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HEALTH AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENTWritten examination
Friday 10 November 2017 Reading time: 11.45 am to 12.00 noon (15 minutes) Writing time: 12.00 noon to 2.00 pm (2 hours)
QUESTION AND ANSWER BOOK
Structure of bookNumber of questions
Number of questions to be answered
Number of marks
15 15 100
• Studentsarepermittedtobringintotheexaminationroom:pens,pencils,highlighters,erasers,sharpenersandrulers.
• StudentsareNOTpermittedtobringintotheexaminationroom:blanksheetsofpaperand/orcorrectionfluid/tape.
• Nocalculatorisallowedinthisexamination.
Materials supplied• Questionandanswerbookof24pages• Additionalspaceisavailableattheendofthebookifyouneedextrapapertocompleteananswer.
Instructions• Writeyourstudent numberinthespaceprovidedaboveonthispage.• AllwrittenresponsesmustbeinEnglish.
Students are NOT permitted to bring mobile phones and/or any other unauthorised electronic devices into the examination room.
©VICTORIANCURRICULUMANDASSESSMENTAUTHORITY2017
SUPERVISOR TO ATTACH PROCESSING LABEL HEREVictorian Certificate of Education 2017
STUDENT NUMBER
Letter
2017HHDEXAM 2
Question 1 –continued
Question 1 (8marks)Thefollowingtableshowsindicatorsofhealthstatusforarangeofcountries.
Country Life expectancy at birth (years),
both sexes
Healthy life expectancy at birth (years)
Under-five mortality rate (per 1000 live
births)
Tuberculosis incidence
(per 100 000 population)
Australia 82.8 71.9 3.8 6.4
SierraLeone 50.1 44.4 120.4 310.0
Denmark 80.6 71.2 3.5 7.1
Vietnam 76.0 66.6 21.7 140.0
Spain 82.8 72.4 4.1 12.0
Data:WorldHealthOrganization,World Health Statistics 2016: Monitoring Health for the SDGs,Geneva,2016,pp.104,105,108–111
a. Outlinethedifferencebetweenmortalityandmorbidityasmeasuresofhealthstatus. 2marks
b. DrawoneconclusionaboutthehealthstatusofAustraliacomparedtoanotherdevelopedcountry.Usedatafromthetabletojustifyyouranswer. 2marks
Developedcountry
Conclusion
InstructionsAnswerallquestionsinthespacesprovided.
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c. TheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)classifiesVietnamasbeinginmortalitystrataD.
Explainwhy. 1mark
d. Identifyandexplainonepossiblereasonforthedifferenceintuberculosis(TB)incidencebetweenAustraliaandVietnam. 3marks
Reason
Explanation
2017HHDEXAM 4
Question 2 (4marks)a. Describethementaldimensionofhealth. 2marks
b. Provideoneexampleeachofadirectcosttotheindividualandtothecommunityassociatedwithmentalhealth. 2marks
Theindividual
Thecommunity
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Question 3 (5marks)a. Describeone healthpromotionprogramthathasbeendevelopedtoaddresstheNational
HealthPriorityArea(NHPA)‘Injurypreventionandcontrol’. 3marks
b. Outlineone advantageandonedisadvantageofthebiomedicalmodelofhealthinaddressing‘Injurypreventionandcontrol’. 2marks
Advantage
Disadvantage
2017HHDEXAM 6
Question 4 (6marks)ConsiderthefollowinginformationregardingaVicHealthproject.
Victorian workplace mental wellbeing collaborationVicHealth,SuperFriendandWorkSafeVictoriahaveformedacollaborationtohelpworkplacescreatepositiveandsupportiveculturesandenvironmentsthatenableworkerstobemoreengaged,positiveandeffectiveatwork.Victorianworkersspendaroundone-thirdoftheirtimeintheworkplaceandtheworkenvironmentcanprovideapositivesenseofcommunityandconnectionwithothers,aswellasbuildself-esteemandproviderecognitionandrewardsforindividualworkersandteams.Approachessuchasdevelopingapositiveleadershipstyle,designingjobsformentalwellbeing,communicatingeffectively,recruitmentandselectionofemployees,work-lifedemands,andsupportinganddevelopingemployeesareallimportantcomponentsofworkplacementalwellbeing.
Source:©VictorianHealthPromotionFoundation(VicHealth);sourcematerialavailableat<www.vichealth.vic.gov.au>
a. IdentifyoneofthecommitmentsinVicHealth’smission.Outlineonewayinwhichtheprojectdescribedabovesupportsthis. 2marks
Commitment
Howtheprojectsupportsthis
b. Outlineonepotentialsocialhealthoutcomeoftheprojectdescribedabove. 1mark
c. Identifyoneprincipleofthesocialmodelofhealthandexplainhowitisreflectedintheprojectdescribedabove. 3marks
Principle
Howitisreflectedintheproject
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Question 5 (7marks)Oliverisa51-year-oldmale.Hesmokes10cigarettesadayandhasaminimalalcoholintake.Oliver’sbodyweightisquitehighandhehaslittletimetoexercise.Oliverhasbeendiagnosedwithhighcholesterolandhesuffersfromhypertension,placinghimatriskofcardiovasculardisease.
a. Describecardiovasculardisease. 2marks
b. Selectonebiologicaldeterminantevidentintheinformationprovidedabove.Explainhowthisbiologicaldeterminantcouldincreasetheriskofcardiovasculardisease. 3marks
Biologicaldeterminant
Explanation
c. Oliverhasbeenadvisedbyhisdoctortomakechangestohisdiettoreducehissodiumintake.
Identifyonemajorfoodsourceofsodium.Outlinetherolesodiumplaysinincreasingtheriskofcardiovasculardisease. 2marks
Major food source of sodium
Role in increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease
2017HHDEXAM 8
Question 6 –continued
Question 6 (10marks)In2014–2015,theAustralianBureauofStatisticsconductedtheNationalHealthSurvey.ThesurveywasdesignedtocollectinformationaboutthehealthofAustralians.SomekeyfindingsforAustralianadultsincludedthefollowing:• lessthanhalf(49.8%)mettheAustralian Dietary Guidelinesfortherecommendeddailyserves
offruit• 7.0%mettheAustralian Dietary Guidelines fortherecommendeddailyservesofvegetables• 5.1%metbothguidelines• 63.4%wereoverweightorobese
Data:AustralianBureauofStatistics,‘NationalHealthSurvey,FirstResults,Australia,2014–15’,ABScat.no.4364.0.55.001;©CommonwealthofAustralia2015
a. i. Basedontheresultsofthesurvey,identifyonenutrientthatcouldbedeficientinthedietofAustraliansandoutlineonepossibleconsequenceforhealth. 2marks
Deficientnutrient
Consequenceforhealth
ii. IdentifyonenutrientthatcouldbeinexcessinthedietofAustraliansandoutlineonepossibleconsequenceforhealth. 2marks
Excessnutrient
Consequenceforhealth
b. ProvidetworeasonswhytheAustralian Dietary Guidelineswereintroduced. 2marks
1.
2.
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c. Explainhowthe‘AustralianGuidetoHealthyEating’reflectstheAustralian Dietary Guidelines. 2marks
d. NutritionAustraliaisanon-governmentorganisationthatpromoteshealthyeating.
ExplainhowNutritionAustraliapromotestheconsumptionoffruitandvegetables. 2marks
2017HHDEXAM 10
Question 7 –continued
Question 7 (8marks)Thefollowinggraphshowstheincidenceofselectedchronicdiseasesbysocio-economicstatus(SES)inAustraliain2014–2015.
arthritis asthma diabetes oral health rated as fair or poor
Inequalities in selected chronic diseases
35
30
25
20
15
incidence(%)
10
5
0
lowest SES highest SES
Data:AustralianInstituteofHealthandWelfare(AIHW),Australia’s Health 2016,‘Australia’sHealth’seriesno.15,cat.no.AUS199,AIHW,Canberra,2016,p.184
a. OutlinetherelationshipbetweenSESandhealthstatusshowninthegraphabove. 1mark
b. Identifyonephysicalenvironmentdeterminant.Explainhowitmaycontributetotherelationshipdescribedinpart a. 3marks
Physicalenvironmentdeterminant
Contributiontorelationship
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c. Selectonechronicdiseasefromthegraph.ExplainhowtwoactionareasoftheOttawaCharterforHealthPromotioncouldbeusedtoaddressthischronicdisease. 4marks
Chronicdisease
Actionarea1
Actionarea2
2017HHDEXAM 12
Question 8 (7marks)SustainableDevelopmentGoal(SDG)8is‘Decentworkandeconomicgrowth’.
a. ExplainthemeaningofSDG8. 2marks
b. Inmanydevelopingcountries,womenarelesslikelythanmentobefullyemployed.
Identifytworeasonswhythismightoccur. 2marks
1.
2.
c. ExplainhowtheachievementofSDG8wouldpromotesustainablehumandevelopment. 3marks
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Question 9 (5marks)Thegraphbelowgroupscountriesaccordingtotheirgrossnationalincomepercapita.Countriesintheuppermiddle-incomeandhigh-incomegroupsaremorelikelytobeidentifiedasdeveloped.Countriesinthelowermiddle-incomeandlow-incomegroupsaremorelikelytobeidentifiedasdeveloping.Thegraphshowsthepercentageofdeathsthatwereattributedtohighbloodglucoselevelsformalesandfemalesaged20–69yearsaccordingtocountryincomegroupin2012.
low-income lowermiddle-income
uppermiddle-income
high-income
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
percentage ofhigh blood
glucose deaths
males females
60.5%
32.7% 32.2%
14.3%
56.3%
45.6% 45.2%47.5%
Source:WorldHealthOrganization,Global Report on Diabetes,Geneva,2016,p.23
a. Inwhichcountryincomegroupisthepercentageofhighbloodglucosedeathsthehighestformales? 1mark
b. Thegraphshowsthattherearedifferencesinthepercentageofdeathsattributedtohighbloodglucosebetweenhigh-incomeandlow-incomecountries.
Discusshowglobalmarketingandaccesstohealthcarecouldhavecontributedtothesedifferences. 4marks
Globalmarketing
Accesstohealthcare
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Question 10 –continued
Question 10 (7marks)
Source:©WorldHealthOrganization2015
a. i. NametheSDGrepresentedintheinformationabove. 1mark
ii. OutlinetworeasonswhytheSDGnamedinpart a.i.isimportant. 2marks
1.
2.
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b. ‘Globally,thenumberofpeoplelivinginextremepovertyhasdeclinedbymorethanhalf,fallingfrom1.9billionin1990to836millionin2015.’
Source:UnitedNations,‘TheMillenniumDevelopmentGoalsReport2015’,UnitedNations,NewYork,2015,p.4
Discusstwowaysinwhichthisdeclineinglobalpovertycouldhavecontributedtothereductioninmaternaldeathsbetween1990and2015. 4marks
2017HHDEXAM 16
Question 11 (7marks)MedicareispartofAustralia’shealthcaresystem.
a. Oneofthevaluesofthehealthcaresystemis‘responsive’.
ExplainhowMedicaredemonstratesthisvalue. 2marks
UniversalhealthcoverageisoneoftheprioritiesoftheWHO.
b. i. Outlinewhatismeantbyuniversalhealthcoverage. 1mark
ii. Explainhowachievinguniversalhealthcoveragecanpromoteglobalhealth. 2marks
c. ExplainhowMedicareprovidesuniversalhealthcoverage. 2marks
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Question 12 (6marks)ReadthefollowinginformationaboutZikavirusdisease:• Zikavirusdiseaseiscausedbyavirustransmittedprimarilyby mosquitoes.Sexualtransmissionofthe
Zikavirusisalsopossible.• Symptomsincludemildfever,skinrash,conjunctivitis,muscleandjointpain,andheadache.These
symptomsnormallylastfortwotosevendays.• AdiagnosisofZikavirusinfectioncanbeconfirmedonlythroughlaboratorytestsonbloodorotherbody
fluids,suchasurine,salivaorsemen.• ThereiscurrentlynovaccineavailableforZikavirusdisease.
Data:WorldHealthOrganization,Fact sheet: Zika virus;©WorldHealthOrganization2017
NametwoWHOpriorities(apartfromuniversalhealthcoverage)andexplainhoweachcouldbeusedtocontrolthespreadofZikavirusdisease.
Priority1
Priority2
2017HHDEXAM 18
Question 13 –continued
Question 13 (10marks)
Enhancing the abilities of young people in AfghanistanMasoma,17,has…hearingandspeechproblems.Becauseofherdisability,shecouldnotgotoschoolandwasinsteadresponsibleforcaringforhersistersandbrothersandhelpinghermotherathome.In2014–15,sheparticipatedinembroiderytrainingthroughWorldVision’sYouthEconomicLivelihoodsandLiteracy(YELL)Badghisproject,inAfghanistan,supportedbytheAustralianGovernment,throughtheAustralianNGOCooperationProgram(ANCP).Masomahasnowgraduatedandhasmanyordersfromherrelativesandneighboursforembroidery…Today,Masomaisn’tonlyresponsiblefortakingcareofhersistersandbrothers;sheisalsoanindependentyoungwomanwhocanhelpsupportherfamilyfinancially…ThankstotheAustralianGovernment,youngpeopleinAfghanistan’sBadghisProvincearegainingaccesstovocationaltraining.Theskillstheyaregainingmakethemmoreresilienttotheimpactsofpoverty,andhelpthemcopewithincreasingfinancialhardshipbyreducingtheirdependenceonagricultureasasolesourceofincome.InAfghanistan,WorldVisionisworkingwithprovincialauthorities,trainingcentresandlocalleadersandbusinessestoprovideliteracyandvocationaltrainingtoyoungpeople.Theprojectisalsosupportingwomentobecomeliteracyteachers.
Source:DepartmentofForeignAffairsandTradewebsite,‘EnhancingtheabilitiesofyoungpeopleinAfghanistan’,
14January2016,<www.dfat.gov.au>
a. IdentifyoneofAustralia’saidprioritiesshownintheprogramdescribedabove. 1mark
b. ExplainwhyAustralia’saidprogramworkswithnon-governmentorganisations(NGOs)suchasWorldVisiontoprovideaidtodevelopingcountries. 2marks
c. InadditiontoworkingwithNGOs,Australiaalsoprovidesbilateralaid.
Describebilateralaid. 1mark
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d. Referringtotheprogramdescribedonpage18,explaintheinterrelationshipbetweenhealth,humandevelopmentandsustainability. 6marks
2017HHDEXAM 20
Question 14 (4marks)a. OutlinetworeasonswhytheUnitedNations(UN)provideshumanitarianassistance. 2marks
1.
2.
b. Howcouldprovidinghumanitarianassistancepromotehumandevelopment? 2marks
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Question 15 (6marks)a. Describewhatismeantby‘safewaterandsanitation’. 2marks
b. Usingtwoelementsofsustainability,describeaprogramthatcouldimproveaccesstosafewaterandsanitationinadevelopingcountry. 4marks
2017HHDEXAM 22
Extra space for responses
Clearly number all responses in this space.
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2017HHDEXAM 24
Ananswerbookisavailablefromthesupervisorifyouneedextrapapertocompleteananswer.Pleaseensureyouwriteyourstudent numberinthespaceprovidedonthefrontcoveroftheanswerbook.At the end of the examination, place the answer book inside the front cover of this question and answer book.