Harvesting energy

Harvesting energyGenes and DevelopmentBiology 122Substrate level phosphorylation

GlycolysisThe overall energy balance for glycolysis is as follows:

Priming -2 ATP [use to add phosphates]Harvest +4 ATP [get from phosphates] +2 NADH__________________________________Net +2 ATP +2 NADHOxidation of pyruvateAcetyl-CoA has a central role in metabolism

Not only are sugars broken down to acetyl-CoA, but fats are also broken down to it. In addition, some amino acids in proteins also get broken down into acetyl-CoA

Acetyl-CoA is also used to make fats and some amino acidsThe Citric acid cycleEnergy summary: The complete oxidation of each acetyl-CoA yields

one GTP (equivalent to one ATP)3 NADHsone FADH2 two CO2 molecules are released

ATP synthase tutorial (Marcey site)

ATP synthase animation

Without oxygenNAD+O2

NADHETC in mitochondria

Acetyl-CoA

EthanolNAD+

CO2NAD+

H2O

Lactate

Pyruvate

Acetaldehyde

NADH

NADH

With oxygenKrebsCycle