hazards management for asts - nistmhazards management for asts. hazard events that can affect your...
TRANSCRIPT
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Hazards Management for ASTs
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Hazard Events that can Affect Your Facility
• Lighting and Fires
• Wind Damage & Hurricanes
• Floods
• Seismic events
• Releases to the Environment
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Causes of Tank Fires and Discharges
Sources: The Loss Prevention Journal – Report - 26 May 2005
Year 60-69 70-79 80-89 90-99 00-03 Total
Lightning 4 10 19 37 10 80
Maintenance Work 1 5 9 12 5 32
Operational Error 1 5 6 8 9 29
Equipment Failure 3 1 5 7 3 19
Sabotage 2 5 2 6 3 18
Crack/Rupture 0 3 3 3 8 17
Leaks & Line Rupture 0 3 2 5 5 15
Static Electricity 2 1 2 2 5 12
Open Flame 1 0 4 2 1 8
Natural Disaster 1 2 1 1 2 7
Runaway Reaction 2 1 0 2 0 5
Total 17 36 53 85 51 242
33%(80 accidents) from Lightning 25% (61 accidents) due to Human error
(Welding:18 of 32 for Maintenance, and Overfills were 15 of 29 Op error)
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Hazard Prevention - Lightning
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Lightning Protection – Annual Flash Rate
Units: Flashes/sq km/year – Global distribution of lightning over an 8
year study from the combined observations of the NASA OTD (4/95-
3/00) and LIS (1/98-2/03) instruments
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Types of Damage from Lightning
1. Physical damage
2. Secondary effect damage
3. Electro-Magnetic Pulse (EMP) damage
4. Damage caused by changes in ground
reference potential
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SOURCE: All About Lightning, Martin A. Uman, Dover Publications
Lightning Propagation
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Lightning Protection - Grounding
• API 650 – Tank Grounding
• A minimum of 4 grounding lugs, equally spaced at
a maximum 30 meters spacing is recommended
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Background and Best Practices and
Principles for Grounding
• Metallic structures can have buildup of
electrical energy and can also attract electrical
energy from storms
• Electrical energy always takes the path of
least resistance
• Multiple low-impedance contiguous downward
coursing paths to the grounding system
transfer lightning energy off of the structure
and into ground as quickly as possible
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Additional Best Practices & Principles
• Since lightning is high frequency, low-
impedance, they key to grounding is not just
low-resistance, but the geometry of the
grounding paths
• The higher the impedance the lightning
energy "sees", the greater the voltage
increases.
• The higher the voltage, the more likely the
energy will arc, or take unwanted paths to
ground.
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Grounding and Bonding for Open
Top Tanks with Floating Roofs1. All conductive parts shall be grounded
2. All movable cover accessories (hatches,
manholes, pressure relief devices, etc.) on
the external floating roof shall be electrically
bonded to the external floating roof to prevent
static electricity sparking when they are
opened
3. Ladders shall be grounded to both the roof and
the gauger’s platform
4. Shunts should be provided on the uppermost
seal and bond the shell and roof of the tank in
3m intervals
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Lightning Protection – Shunts and Bonding
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Codes Addressing Bonding and
Lightning Protection for ASTs
• API 650 – Above Ground Storage Tanks
• NFPA 780 – Standard for Installation of Lightning Protection Systems
• API RP 2003 – Protection Against Ignitions Arising Out of Static, Lightning, and Stray Currents
• NFPA 30
• International Fire Code
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Discharge Phenomena – Traditional Lightning Rods Compared to Streamer-
Delaying Air Terminals
Source: IEEE Transactions On
Plasma Science, Vol 19, No 6,
December 1991
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System Design• Charge accumulates on (and streamers tend
to form from) a structure predictably -according to the physical principle of point discharge
• A structure properly blanketed by air terminals designed to delay the formation of streamers is thus protected
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Example - Site Layout and System Design
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Dome Roof Lightning Protection Design
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Dome Roof Considerations
Aluminum
Dome Roof
Lightning Strike
Incident
June 2010
Greensboro,
North Carolina
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The Aftermath…
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Conventional Protection
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Tank Fires
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Fire Prevention
• Lightning Protection Systems
• Proper Operations and Maintenance
Procedures
• Electrical Code Compliance
Buncefield Before
December 10, 2005
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Buncefield, England, 11 Dec 05
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Buncefield, England, Aftermath
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August 18 -20 2008 –
Tanjung Langsat Oil Port Terminal
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Caribbean Petroleum, Puerto Rico,
United States, October 23-25, 2009
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Jaipur, India, October 29-November 6,
2009, Indian Oil Corporation
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Miami International Airport, Florida,
March 27, 2011
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Chevron Refinery in Richmond,
California – August 11, 2012
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Petroleos de Venezuela, Amauy,
Venezuela – August 25, 2012
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Petroleos de Venezuela, Amauy,
Venezuela – August 25, 2012
Leak
source
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Fire Protection Systems and Plans• Fire Protection is driven by code and risk
management
• What are the risks?– Design risks?
– Operational risks?
– Plan risks?
– Human Element-
coordination with
fire authorities,
employee training,
and designated
personnel?
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Fire Protection Design Risks/Hazards
• Hazard/Consequence Analysis – What are the risks involved?
– Heat Flux Calculations
– Vapor Cloud Fires
– Pool Fires
– BLEVEs (Boiling Liquid
Evaporating Vapor
Explosions)
– Vapor Cloud Explosions
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Risk Mitigation
• Site/ Location
• Suppression/ Extinguishing Systems
• Blast/ Fire Walls
• Early Detection Systems
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Fire Scenarios
• Ground Fires
• Vent Fires
• Rim Seal Fires
• Obstructed Fires
• Unobstructed Fires
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Fire Protection Systems and PlansExtinguishing Systems Techniques & Equipment
Water Supply Site Access
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Fire Response• Most response plans include effort to prevent
the fire from spreading, not just
extinguishing a tank fire.
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API Standard 650 Provides Most of the Tools
We Need-Foundations, Shell, & Roofs
• Wind loads
• Flooding
• Seismic
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What are the Risks from Wind Damage?
Wind Issues…Shell Buckling, Tank
Overturning, and Roof Damage
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Wind Loads on Tanks
•API Standard 650 has specific requirements
for shell buckling and tank overturning
•Provides a set of rules for evaluating the uplift
or overturning stability of a tank
•If the design does not satisfy the uplift
requirements:
+ Increase shell weight
+ Provide anchorage
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Example of Wind
Load
Maps
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Wind Speed
• The current edition of API Standard 650
defines wind speed in terms of the “3-
second gust” criteria
• New tanks are designed to resist wind
speeds of 193 km/hr in the current API-650
• The 3-second gust criteria is 20% greater
than the sustained wind velocity criteria
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API-650 Shell Stability
• Tank is most vulnerable when empty
• API procedures originated in early 1960s
• Methods based on uniform vacuum analogy
using the maximum wind pressures on shell
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Buckling on Windward Side
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Shell Buckling During Construction -
Vulnerable Without Wind Girder
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Shell Buckling When Empty
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Shell Buckling After Loss of Roof
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Tornado Damage
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Roof Damage BEFORE the Storm…Then
Water Ponded on the Roof
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Shell Buckling BEFORE the
Storm…Then Water Ponded on the Roof
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What if the Shell is not Stable for the
Expected Wind Speed?
• Fill tank with product
• Partially fill tank
• Do nothing and hope for the best
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Add Product to Tank to Reduce Risk of
Shell Buckling
• Determine a
product
depth that
will increase
shell stability
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Wind Overturning
• Primarily a problem for small diameter tanks
that are empty
• Doesn’t happen often, but should be
considered
• API-650 has simplified procedures to verify
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Wind Overturning
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Add Product to Tank to Prevent
Overturning of Unanchored Tanks
Determine a product
depth that will
stabilize the tank
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Fixed Roof Damage
• Roof uplift pressure will occasionally damage tanks
• Roof -to-shell joint may tear and “peel” away roof plate
• Roof structure may be dislodged by distortion of shell
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Peeling Off of Roof Insulation
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Peeling Off of Roof Plate
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Plate Pulled Off Tank Roof
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Floating Roof Damage
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Wind Uplift
• Floating Roofs are more vulnerable when tank
is full
• Worst case for differential wind uplift
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Wind Uplift
• Floating Roofs are less vulnerable when tank is not full
• Differential wind uplift is minimized
• Uplift load is less
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Water Ponding
• Roof tilting will cause water ponding
• Water may shift away from location of roof drains…
overloads with water may result
• Unsymmetrical load may lead to roof structural failure
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Hazard Prevention - Floods
Hurricane Katrina, New Orleans
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What Are the Risks for Tanks from Floods?
• Flooding Issues…
– Floating Off of Foundation
– Shell Buckling
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Tank Flotation
• Empty tanks are most vulnerable to flotation
• Minimal flood depth required to float a tank
off of its foundation
• Wind may displace a floating tank laterally
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Dike Flooding
Flood depths of a half a meter will float most
large diameter storage tanks when they are
empty
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ASTs Displaced by Flooding
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ASTs Displaced by Flooding
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ASTs Displaced by Flooding
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ASTs Displaced by Flooding
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Avoid Tank Flotation
Your Tank Engineer can determine a recommended product depth
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Avoid Tank Flotation
If tank is empty and clean, leave the shell manholes open
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Hazard Prevention - Hurricanes
Hurricane Katrina, Mississippi
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API 650 Requirements for Seismic Ground Motion -
Goal – Protect life and prevent catastrophic collapse
Hazard Prevention - Seismic
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API 650 Appendix E-Seismic Design
Based on the allowable stress design (ASD)
methods with specific load combinations
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API 650 Appendix E Seismic Design
Control methods use an equivalent lateral force
analysis that applies equivalent static lateral
forces to a linear mathematical model of the tank
based on a rigid wall, fixed based model.
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API 650 Appendix E Seismic Design
Ground motion requirements are based on a
maximum considered earthquake ground motion
- an event with a 2% probability of exceedance
within a 50-year period (a recurrence interval of
approximately 2,500 years).
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API 650 Appendix E Seismic Anchor
Design• Mechanically-
anchored tanks have
anchor bolts, straps or
other mechanical
devices to anchor the
tank to the foundation.
• Self-anchored tanks
use the inherent
stability of the self-
weight of the tank and
the stored product to
resist overturning
forces.Energy-Dissipating AnchorTraditional Anchor
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API 650 Appendix E Seismic Design
Site-specific design is needed when the tank is
located within 10 km of a known active fault or
when the structure is designed using base
isolation or energy dissipation systems.
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Earthquake and Tsunami Damage - Japan
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Hazard Prevention –
Environmental Releases
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Leak Autopsy Report Data
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Sources of Discharges - Field-Erected
AST Systems
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Causes of Discharges from All Sources
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Examples of some of the Major Problems
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Port Everglades, Florida - Jet Fuel
Overfill – Approximately 378,540 Liters
2400 Barrels (2004)
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Rio de Janiero - May 2013
• One dead from inhalation of vapors, 7 injured
• 6 tanks at terminal, spread to administration buildings
• Site did not have environmental license to operate
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wiDH_H1sEyQ
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Surat, India – Jan. 2013
• 10,000 kL tank is one of 9 tanks at terminal
• Welding work ongoing
• Cause was faulty valve and no blind used
• 3 contractors killed
• 500 firefighters & 50 water tankers to extinguish
• Roof blown 30 meters
http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=Surat%2c+India+terminal+fire&FORM=HDRSC3#view=detail&mid=7AAC4DD29507831F37F57AAC4DD2950783
1F37F5
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West Thurrock, Essex, UK, April, 2013
Fire in the rim seal of one of the empty tanks
had automatically set off Terminal's foam fire
extinguishers. Sixty fire fighters extinguished
the fire, no injuries
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Lyttleton, New Zealand, March, 2014. A landslide during a major storm damaged 2 tanks and
caused 1.2 million liters of jet fuel to spill from a tank at
Mobil Oil New Zealand's tank farm at Naval Point. About
1500 liters of fuel went into Lyttelton Harbor through a
drainage system before sandbags were put in place.
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Marshall T. Mott-Smith, President
Mott-Smith Consulting Group, LLC
111 North Calhoun Street, Tallahassee, Fl 32301
850-391-9835 850-766-1562 cell 850-591-1434
The End