hdm-4 road user costs model version 2.00 rodrigo archondo-callao february 18, 2010
TRANSCRIPT
HDM-4 Road User Costs Model Version 2.00
Rodrigo Archondo-CallaoFebruary 18, 2010
http://worldbank.org/roadsoftwaretools/
HDM-4 RUC Model Version 2.00
Road User Costs Knowledge System (RUCKS)HDM-4 RUC Model Version 2.00, February 12, 2010
Step Inputs Calculations Outputs
1) I-Vehicle Fleet & Country DataI-Vehicle Fleet Calibration
Road User Costs O-Road User Costs2) I-Road Characteristics O-Resources and Performance
O-Emissions
Sensitivity Analysis O-Roughness Sensitivity3) I-Sensitivity Parameters O-Speed Limit Sensitivity
O-Traffic SensitivityO-RONET RUC CoefficientsO-Charts One VehicleO-Charts All Vehicles
Network Road User Costs4) I-Network Characteristics O-Network Road User Costs
Cost Benefit Analysis5) I-Cost Benefit Analysis Data O-Cost Benefit Analysis Results
Instructions
http://www.worldbank.org/transport
Calculate Road User CostsCalculate Road User Costs
Calculate Network RUCCalculate Network RUC
Calculate Sensitivity AnalysisCalculate Sensitivity Analysis
Calculate Cost Benefit AnalysisCalculate Cost Benefit Analysis
• Motorcycle• Small Car• Medium Car• Light Delivery Vehicle• Four Wheel Drive• Light Truck• Medium Truck• Heavy Truck• Articulated Truck• Light Bus• Medium Bus• Heavy Bus
Twelve Vehicles Types
• Fuel• Lubricant oil• Tire wear• Crew time• Maintenance labor• Maintenance parts• Depreciation• Interest• Overheads
• Passenger time• Cargo holding time
Vehicle Operating Costs
Time Costs
Accidents Costs
Road User Costs Components
Emissions
New
New
Road and Vehicle Characteristics
Vehicle Speed
Physical Quantities Unit Costs
Road User Costs
Vehicle Speed and Physical Quantities
Component Quantities per Vehicle-km
Fuel litersLubricant oil litersTire wear # of equivalent new tiresCrew time hoursPassenger time hoursCargo holding time hoursMaintenance labor hoursMaintenance parts % of new vehicle priceDepreciation % of new vehicle priceInterest % of new vehicle price
Physical Quantities
• VDRIVEu and VDRIVEd = uphill and downhill velocities limited by gradient and used driving power
• VBRAKEu and VBRAKEd = uphill and downhill velocities limited by gradient and used braking power
• VCURVE = velocity limited by curvature
• VROUGH = velocity limited by roughness
• VDESIR = velocity limited by safety and speed limit enforcement
Free speeds are calculated using a mechanistic/behavioral models and are a minimum of the following constraining velocities.
Free-Flow Speeds Model
Drive Force
Grade Resistance
Rolling Resistance
Air Resistance
- Driving power- Operating weight- Gradient- Density of air- Aerodynamic drag coef.- Projected frontal area- Tire type- Number of wheels
- Roughness- Texture depth- % time driven on snowcovered roads- % time driven on watercovered roads
VDRIVE
VCURVE is calculated as a function of the radius ofcurvature.
VCURVE = a0 * R ^ a1
R = Radius of curvature
R = 180,000/(*max(18/ ,C))
C = Horizontal curvature
a0 and a1 = Regression parameters
VCURVE
To consider reduction in speeds due to congestion, the “three-zone” model is adopted.
Speed (km/hr)
Car
Pickup
Bus
Sult
Qo Qnom QultFlowPCSE/hr
Truck
Speed Flow Model
To consider different levels of traffic congestion at different hours and days during a year, HDM-4 evaluates different traffic flow periods for which different hourly flows are applicable
PeakNext to Peak
Flow Periods
Medium flowNext to LowOvernight
Flow
Number of Hours in the Year
Traffic Flow Periods
•Based on ARRB ARFCOM model
•Predicts fuel use as function of power usage
TRACTIVE FORCESRolling, air, inertia, gradeand cornering resistance
ACCESSORIESCooling fan,
power steering,air conditioner,alternator, etc.
INTERNALENGINE
FRICTION
DRIVE - TRAININEFFICIENCIES
TOTAL POWER
ENGINE FUEL EFFICIENCY FACTOR
ESTIMATED FUEL CONSUMPTION
Fuel Model
Uncongested
Congested
0
Acceleration in m/s/s
Congestion Modelling
Maintenance Parts Consumption
Maintenance parts consumption function of roughness and age of the vehicle
0.00%
0.10%
0.20%
0.30%
0.40%
0.50%
0.60%
0.70%
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Part
s Con
sum
ption
(% o
f veh
icle
pri
ce p
er 1
000
km)
Roughness (IRI, m/km)
Maintenance Parts Consumption
Medium Car
Medium Bus
Heavy Truck
Motorcycle
•Comprised of depreciation and interest costs
•HDM-4 uses ‘Optimal Life’ method, in which vehicle service life is a function of roughness, or constant life method
Capital Costs
•HDM-4 model estimates road safety costs of: Fatal accidents Injury accidentsDamage only accidents
•HDM-4 RUC model follows the International Road Assessment Program (iRAP) methodology and estimates road safety costs of:FatalitiesPersons with Serious Injuries
Road Safety
•User defines vehicle fleet fatality rate in number per 100 million vehicle-km
•User defines vehicle fleet serious injury rate per 100 million vehicle-km
•Cost per fatality computed function of GDP per capita (default: GDP per capita multiplied by 70)
•Cost per serious injury computed function of cost per fatality (default: 25% of fatality cost)
iRAP Methodology
International Road Assessment Programme methodology (iRAP).http://irap.net/
Road characteristics Traffic
volume/congestion Vehicle technology Hydrocarbon
Carbon monoxide
Nitrous oxides Sulphur
dioxide Carbon
dioxide Particulates Lead
Emissions Model
Fuel consumption
RUC Comparison
Roughness = 2.0 IRI m/km
0.000
0.100
0.200
0.300
0.400
0.500
0.600
0.700
0.800
Medium Car Medium Bus Heavy Truck Motorcycle
Uni
t Roa
d U
ser C
osts
(US$
per
veh
icle
-km
) Road Safety Cost
CO2 Emissions Cost
Cargo Time
Passenger Time
Overhead
Interest
Depreciation
Crew Time
Maintenance Labor
Maintenance Parts
Tire
Lubricants
Fuel
RUC Composition
Roughness = 2.0 IRI m/km
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Medium Car Medium Bus Heavy Truck Motorcycle
Uni
t Roa
d U
ser C
osts
(%)
Road Safety Cost
CO2 Emissions Cost
Cargo Time
Passenger Time
Overhead
Interest
Depreciation
Crew Time
Maintenance Labor
Maintenance Parts
Tire
Lubricants
Fuel
RUC Roughness Sensitivity
0.000
0.200
0.400
0.600
0.800
1.000
1.200
1.400
2 IRI 6 IRI 12 IRI 18 IRI
Uni
t Roa
d U
ser C
osts
(US$
per
veh
icle
-km
)
Heavy Truck Unit Road User Costs Sensitivy to Roughness
Road Safety Cost
CO2 Emissions Cost
Cargo Time
Passenger Time
Overhead
Interest
Depreciation
Crew Time
Maintenance Labor
Maintenance Parts
Tire
Lubricants
Fuel
RUC Roughness Sensitivity
0.000
0.200
0.400
0.600
0.800
1.000
1.200
1.400
2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0
Uni
t Roa
d U
ser C
osts
(US$
per
veh
icle
-km
)
Roughness (IRI, m/km)
Medium Car
Medium Bus
Heavy Truck
Motorcycle
0.000
0.200
0.400
0.600
0.800
1.000
1.200
1.400
2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0
Uni
t Roa
d U
ser C
osts
(US$
per
veh
icle
-km
)
Roughness (IRI, m/km)
Medium Car
Medium Bus
Heavy Truck
Motorcycle
RUC Roughness Sensitivity
6.0 IRI = 0.22 US$ per vehicle-km2.0 IRI = 0.21 US$ per vehicle-kmSaving = 0.01 US$ per vehicle-km
AADT = 3,000 vehicles/day=> 1,095,000 vehicles/year
Saving = 10,850 US$ per year per km
Fuel Consumption and Speed
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
45.00
50.00
30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0 110.0
Fuel
Con
sum
ption
(lit
er p
er 1
00 k
m)
Vehicle Speed (km/hour)
Medium Car
Medium Bus
Heavy Truck
Motorcycle
Roughness = 2.0 IRI m/km
CO2 Emissions and Speed
Roughness = 2.0 IRI m/km
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0 110.0
Carb
on D
ioxi
de -
CO2
(g/k
m)
Vehicle Speed (km/hour)
Medium Car
Medium Bus
Heavy Truck
Motorcycle
Fuel Consumption and Roughness
Speed function of roughness
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
45.00
50.00
2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0
Fuel
Con
sum
ption
(lit
er p
er 1
00 k
m)
Roughness (IRI, m/km)
Medium Car
Medium Bus
Heavy Truck
Motorcycle
CO2 Emissions and Roughness
Speed function of roughness
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0
Carb
on D
ioxi
de -
CO2
(g/k
m)
Roughness( IRI, m/km)
Medium Car
Medium Bus
Heavy Truck
Motorcycle
Road Software Tools Website
• HDM-4 Road User Costs Model Version 2.00 available for download at:
http://worldbank.org/roadsoftwaretools/