harnessing plant-soil interactions for the enhancement of ... · harnessing plant-soil interactions...
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Harnessing plant-soil interactions for the enhancement of carbon sequestration in soil Richard Bardgett, Gerlinde De Deyn, Kate Orwin, Dario Fornara, Sue Ward,, Franciska De Vries,Catherine Turner, Helen Quirk, Simon Oakley & Nick Ostle
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6.5 1-2
Annual increase 3 Gt
Land sink 1-3
Ocean sink about 2
6.5 1-2
Atmosphere: +3
Global Carbon Budget (Billions tonnes C y-1; Royal Society, 2001)
Vegetation: 500 Pg C Soil OC: 1500 Pg C
Rate change in atmospheric C02 = Emissions - Land sink – Ocean sink
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Biota 560 Gt
Atmosphere 760 Gt
+3.3 Gt/yr
Soils 2,500 Gt
(i) SOC - 1,550 Gt (ii) SIC - 950 Gt
Ocean 38,400 Gt + 2.3 Gt/yr
(i) Surface layer: 670 Gt (ii) Deep layer: 36,730 Gt (iii) Total organic: 1,000 Gt
Fossil Fuels 4,130 Gt
(i) Coal: 3,510 Gt (ii) Oil: 230 Gt (iii) Gas: 140 Gt (iv) Other: 250 Gt
120 + 2.0 Gt/yr (photosynthesis) Plant respiration
60 + 1.6 Gt/yr
60 Gt/yr
6.3 Gt/yr Fossil fuel combustion
90 Gt/yr
0.6+0.2 Gt/yr (deposition)
MRT = 5Yr
MRT = 25Yr
Mean Residence Time (MRT) = 400Yr
1.6 + 0.8 Gt/yr Deforestation
MRT = 6Yr
92.3 Gt/yr
Biofuel offset?
Soil is the third largest global C pool (2500 Pg C)
Lal (2008)
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Management of grassland for carbon
Grasslands cover approx 50% UK land surface and contain 32% of the UK soil C store (Countryside survey 2007)
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Grassland soil C (surface and sub-surface) sensitive to management
Ward et al. (in preparation): National survey of 180 grassland sites in England
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-200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Cro
plan
d m
anag
emen
t
Wat
er m
anag
emen
t
Ric
e m
anag
emen
t
Seta
side,
LU
C &
agro
fore
stry
Gra
zing
land
man
agem
ent
Res
tore
cul
tivat
edor
gani
c so
ils
Res
tore
deg
rade
dla
nds
Bio
ener
gy (s
oils
com
pone
nt)
Live
stock
Man
ure
man
agem
ent
Mitigation measure
Glo
bal b
ioph
ysic
al m
itiga
tion
pote
ntia
l (M
t CO 2-e
q. y
r-1)
N2OCH4CO2
Smith et al. (2008)
Climate change mitigation potential farming systems
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plant-soil-Micorbial interactions and carbon dynamics
(1) Plant-soil-microbial interactions and carbon cycling at the individual plant level
(2) Manipulating plant diversity for soil carbon in grassland
(3) Impacts of climate change
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Courtesy of Michael Bahn, University of Innsbruck
Part 1. Plant-soil-microbial interactions and carbon dynamics
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Landscape-scale soil C content of UK grassland primarily determined by abiotic factors
Manning, De Vries, Bardgett & the DIGFOR team (in preparation)
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De Deyn et al (2008) Ecology Letters
Various forms & age
CO2
Litter
Soil
Organic carbon
Shoots
Roots
Soil biota
Exudates
Respiration
Photosynthesis
C-in C-out
Leaching
Local-scale: Plant-soil-microbial interactions and carbon dynamics
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0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Ao Fr Lp Am Pl Rr Lc Tp Tr
Tota
l fun
gal P
LFA
(nm
ol g
dry
soi
l-1)
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
Ao Fr Lp Am Pl Rr Lc Tp Tr
F:B
PLFA
Individual plant species effects on soil microbial abundance, activity and community structure
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
Ao Fr Lp Am Pl Rr Lc Tp Tr
Mic
robi
al b
iom
ass
C (m
g C
dry
soil
-1)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Ao Fr Lp Am Pl Rr Lc Tp Tr
Mic
robi
al re
spira
tion
(μl C
O2 g
-1h-1
evo
lved
)
a
ab ab ab
b b
b b
b b
b b
b b b
a
b b
a
ab ab
ab
ab
b ab
b b
b b b
b ab ab
ab ab
a
F = 3.79, P = 0.0006 F = 5.67, P <0.0001
F = 3.46, P = 0.0013 F = 3.53, P = 0.0011
A. B.
C. D.
Harrison and Bardgett (2010) Journal of Ecology
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Soil biological properties related to plant traits – across 9 species
Orwin et al. (2010) Journal of Ecology, 98, 1074-1083.
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Soil C stock (~ 10%)
Plant trait based framework for promoting soil carbon sequestration
De Deyn, Cornelissen & Bardgett. 2008 Ecology Letters 11, 516-531.
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Rapid transfer of plant-derived photosynthetic C to soil microbes: inter-species variation in transfer C to soil and microbial communities variation
De Deyn et al. (2011) Biogeosciences, 8, 1131-1139.
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Species
DG AO LP BM
13C
mas
s (µ
g 13
C )
0
20
40
60
80
100
13C in microbial biomass13C respired by microbial biomass duri
[+N]
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Consequences for soil carbon sequestration and loss, and N dynamics, poorly understood.
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Increased plant diversity
Plant resource use
complementarity (+)
Positive interactions
(+)
Root exudates
diversity (+)
Plant litter diversity (+)
Net primary productivity
(+)
Plant nutrient
uptake (+)
Detrital and root exudate quantity (+)
Decomposer diversity (+)
Decomposer resource use
complimentarity (+)
Microbial biomass and soil fauna (0,+)
Microbial biomass and soil fauna (-)
Long-term accumulation of organic matter (-, 0,+)
Short-term decomposition and nutrient mineralization
(-, 0,+)
Nutrient supply to plants (-, 0, +)
Part 2: Does plant diversity matter for soil C dynamics? Hypothetical mechanisms by which changes in plant diversity might effect
soil biological properties and soil organic matter dynamics
Litter inputs
Root inputs
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G+F (e.g. Lp+Am)
--1-G+G (Lp+Ao)
--1-L+L (Tr+Lc)
--1-F+F (Pl+Am)
1---2--G+F+L (e.g. Lp+Pl+Tr, Ao+Am+Lc)3
--1-F+L (e.g. Pl+Tr)
--1-G+L (e.g. Ao+Lc)
--1-2
---2F (Pl, Am)
---2L (Tr, Lc)
---2G (Lp, Ao)1
6321Functional Group richness (composition)
Species richness Total/soil fertility (4blocks)
36
12
12
64482424Total/soil fertility (4blocks)G+F+L (Lp+Ao+Pl+Am+Tr+Lc)
---
-----
---
0
4
0 ----1 4
G+F (e.g. Lp+Am)
--1-G+G (Lp+Ao)
--1-L+L (Tr+Lc)
--1-F+F (Pl+Am)
1---2--G+F+L (e.g. Lp+Pl+Tr, Ao+Am+Lc)3
--1-F+L (e.g. Pl+Tr)
--1-G+L (e.g. Ao+Lc)
--1-2
---2F (Pl, Am)
---2L (Tr, Lc)
---2G (Lp, Ao)1
6321Functional Group richness (composition)
Species richness Total/soil fertility (4blocks)
36
12
12
64482424Total/soil fertility (4blocks)G+F+L (Lp+Ao+Pl+Am+Tr+Lc)
---
-----
---
0
4
0 ----1 4
De Deyn et al. (2009) Journal of Ecology, 97, 864-875
Does plant species diversity promote carbon sequestration?
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a
a ab
b
a
b
a
c
0
40
80
120
160
200
1 2 3 6 Species richness
Tota
l roo
t C (g
.m-2
)
Root C content
Grassland plant species and functional group diversity (legumes) enhance root C and AM fungi, and hence C allocation belowground
De Deyn et al. (2009) J Ecol 97, 864-875.
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a
a ab
b
a
b
a
c
0
40
80
120
160
200
1 2 3 6 Species richness
Tota
l roo
t C (g
.m-2
)
Root C content
Grassland plant species and functional group diversity (legumes) enhance root C and AM fungi, and hence C allocation belowground
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0 1 2 3 6
Plant species richnessA
MF
(ug/
g)
F4,114= 2.73 P< 0.05
b
ab ab a a
AM fungal biomass (16:1ω5)
De Deyn et al. (2011) Biology Letters, 7, 75-78. De Deyn et al. (2009) J Ecol 97, 864-875.
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GG FF LL GF GL FL
Soil Carbon Content after 2 years (%)
Fornara and Tilman (2008) J. Ecol. 96: 314-322
Soil C accumulation related to root biomass
Soil Carbon Content
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*
-0.60
-0.50
-0.40
-0.30
-0.20
-0.10
0.00
Feb March April May June N
et C
O2-
C e
xcha
nge
rate
(g C
.m-2
h-1 )
1 6 species
A
B
-0.60
-0.50
-0.40
-0.30
-0.20
-0.10
0.00
6 species Lc Tr Am Pl Ao Lp Net
eco
syst
em C
O2-
c ex
chan
ge ra
te (g
C.m
-2.h
-1)
a a a
ab
ab
b b
Influence of species diversity and identity of net CO2 exchange
Potential to manage plant diversity for soil C storage?
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Total soil carbon storage: benefits of legumes in long-term biodiversity restoration experiment
Soil C stock (~ 10%)
**
0.40
0.44
0.48
0.52
0.56
No seed T. pratense Seed treatment 2004
Tota
l soi
l N (k
g.m
-2) **
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8
5.0
5.2
5.4
No seed T. pratense
Seed treatment 2004
Tota
l soi
l C (k
g.m
-2) *
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
2.4
No seed T. pratense
Seed treatment 2004
T. p
rate
nce
abun
danc
e
(% c
over
)
Cover Trifolium Soil N stock (~ 10%)
De Deyn et al. (2011) Additional benefits for carbon sequestration of grassland biodiversity restoration. Journal of Applied Ecology 48, 600-608
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Time
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
Jan
mid
Jan
end
Feb
mid
Feb
end
Mch
mid
Mch
end
Apr m
id
Apr e
nd
May
mid
May
end
Jun
mid
Jun
end
Aug
mid
Aug
end
Sept
strt
Oct
strt
Oct
mid
Nov
strt
Nov
mid
Nov
end
Dec
mid
Gro
ss C
O2-
C e
xcha
nge
rate
(g C
O2-
C m
-2h-
1 )
no T. pratensewith T. pratense
Time
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
Jan
mid
Jan
end
Feb
mid
Feb
end
Mch
mid
Mch
end
Apr m
id
Apr e
nd
May
mid
May
end
Jun
mid
Jun
end
Aug
mid
Aug
end
Sept
strt
Oct
strt
Oct
mid
Nov
strt
Nov
mid
Nov
end
Dec
mid
Gro
ss C
O2-
C e
xcha
nge
rate
(g C
O2-
C m
-2h-
1 )
no T. pratensewith T. pratenseno T. pratense
with T. pratense
Reduced C loss through respiration
De Deyn et al. (2011) Potential to manage plant diversity for soil C storage?
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SOIL ORGANIC MATTER
Litter Rhizodeposits
Microbial biomass Soil fauna
Net Primary Production
Direct feedback Temperature
Extreme events
Indirect feedback Elevated CO2
Temperature/precipitation CO2
Nutrient cycle feedback
Heterotrophic respiration
Autotrophic respiration
CLIMATE CHANGE
DOC
3. Impacts of climate change
Bardgett et al. (2008) The ISME Journal, 2, 805-814.
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Elevated atmospheric CO2
Plant production Plant community composition
+ when nutrient replete
Quantity/quality C inputs to soil
Soil biota (microbes and their predators
Soil C storage
Soil C mineralization
CO2
Schematic of indirect responses to elevated CO2
+ root derived carbon
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• 6 tree species • 4 CO2 concentrations • 2 levels of soil nutrients • grown in 12 Solardomes for 2 years
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• Konza Prairie, Kansas(12 tons!) • Dominated by C4 grasses • δ13C of soil: -14.7‰ • δ13C of (C3) tree roots: -27‰ (ambient air) -40‰ (ambient +300ppm CO2)
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90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
0 100 200 300
[CO2 ] (μmol mol-1 added to ambient)
Net
pho
tosy
nthe
tic r
ate
(% o
f co
ntro
l)
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
0 100 200 300
[CO2] (μmol mol-1 added to ambient)
To
tal
bio
ma
ss(%
of
con
tro
l) no added nutrients, added nutrients
Net photosynthesis (mean 6 species expressed as % control)
5-month, 10-month and 15-month harvests, no added nutrients; 15-month harvest, added nutrients.
Total tree biomass (mean 6 species
expressed as % control)
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Conclusions
1. Soil carbon dynamics influenced by range of global change factors, including land use, climate change and nutrient enrichment
Challenge: Determine the relative and interactive effects of global change drivers on plant-soil interactions and C dynamics
2. Plant-soil-microbial interactions major drivers of ecosystem C dynamics via a variety of mechanisms, but much to be learned
Challenge: Relative importance of different routes by which changes in plant communities influence soil communities and C dynamics, especially role recent photoassimilate C (priming effect)
3. Potential to manage plant composition/diversity for soil C sequestration, and opportunities for crop improvement based on root traits (deeper and broader roots)
Challenge: How plant traits (especially roots) select for soil biotic communities and consequences for C dynamics in agricultural systems under climate change
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Potential for the improvement of agricultural and ecological traits by breeding crop plants with large root systems.
Kell, 2011. Ann Bot, 108:407-418 © The Author 2011. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Annals of Botany
Company. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: [email protected]
1. Potential to increase soil C?
2. But, also potential to cause C loss via priming effects on old C?
3. Research effort required to realize the potential for crop improvement based on root traits that favour carbon sequestration whilst also producing food