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Jan Coe, Librarian

Central Institute of Technology

2011

Harvard Referencing

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What is Referencing?

Referencing is a standardized way to acknowledge the sources of information (and ideas) that you have used in your written work

The Harvard Referencing System is the method used at Central Institute of Technology

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Why do you reference?

Benefits you

Benefits you

To show the breadth of your researchTo strengthen your academic argument

To show the reader the source of your information

To allow the reader to consult your sources independently

To allow the reader to verify your data.

Benefits your reader

Benefits your reader

Benefits your reader

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When do you have to reference?

If you: quote (use someone else’s exact words) copy (use figures, tables, graphics,etc) paraphrase (convert someone else’s ideas

into your own words) summarise (use a brief account of someone

else’s ideas).

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How to decide if you need to reference something

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What is paraphrasing?

Paraphrasing means to restate accurately and concisely in your own words something you have read.

If you refer to specific ideas on particular pages of a resource, you need to include page numbers.

If you refer to general themes mentioned throughout the resource, page numbers need not be shown.

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Why paraphrase?

Paraphrasing shows that you have understood the passage you are referencing and can put it in your own words in a coherent manner.

Paraphrasing is an alternative to quoting directly, but as the paraphrase is still dependent on someone else's ideas, the source material must be referenced.

Communications Learning Centre, Paraphrasing, Retrieved: September 29, 2009, from http://clc.cqu.edu.au/FCWViewer/view.do?page=853

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What if you don’t reference?

You commit plagiarism!

Plagiarism is the term used when you copy another person’s ideas or opinions as your own and don’t acknowledge the original source of the information

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In-text and End-text references

An in-text reference is the shortened version of the reference that you incorporate into the body of your report or paper.

An end-text reference is the full citation that gives enough information about the source so that someone can find it on their own.

You always have to have BOTH

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Book Where do you find the information to be cited?

• On the title page for the title, author and publisher

• On the back of the title page for the place and year of publication

In-text reference: direct quote As Gerrard (2001, p. 77) points out, ‘there is plenty of

discussion about the need for effective risk management, but clear statements of the outcomes of management are rare’.

How it looks in the Reference list (end-text):

Gerrard, M., 2001, Australian risk management, Allen & Unwin, Sydney.

paraphraseOne problem with effective risk management is that there have been few clear outcomes statements despite of the many discussions that have been held about this (Gerrard, M., 2001, p.77).

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Journal article - print Where do you find the information to be cited?

On the cover or spineOn the table of contentsOn article page

In-text reference: direct quote

Jones (1986, p. 120) argues that ‘forest management was in its infancy in terms of the public consciousness’.

How it looks in the Reference list (end-text):

paraphrase

Jones (1986) suggests that the public was generally unaware of forest management as a function of government until much later.

Jones, F. 1986, ‘Developing policy for our forests’, Australian Geographic, vol.20, no.4, pp.117-125.

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Journal article from a database

1. Author’s name

2. Title of article

3. Journal title and publication details

4. Name of database

5. Link to article

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Journal article from database

In-text reference: direct quote

Spencer (2007, p. 19) claims that the FSC ‘provides organisations such as Friends of the Earth the same voice as industry associations and large companies’.

How it looks in the Reference list (end-text):

paraphrase

The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) does not discriminate between industry or environmental advocacy organisations – it receives input from all stakeholders (Spencer, 2007).

Spencer, M. 2007, ‘FSC: Changing forest management practices’, Habitat Australia, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 18-19, Retrieved: September 24, 2009, from Academic Search Premier.

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Web page or document

Where do you find the information to be cited?• In the title bar or on the page

• At the bottom of the page (for date)

In-text reference

For this project I consulted the National Chemical Reference Guide(2004) for updated information about chemicals in the environment.

How it looks in the Reference list (end-text):

National Chemical Reference Guide: Standards in the Australian Environment, 2004, Retrieved: September 24, 2009, from http://hermes.erin.gov.au/pls/crg_public/!CRG_OWNER.CRGPPUBLIC.pStart

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Referencing images

Taken from a WEBSITE

The in-text reference:

The biohazard symbol is known throughout the world (Loftus, n.d.).

Figure 1: Symbol for bio-hazardous material (Loftus, S., n.d.)

 

In the Reference List:Loftus, S. n.d., Symbol for bio-hazardous material, [image], Retrieved: February 3, 2010, from

http://halo.bungie.org/misc/sloftus_stationsignage/

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Scanned from a book

The in-text reference:

Some crops acidify the soil faster due to their inefficient use of nitrate (Environmental Protection Authority 2007, p. 68)

In the Reference list: Environmental Protection Authority 2007, State of the Environment Report:

Western Australia 2007, Department of Environment and Conservation, Perth

Figure 2: Testing for soil acidification (C. Gazey)

Referencing images

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TableExample taken from a WEB DOCUMENT

The in-text reference:An environmental sampling guide from Laboratory Quality Management Services (2003) gives information about commonly requested parameters in water, soil, or sediments samples.

Table 1: Inorganic parameters - water

In the Reference List:

Laboratory Quality Management Services, 2003, Environmental Sampling Guide, Retrieved: 23 February 2010, from http://www.lqms.com.au/information/resources/sampling.asp

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The main things to take away:

• Keep a list of your references as you are writing your report or paper or use the ‘References’ feature in MS WORD 2007.

• If you’ve used an in-text reference in your report or paper, you MUST have the full reference in the Reference List

• ASK FOR HELP if you get stuck!!