a shambles, increasing jail populations, a shambles, increasing jail populations, etc.etc.

2.5 billion people worldwide live in abject 2.5 billion people worldwide live in abject poverty (earn less than $500 per year, poverty (earn less than $500 per year, lack access to clean drinking water)lack access to clean drinking water)

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Meanwhile...Meanwhile...Social Injustices AboundSocial Injustices Abound

WorldwideWorldwide poverty increasingpoverty increasing maldistribution of wealthmaldistribution of wealth corporatizationcorporatization global debt crisisglobal debt crisis environmental destruction and global environmental destruction and global

warmingwarming AIDS epidemic in sub-Saharan AfricaAIDS epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa

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Environmental Consequences Environmental Consequences of Militarizationof Militarization

World’s single largest polluterWorld’s single largest polluter

8% of global air pollution8% of global air pollution

2-11% of raw material use2-11% of raw material use

Almost all high and low level radioactive Almost all high and low level radioactive wastewaste

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The US MilitaryThe US Military Owns an amount of land equal to North Korea Owns an amount of land equal to North Korea

or Kentucky (25 million acres)or Kentucky (25 million acres)

Much of it pollutedMuch of it polluted Cleanup cost estimates in the hundreds of billionsCleanup cost estimates in the hundreds of billions

2000 abandoned firing ranges2000 abandoned firing ranges E.g., KahoolaweE.g., Kahoolawe 60 people killed by unexploded ordnance since 60 people killed by unexploded ordnance since

WWIIWWII

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Societal Costs of Societal Costs of MilitarizationMilitarization

An 8.5% cut in the Pentagon’s 2003 An 8.5% cut in the Pentagon’s 2003 budget could:budget could: rebuild America’s public schools over the next rebuild America’s public schools over the next

10 years - $12 billion10 years - $12 billion Feed and provide basic health care to all the Feed and provide basic health care to all the

world’s poor - $12 billionworld’s poor - $12 billion Buy health insurance for every uninsured Buy health insurance for every uninsured

American child - $6 billionAmerican child - $6 billionMilitary experts agree that a cut double this size Military experts agree that a cut double this size

would not affect our war-making powerswould not affect our war-making powers

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Health Costs of Health Costs of MilitarizationMilitarization

3 hours of world arms spending = 3 hours of world arms spending = annual WHO budgetannual WHO budget

½ day of world arms spending = ½ day of world arms spending = immunization for all the world’s childrenimmunization for all the world’s children

3 days of US arms spending = amount 3 days of US arms spending = amount spent on health, education and welfare spent on health, education and welfare programs for US children in one yearprograms for US children in one year

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Health Costs of Health Costs of MilitarizationMilitarization

3 weeks of world arms spending = 3 weeks of world arms spending = primary health care for all in poor primary health care for all in poor countries, including safe drinking countries, including safe drinking water and full immunizationswater and full immunizations

Brain drain: 2/3 of US scientists work Brain drain: 2/3 of US scientists work in military-industrial complexin military-industrial complex

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Skewed PrioritiesSkewed Priorities The world spends $1.6 trillion/year The world spends $1.6 trillion/year

on military goods and serviceson military goods and services For 25% of this, we could:For 25% of this, we could:

Eliminate starvation and malnutritionEliminate starvation and malnutrition Provide shelter for allProvide shelter for all Eliminate illiteracyEliminate illiteracy Provide clean and safe waterProvide clean and safe water Prevent soil erosionPrevent soil erosion

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Skewed PrioritiesSkewed Priorities Prevent global warmingPrevent global warming Stop deforestationStop deforestation Aid all refugeesAid all refugees Retire developing nations’ debtRetire developing nations’ debt Provide clean, safe energy (through Provide clean, safe energy (through

efficiency and renewables)efficiency and renewables)

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Skewed PrioritiesSkewed Priorities Prevent acid rainPrevent acid rain Fix the ozone holeFix the ozone hole Stabilize world populationStabilize world population Provide basic universal health care and Provide basic universal health care and

AIDS controlAIDS control Eliminate nuclear weapons and land Eliminate nuclear weapons and land

minesmines

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Dwight EisenhowerDwight Eisenhower

““Every gun that is made, every rocket Every gun that is made, every rocket fired, signifies in the final sense a fired, signifies in the final sense a theft from those who hunger and are theft from those who hunger and are not fed, those who are cold and not not fed, those who are cold and not clothed”clothed”

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Dwight EisenhowerDwight Eisenhower““This world is not spending money This world is not spending money alone. It is spending the sweat of its alone. It is spending the sweat of its laborers, the genius of its scientists, laborers, the genius of its scientists, the hopes of its children. This is not a the hopes of its children. This is not a way of life at all, in any true sense. way of life at all, in any true sense. Under the cloud of threatening war, it Under the cloud of threatening war, it is humanity hanging from a cross of is humanity hanging from a cross of iron.”iron.”

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Martin Luther KingMartin Luther King

““A nation that continues year after A nation that continues year after year to spend more money on year to spend more money on military defense than on programs of military defense than on programs of social uplift is approaching spiritual social uplift is approaching spiritual death.”death.”

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US Foreign AidUS Foreign Aid US ranks 21US ranks 21stst in the world in foreign aid in the world in foreign aid

as a percentage of GDP (0.7%, versus as a percentage of GDP (0.7%, versus UN recommended 0.15%)UN recommended 0.15%)

Foreign Aid:Foreign Aid: 1/3 military1/3 military 1/3 economic1/3 economic 1/3 food and development1/3 food and development

US world’s second largest arms US world’s second largest arms exporterexporter

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Military SpendingMilitary Spending US: ½ of discretionary tax dollars US: ½ of discretionary tax dollars

spent on the militaryspent on the military US military budget represents 34% of US military budget represents 34% of

total world military budget ($1.5 total world military budget ($1.5 trillion in 2009)trillion in 2009)

Iraq War costs could reach $2-3 Iraq War costs could reach $2-3 trilliontrillion

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Arms ExportsArms Exports

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Arms ImportsArms Imports

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Top Pentagon Prime Top Pentagon Prime Contractors Contractors

Fiscal Year 2009Fiscal Year 2009 Lockheed Martin Corp.Lockheed Martin Corp. Northrop Grumman Corp.Northrop Grumman Corp. Boeing Corp.Boeing Corp. Raytheon Corp.Raytheon Corp. General Dynamics Corp.General Dynamics Corp. KBR, Inc.KBR, Inc.

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September 11, 2001September 11, 2001

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World Trade Center World Trade Center BombingBombing

3300 fatalities - foreign nationals 3300 fatalities - foreign nationals outnumbered Americansoutnumbered Americans

Environmental health consequences Environmental health consequences unknown:unknown: 300-400 tons asbestos300-400 tons asbestos 130,000 gallons of transformer oil 130,000 gallons of transformer oil

contaminated with PCBScontaminated with PCBS Lead, sulfuric acid, siliconLead, sulfuric acid, silicon Fine dust particlesFine dust particles

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September 11, 2001September 11, 2001 Pentagon: 286 Pentagon: 286

casualtiescasualties

Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania: approximately 100 approximately 100 casualtiescasualties

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The War on TerrorThe War on Terror(The War on Afghanistan, Iraq, and (The War on Afghanistan, Iraq, and

?)?) “May last 50 or more years” –

Cheney

Afghanistan:Afghanistan: Ruled by repressiveRuled by repressive

human-(women’s-)rights-abusing Taliban, human-(women’s-)rights-abusing Taliban, then corrupt quasi-democratic kleptocracythen corrupt quasi-democratic kleptocracy

Potential transit route for oil and gas pipeline Potential transit route for oil and gas pipeline from Central Asiafrom Central Asia

Strategic importance in Middle EastStrategic importance in Middle East

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AfghanistanAfghanistan Population = 27 millionPopulation = 27 million

Life expectancy = 46 yearsLife expectancy = 46 years

Literacy rate = 32%Literacy rate = 32%

Avg. annual income = $280Avg. annual income = $280

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AfghanistanAfghanistan Negligible infrastructure secondary Negligible infrastructure secondary

to decades of civil warto decades of civil war 1 of every 230 persons is a land mine 1 of every 230 persons is a land mine

amputeeamputee Infant mortality = 146/1000Infant mortality = 146/1000 50% of children malnourished; 33% 50% of children malnourished; 33%

are orphansare orphans

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Afghanistan/Iraq ParallelsAfghanistan/Iraq Parallels 10 years of sanctions, bombings 10 years of sanctions, bombings

resulting in 500,000 to 1,000,000 deaths resulting in 500,000 to 1,000,000 deaths (per UN)(per UN)

UN Devt. Index 126/174UN Devt. Index 126/174 Infant mortality rates jumped from Infant mortality rates jumped from

65/1000 (pre-Gulf War I) to 103/1000 65/1000 (pre-Gulf War I) to 103/1000 (2003)(2003)

Life expectancy decreased from 62 to 56Life expectancy decreased from 62 to 56

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Afghanistan/Iraq ParallelsAfghanistan/Iraq Parallels Literacy decreased from 89% to 57%Literacy decreased from 89% to 57%

Infrastructure devastated, Environment Infrastructure devastated, Environment degradeddegraded

Rebuilding post-war?Rebuilding post-war?

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What goes around comes What goes around comes aroundaround

1980s: CIA arms Afghan rebels with 1980s: CIA arms Afghan rebels with hundreds of Stinger missileshundreds of Stinger missiles

Late 2002: Terrorists using a similar Late 2002: Terrorists using a similar Russian-made version of Stinger almost Russian-made version of Stinger almost bring down Israeli passenger airline over bring down Israeli passenger airline over KenyaKenya

CIA trying to buy back, but most CIA trying to buy back, but most unaccounted forunaccounted for Can shoot down a plane at up 6000-8000 feetCan shoot down a plane at up 6000-8000 feet 24 diverted to Iran24 diverted to Iran

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Before Gulf War IBefore Gulf War I US sells weapons to Iraq/HusseinUS sells weapons to Iraq/Hussein

Including components to produce WMDsIncluding components to produce WMDs Rumsfeld visits Baghdad to promote Rumsfeld visits Baghdad to promote

US weapons salesUS weapons sales US minimally perturbed when US minimally perturbed when

Hussein gasses 4000 Kurds, Hussein gasses 4000 Kurds, torpedoes US naval vesseltorpedoes US naval vessel

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Gulf War IGulf War I 105,000 military and 110,000 civilian 105,000 military and 110,000 civilian

deaths (almost all Iraqis)deaths (almost all Iraqis) Over 2.25 million refugeesOver 2.25 million refugees

2/3 of US casualties from “friendly fire”2/3 of US casualties from “friendly fire” Cost $61 billion ($82 billion in 2003 dollars)Cost $61 billion ($82 billion in 2003 dollars)

US pays only 1/6 of cost (most from Saudi US pays only 1/6 of cost (most from Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Germany and Japan)Arabia, Kuwait, Germany and Japan)

Environmental devastationEnvironmental devastation $48 billion in claims to UN$48 billion in claims to UN

Page 151: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Kuwaiti Oil FiresKuwaiti Oil Fires

Page 152: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Gulf War IIGulf War II Approximately 4,500 U.S. military Approximately 4,500 U.S. military

deaths, over 40,000 injuries (2010)deaths, over 40,000 injuries (2010) Traumatic brain injuries commonTraumatic brain injuries common

Over 100,000 civilian deaths (Iraq)Over 100,000 civilian deaths (Iraq) Over 2,400 civilian deaths Over 2,400 civilian deaths

(Afghanistan, 2009 alone)(Afghanistan, 2009 alone) Massive humanitarian crisisMassive humanitarian crisis

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Gulf War IIGulf War II Financial cost of war: $2-3 trillion (est.)Financial cost of war: $2-3 trillion (est.)

Includes fighting, rebuilding, veterans’ health Includes fighting, rebuilding, veterans’ health care, economic losses, etc.care, economic losses, etc.

Global travel industry expected to lose Global travel industry expected to lose over $500 billionover $500 billion

Distraction from North Korea, other threatsDistraction from North Korea, other threats Shock and awe battle plan: targeting Shock and awe battle plan: targeting

infrastructure explicitly prohibited by the infrastructure explicitly prohibited by the Geneva ConventionsGeneva Conventions

Page 154: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

George W Bush’s Military George W Bush’s Military RecordRecord

February, 1968: States desire to be pilot; February, 1968: States desire to be pilot; scores in 25scores in 25thth percentile in pilot aptitude percentile in pilot aptitude section of Air Force officers test.section of Air Force officers test.

May, 1968: Enlists in Texas Air National May, 1968: Enlists in Texas Air National Guard; jumps list with assistance of Guard; jumps list with assistance of Texas House Speaker; pledges two years Texas House Speaker; pledges two years of active duty and four years of reserve of active duty and four years of reserve dutyduty

Page 155: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

George W Bush’s Military George W Bush’s Military RecordRecord

June, 1968: Student deferment expiresJune, 1968: Student deferment expires

September, 1968: Pulls inactive duty September, 1968: Pulls inactive duty to serve on Florida Senator’s re-to serve on Florida Senator’s re-election campaignelection campaign

November, 1968: Re-activatedNovember, 1968: Re-activated

Page 156: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

George W Bush’s Military George W Bush’s Military RecordRecord

November, 1970: Promoted to First November, 1970: Promoted to First Lieutenant, rejected by UT Law SchoolLieutenant, rejected by UT Law School

Spring, 1970: Hired by Texas Spring, 1970: Hired by Texas agricultural importer to shuttle plants agricultural importer to shuttle plants to/from Floridato/from Florida

June, 1970: Joins Guard’s “Champagne June, 1970: Joins Guard’s “Champagne Unit,” flying with sons of Texas’ eliteUnit,” flying with sons of Texas’ elite

Page 157: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

George W Bush’s Military George W Bush’s Military RecordRecord

May, 1972: Transfers to Alabama May, 1972: Transfers to Alabama Guard unit so he can work on Guard unit so he can work on Senator Blount’s re-election Senator Blount’s re-election campaigncampaign His commanding officer states he never

showed up for duty Grounded for missing a mandatory Grounded for missing a mandatory

physicalphysical

Page 158: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

George W Bush’s Military George W Bush’s Military RecordRecord

Returns to Houston but never reports Returns to Houston but never reports for Guard dutyfor Guard duty

December, 1972: DUI arrestDecember, 1972: DUI arrest October, 1973: Air National Guard October, 1973: Air National Guard

relieves him from commitment 8 relieves him from commitment 8 months early, allowing him to attend months early, allowing him to attend Harvard Business SchoolHarvard Business School

Page 159: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

New US Nuclear Weapons New US Nuclear Weapons PoliciesPolicies

Under GW BushUnder GW Bush Nuclear Posture Review – expands scope of Nuclear Posture Review – expands scope of

use of nuclear weapons, including first-strike use of nuclear weapons, including first-strike against non-nuclear statesagainst non-nuclear states

Withdrawal from ABM TreatyWithdrawal from ABM Treaty Boycotted Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Boycotted Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban

Treaty ConferenceTreaty Conference Budgeted money to resume nuclear testing Budgeted money to resume nuclear testing

and developmentand development Possible use of nuclear-powered predator Possible use of nuclear-powered predator

dronesdrones

Page 160: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

U.S. Nuclear Policy Under Obama

U.S. retains first strike option against nuclear states

START treaty signed by Obama, PutinAwaiting Senate approval

Page 161: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Phillip BerriganPhillip Berrigan

““Nuclear weapons are the scourge of Nuclear weapons are the scourge of the earth; to mine for them, the earth; to mine for them, manufacture them, deploy them, manufacture them, deploy them, use them, is a curse against God, use them, is a curse against God, the human family, and the earth the human family, and the earth itself.”itself.”

Page 162: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Disturbing Trends:Disturbing Trends:The “Patriot Bill”The “Patriot Bill”

Passed with minimal debate, most Passed with minimal debate, most Congresspersons acknowledge not readingCongresspersons acknowledge not reading

Increased governmental and corporate secrecy Increased governmental and corporate secrecy – polluters subject to decreased public scrutiny– polluters subject to decreased public scrutiny

Erosion of civil liberties – deportations, accused Erosion of civil liberties – deportations, accused held without charge/access to legal counselheld without charge/access to legal counsel

70,000 individuals on government’s list of 70,000 individuals on government’s list of suspected terroristssuspected terrorists

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Disturbing Trends:Disturbing Trends:The Homeland Security AgencyThe Homeland Security Agency The HSA absorbs two dozen The HSA absorbs two dozen

agencies, 170,000 employees, $38 agencies, 170,000 employees, $38 billion budgetbillion budget TIPS program (citizen spying program)TIPS program (citizen spying program) Total Information Awareness System Total Information Awareness System

(Poindexter)(Poindexter) Paranoia: alert levels, duct tape and Paranoia: alert levels, duct tape and

plastic sheetingplastic sheeting

Page 164: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Special Interest Provisions in Special Interest Provisions in the Homeland Security Lawthe Homeland Security Law

Vaccine liability protection (incl. existing Vaccine liability protection (incl. existing thimersol lawsuits) – Eli Lillythimersol lawsuits) – Eli Lilly

US corporations setting up offshore US corporations setting up offshore business fronts to avoid paying taxes business fronts to avoid paying taxes allowed to contract with HSDallowed to contract with HSD

US government prohibited from publicly US government prohibited from publicly releasing information related to releasing information related to “vulnerabilities” – incl. safety of nuclear “vulnerabilities” – incl. safety of nuclear reactors, environmental toxins, etcreactors, environmental toxins, etc

Page 165: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Special Interest Provisions in Special Interest Provisions in the Homeland Security Lawthe Homeland Security Law

Immunity from liability for manufacturers Immunity from liability for manufacturers of anti-terrorism products and technologiesof anti-terrorism products and technologies Army investigations show 60-90% of soldiers’ Army investigations show 60-90% of soldiers’

CBW protective gear malfunctionsCBW protective gear malfunctions Liability protection for airport screening Liability protection for airport screening

companiescompanies Secret advisory meetings with industry Secret advisory meetings with industry

permitted, even if meeting not related to permitted, even if meeting not related to national securitynational security C.f. Cheney’s Energy CommissionC.f. Cheney’s Energy Commission

Page 166: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Disturbing Trends:Disturbing Trends:Censorship and PropagandaCensorship and Propaganda

US blacks out names of corporations which US blacks out names of corporations which sold weapons to Iraq on UN inspectors’ sold weapons to Iraq on UN inspectors’ reportsreports

Covering of Picasso’s Guernica for news Covering of Picasso’s Guernica for news conferences outside UN Security Councilconferences outside UN Security Council

Armed Services Edition books for soldiers:Armed Services Edition books for soldiers: WW II – the Classics to popular fictionWW II – the Classics to popular fiction Gulf War II – Henry V, Art of War, War Letters, Gulf War II – Henry V, Art of War, War Letters,

Profiles of American Military HeroesProfiles of American Military Heroes

Page 167: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Disturbing Trends:Disturbing Trends:Censorship and PropagandaCensorship and Propaganda

““No Child Left Behind” Education Act No Child Left Behind” Education Act contains amendment requiring that contains amendment requiring that all public schools allow recruiters in all public schools allow recruiters in their buildings and provide military their buildings and provide military with contact numbers and addresses with contact numbers and addresses for all studentsfor all students

21st Century McCarthyism21st Century McCarthyism

Page 168: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Disturbing TrendsDisturbing Trends Hate crimes, intoleranceHate crimes, intolerance Media jingoism:Media jingoism:

TV shows developed/planned: “Profiles TV shows developed/planned: “Profiles From the Front Line,” “Military Diaries,” From the Front Line,” “Military Diaries,” “AFP: American Fighter Pilot”“AFP: American Fighter Pilot”

Army to ignore FDA safety standards in Army to ignore FDA safety standards in experiments on soldiers (legacy of 20experiments on soldiers (legacy of 20thth Century crimes)Century crimes)

Page 169: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Disturbing TrendsDisturbing Trends Budget surplus/deficit:Budget surplus/deficit:

2000: surplus = $5.6 trillion2000: surplus = $5.6 trillion 2003: deficit = $2.1 trillion2003: deficit = $2.1 trillion 2010: deficit = $1.3 trillion2010: deficit = $1.3 trillion

Cities and states facing huge budget Cities and states facing huge budget shortfallshortfall Bush: “States are on their own.”Bush: “States are on their own.” Obama: Financial meltdownObama: Financial meltdown

Patriot II…?Patriot II…?

Page 170: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

George W. BushGeorge W. BushAugust 5, 2004August 5, 2004

““Our enemies are innovative Our enemies are innovative and resourceful, and so are and resourceful, and so are we. They never stop thinking we. They never stop thinking about new ways to harm our about new ways to harm our country and our people, and country and our people, and neither do we."neither do we."

Page 171: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

James MadisonJames Madison

““The fetters imposed on liberty at The fetters imposed on liberty at home have ever been forged out of home have ever been forged out of the weapons provided for defense the weapons provided for defense against real, pretended, or imaginary against real, pretended, or imaginary dangers from abroad.”dangers from abroad.”

Page 172: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Samuel JohnsonSamuel Johnson

““Patriotism is the last Patriotism is the last refuge of a scoundrel”refuge of a scoundrel”

Page 173: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Responses to Terror:Responses to Terror:Just War TheoryJust War Theory

The cause must be justThe cause must be just A lawful authority must decide to A lawful authority must decide to

resort to forceresort to force The intention of the war must be in The intention of the war must be in

accord with international lawaccord with international law The use of force must be a last resortThe use of force must be a last resort

Page 174: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Responses to Terror:Responses to Terror:Just War TheoryJust War Theory

The probability of success should be The probability of success should be highhigh

The cost-benefit ratio must be highThe cost-benefit ratio must be high The means used must conform with The means used must conform with

international humanitarian lawinternational humanitarian law

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Page 176: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Ignored Alternatives to War in Ignored Alternatives to War in IraqIraq

Border monitoring in Jordan, Syria and Border monitoring in Jordan, Syria and TurkeyTurkey

Advanced X-ray scanning technology Advanced X-ray scanning technology and an electronic pass system at and an electronic pass system at bordersborders

Sanctions assistance missions to Sanctions assistance missions to enforce military sanctionsenforce military sanctions

Political assurances and economic Political assurances and economic incentives to neighboring statesincentives to neighboring states

Page 177: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Ignored Alternatives to War in Ignored Alternatives to War in IraqIraq

Improve cargo monitoring at port of Improve cargo monitoring at port of Azqaba, Jordan (high-volume port for Azqaba, Jordan (high-volume port for sea-going cargo to Iraq)sea-going cargo to Iraq)

Create a green list of approved oil Create a green list of approved oil companies to purchase Iraqi oil – i.e., companies to purchase Iraqi oil – i.e., those not providing kickbacks to those not providing kickbacks to HusseinHussein

Require audited financial reports from Require audited financial reports from oil purchasers to enforce aboveoil purchasers to enforce above

Page 178: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Ignored Alternatives to War in Ignored Alternatives to War in IraqIraq

Control or shut down the Syria-Iraq pipelineControl or shut down the Syria-Iraq pipeline Expose and penalize arms embargo violationsExpose and penalize arms embargo violations Justice in PalestineJustice in Palestine

Israel = most UN Security Council ViolationsIsrael = most UN Security Council Violations Economic and humanitarian assistance to Economic and humanitarian assistance to

poor Muslim countries – build alliances, good poor Muslim countries – build alliances, good willwill Middle Eastern Marshall PlanMiddle Eastern Marshall Plan Truth and Reconciliation Commissions (c.f. South Truth and Reconciliation Commissions (c.f. South

Africa, El Salvador)Africa, El Salvador)

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The US: Rogue NationThe US: Rogue Nation History: Native Americans, slavery, History: Native Americans, slavery,

current excesses, disparities and current excesses, disparities and injusticesinjustices

Co-opting Nazi and Japanese WWII Co-opting Nazi and Japanese WWII scientistsscientists

Minimum 277 troop deployments by the Minimum 277 troop deployments by the US in its 225+ year historyUS in its 225+ year history

Page 180: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

The US: Rogue NationThe US: Rogue Nation Since the end of WWII, the US has Since the end of WWII, the US has

bombed:bombed: China, Korea, Indonesia, Cuba, China, Korea, Indonesia, Cuba,

Guatemala, Congo, Peru, Vietnam, Guatemala, Congo, Peru, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Nicaragua, El Laos, Cambodia, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Grenada, Libya, Panama, Salvador, Grenada, Libya, Panama, Afghanistan, Sudan, Yugoslavia, Afghanistan, Sudan, Yugoslavia, and Iraqand Iraq

Page 181: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

The US: Rogue NationThe US: Rogue Nation Conservative estimate = 8 Conservative estimate = 8

million killedmillion killed US invasions/bombings often US invasions/bombings often

largely at behest of corporate largely at behest of corporate interestsinterests

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The US: Rogue NationThe US: Rogue Nation In 2009, the US spent about $2,210 In 2009, the US spent about $2,210

per US citizen on defenseper US citizen on defense vs. a few dollars per capita on vs. a few dollars per capita on

peacekeeping effortspeacekeeping efforts The US maintains military bases in The US maintains military bases in

69 “sovereign” nations around the 69 “sovereign” nations around the worldworld

Page 183: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

The US: Rogue NationThe US: Rogue Nation Continued funding of the Western Continued funding of the Western

Hemisphere Institute for Security Hemisphere Institute for Security CooperationCooperation Formerly the School of the AmericasFormerly the School of the Americas Over 60,000 graduates, including many of Over 60,000 graduates, including many of

the worst human rights abusers in Latin the worst human rights abusers in Latin America (e.g., Manuel Noriega, Omar America (e.g., Manuel Noriega, Omar Torrijos, and the assassins of Archbishop Torrijos, and the assassins of Archbishop Oscar Romero)Oscar Romero)

School of the Americas Watch, arrestsSchool of the Americas Watch, arrests

Page 184: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

International International Non-Cooperation/IsolationismNon-Cooperation/Isolationism

Failure to sign or approve:Failure to sign or approve: Kyoto Protocol on Climate ChangeKyoto Protocol on Climate Change Convention on the Prohibition of Anti-Convention on the Prohibition of Anti-

Personnel Land MinesPersonnel Land Mines Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban TreatyComprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

Page 185: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

International International Non-Cooperation/IsolationismNon-Cooperation/Isolationism

Failure to sign or approve:Failure to sign or approve: Convention on the Rights of the ChildConvention on the Rights of the Child Convention on the Elimination of Convention on the Elimination of

Discrimination Against Women Discrimination Against Women Convention on Economic, Social and Convention on Economic, Social and Cultural RightsCultural Rights

Convention for the Suppression of Traffic Convention for the Suppression of Traffic in Personsin Persons

Page 186: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

International International Non-Cooperation/IsolationismNon-Cooperation/Isolationism

Failure to sign or approve:Failure to sign or approve: Protocol 1, Article 55 of the Geneva Conventions, Protocol 1, Article 55 of the Geneva Conventions,

which bans methods or means of warfare which which bans methods or means of warfare which are intended, or may be expected, to cause are intended, or may be expected, to cause widespread, long-term and severe damage to the widespread, long-term and severe damage to the natural environmentnatural environment

The Basel Convention on the Control of The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes (designed to control dumping of hazardous (designed to control dumping of hazardous wastes from the industrialized world in developing wastes from the industrialized world in developing countries)countries)

Page 187: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

The US: Rogue NationThe US: Rogue Nation Death Penalty:Death Penalty:

US executes more of its citizens than any other US executes more of its citizens than any other country except China, Iran, and Saudi Arabiacountry except China, Iran, and Saudi Arabia

Until recently, the US was the only country to Until recently, the US was the only country to execute both juveniles and the mentally illexecute both juveniles and the mentally ill

Failure to follow World Court DecisionsFailure to follow World Court Decisions Largest debtor to the UN (only 40% of Largest debtor to the UN (only 40% of

dues paid)dues paid)

Page 188: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

SolutionsSolutions Physician activism (PSR, Physician activism (PSR,

IPPNW, etc.)IPPNW, etc.) Increased education: Increased education:

public, medical and public, medical and public health studentspublic health students

Tolerance and Tolerance and appreciation of diversityappreciation of diversity

Conservation measuresConservation measures Assist victims of war Assist victims of war

(PHR, MSF, etc.)(PHR, MSF, etc.)

Page 189: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson

““Nothing can keep (government) Nothing can keep (government) right but (the people’s) vigilant and right but (the people’s) vigilant and distrustful superintendence”distrustful superintendence”

Page 190: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Harvey CushingHarvey Cushing

““A physician is obligated to consider A physician is obligated to consider more than a diseased organ, more more than a diseased organ, more even than the whole man. He must even than the whole man. He must view the man in his world.”view the man in his world.”

Page 191: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Rudolph VirchowRudolph Virchow

““Doctors are natural attorneys Doctors are natural attorneys for the poor … If medicine is to for the poor … If medicine is to really accomplish its great task, really accomplish its great task, it must intervene in political it must intervene in political and social life…”and social life…”

Page 192: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

The role of the doctor in The role of the doctor in societysociety

World Health Organization:World Health Organization: ““The role of the physician … in The role of the physician … in

the preservation and promotion the preservation and promotion of peace is the most significant of peace is the most significant factor for the attainment of factor for the attainment of health for all.”health for all.”

Page 193: Health Consequences of War and Militarism

Pastor NiemollerPastor Niemoller““First they came for the Jews, and I did not First they came for the Jews, and I did not

speak up, for I was not a Jew.speak up, for I was not a Jew.Then they came for the communists, and I did Then they came for the communists, and I did

not speak up, for I was not a communist.not speak up, for I was not a communist.Then they came for the trade unionists, and I Then they came for the trade unionists, and I

did not speak up, for I was not a trade did not speak up, for I was not a trade unionist.unionist.

Then they came for me, and there was no one Then they came for me, and there was no one left to speak up for me.”left to speak up for me.”

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Contact InformationContact Information

Public Health and Social Justice Public Health and Social Justice WebsiteWebsite

http://[email protected]