harvey tananbaum director chandra x-ray center harvard-smithsonian center for astrophysics 13th head...
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Harvey TananbaumDirector Chandra X-ray CenterHarvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
13th HEAD MeetingApril 8, 2013
Building International Space Observatories
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Long History of International Collaborations on X-ray (High Energy) Missions
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Currently Operating X-ray (High Energy) Missions with International Collaboration
Chandra Discovered separation of dark/normal matter in clusters
Map of matter/antimatter annihilation (e+-) in Galaxy
INTEGRAL
Discovery of relativistic Fe L lines, verification of relativistic K lines in AGN
XMM-Newton
First view of gas falling into galaxy clusters
Suzaku
Discovery of most distant galaxy to date at z=8.29
Swift
Discovery of g-ray pulsars Fermi
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Chandra X-ray Observatory
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Chandra Observing Time
Cycles 11-14 allocated 86.3 Ms of General Observer Time: over-subscription avg 5.1
Average of 555 GO observing proposals per cycle: 174 or 31% with non-US PI
Comparable success rate with at least some observing time approved: 33% for proposals with US
and 30% with non-US PI
GO time: 80% to US and 20% to non-US PIs Proposal success rates and over-subscription on time
consistent with shorter proposals having higher success rates
and non-US PI submitting higher fraction of shorter proposals
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Two Primary Approaches to International Collaborations
Independent of approach seem to have general agreement that bulk of observing time should be open to scientists world-wide with selection via Peer Review to optimize science return
1. Contribution of an instrument (in part or totally) by one Agency to a mission led by another (model for most of experience in High Energy Astrophysics to date)
2. Substantial participation by 2 or more Agencies in designing and building an Observatory with close to equal partnerships (model for International X-ray Observatory – IXO)
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International X-ray Observatory
• Observatory scope (and cost) requires full integration of international partners, at sub- system & mission level
• Major increase in effective area with high spectral resolution for both point and diffuse sources.
• Great Observatory — time allocation done as with Hubble, Chandra, Spitzer
• Launch NET 2021, via EELV or Ariane 5 to L2
Merger of ESA/JAXA XEUS and NASA’s Constellation-X missions
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Modular Design Provides Well-Defined Responsibilities and Interfaces
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IXO International Consortium
• The IXO project is already well integrated as an International team!
• International structure in place since Spring 2008; Instrument Working Group, Telescope Working Group, Science Definition Team, Science Co-ordination Group have International membership
• This International structure will form the basis for an integrated International project as the mission enters into development
• Either NASA or ESA will lead the mission, to be decided by NASA, ESA, and JAXA in Phase A
IXO Team Meeting 9/2008 MPE Garching, Germany
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New Worlds, New Horizons – 2010 Decadal Survey
• IXO ranked very high based on scientific capabilities and importance of (potential) discoveries
• IXO ranked 4th among large-scale space missions
• Technical risk medium-high:- manufacture of large aperture mirror with 5" resolution- uncertainty in total mass & low margins might require more expensive LV- secondary instrument components technically immature (TRL 3/4)
• CATE estimate $5B for 50:50 partnership:NASA cost $3.1B based on 25% "foreign participation” penalty assessed for 50:50 joint program (p19 & 257)
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New Worlds, New Horizons – 2010 Decadal Survey
• Key decision points before mission start:- down-select between 2 mirror technologies- ESA selection for next L-class mission- insure that principal risks are retired
• Conclusions re Partnerships (p94 NWNH):- complex and high-cost facilities essential- typically involve collaborations of multiple nations and/or institutions- bring opportunities for pooling resources and expertise- present management challenges- require new level of strategic planning
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Post Decadal IXO-Related Actions
• NASA team supports ESA-led studies for Cosmic Visions (2010 - 2011)
• NASA team develops down-sized AXSIO concept based on NWNH (2010 - 2011)
• Based on NWNH plus NASA budgets, ESA initiates European version of scaled back IXO (and LISA) --> ATHENA studies (2011 - ).
• NASA charters Community Science Team to develop concepts for lower cost approaches to address high priority IXO science (2011 - 2012)
• ESA selects JUICE as next L-class mission (2012)
• SAO-led team initiates technology development for adjustable optics for SMART-X mission (2010 - ). Chandra-like angular resolution, with IXO-like area for 2020 Decadal and launch by 2030
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Further Thoughts
Stay tuned for upcoming panel discussion